1.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
2.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Jacob K. Javits
–
Jacob Koppel Jack Javits was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from New York from 1957 to 1981. He was a liberal Republican who served in Congress for 30 years and he was allied with Governor Nelson Rockefeller, and fellow Senators Irving Ives and Kenneth Keating. A maverick, Javits joined the Republican Party in a response to Fiorello La Guardia. He was elected to the Senate in 1956 where he served until 1981, following terms of service in the House of Representatives, Javits graduated in 1920 from George Washington High School, where he was president of his class. He worked part-time at various jobs while attending school at Columbia University, then in 1923 he enrolled in the New York University Law School. He was admitted to the bar in June 1927 and joined his brother Benjamin Javits, the Javits brothers specialized in bankruptcy and minority stockholder suits and became quite successful. In 1933, Javits married Marjorie Joan Ringling and they had no children and divorced in 1936. In 1947, he married Marion Ann Borris, with whom he had three children, in his youth Javits had watched his father work as a ward heeler for Tammany Hall, and he had experienced firsthand the corruption and graft associated with that notorious political machine. After the war he became the chief researcher for Jonah Goldsteins unsuccessful 1945 bid for mayor on the Republican-Liberal-Fusion ticket, although the Republicans had not held the seat since 1923, Javits campaigned energetically and won. He was a member of the class along with John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. He served from 1947 to 1954, then resigned his seat to take office as New York State Attorney General, one scoring method found Javits to be the most liberal Republican to serve in either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002. Although he frequently differed with the conservative members of his party. He rejected the idea that either party should reflect only one point of view, Javits liked to think of himself as a political descendant of Theodore Roosevelts Progressive Republicanism. He was strongly committed to issues, believing that the federal government should have a role in improving the lives of Americans. During his first two terms in the House, Javits often sided with the Harry Truman administration, for example, in 1947 he supported Trumans veto of the Taft-Hartley Bill, which he declared was antiunion. Unhappy with the witch hunt atmosphere in Washington during the Cold War, as attorney general, Javits continued to promote his liberal agenda, supporting such measures as antibias employment legislation and a health insurance program for state employees. In 1956, Javits ran for U. S, Senator from New York to succeed the retiring incumbent Democrat Herbert H. Lehman. His Democratic opponent was the popular Mayor of New York, Robert F. Wagner, in the early stages of that campaign Javits vigorously and successfully denied charges that he had once sought support from members of the American Communist party during his 1946 race for Congress
Jacob K. Javits
–
Jacob K. Javits
6.
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks, in fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense, Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice and its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1,2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U. S. Border Patrol, the U. S. Customs Service, the Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary, the Department contains the components listed below. Agencies, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Processes and examines citizenship, residency, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus, An agency that enforces U. S. It also investigates crimes against the U. S. monetary system including the crime of counterfeiting U. S. currency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, agency that oversees the federal governments response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, etc. National Protection and Programs Directorate, risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements, Federal Protective Service, Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U. S. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests. National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5,2002 speech, President Bush said, to secure freedom in the homeland. Prior to the creation of DHS, American presidents had referred to the U. S. as the nation or the republic, also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase the homeland by White House spokespeople. In 2011 the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System, the system has two types of advisories, Alerts and Bulletins. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States, Alerts themselves have two levels, Elevated and Imminent. An Elevated Alert is issued when there is information about an attack. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific, many procedures at government facilities are tied in to the alert level, for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level. After resigning, Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
A
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses
Dick Cheney (center), then
Vice President of the United States,
Saxby Chambliss (center right), a
U.S. senator from
Georgia and
Michael Chertoff (far right), then
United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
President
George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1, 2003.
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Ready.gov program logo
7.
General Services Administration
–
The General Services Administration is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1949 to help manage and support the basic functioning of federal agencies. GSA employs about 12,000 federal workers and has an operating budget of roughly $26.3 billion. GSA oversees $66 billion of procurement annually and it contributes to the management of about $500 billion in U. S. federal property, divided chiefly among 8,300 owned and leased buildings and a 210,000 vehicle motor pool. GSAs business lines include the Federal Acquisition Service, the Public Buildings Service, the GSA is member of the Procurement G6, an informal group leading the use of framework agreements and e-procurement instruments in public procurement. In 1947 President Harry Truman asked former President Herbert Hoover to lead what became known as the Hoover Commission to make recommendations to reorganize the operations of the federal government, one of the recommendations of the commission was the establishment of an Office of the General Services. This proposed office would combine the responsibilities of the following organizations, General Jess Larson, Administrator of the War Assets Administration, was named GSAs first Administrator. The first job awaiting Administrator Larson and the newly formed GSA was a renovation of the White House. The structure had fallen into such a state of disrepair by 1949 that one inspector of the time said the structure was standing “purely from habit. Everything, except the four walls without a roof, was stripped down. GSA completed the renovation in 1952, GSA headquarters, located at Eighteenth and F Streets, NW, was U. S. General Services Administration Building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Interior Department Offices, in 1960, GSA created the Federal Telecommunications System, a government-wide intercity telephone system. In 1970, the Nixon administration created the Consumer Product Information Coordinating Center, the Federal Buildings Fund was initiated in 1974, which allowed the GSA to issue rent bills to federal agencies. In 1972, the GSA established the Automated Data and Telecommunications Service, in 1973, the GSA created the Office of Federal Management Policy. GSA’s Office of Acquisition Policy centralized procurement policy in 1978, in 1984, GSA introduced the federal government to the use of charge cards, known as the GMA SmartPay system. The National Archives and Records Administration was spun off into an independent agency in 1985, the same year, the GSA began to provide governmentwide policy oversight and guidance for federal real property management as a result of an Executive Order signed by President Ronald Reagan. In 2003, the Federal Protective Service was moved to the Department of Homeland Security, in 2005, GSA reorganized to merge the Federal Supply Service and Federal Technology Service business lines into the Federal Acquisition Service. On April 3,2009, President Barack Obama nominated Martha N. Johnson to serve as the GSA Administrator, after a 9-month delay, the United States Senate confirmed her nomination on February 4,2010. In July 1991, GSA contractors began the excavation of what is now the Ted Weiss Federal Building in New York City, when initial excavation disturbed burials, destroying skeletons and artifacts, GSA sent archaeologists to excavate—but hid their findings from the public
General Services Administration
–
Thoughtful analysis to balance GSA preservation, cost, and performance goals supported historic window retention with replacement of non-historic windows at this 1930 courthouse
General Services Administration
–
Official seal
8.
Alfred Easton Poor
–
Alfred Easton Poor was an American architect who was involved with many buildings and projects in New York City as well as multiple works in Washington, D. C. for the US Federal Government. In 1928 he won a competition to design the Wright Brothers National Memorial. While a student at the University of Pennsylvania, he studied under Paul Philippe Cret, Poor was the president of the National Academy of Design in New York from 1966 to 1977, organizing its 150th anniversary in 1975. He has been called one of Americas most prominent twentieth century architects, over his long career, Poors projects include both public and private sector works. Along with fellow New York architect Robert P. Rogers, Poor won the international design competition for the Wright Brothers National Memorial in 1928. Poor was especially active in the New York City area and his projects include the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building, the Queens County Courthouse and prison in Kew Gardens, the Home Insurance Company Building, and the 40-acre Red Hook housing projects. Poor was chosen by Walter Annenberg to design the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, other works include the Cape Cinema, in Dennis, Massachusetts. Alfred Easton Poor was a son of Charles Lane Poor and he served in the US Navy in World War I and in the US Navy Reserve in World War II
Alfred Easton Poor
–
Alfred Easton Poor
9.
Foley Square
–
The space is bordered by Worth Street, Centre Street and Lafayette Street and lies between City Hall and Canal Street, near Manhattans Chinatown and east of TriBeCa. It was named after a prominent Tammany Hall district leader and local saloon owner, Foley Square sits on part of the former site of the Collect Pond, specifically the smaller portion known as Little Collect Pond which used to lie to the south of Collect Pond proper. This was one of the fresh water sources for the city. The neighborhood around the pond was the notorious Five Points neighborhood, javits Federal Building and Court of International Trade. This burial ground has been preserved as the African Burial Ground National Monument, in 2005, Tom Paine Park was established as a part of the square. Foley Square has been used several times for special purposes and it was used as a triage center on September 11,2001. Because of its proximity to Chinatown, Foley Square is often host to a group of people performing tai chi in the mornings. On November 17,2011, Foley Square was the site of a protest which was part of the Occupy Wall Street movement, thousands of people attended the rally, including members of a dozen different unions. Foley Square has been the site of other protests and rallys. In December 2014, many gathered there to protest the decision in the death of Eric Garner. In November 2016, in protest of the Dakota Access Pipeline and in solidarity with Standing Rock water protectors, in January 2017, to protest the inauguration of Donald Trump, a collection of activist groups organized a rally titled, NYC Stand Against Trump, held at Foley Square. Film In the film of The Godfather, but not in the original 1969 novel, one scene of the film Spider-Man 3 was shot in Foley Square. Television Foley Square was the name of a series starring Margaret Colin. Foley Square is often seen on the television series Law & Order, Foley Square was seen in the opening and closing credits of the 1960s dramatic series The Defenders. Foley Square trial Notes Photographs of Foley Square buildings and surroundings
Foley Square
–
Triumph of the Human Spirit at Foley Square in 2008
Foley Square
–
New York County Supreme Court at 60 Centre Street
Foley Square
–
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse at 40 Centre Street
10.
Civic Center, Manhattan
–
Civic Center is the area of lower Manhattan, New York City, that encompasses New York City Hall, One Police Plaza, the courthouses in Foley Square, and the surrounding area. Although government-related activities are predominant, other pursuits also occur within the district, including entertainment, industrial activity, residential dwellings, for example, there are Chinese restaurants near Civic Centers border with Chinatown, in addition to some museums and some residential buildings in the Civic Center area. The Jacob K. Javits Federal Building is located in the area and it includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation New York field office. Non-government buildings include the 387 feet 15 Park Row, an office,150 Nassau Street, a 21-story granite building, was once a publishers building, as were many in the area, but is now a residential building, as is 38 Park Row. The 76-story 8 Spruce Street is among the worlds tallest residential buildings, southbridge Towers, once Mitchell-Lama affordable housing, is now market-rate housing. Originally, the Lenape American Indians occupied the Civic Center area due to its rich pastoral fields and its proximity to the East River and Hudson River. There was a series of marshes in the area and a big pond in what is now Foley Square that the settlers called “The Collect” or “Collect Pond”. In fact, the area was so low lying that during the spring floods, then in 1609, Henry Hudson, an English explorer working for the Dutch, came and claimed the land for the Dutch. The colony there grew and farms began to expand, so the demand for workers increased, the Dutch West Indies Company decided to import slaves in 1625 to the new colony. The Civic Center was known as the commons and the first recorded building was a built by Jan de Wit. The next year, the colony was renamed New York and the seal was created the following year. Farms continued to grow and slavery expanded rapidly, the slaves built a burial ground in the north area of the Civic Center. The slaves would bury people at night though it was illegal. Because of the slaves’ sneaking out and racism, the Trinity Church banned African burial ceremonies in 1697 and this rule was then overturned in 1773. The city continued expanding and the government system became increasingly powerful, the local government decided to finance their first public works building through public funding. In 1735, the Almshouse was built as a center to house the ill and impoverished, a jail, a score later another jail was built called New Goal, which was a debtor prison. Soldier barracks were built on the border of the commons. During the pre-Revolutionary and Revolutionary eras, City Hall Park, in Lower Manhattan, was the site of many rallies, British soldiers chopped it down, and it was replaced five times
Civic Center, Manhattan
–
New York City Hall
Civic Center, Manhattan
–
8 Spruce Street, seen from Park Row (2012)
Civic Center, Manhattan
–
A 1798
watercolor of the
Collect Pond
Civic Center, Manhattan
–
City Hall Park
11.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
12.
The Eggers Partnership
–
Eggers & Higgins was a New York architectural firm partnered by Otto Reinhold Eggers and Daniel Paul Higgins. Critics argued a competition should have held to choose Popes successor. In 1941, they completed construction of Popes other famous design. The pair were longtime associates of Pope in the firm he founded in 1903 as the Office of John Russell Pope, Eggers was a brilliant designer and renderer who served as Popes right hand for almost thirty years. They changed the name of the firm to Eggers & Higgins in 1937, the firm was renamed The Eggers Partnership in 1970, and then as The Eggers Group, PC when it became a professional corporation in 1976. It eventually merged into what is now RMJM Hillier, an architectural firm with offices in the United States, the United Kingdom. Eggers & Higgins also designed the Brooklyn War Memorial, a stone building in Cadman Plaza dedicated to Brooklynites who fought in World War II. At the same time, they designed the Vanderbilt Law School Building. For the 1939 New York Worlds Fair they designed the Railroads Building, the largest at the Fair, and the Schaefer center, in Lincoln Center the firm developed Damrosch Park, an outdoor amphitheater with a bowl-style stage known as the Guggenheim Band Shell. They designed all the buildings on the Bloomington campus from the Indiana University Auditorium completed in 1941. Their major campus building designs included the Fine Arts Building, Lilly Library and they were also tapped for the development of the Indiana University School of Medicine campus including the Indiana University Hospital building. In 1948, Eggers was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1951
The Eggers Partnership
–
Eggers and Higgins in their New York City offices in a 1941 photo.
The Eggers Partnership
–
Indiana University Auditorium in 1942
13.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
14.
Department of Homeland Security
–
Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks, in fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense, Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice and its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1,2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U. S. Border Patrol, the U. S. Customs Service, the Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary, the Department contains the components listed below. Agencies, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Processes and examines citizenship, residency, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus, An agency that enforces U. S. It also investigates crimes against the U. S. monetary system including the crime of counterfeiting U. S. currency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, agency that oversees the federal governments response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, etc. National Protection and Programs Directorate, risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements, Federal Protective Service, Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U. S. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests. National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5,2002 speech, President Bush said, to secure freedom in the homeland. Prior to the creation of DHS, American presidents had referred to the U. S. as the nation or the republic, also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase the homeland by White House spokespeople. In 2011 the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System, the system has two types of advisories, Alerts and Bulletins. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States, Alerts themselves have two levels, Elevated and Imminent. An Elevated Alert is issued when there is information about an attack. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific, many procedures at government facilities are tied in to the alert level, for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level. After resigning, Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies
Department of Homeland Security
–
A
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses
Dick Cheney (center), then
Vice President of the United States,
Saxby Chambliss (center right), a
U.S. senator from
Georgia and
Michael Chertoff (far right), then
United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005
Department of Homeland Security
–
Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security
–
President
George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1, 2003.
Department of Homeland Security
–
Ready.gov program logo
15.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
J. Edgar Hoover, Director from 1924 to 1972.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
FBI
SWAT agents in a training exercise
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
An FBI Agent tags the
cockpit voice recorder from
EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the
USS Grapple (ARS 53) at the crash site on November 13, 1999.
16.
Social Security Administration
–
To qualify for most of these benefits, most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings, the claimants benefits are based on the wage earners contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income are given based on need, the Social Security Administration was established by a law codified at 42 U. S. C. Its current commissioner, Nancy Berryhill, was appointed January 19,2017, SSA is headquartered in Woodlawn, Maryland, just to the west of Baltimore, at what is known as Central Office. The agency includes 10 regional offices,8 processing centers, approximately 1300 field offices, as of 2007, about 62,000 people were employed by SSA. Headquarters non-supervisory employees of SSA are represented by American Federation of Government Employees Local 1923, Social Security is the largest social welfare program in the United States. For the year 2014, the net cost of security was 906.4 billion dollars which accounted for 21% of government expenditure. It has been named the 9th best place to work in the federal government, the Social Security Act created a Social Security Board, to oversee the administration of the new program. It was created as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal with the signing of the Social Security Act of 1935 on August 14,1935, the Board consisted of three presidentially appointed executives, and started with no budget, no staff, and no furniture. It obtained a temporary budget from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration headed by Harry Hopkins, the first Social Security office opened in Austin, Texas, on October 14,1936 Social Security taxes were first collected in January 1937, along with the first one-time, lump-sum payments. The first person to receive monthly retirement benefits was Ida May Fuller of Brattleboro and her first check, dated January 31,1940 was in the amount of US$22.54. In 1939, the Social Security Board merged into a cabinet-level Federal Security Agency, which included the SSB, public Health Service, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other agencies. In January 1940, the first regular ongoing monthly benefits were begun, in 1946, the SSB was renamed the Social Security Administration under President Harry S. Trumans Reorganization Plan. In 1972, Cost of Living Adjustments were introduced into SSA programs to deal with the effects of inflation on fixed incomes. In 1953, the Federal Security Agency was abolished and SSA was placed under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which became the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980. In 1994, President Bill Clinton signed into law 42 U. S. C. §901 returning SSA to the status of an independent agency in the branch of government. It was located in Baltimore initially due to the need for a building that was capable of holding the unprecedented amount of records that would be needed. Nothing suitable was available in Washington in 1936, so the Social Security Board selected the Candler Building on Baltimores harbor as a temporary location, soon after locating there, construction began on a permanent building for SSA in Washington that would meet their requirements for record storage capacity. However, by the time the new building was completed, World War II had started, by the time the war ended, it was judged too disruptive to relocate the agency to Washington
Social Security Administration
–
One part of SSA headquarters in Woodlawn, Maryland
Social Security Administration
–
Official seal of the Social Security Administration
Social Security Administration
–
Another view of SSA headquarters
Social Security Administration
–
A few of the hundreds of
keypunch operators SSA employed throughout the late 1930s and into the 1950s
17.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
–
Citizenship and Immigration Services is a component of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It performs many functions formerly carried out by the former United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. The stated priorities of USCIS are to promote national security, to eliminate immigration case backlogs, USCIS is headed by a director, currently James McCament, who reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. USCIS is charged with processing immigrant visa petitions, naturalization petitions, asylum applications and it also makes adjudicative decisions performed at the service centers, and manages all other immigration benefits functions performed by the former INS. The enforcement of immigration laws remains under Customs and Border Protection and Immigration, USCIS focuses on two key points on the immigrants journey towards civic integration, when they first become permanent residents and when they are ready to begin the formal naturalization process. USCIS handles all forms and processing materials related to immigration and naturalization and this is evident from USCISs predecessor, the INS, which is defunct as of May 9,2003. USCIS currently handles two kinds of forms, those relating to immigration, and those related to naturalization, forms are designated by a specific name, and an alphanumeric sequence consisting of one letter, followed by two or three digits. Forms related to immigration are designated with an I and forms related to naturalization are designated by an N. USCIS official website is USCIS. gov, the site was redesigned in 2009 and unveiled on September 22,2009. The redesign made the web page interface more similar to the Department of Homeland Securitys official website, the last major redesign before 2009 took place in October 2006. Also, USCIS runs an online appointment scheduling service known as INFOPASS and this system allows people with questions about immigration to come into their local USCIS office and speak directly with a government employee about their case and so on. This is an important way in which USCIS serves the public, USCIS maintains a blog entitled The Beacon as well as the @uscis Twitter account. Unlike most other agencies, USCIS is funded almost entirely by user fees. Under President George W. Bushs FY2008 budget request, direct congressional appropriations made about 1% of the USCIS budget, the total USCIS FY2008 budget was projected to be $2.6 billion. USCIS consists of 19,000 federal employees and contractors working at 223 offices around the world, the INS was widely seen as ineffective, particularly after scandals that arose after September 11,2001. On November 25,2002, President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 into law and this law transferred the Immigration and Naturalization Service functions to the Department of Homeland Security. Immigration enforcement functions were placed within the U. S. Customs and Border Protection at the border and Ports-of-Entry while U. S. Immigration, the immigration service functions were placed into the separate USCIS. USCIS was formerly and briefly named the U. S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, on March 1,2003, the INS ceased to exist and services provided by that organization transitioned into USCIS. Eduardo Aguirre was appointed the first USCIS Director by President Bush, in December 2005, Emilio T. Gonzalez, Ph. D. was confirmed by the U. S. Senate as the Director of USCIS, and he held this position until April 2008
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
–
USCIS Logo
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
–
Atlanta, Georgia
18.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
The Federal Protective Service is the police division of the National Protection and Programs Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The FPS is a law enforcement agency, and employs approximately 900 law enforcement officers. They are given 3 weeks of training under FPS, the FPS was formerly a part of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement until October 2009, when it was transferred to the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Federal Protective Service is a branch of the National Protection and Programs Directorate, as the police force of the Secretary of Homeland Security, FPS is responsible for policing, securing and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct their business. FPS does this by investigating threats posed against over 9,000 federal facilities nationwide, fPSs work focuses directly on the interior security of the nation and the reduction of crimes and potential threats to federal facilities throughout the nation. Uniformed FPS officers/inspectors and special agents respond to calls for assistance, conduct investigations and provide crime prevention tips, all federal facilities under FPS control receive a thorough building security assessment on a recurring schedule. Based on the findings and working with the agencies housed in the facility, security countermeasures are added or adjusted and this allows for tailored security for each individual facility versus a one-size-fits-all approach. FPS law enforcement officers also undergo training, depending on their assignment to special units within the service. Prior to the establishment of the seat of government, the commissioners hired six night watchmen to protect the designated buildings the government was intended to occupy. FPS traces its origins to the appointment of these six night watchmen, FPS has resided in a number of different agencies over the years. The act of June 1,1948, authorized the Federal Administrator to appoint special policemen for duty in connection with the policing of all buildings owned and occupied by the United States. In 1949, Congress enacted the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, the FPS force, known at the time as the United States Special Police, came under the supervision of the Protection Division of the Public Building Service. Initially, the function of FPS was protection, as an integral part of building operations. By 1960, the mission of FPS became the first line of defense against bomb threats, bombings, vandalism, mass demonstrations, in 1980, Fidel Castro instigated a wave of emigration from Cuba to the United States using the harbor town of Mariel for debarkation. The thousands of refugees were eventually distributed to military installations in several states, the Immigration and Naturalization Service and Border Patrol were understaffed to provide civilian law enforcement officers needed to maintain order within the installations. Federal Protective Officers from across the country frequently served in the camps, more recently, the role of the FPS officer has undergone further changes. The FPS has shifted its emphasis from the guard post concept of security to a mobile police patrol. FPS contracts private security companies to guard fixed posts, the Civil Service Commission developed standards for FPS applicants, which included background investigations, and physical examinations
United States Federal Protective Service
–
A FPS SUV seen in 2010, an
ICE shield is included in this vehicle's
livery.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
Patch of the Federal Protective Service
United States Federal Protective Service
–
Federal Protective Service vehicle.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
United States Federal Protective Service color guard
19.
FBI field office
–
The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation operates 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States and in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Many of these offices are further subdivided into smaller resident agencies which have jurisdiction over a specific area and these resident agencies are considered to be part of the primary field offices. FBI Headquarters, located in Washington, D. C. controls the flow of the agents, birmingham, Serves the counties of Bibb, De Kalb, Lauderdale, St. Four Resident Agencies in Florence, Gadsden, Huntsville and Tuscaloosa, five Resident Agencies in Auburn, Dothan, Monroeville, Montgomery, and Selma. Two Resident Agencies in Fairbanks and Juneau, phoenix, All counties except part of the Navajo Indian Reservation within Apache County which is served by Albuquerque, New Mexico. Resident agencies in Flagstaff, Lake Havasu City, Lakeside, Sierra Vista, Tucson, Resident agencies in El Dorado, Arkansas, Fayetteville, Fort Smith, Hot Springs, Jonesboro, Marion, Pine Bluff and Texarkana. Los Angeles, Serves Camp Roberts, Edwards Air Force Base and the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Riverside, and Ventura. Resident Agencies in Lancaster, LAX, Palm Springs, Riverside, Santa Maria, Santa Ana, Ventura, Victorville, located inside the Edward R. Roybal Federal Building. Resident agencies in Bakersfield, Chico, Fairfield, Fresno, Modesto, Redding, South Lake Tahoe, Resident agencies in Imperial and North County. San Francisco, Serves the counties of, Alameda, Contra Costa, Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Mateo and Sonoma. Resident agencies in Concord, Fortuna, Monterey Bay, Oakland, Palo Alto, San Jose, denver, Serves all counties and the state of Wyoming. Resident agencies in Casper, Cheyenne, Colorado Springs, Durango, Fort Collins, Glenwood Springs, Grand Junction, Jackson Hole, Lander, Resident agencies in Bridgeport, Meriden and New London. Jacksonville, Serves the counties of Alachua, Escambia, Lafayette, St. Resident agencies in Daytona Beach, Fort Walton Beach, Gainesville, Ocala, Panama City, Pensacola, and Tallahassee. In earlier years while the office was still under the Miami Division, agents from the Jacksonville office played a role in tracking. After the office was established in 1958 agents spent much of their time monitoring events that ensued as a result of the racial tensions that occurred throughout the sixties. In the seventies the office focused its efforts on violent crimes such as robberies, kidnappings, unlike the seventies the eighties saw a rise in white collar crime and also took one of the fugitives off the ten most wanted list into custody during this decade. After 9/11 the primary focus of the office as well as the FBI as a whole was centered around terrorism, notable investigations conducted by field offices under the Jacksonville branch, Tallahassee, In 2011 agents from this office arrested four former insurance executives for insurance fraud. Pensacola, In 2012 on New Year’s Eve a man was convicted for the arson of a reproductive planning clinic, Daytona Beach, In 2012 a chiropractor pled guilty to health care fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy to illegally distribute prescription drugs after being taken into custody
FBI field office
–
FBI Buffalo Field Office
FBI field office
–
Exterior of the
FBI Columbia field office.
FBI field office
–
Washington, D.C. field office
20.
Richard Serra
–
Richard Serra is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large-scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement and he lives and works in Tribeca, New York, and on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Serra was born on November 2,1938, in San Francisco as the second of three sons and his father, Tony, was a Spanish native of Mallorca who worked as candy factory foreman. His mother, Gladys Feinberg, was a Los Angeles-born Russian Jewish immigrant from Odessa. He went on to study English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara, while at Santa Barbara, he studied art with Howard Warshaw and Rico Lebrun. On the West Coast, he helped himself by working in steel mills. Serra discussed his life and influences in an interview in 1993. ”Serra studied painting in the M. F. A. program at the Yale University School of Art. Fellow Yale Art and Architecture alumni of the 1960s include the painters, photographers and he claims to have taken most of his inspiration from the artists who taught there, most notably Philip Guston and the experimental composer Morton Feldman, as well as designer Josef Albers. With Albers, he worked on his book Interaction of Color and he continued his training abroad, spending a year each in Florence and Paris. In 1964, he was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship for Rome, since then, he has lived in New York, where he first used rubber in 1966 and began applying his characteristic work material lead in 1968. In New York, his circle of friends included Carl Andre, Walter De Maria, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, and Robert Smithson. At one point, to fund his art, Serra started a business, Low-Rate Movers, and employed Chuck Close, Philip Glass, Spalding Gray. In 1966, Serra made his first sculptures out of materials such as fiberglass. Serras earliest work was abstract and process-based made from molten lead hurled in large splashes against the wall of a studio or exhibition space. He began in 1969 to be concerned with the cutting, propping or stacking of lead sheets, rough timber, etc. to create structures, some very large. His “Prop” pieces from the late 1960s are arranged so that weight and gravity balance lead rolls, cutting Device, Base Plate Measure consists of an assemblage of heterogeneous materials into which two parallel cuts have been made and the results strewn around in a chance configuration. In Malmo Role, a steel plate, one and a half inches thick. Still, he is known for his minimalist constructions from large rolls
Richard Serra
–
Fulcrum 1987, 55-foot freestanding sculpture of
Cor-ten steel near
Liverpool Street station,
London
Richard Serra
–
Bramme for the Ruhr-District, 1998 at Essen
Richard Serra
–
Sea Level (South-West part),
Zeewolde,
Netherlands
Richard Serra
–
Hours of the Day (1990),
Bonnefanten Museum,
Maastricht.
21.
Tilted Arc
–
The post-minimalist artwork was designed by the well-known artist Richard Serra and constructed in 1981. However, after debate, it was removed in 1989 following a lawsuit. Richard Serra is one of the leading minimalist sculptors and started his notable body of work after his graduation from Yale University where he studied fine art and this work exemplifies his minimalist, conceptual style. Tilted Arc was created when Serra was forty years old and was already a respected artist, thus, in 1979 the Art-in-Architecture program decided to commission a work of public art to grace the open space in front of a planned addition to the Javits Federal Building. An outdoor sculpture would be designed for the adjacent to a federal-office complex. Richard Serra was selected as the artist by the U. S, General Services Administration administrator, after having been recommended by a National Endowment for the Arts panel of art experts. Serra was already a notable artist at the time, with much admiration from the art world, the contract for the commission included a release in which Serra gave the work to GSA, making it property of the United States. Placed in the Federal Plaza, the work bisected the space, blocking views, the sculpture was a solid, unfinished plate of COR-TEN steel,120 feet long,12 feet tall, and 2.5 inches thick. As its name suggests, it was slightly tilted, Serra said of the design, The viewer becomes aware of himself and of his movement through the plaza. As he moves, the sculpture changes, contraction and expansion of the sculpture result from the viewers movement. Step by step the perception not only of the sculpture but of the environment changes. The steel is self-oxidizing and is designed to develop a natural rust-like amber appearance over time, site-specificity in art means the piece cannot be removed from its location without losing its meaning, the location of a site-specific work is one of its fundamental constituents. In this case, Serra said the sculpture was meant to interact with the passing through the plaza. Commissioned in 1979, Tilted Arc immediately attracted intense negative feedback, prominently from Chief Judge Edward D. Re, Serra, however, wrote it is a Site-specific work and as such is not to be relocated. To remove the work is to destroy the work, therefore, it was claimed that by removing the physical steel sculpture, the government would destroy the broader work, regardless of its physical existence. Because the sculpture forced the site to function as an extension of the sculpture, the Storefront for Art and Architecture invited prominent NYC artists and architects to envision the future plaza as a protest in After Tilted Arc. The trial involving Tilted Arc is cited as the most notorious public sculpture controversy in the history of art law and it was argued in the trial that the work would run the risk of deflecting explosions into government buildings opposite and impeded adequate surveillance of the area beyond. A public hearing was held on the subject of the sculpture in March 1985, notable speakers arguing in favor of the sculpture included Philip Glass, Keith Haring, and Claes Oldenburg
Tilted Arc
–
Tilted Arc, Richard Serra, 1981
22.
Alexander Calder
–
Calder’s monumental stationary sculptures are called stabiles. He also produced wire figures, which are like drawings made in space, Alexander Sandy Calder was born in 1898 in Lawnton, Pennsylvania. His actual birthday, however, remains a source of much confusion, according to Calders mother, Nanette, Calder was born on August 22, yet his birth certificate at Philadelphia City Hall, based on a hand-written ledger, stated July 22. When Calders family learned about the certificate, they reasserted with certainty that city officials had made a mistake. His father, Alexander Stirling Calder, was a sculptor who created many public installations. Calders mother was a portrait artist, who had studied at the Académie Julian. She moved to Philadelphia, where she met Stirling Calder while studying at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Calders parents married on February 22,1895, his sister, Mrs. Margaret Calder Hayes, was instrumental in the development of the UC Berkeley Art Museum. In 1902, Calder posed nude for his father’s sculpture The Man Cub and that same year he also completed his earliest sculpture, a clay elephant. Three years later, Stirling Calder contracted tuberculosis, and Calders parents moved to a ranch in Oracle, Arizona, the children were reunited with their parents in late March 1906 and stayed at the ranch in Arizona until fall of the same year. After Arizona, the Calder family moved to Pasadena, California, the windowed cellar of the family home became Calders first studio and he received his first set of tools. He used scraps of copper wire that he found in the street to make jewelry for his sisters dolls, on January 1,1907, Nanette Calder took her son to the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, where he observed a four-horse-chariot race. This style of event later became the finale of Calders miniature circus performances, in the fall of 1909, the Calder family moved back to Philadelphia, where Calder briefly attended Germantown Academy, then moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York. That Christmas, he sculpted a dog and an out of sheet brass as gifts for his parents. The sculptures are three-dimensional and the duck is kinetic because it rocks when gently tapped, in Croton, during his early high school years, Calder was befriended by his fathers painter friend Everett Shinn with whom he built a gravity powered system of mechanical trains. Calder described it, We ran the train on wooden rails held by spikes and we even lit up some cars with candle lights. After Croton, the Calders moved to Spuyten Duyvil to be closer to New York City, while living in Spuyten Duyvil, Calder attended high school in nearby Yonkers. During Calders high school years, the family moved back and forth between New York and California, in each new location, Calders parents reserved cellar space as a studio for their son. Toward the end of period, Calder stayed with friends in California while his parents moved back to New York
Alexander Calder
–
Alexander Calder, by
Carl Van Vechten, 1947
Alexander Calder
–
Red Mobile, 1956, Painted sheet metal and metal rods, a
signature work by Calder -
Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
Alexander Calder
–
Calder's
theatrical set for a 1936 production of the symphonic drama Socrate.
Alexander Calder
–
Man, a sculpture by Alexander Calder for
Expo 67, on
Saint Helen's Island Parc Jean-Drapeau,
Montréal, Quebec
23.
Beverly Pepper
–
Beverly Pepper is an American sculptor known for her monumental works, site specific and land art. She remains independent from any art movement. She was married to the writer Curtis Bill Pepper, Pepper was born Beverly Stoll on December 20,1922, in Brooklyn, New York. At sixteen, she entered the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York to study advertising design, photography and she then embarked on a career as a commercial art director. She studied at Art Students League and attended classes at Brooklyn College, including art theory with György Kepes. It was also at this time, in her mid twenties, drawn to post-war Europe in 1949, she studied painting in Paris at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière. There she attended classes with cubist painter André LHôte, and with Fernand Léger at his atelier and she also visited the studios of Ossip Zadkine and Brâncuși. Pepper began her career as a painter, but after a trip to Angkor Wat, Cambodia in 1960 and she made her debut in 1962 with an exhibit of carved tree trunks at a gallery in Rome. Pepper introduces her sculptural vocabulary with integrations of wood carvings and metal castings, Art critic, Rosalind Krauss has described the artists works as violating modernist traditions. The traditional craft of carving was closed to her … she attacked these logs with electric drills and saws. Working directly in the factory, as she would with subsequent major sculptures, Pepper created The Gift of Icarus, Leda, Spring Landscape, as the 1960s progressed, Pepper turned to polished stainless steel. In some of the first works, she used a torch to carve used one-inch thick elements of stainless steel, from there, her pieces evolved into highly polished stainless with painted interiors. They are illusionary works that disappear and reappear, mirroring the surrounding landscape, in an interview with the art historian, Barbara Rose, Pepper said. My aim here is to invest space with a solidity by filling it with the world around it, all of Peppers sculptures from the beginning of her sculptural career were displayed outdoors. Eventually, she began her experiments using earth to contain a sculpture, in the seventies I developed the concept of Earthbound Sculptures, that is sculptures seemingly born in or rising up from the earth. Becoming more involved with her native New York in the 1970s, furthering her vocabulary in steel, throughout this time period she used Cor-ten steel. While working at a US Steel Factory in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, relishing in the exposed rusted surfaces of Cor-ten, she made pieces like Dallas Land Canal. She was, in fact, one of the first artists, if not the first, beginning in the 1970s, and to the present day, she has lived a bi-continental life traveling between Europe and the United States
Beverly Pepper
–
Alpha, 1974
Beverly Pepper
–
Longo Monolith
Beverly Pepper
–
Split Ritual, Washington, D.C.
Beverly Pepper
–
Horizontal Twist, Atlanta, Georgia
24.
Seymour Fogel
–
His drive to experiment led him to work with expected media – oil paints, watercolors, and acrylics – as well as unconventional media such as glass, plastics, sand, and wax. Seymour Fogel was born in New York City on August 24,1911 and he studied at the Art Students League in 1929 and at the National Academy of Design from 1929 to 1932 under such established artists as Leon Kroll and George Brandt Bridgman. I didn’t know what a painting really was, how to create anything, Fogel and Rivera became close friends, with the latter exercising a formative influence on the former. Rivera introduced Fogel to the techniques of mural painting. Ed Walker, the chairman of Millikin University’s art department, noted that Fogel’s “story reads like a ‘who’s who’ in midcentury American art. C. and these social realist works depicted grinding urban poverty, and lynchings in the American South. In 1946, Fogel moved to Austin, Texas where he accepted a position at The University of Texas at Austin. He became a part of the Texas Modernism movement, along with such artists as Kelly Fearing, Lester. He pioneered the use of ethyl silicate in his mural commissions, Fogel converted a rustic 19th century barn in South Austin into a ranch-style house with Usonian influences in 1953. In 1959 Seymour Fogel moved back to New York City where he maintained a studio and established his residence first in Westport and then in Weston, during this time he began to experiment with texturing his paintings with such material as paraffin wax, cloth, wood and sand. In New York he produced transcendentalist art which he referred to as “atavistic. ”In the latter stage of his mural career, in 1974 Seymour Fogel relocated his studio from New York City to his residence in Weston. In this last decade of his life, Fogel focused entirely on art in a variety of forms, paintings, drawings, collages. Seymour Fogel died on December 4,1984, Fogel generated a prolific and distinctive body of work. John Baur, director emeritus of the Whitney Museum of American Art, of Fogel, Baur said, “I have learned the only thing one can safely expect in Fogel’s work is the unexpected. Men like Sy have worked in all media, explored all styles, and refused to limit themselves. ”Texas Mural Project Life of Seymour Fogel Fogel in Austin Texas
Seymour Fogel
–
Seymour Fogel in 1937.
Seymour Fogel
–
Fogel's home "Southwind" in Austin.
25.
Theodore Roszak (artist)
–
Theodore Roszak was a Polish-American sculptor and painter. He was born in Posen, Prussia, now Poznań, Poland, as a son of Polish parents, and emigrated to the United States at the age of two. Roszak established a studio in New York City in 1932 and worked as an artist for the Works Progress Administration during the depression before going back to Chicago to teach at the Art Institute. He taught at Sarah Lawrence College throughout the 1940s and 1950s and he was a participating artist at the documenta II in Kassel 1959 and at the Venice Biennale in 1960. Roszaks sculpture, at first closer to Constructivism and displaying an industrial aesthetic, Roszak was affiliated with the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the American Academy in Rome, and the National Academy of Design. Commission of Fine Arts from 1963 to 1969 and he received the Logan Medal of the Arts, a Tiffany Foundation Fellowship, and the Eisendrath Award of the Art Institute of Chicago. Roszak was also an accomplished violinist, and liked to use musical references in his artworks, Roszak died in New York City, where he lived. Roszak sculpted the 35-foot gilded aluminum eagle on the pediment of the US Embassy in London, Theodore Roszak, paintings and drawings from the thirties. Theodore Roszak, Constructivist works, 1931-1947, paintings, constructions, drawings, biography by Douglas Dreishpoon, Chief Curator, Albright-Knox Art Gallery Theodore Roszak papers at the Getty Research Institute
Theodore Roszak (artist)
–
Invocation I, steel of 1947, at the
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Theodore Roszak (artist)
–
The statement, entitled OPEN LETTER TO ROLAND L. REDMOND, dated May 20, 1950, appeared on the front page of the Times of May 22, 1950. American abstract artists who put name to an open letter to the president of The Metropolitan Museum of Art were rejecting the museum's exhibition American Painting Today - 1950 and boycotting the competition.
26.
Norval White
–
Norval Crawford White was an American architect, architectural historian and professor. He designed buildings throughout the U. S. but he is best known for his writing, White was widely considered to be one of the great figures of New York architecture. White was born in 1926 to surgeon William Crawford White and social worker Caroline White and he grew up on the Upper East Side and went to the Allen-Stevenson School and Exeter. In 1958 he married Joyce L. Lee, and they had four sons, William, Thomas, Gordon and Alastair. Following two years on duty with the United States Naval Reserve during World War II, White received a B. S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1949. He attended École des Beaux-Arts and earned a Master of Fine Arts from Princeton University in 1955, White resided in the neighborhood of Brooklyn Heights before moving to northwestern Connecticut in the early 1990s. He then retired and lived in the commune of Roques in the French department of le Gers with his second wife, in 1962, upon hearing of the imminent demolition of New York Citys historic Pennsylvania Station, White and several other architects, including Willensky, founded AGBANY. They picketed the station and handed out fliers in protest, in 1967, White and Willensky proposed a guide to New York City architecture to the American Institute of Architects. From 1968 to 1973, White worked as a partner-in-charge with Gruzen and Partners, White was able to finalize the 5th edition of the AIA Guide before his death, which was published in 2010. AIA Guide to New York City with Elliot Willensky
Norval White
–
Norval White on June 12, 2006
27.
Oxford University Press
–
Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
Oxford University Press
–
Oxford University Press on
Walton Street.
Oxford University Press
–
2008 conference booth
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
Media related to Jacob K. Javits Federal Building at Wikimedia Commons
