1.
Frank Caldwell Jr.
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Admiral Frank Caldwell Jr. Caldwell assumed his duties as the Director Naval Nuclear Propulsion in August 2015. His most recent tour was as the Director, Navy Staff, Caldwell received his commission graduating with distinction from the United States Naval Academy in 1981 with a Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering. He holds a Master of Science in operations research from the Naval Postgraduate School and his sea tours include service in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. His Operational assignments include duty as an officer on USS Boston, engineering officer on USS Alabama. Ashore, Caldwell served on the Pacific Fleet Nuclear Propulsion Examining Board and later as Undersea Warfare Requirements officer on the staff of Commander in Chief, strategic Command’s Joint Functional Component Command for Global Strike in Omaha, Nebraska. Lockwood Award for Submarine Professional Excellence
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
4.
Admiral (United States)
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Admiral ranks above vice admiral and below fleet admiral in the Navy, the Coast Guard and the Public Health Service do not have an established grade above admiral. Admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the uniformed services. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps has never had a hold the grade of admiral. However,37 U. S. C. §201 of the U. S. Code established the grade for the NOAA Corps in the case a position is created that merits the four-star grade. The United States Navy did not have any admirals until 1862 because many felt the title too reminiscent of royalty, such as the British Royal Navy. Others saw the need for ranks above captain, among them John Paul Jones and he also felt there must be ranks above captain to avoid disputes among senior captains. Two years later Congress authorized the appointment of an admiral from among the nine rear admirals. Another bill allowed the President of the United States to appoint Farragut to admiral on July 25,1866, when Farragut died in 1870, Porter became admiral and Stephen C. Rowan was promoted to vice admiral, there was one admiral in the interim, however. In 1899, Congress recognized George Deweys accomplishments during the Spanish–American War by authorizing the President to appoint him Admiral of the Navy and he held that rank until he died in 1917. Nobody has since held that title, in 1944, Congress approved the five-star grade of fleet admiral. The first to hold it were William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, the Senate confirmed their appointments December 15,1944. Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey got his star in December 1945. The rear admiral got his two-inch stripe and one half-inch stripe in 1866, the sleeve stripes had been more elaborate. When the rear admiral rank started in 1862 the sleeve arrangement was three stripes of three-quarter-inch lace alternating with three stripes of quarter-inch lace and it was some ten inches from top to bottom. The vice admiral, of course, had even more stripes, on their dress uniforms the admirals wore bands of gold embroidery of live oak leaves and acorns. The admirals of the 1860s wore the number of stars on their shoulders as admirals of corresponding grades do today. During the 20th century, the ranks of the modern U. S. admiralty were firmly established, an oddity that did exist was that the navy did not have a one-star rank except briefly during World War II when Congress established a temporary war rank of commodore
5.
Naval Inspector General
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The current mission of the Naval Inspector General is to inspect, investigate, or inquire into matters of importance to the Department of the Navy and maintain the highest level of public confidence. In February 1942, while undergoing conversion in New York harbor, USS Lafayette caught fire, while only one person was killed in the disaster, the loss of such a prestigious and well-known ship was a tremendous embarrassment to the Navy. Congress launched an investigation into the disaster to determine if the loss was an act of foreign sabotage or merely negligence. In its report, Congress expressed frustration with the investigative agencies within the Navy. Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox established the Office of Naval Inspector General on 18 May 1942 with General Order 173, initially, the Naval Inspector General was part of the staff of the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. The initial staff included one deputy and three assistant inspectors, the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986 transferred the NIG from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations to the Office of the Secretary of the Navy. Jones, September 1952-March 1954 Vice Admiral Stuart S. Murray, April 1954-August 1956 Vice Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, kelly, September 1963-November 1963 Rear Admiral George S. Patrick, November 1963-June 1964 Captain J. C
6.
Distinguished Service Medal (United States Navy)
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The Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps which was first created in 1919. The medal is presented to recognize distinguished and exceptionally meritorious service to the United States while serving in a duty or position of great responsibility. The award is the Navy and Marine Corps equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal was originally senior to the Navy Cross, until August 1942 when the precedence of the two decorations was reversed. Currently, it is worn after the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, at the start of World War I, the Navy had the Medal of Honor as the only decoration with which to recognize heroism. The law made the award retroactive to 6 April 1917, the first award of the decoration was a posthumous presentation to Brigadier General Charles A. Doyen, USMC, on 13 March 1919. Originally, senior in precedence to the Navy Cross, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal assumed its current place below the Navy Cross by congressional action on 7 August 1942. To justify this decoration, exceptional performance of duty must be clearly above that normally expected, generally, the Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to officers in principal commands at sea, or in the field, whose service is of a manner to justify the award. However, this does not preclude the award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to any individual who meets the service requirements, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal is a gilt bronze medallion 1.25 inches in diameter. The obverse of the medal depicts an American bald eagle in the center displaying its wings, the eagle holds an olive branch in its right talon and arrows in its left talons. The eagle is surrounded by an enameled ring with the words, • UNITED • STATES • OF • AMERICA • at the top. Surrounding the blue ring is a gold border of scroll waves depicted moving in a clockwise direction. The medal is surmounted by a white five-pointed star, point up, in the center of the star is a blue anchor, while gold rays radiate between the arms of the star. The reverse of the medal depicts a trident surrounded by a laurel wreath, the wreath is surrounded by a blue enamel ring containing the inscription FOR DISTINGUISHED SERVICE. Like the obverse, the blue ring on the reverse is surrounded by scroll waves. The medals suspension and service ribbon is blue with a single central stripe of yellow. Additional awards of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal are denoted by gold and silver 5/16 inch stars worn on the medals suspension, awards and decorations of the United States military
7.
Naval Reactors
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Naval Reactors is an umbrella term for the U. S. government office that has comprehensive responsibility for safe and reliable operation of the United States Navys nuclear propulsion program. A single entity, it has authority and reporting responsibilities within both the Department of the Navy and the Department of Energy. Program responsibilities are delineated in Presidential Executive Order 12344 of February 1,1982, and prescribed by Public Laws 98-525 of October 19,1984, and 106-65 of October 5,1999. Soon after his U. S. Navy service during World War II, the office was originally a joint activity of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and the U. S. Navys Bureau of Ships, when the AEC was abolished, Naval Reactors became a joint effort of the Navy and the Energy Research and Development Administration, which partly replaced the AEC. In 1977, ERDA was combined with the Federal Energy Administration to form the U. S. Department of Energy, within seven years of its inception, the organization that developed from this concept would put into operation the nations first power reactor. The following four years would see three more submarines and two reactor plant prototypes operating and another seven ships and two prototypes being built. To date, more reactors have been built and safely operated by the NR program than any other US program. He was promoted successively, partially as a result of Congressional involvement, until he reached the rank of full Admiral, the Director of Naval Reactors also serves as a Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration. NR alumni have founded or led numerous corporate and industrial organizations, for example MPR Associates. The Rickover Effect, How One Man Made a Difference, Theodore Rockwell, Naval Institute Press,1992 Nuclear Navy, 1946-1962, Francis Duncan and Richard G
8.
Hyman G. Rickover
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Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, U. S. Navy, directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of Naval Reactors. In addition, he oversaw the development of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station, a naval officer who served in a flag rank for nearly 30 years – from 1953 to 1982 – Rickover was promoted to four-star admiral after 51 years of commissioned service. Vessels are now decommissioned and others are under construction, Rickover is the only person who has ever been awarded two Congressional Gold Medals. Rickover was born Chaim Godalia Rickover, to Abraham Rickover and Rachel Rickover and his parents later changed his name to Hyman, which, like Chaim, is derived from Chayyim, meaning life. He did not use his name, Godalia, but when required to list one for the Naval Academy oath. The family name Rickover is derived from the village and the estate of Ryki, located within 100 kilometres of Warsaw, decades later, the entire remaining Jewish communities of Ryki and Maków Mazowiecki were killed or otherwise perished during the Holocaust. Rickover took his first paid job at nine years of age and he graduated from grammar school at 14. While attending John Marshall High School in Chicago, Rickover held a job as a telegraph boy delivering Western Union telegrams. Congressman Adolph J. Sabath, himself a Czech Jewish immigrant, through the intervention of a family friend, Sabath nominated Rickover for appointment to the United States Naval Academy. Rickover was only an alternate for appointment, but through disciplined self-directed study and good fortune. Rickovers active duty career began in 1918, during a time when attending military academies was considered active duty service. On 2 June 1922, Rickover graduated 107th out of 540 midshipmen and was commissioned as an ensign and he joined the destroyer La Vallette on 5 September 1922. Rickover impressed his commanding officer with his work and efficiency. At Columbia, he met Ruth D. Masters, a Christian and graduate student in international law, shortly after marrying, Rickover wrote to his parents of his decision to become an Episcopalian, remaining so for the remainder of his life. Columbia was the first institution that encouraged me to think rather than memorize and my teachers were notable in that many had gained practical engineering experience outside the university and were able to share their experience with their students. I am grateful, among others, to Professors Morecroft, Hehre, much of what I have subsequently learned and accomplished in engineering is based on the solid foundation of principles I learned from them. I am therefore especially gratified by your invitation to return and speak this evening, Rickover preferred life on smaller ships, and he also knew that young officers in the submarine service were advancing quickly, so he went to Washington and volunteered for submarine duty. His application was turned down due to his age, at that time 29 years, fortunately for Rickover, he ran into his former commanding officer from Nevada while leaving the building, who interceded successfully on his behalf
9.
United States Naval Academy
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The United States Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational federal service academy in Annapolis, Maryland, United States. The entire campus is a National Historic Landmark and home to historic sites, buildings. It replaced Philadelphia Naval Asylum, in Philadelphia, that served as the first United States Naval Academy from 1838 to 1845 when the Naval Academy formed in Annapolis. Candidates for admission generally must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a Member of Congress, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as midshipmen. Tuition for midshipmen is fully funded by the Navy in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,200 plebes enter the Academy each summer for the rigorous Plebe Summer, but only about 1,000 midshipmen graduate. The United States Naval Academy has some of the highest paid graduates in the according to starting salary. Midshipmen are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, the United States Naval Academys campus is located in Annapolis, Maryland, at the confluence of the Severn River and the Chesapeake Bay. In its 2016 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as the No.1 public liberal arts college and tied for the 9th best overall liberal arts college in the U. S. In the category of High School Counselor Rankings of National Liberal Arts Colleges, Military Academy and the U. S. Air Force Academy, and is tied for the No.5 spot for Best Undergraduate Engineering program at schools where doctorates not offered. In 2016, Forbes ranked the U. S. Naval Academy as No.24 overall in its report Americas Top Colleges, nominations may be made by members of and delegates to Congress, the President or Vice-President, the Secretary of the Navy or certain other sources. Candidates must also pass a fitness test and a thorough medical exam as part of the application process. In the 21st century, there have been about 1,200 students in each new class of plebes, the U. S. government pays for tuition, room, and board. Midshipmen receive monthly pay of $1,017.00, as of 2015, from this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, and other miscellaneous expenses. Midshipmen only receive a portion of their pay in cash while the rest is released during firstie year. Midshipmen fourth-class to midshipmen second-class receive monthly stipends of $100, $200, $300, Midshipmen first-class receive the difference between pay and outstanding expenses. Students at the academy are addressed as Midshipman, an official military rank. The same term comprises both males and females, upon graduation, most naval academy midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps and serve a minimum of five years after their commissioning. If they are selected to serve as a pilot, they will serve 8–11 years minimum from their date of winging, Foreign midshipmen are commissioned into the armed forces of their native countries
10.
Naval Postgraduate School
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The Naval Postgraduate School is a graduate school operated by the United States Navy. Located in Monterey, California, it grants masters degrees, engineers degrees, established in 1909, the school also offers research fellowship opportunities at the postdoctoral level through the National Academies National Research Council research associateship program. Most of the faculty are civilians, NPS concentrates on technical areas that are of interest to the navy whereas staff colleges and war colleges focus on staff functions, civil-military affairs, tactics and strategy. NPS offers graduate programs through four graduate schools and twelve departments, the different schools and departments offer various PhD and M. S. Masters of Arts Program The M. A. program is offered at no cost to local, tribal, state. To accommodate participants time constraints, NPS requires students to be in only two weeks every quarter. Students complete the remainder of their coursework via the web, the degree is fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and is awarded by the Naval Postgraduate School. The degree program requires 18 months of enrollment and coursework. It involves a significant commitment on the part of the participants, the courses are organized in quarters rather than semesters. Each quarter requires only two weeks in residence at the NPS campus, located in Monterey, California or at the National Capital Region campus located in West Virginia, the remainder of the coursework is completed via network-based learning. Participants and their agency must be cognizant of this commitment and should view it as an investment in enhancing the individual´s, the thesis is a qualitative or quantitative research project on a topic beneficial to the participant´s sponsoring agency and jurisdiction. It may, for example, have a strategic planning focus, the thesis project should be of significant benefit to the participant´s jurisdiction. On 9 June 1909, Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer signed General Order No,27, establishing a school of marine engineering at Annapolis, Maryland. On 31 October 1912, Meyer signed Navy General Order No,233, which renamed the school the Postgraduate Department of the United States Naval Academy. The order established courses of study in ordnance and gunnery, electrical engineering, radio telegraphy, naval construction, in 1945, Congress passed legislation to make the school a fully accredited, degree-granting graduate institution. Two years later, Congress adopted legislation authorizing the purchase of an independent campus for the school, a postwar review team, which had examined 25 sites nationwide, had recommended the old Hotel Del Monte in Monterey as a new home for the Postgraduate School. During WWII, the Navy had leased the facilities, first for a training school. Negotiations with the Del Monte Properties Company led to the purchase of the hotel and 627 acres of surrounding land for $2.13 million, the Postgraduate School moved to Monterey in December 1951
11.
USS Boston (SSN-703)
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USS Boston, a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the seventh ship of the United States Navy to be named for Boston, Massachusetts. The contract to build Boston was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 10 December 1973 and her keel was laid down on 11 August 1978. She was launched on 19 April 1980 sponsored by Mrs. Edward Hidalgo, in 1998 Boston participated in a UNITAS South America deployment. Ex-Boston entered the Nuclear Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program in Bremerton, Washington, on 1 October 2001 and her sail and upper rudder were preserved for display at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park in Buffalo, New York. The crew distinguished themselves on numerous occasions by meritorious service and outstanding performance, awards included the Arleigh Burke Fleet Award and the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award, both of which are presented to one ship in the Pacific and one ship in the Atlantic. While escorting her damaged sister Providence to safety she is sunk by torpedoes fired from an Alfa-class submarine and this article includes information collected from the public domain sources Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships and Naval Vessel Register
12.
USS Alabama (SSBN-731)
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USS Alabama is the sixth Ohio-class nuclear-powered fleet ballistic missile submarine, and the seventh United States ship to be named for the state of Alabama. The ships motto duplicates the states motto, Audemus Jura Nostra Defendere, the contract for Alabamas construction was awarded on 27 February 1978 and her keel was laid down on 14 October 1980 at Groton, Connecticut, by the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics. After commissioning, Alabama departed Connecticut to conduct her shakedown cruise off the coast of Florida, after several domestic maneuvers and crew changes, Alabama visited Mobile, Alabama, before heading for the Panama Canal and from there to Bangor, Washington. Alabama operated out of Bangor until mid-May 1986, when she embarked on her first strategic deterrent patrol, operating from the Pacific Northwest, Alabama carried out four deterrent patrols between June and December 1986. In May 1988, Alabama conducted a successful test ballistic missile firing, launching two Trident I C4 ballistic missiles, on 1 September 1988, Alabama moored at Bangor to complete her ninth deterrent patrol and the 100th strategic deterrent patrol by a Trident-armed submarine. An official ceremony commemorating the event was held pier-side with then-Undersecretary of the Navy H. Lawrence Garrett III heading the official greeting party, Alabama conducted another test ballistic missile firing in August 1989, launching four Trident I C4 ballistic missiles. In the 1990s Alabama conducted routine operations out of Bangor Washington, post-refit sea trials operations in Dabob Bay. Ports-of-call included Seattle, Washington, San Diego and Long Beach, California, in February 1991, Alabama was selected as the change of command platform for the Commander-in-Chief Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor. In January 1996, the ship was awarded the Battle Efficiency E, in March she was awarded the U. S. Strategic Commands Omaha Trophy for ballistic missile unit excellence. In March 1999, Alabama conducted exercises with the USS Constellation battle group, in September she conducted underway operations for the Defense Advisory Counsel on Women in the Services. After completing 47 strategic deterrent patrols, Alabama underwent a refit in 1999 and returned to service with numerous tactical, in spring 2000, Alabama completed her 50th strategic deterrent patrol and celebrated her 15th birthday. During February 2000 she conducted exercises with the USS Abraham Lincoln battle group, in April she conducted a VIP cruise in Dabob Bay, Washington to host the Chief of Defense of Japan and members of his staff. In August she again conducted exercises with the USS Abraham Lincoln battle group, the refueling overhaul and Trident D5 conversion was completed in February 2009. As of April 2014, Alabama is part of Submarine Group 9 and her home port is at Naval Submarine Base, Bangor, Alabama is the recipient of the 2016 Battle E, her second time receiving this award. Alabama is the setting for the 1995 film Crimson Tide, starring Denzel Washington, the ship is actually seen in the movie during the diving scene as the ship deploys. Alabama is featured in the 1997 film, Time Under Fire This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, the entry can be found here. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here. Photo gallery of Alabama at NavSource Naval History USS Alabama
13.
USS Buffalo (SSN-715)
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USS Buffalo, a Los Angeles-class submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Buffalo, New York. The contract to build her was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia on 23 February 1976 and her keel was laid down on 25 January 1980. She was launched on 8 May 1982 sponsored by Mrs. Joanne Kemp, in 1999, Buffalo was modified to carry a Dry Deck Shelter. In 2002, the Buffalo entered drydock in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in late November 2005, the DDS was used to launch an underwater glider capable of gathering and storing information to be later transmitted by means of a built-in satellite phone. On 10 June 2008, Buffalo visited Olongapo City in the Philippines, on 23 December 2016, Buffalo returned to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii upon completion of her last deployment prior to scheduled decommissioning. Per the Annual Report to Congress on Long-Range Planning for Construction of Naval Vessels for FY2013 and this article includes information collected from the public domain sources Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships and Naval Vessel Register
14.
USS Jacksonville
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USS Jacksonville, a Los Angeles-class attack submarine, is the only ship of the United States Navy to be named for Jacksonville, Florida. The ship is nicknamed The Bold One, the contract to build her was awarded to the Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation in Groton, Connecticut on 24 January 1972 and her keel was laid down on 21 February 1976. She was launched on 18 November 1978 using the system designed for the launching of the Ohio-class Trident submarines. Jacksonville was sponsored by Mrs. Charles E. Bennett, and commissioned on 16 May 1981, in 1988, Jacksonville participated in a shock trials test program for Los Angeles-class submarines, which was followed by a three-year major modernization overhaul in Norfolk Naval Shipyard. Jacksonville has been involved in collisions with other vessels during her over 30 years of operation. The ships main periscope was sheared off in the collision, the ships commanding and executive officers were relieved for cause following the incident. In late 2009, Jacksonvilles homeport was moved from Norfolk to Pearl Harbor, on 20 December 2004 a small fire broke out aboard Jacksonville while she was undergoing a refueling overhaul at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard. The fire was extinguished and the reactor was never in danger, though a shipyard firefighter. This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register as well as press releases. Sublant Fact sheet on the U. S. S
15.
United States Strategic Command
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United States Strategic Command is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense. Strategic Command was established in 1992 as a successor to Strategic Air Command and it is headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska. In October 2002, it merged with the United States Space Command and it employs more than 2,700 people, representing all four services, including DoD civilians and contractors. Strategic Command is one of the three Unified Combatant Commands organized along a functional basis, the other six are organized on a geographical basis. On 1 June 1992, President George H. W. Bush established the U. S. Strategic Command from the Strategic Air Command and other Cold War military bodies, the Command unified planning, targeting and wartime employment of strategic forces under one commander. Day-to-day training, equipment and maintenance responsibilities for its forces remained with the Air Force, as a result of the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review, the Cold War system of relying solely on offensive nuclear response was modified. Shortly after a meeting between President George W, the activation of the new USSTRATCOM took place on 1 October 2002. The merged command was responsible for early warning of and defense against missile attack as well as long-range strategic attacks. This combination of roles, capabilities and authorities under a unified command was unique in the history of unified commands. U. S. Strategic Command officials were expected to deliver a detailed plan on the separation to General Cartwright for approval by September 2006 and this comes after some concern by officials and lawmakers such as U. S. S. Department of Defense and specifically the way space has been organized at U. S. Strategic Command, as result of the separation, the Missile Correlation Center in Cheyenne Mountain AFS was broken into two separate entities. NORAD/NORTHCOM now controls the Missile and Space Domain and JFCC Space controls the Missile Warning Center and they are both still located at Cheyenne Mountain AFS. It was expected that MSD would eventually move to Peterson AFB to join the rest of N2C2 and this combination of authorities, oversight, leadership and management is supposed to enable a more responsive, flattened organizational construct according to the commands leadership. U. S. Cyber Command United States Cyber Command —The CYBERCOM is a unified command under United States Strategic Command. The current commander is Admiral Michael S. Rogers, CYBERCOM was created by United States Defense Secretary Robert Gates on 23 June 2009, and activated in September of that year. The command was first led by the director of the National Security Agency and it combines elements of JTF-GNO and JFCC-NW, which were dissolved in October 2010. In an interview of General Alexander, now retired, he stated that United States Special Operations Command was a model for the future evolution of CYBERCOM. Joint Functional Component Command for Global Strike The Commander Eighth Air Force serves as the Joint Functional Component Commander for Global Strike, some of these tasks belonged to a JFCC for Space and Global Strike before being split into two components
16.
Submarine Warfare insignia
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The Submarine Warfare Insignia are worn by qualified submariners. In the Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service, sailors who qualify as submariners are awarded a badge depicting two dolphins and a crown and this badge was designed by Commander Alan McIntosh RAN, and was introduced in 1966. The British Royal Navy Submarine Service first issued badges to members during the 1950s. The dolphin is a second specialization earned after completing training in a chosen trade. Enlisted Sailors and Naval Officers wear a uniform breast pin to indicate that they are qualified in submarines. The Submarines insignia is considered one of the Navys three major enlisted warfare pins, along with the Surface Warfare Badge and the Enlisted Aviation Warfare Specialist insignia. To earn the right to fish, prospective submariners complete an extensive qualification process that lasts about one year. Once an enlisted sailor has earned the right to wear the dolphins, is added after his rate of rank that stands for Submarine Specialist. On 13 June 1923, Captain Ernest J. King, Commander, Submarine Division Three and he submitted a pen-and-ink sketch of his own showing a shield mounted on the beam ends of a submarine, with dolphins forward of, and abaft, the conning tower. The suggestion was endorsed by Commander Submarine Division Atlantic. Over the next months the Bureau of Navigation solicited additional designs from several sources. Some combined a submarine with a shark motif, others showed submarines and dolphins, and still others used a shield design. Two designs were submitted by the firm, but these were combined into a single design. Today a similar design is used, a dolphin flanking the bow, on 20 March 1924, the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation recommended to the Secretary of the Navy that the design be adopted. The recommendation was accepted by Theodore Roosevelt, Jr, originally, the submarine insignia was to be worn by officers and men qualified in submarine duty only when attached to submarine units or submarine command organizations. The right to wear the pin was revoked if the service transferred to a non-submarine billet. In 1941 the Uniform Regulations were modified to permit a member to wear the submarine insignia for the duration of his career. The officers insignia was at first a bronze, gold-plated metal pin, worn centered above the left breast pocket and above the ribbons, Enlisted men wore an embroidered insignia sewn on the outside of the right sleeve, midway between the wrist and elbow
17.
SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia
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It is awarded for different criteria than the Submarine Combat Patrol Insignia awarded for submarine patrols during World War II. A scroll beneath the submarine holds up to six stars, with one gold star authorized for each successful patrol. At twenty successful patrols, the SSBN pin is upgraded to a gold design, after the insignia was approved, awards were made retroactive to the first strategic deterrent patrol of USS George Washington which was completed on 21 January 1961. The strategic deterrent patrols of the Regulus missile boats were not initially deemed worthy of this insignia, the SSBN pin is worn on the left uniform pocket, typically below award ribbons. The badge is considered a secondary insignia, meaning that the badge is worn secondary to a warfare pin. The badge does not need to be if the command does not require it
18.
Command at Sea insignia
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There are two Command insignia, Command at Sea and Command Ashore/Project Manager. Both are a military badge of the United States Navy. The Command at Sea insignia was established in the U. S and this includes those in charge of a major program or project. Prior to late 2015, USN Flag Officers previously awarded the Command at Sea pin upon promotion to Rear Admiral, in 2015, wear by USN Flag Officers was authorized. However, these Flag Officers, even if holding operational command, are authorized to wear the badge in the post-completion position on the pocket flap. A post tour officer wears the insignia on the left breast 1/4 inch below the top of the pocket/flap. If a warfare or qualification insignia is already occupying that position, it is then worn 1/4 inch below that insignia, or on uniforms with pocket flaps, women in full dress will wear post tour command insignia 1/4 inch above the left pocket, medals or primary breast insignia. Men in full dress will wear their post-tour insignia below the row of medals. Only one post-tour command insignia may be worn, the United States Coast Guard uses an equivalent insignia to the U. S. Navys Command at Sea pin, called the Command Afloat Badge. The Command Afloat insignia is worn in the manner as the Command Ashore insignia and is considered superior to the Officer-in-Charge Afloat insignia. The NOAA Commissioned Corps Command at Sea badge is a gold-colored pin consisting of a triangle superimposed on anchor flukes, the NOAA Command-at-Sea insignia is authorized for incumbents serving under orders designating them in command of Class 1 through Class 5 NOAA commissioned vessels. Badges of the United States Coast Guard Obsolete badges of the United States military Uniforms of the United States Navy
19.
5/16 inch star
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A gold star indicates one additional award, while a silver star is worn in lieu of five gold stars. A 5⁄16 inch silver star is not to be confused with representing a Silver Star medal, 5⁄16 inch stars are worn on a medal suspension and service ribbon with one point of the star pointing up. Up to five stars can be worn on a ribbon, there are no higher degrees of 5⁄16 inch stars authorized after five silver 5⁄16 inch stars. On miniature medals, a special 1⁄8 inch star is worn on the suspension ribbon in lieu of a 5⁄16 inch star. If the number of authorized 5⁄16 inch stars exceeds five, a service ribbon is worn after the first service ribbon. The second service ribbon counts as one additional award, after which more stars may be added to the second ribbon. The US Army and US Air Force uses an oak leaf cluster to indicate a subsequent decoration, a bronze oak leaf cluster is equivalent to a gold 5⁄16 inch star and a silver oak leaf cluster is equivalent to a silver 5⁄16 inch star. Awards and decorations of the United States military United States military award devices Oak leaf cluster Service star Campaign star Battle star Army Awards, archived from the original on June 4,2004
20.
Defense Superior Service Medal
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The decoration is most often presented to senior officers in the flag and general officer grades, followed by a lesser number of Colonels and USN and USCG Captains. The medal is presented in the name of the Secretary of Defense and was established by President Gerald R. Ford on February 6,1976 in Executive Order 11904 and it is analogous to the Legion of Merit, albeit awarded for service in a joint duty capacity. This service must be as part of a joint activity, the award is generally for a period of time exceeding 12 months and encompassing an entire joint assignment. Service members assigned to or attached to a Joint Task Force as individuals, not members of a specific military services unit, can be eligible for the DSSM. In these cases, the 12 month time period was considered to include the period prior to that actual space flight. Members of service units are eligible for awards of personal decorations from their parent service. The Defense Superior Service Medal is specifically intended to recognize exceptionally superior service, Joint or Department of Defense awards, including the Defense Superior Service Medal, may be awarded posthumously. At the time of creation of the Defense Superior Service Medal it was decided that it would be obtained at the lowest possible cost and with as little effort as possible. For these reasons, and because it would rank just below the Defense Distinguished Service Medal for similar service, the difference is that it is finished in silver rather than gold and the inscriptions on the reverse of the medal are appropriately modified. The medal is made of a silver colored metal with blue enamel,1 7/8 inches in height overall, the obverse depicts a silver American eagle superimposed over a medium blue pentagon. The eagle has outstretched wings, charged on its breast is the shield of the United States, in its talons are three crossed arrows in silver. The reverse is plain except for the inscription at the top, below in the pentagon is the inscription From The Secretary of Defense To. Subsequent awards of the Defense Superior Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters worn on the suspension and service ribbons of the medal
21.
Oak leaf cluster
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The bronze oak leaf cluster represents one additional award, while the silver oak leaf cluster is worn in lieu of five bronze oak leaf clusters. Oak leaf clusters are worn with the stems of the leaves pointing to the wearer’s right, for medals, 13⁄32 inch oak leaf clusters are worn on the medals suspension ribbon. If four oak leaf clusters are worn on the suspension ribbon, for service ribbons, 5⁄16 inch oak leaf clusters are worn, with no more than four oak leaf clusters being worn side by side. If the number of authorized oak leaf clusters exceeds four, a ribbon is authorized for wear and is worn after the first ribbon. The second ribbon counts as one additional award, after which more leaf clusters may be added to the second ribbon, a gold 5/16 inch star is equivalent to a bronze oak leaf cluster, while a silver 5/16 inch star is equivalent to a silver oak leaf cluster. In other nations, oak leaf clusters are used as symbols for various awards. In Germany, the German oak is the tree of Germany. During World War II, the Knights Cross of the German Iron Cross could be awarded with the distinction of oak leaves. Of the 7,313 awards of the Knights Cross, only 882 received oak leaves, after World War II, Iron Crosses awarded previously could be worn by the recipient provided the swastika was replaced by oak leaves. The Bundeswehr awards the Cross of Honour for Bravery for extraordinary bravery, the Cross of Honour for Bravery differs from the Badge of Honour by an adornment in the shape of stylized double oak leaves. Furthermore, it was featured on the Pfennig in Germany and since the introduction of the euro in 2001 it is used on the side of the German euro coinage. In earlier times, the Pour le Mérite, the highest military order in the Kingdom of Prussia, a civil version of the order, for accomplishments in the arts and sciences, still exists in the Federal Republic of Germany. In Commonwealth countries, an oak leaf signifies a Mention in Despatches. The Commonwealth equivalent of a United States oak leaf cluster is a bar worn with a campaign medal. Awards and decorations of the United States military United States military award devices 5/16 inch star Service star Campaign star Battle star
22.
Legion of Merit
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The Legion of Merit is a military award of the United States Armed Forces that is given for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services and achievements. The decoration is issued to members of the seven uniformed services of the United States as well as to military and political figures of foreign governments. The Legion of Merit is one of only two United States military decorations to be issued as an order and the only United States military decoration which may be issued in award degrees. The Legion of Merit is sixth in the order of precedence of U. S. military awards and is worn after the Defense Superior Service Medal, in contemporary use in the U. S. S. However, this degree was awarded by President Roosevelt to some Allied World War II theater commanders, Commander, Equivalent of a U. S. military chief of staff or higher position, but not to a head of state. Legionnaire, All recipients not included above, when the Legion of Merit is awarded to members of the Uniformed Services of the United States, it is awarded without reference to degree. The performance must have such as to merit recognition of key individuals for service rendered in a clearly exceptional manner. Performance of duties normal to the grade, branch, specialty, or assignment, for service not related to actual war, the term key individual applies to a narrower range of positions than in time of war and requires evidence of significant achievement. In peacetime, service should be in the nature of a requirement or of an extremely difficult duty performed in an unprecedented. However, justification of the award may accrue by virtue of exceptionally meritorious service in a succession of important positions, the degrees and the design of the decoration were influenced by the French Legion of Honour. Although recommendations for creation of a Meritorious Service Medal were initiated as early as September 1937, no formal action was taken toward approval. Proposed designs prepared by Bailey, Banks and Biddle and the Office of the Quartermaster General were provided to Assistant Chief of Staff for Personnel Colonel Heard) by the QMG on January 5,1942. The Assistant Chief of Staff, in a response to the QMG on April 3,1942, the design of the Legion of Merit would be ready for issue immediately after legislation authorizing it was enacted into law. The medal was announced in War Department Bulletin No, executive Order 9260, dated October 29,1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, established the rules for the Legion of Merit and required the Presidents approval for the award. The Legion of Merit is similar to the French Legion of Honor in both its design, a five armed cross, and in that it is awarded in multiple degrees, unlike the Legion of Honor, however, the Legion of Merit is only awarded to military personnel. Additionally, it is the award in the world with multiple degrees of which the higher degrees cannot be awarded to citizens of the country of the awards origin. She received the award for her service during the defense of the Philippines, LTJG Bernatitus was also the first recipient of the Legion of Merit authorized to wear a Combat V with the medal. General Eisenhower was presented the Legion of Merit by President Roosevelt, while he was en route to the Tehran Conference, in Cairo, in 1943, at the request of Army Chief of Staff General George C
23.
Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
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Normally, the acts or services rendered must be comparable to that required for the Legion of Merit but in a duty of lesser, though considerable, responsibility. Within the U. S. Army, according to AR 600-8-22, Paragraph 3-16, in the Army, an MSM recommendation that is downgraded will be approved as an Army Commendation Medal. In the U. S. Army and U. S, the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps and U. S. In the Navy, Marine Corps or Coast Guard, the authority for the MSM must be either a Flag Officer or General Officer holding the pay grade of O-7 or above. It is most common for Navy and Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officers, to receive this medal the individual must exhibit exceptionally meritorious service at that level of responsibility. The Meritorious Service Medal is a medal,1. The reverse has the encircled inscriptions UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and MERITORIOUS SERVICE. The suspension ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide and consists of the stripes, 1/8 inch Crimson 67112, 1/4 inch White 67101, center 5/8 inch Crimson, 1/4 inch White. Additional awards of the Meritorious Service Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the U. S. Army and U. S. Air Force. And gold 5/16 inch stars in the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps and these devices are also authorized for wear on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. In certain instances, the U. S. Coast Guard also authorizes an Operational Distinguishing Device for the medal, an ad hoc committee was formed by the Secretary of Defense to select a name. On November 8,1968, the unanimously approved the name Meritorious Service Medal. President Lyndon B. Johnson established the Meritorious Service Medal per Executive Order 11448, the Executive Order was amended by President Ronald Reagan per Executive Order 12312, dated July 2,1981, to authorize award to members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations. The medal was designed by Mr. Jay Morris of the Institute of Heraldry, the ribbon design purposely follows the colors used for the Legion of Merit to reflect the parallel between the two medals. The eagle, symbol of the United States, stands on laurel branches denoting achievement, the star is used to represent the military service and the rays emanating therefrom denote the constant efforts of individuals to achieve through excellent and meritorious service. Meritorious Civilian Service Award – a comparable award given to employees of the United States Departments of Defense. US Army Institute of Heraldry, Meritorious Service Medal
24.
Commendation Medal
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The Commendation Medal is a mid-level United States military decoration which is presented for sustained acts of heroism or meritorious service. The Commendation Medal was originally only a ribbon and was first awarded by the U. S. Navy. An Army Commendation Ribbon followed in 1945, and in 1949, the Navy, Coast Guard, by 1960, the Commendation Ribbons had been authorized as full medals and were subsequently referred to as Commendation Medals. Additional awards of the Army and Air Force Commendation Medals are denoted by bronze, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal and Coast Guard Commendation Medal are authorized gold and silver 5/16 inch stars to denote additional awards. The Operational Distinguishing Device is authorized for wear on the Coast Guard Commendation Medal upon approval of the awarding authority, order of Precedence is following the Bronze Star Medal but before the Prisoner of War Medal and all campaign medals. Each of the services also awards separate Achievement Medals which are below the Commendation Medals in precedence. This award is intended for service on a joint military staff and is senior in precedence to service-specific Commendation Medals. As such, it is worn above the service Commendation Medals on a military uniform. S, Army after December 6,1941, distinguished themselves by heroism, meritorious achievement or meritorious service. Approval of the award must be made by an officer in the grade of Colonel or higher, the medallion of the Army Commendation Medal is a bronze hexagon, 1 3⁄8 inches wide. On the medallion is an American bald eagle with wings spread horizontally, on its breast is a shield paly of thirteen pieces and a chief. The reverse bears a panel for naming between the words FOR MILITARY above and MERIT below, all placed above a laurel sprig, the ribbon is 1 3⁄8 inches wide primarily of myrtle green. It is edged in white and in the center are five thin white stripes spaced equally apart, devices Oak leaf cluster and V Device The U. S. Air Force began issuing its own Air Force Commendation Medal in 1958 with additional awards denoted by oak leaf clusters. Prior to this time, USAF recipients received the Army Commendation Medal and it was not until 1996 that the V device was authorized on the Air Force Commendation Medal, prior to 1996, there was not a valor distinction in effect for the Air Force Commendation Medal. For USAF enlisted personnel, the Air Force Commendation Medal is worth three points under the Air Force enlisted promotion system, approval of the award must be made by an officer in the grade of Colonel or higher. The Air Force Commendation Medal is a bronze hexagonal medallion, on the medallion is a shield surmounted by an eagle superimposed over clouds. On the shield bears a pair of wings and a vertical baton with an eagles claw at either end, behind the shield are eight lightning bolts. The design on the shield is derived from the Seal of the Department of the Air Force, the ribbon of the Air Force Commendation Medal is golden yellow with blue edges. In the center are three bands of blue, the stripes are thin with the center stripe being wider
25.
Achievement Medal
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The Achievement Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces. Each military service issues its own version of the Achievement Medal, the Achievement Medal is awarded for outstanding achievement or meritorious service not of a nature that would otherwise warrant awarding the Commendation Medal. Award authority rests with local commanders, granting a broad discretion of when, the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, is the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps version of the Achievement Medal. This title was shortened in 1967 to simply, the Navy Achievement Medal, the award is referred to in shorthand speech as a NAM. Awards for crewmembers had to be submitted to the Commodore or Air Wing Commander or the first appropriate O-6 in the chain of command for approval, since 2002 the commanding officers of aviation squadrons and ships have had the authority to award NAMs without submission to higher authority. For the Army, battalion commanders is the authority for the Army Achievement Medal. Effective 11 September 2001, the Army Achievement Medal may be awarded in a combat area, since this change over sixty thousand Army Achievement Medals have been awarded in theaters of operations such as Iraq and Afghanistan. The Joint Service Achievement Medal was created in 1983 and this award was considered a Department of Defense decoration senior to the service department Achievement Medals
26.
Meritorious Unit Commendation
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The Meritorious Unit Commendation is a mid-level unit award of the United States Armed Forces. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation The Army MUC emblem worn to represent award of the MUC is 1 7⁄16 inches wide, the emblem consists of a 1⁄16 inch wide gold frame with laurel leaves which encloses a scarlet 67111 ribbon. The previously authorized emblem was a gold color embroidered laurel wreath,1 5⁄8 inches in diameter on a 2 inches square of olive drab cloth, Service in a combat zone is not required, but must be directly related to the combat effort. Units based in CONUS are excluded from this award, as are other units outside the area of operation, the unit must display such outstanding devotion and superior performance of exceptionally difficult tasks as to set it apart and above other units with similar missions. The degree of achievement required is the same as that which would warrant award of the Legion of Merit to an individual, recommendations for units larger than a brigade will not be submitted. For services performed during World War II, awards will be only to service units. Such service is interpreted to relate to combat service support type activities and not to the type of activities performed by senior headquarters, combat, all members of the unit cited for the award are approved to wear the emblem of the MUC. The emblem is thought of as a decoration for those in connection with the cited acts and is approved to be worn if they continue as members with the unit or not. Other personnel serving with the unit are approved to wear the emblem to show that the unit is a recipient of the MUC, the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation is worn after the Valorous Unit Award and before the Superior Unit Award. Additional awards of the Army MUC are denoted by oak leaf clusters. The Meritorious Service Unit Plaque was originally established by War Department Circular 345 on 23 August 1944, the circular provided units which received the Plaque were entitled to wear on their right sleeves of their service coat and shirt the Meritorious Service Unit Insignia. A gold star placed on the plaque represented additional awards until War Department Circular No,54,1946, provided that additional awards would be shown by placing a gold numeral on the inside of the wreath. In December 1946, the Meritorious Service Unit Plaque was eliminated, replaced with the issue of the Meritorious Unit Commendation, a new design of the Meritorious Service Unit Emblem was approved in April 1947. This replaced the sleeve insignia and was to be effective 1 January 1949, on 11 April 1949, TAG advised D/PA that the stock position was such that it would not be exhausted prior to 1959. However, the level was still so high that it was not introduced into the supply system until 14 July 1966. This award may also be conferred upon units of the branches of the U. S. Armed Forces, and the forces of friendly foreign nations serving with U. S. Armed Forces, provided such units meet the established for Navy
27.
Service star
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The service star may also be referred to as a campaign star or battle star depending on which award is authorized the star and the manner in which the device is used for the award. Service stars, Campaign stars, and Battle stars are worn with one point of the star pointing up on the ribbon of a medal. A silver star is worn instead of five bronze stars, a service star is sometimes mistaken for a Bronze Star or Silver Star. The service star is similar to the gold and silver 5⁄16 Inch Stars which may be authorized to be worn on specific individual decorations of certain services to denote additional decorations. Service stars are authorized for the following United States expeditionary medals, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, Navy Expeditionary Medal, Service stars are also authorized for the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal effective February 9,2015 retroactive to September,11,2001. Each star represents a deployment in support of an approved GWOT operation, only one GWOT-EM is awarded for each operation. The five GWOT-EM approved operations by inclusive dates are, Enduring Freedom,11,2001 - TBD Iraqi Freedom, Mar.19,2003 - Aug.31, 2010Nomad Shadow, Nov.05,2007 - TBD New Dawn, Sep. 01,2010 - Dec.31,2011 Inherent Resolve, the bronze service star is also authorized for certain unit awards such as the Presidential Unit Citation to denote a second and subsequent award. The service ribbon itself indicates the first award, with a service star being added to indicate the second. If ever applicable, a service star is worn instead of five bronze stars. As a result, at least one star will be worn on the ribbon. However, though authorized for wear, no battle stars have been approved for wear, only a combatant commander can initiate a request for a battle star. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the approving authority, only one award of the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and one award of the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal may be authorized for any individual. The specific manner of wear and symbolism of the stars varied from medal to medal, for example, an American Campaign Medal with a bronze service star indicated the service member had participated in an antisubmarine campaign. On other medals, bronze service stars were used on the service ribbon for those recipients of medals in possession of authorized campaign claps for those medals. Similarly, during the Vietnam War and afterwards, the Battle Effectiveness Award took the place of receiving battle stars for superior battle efficiency in place of combat operations. Awards and decorations of the United States military United States military award devices 5/16 inch star Oak leaf cluster United States award regulations for World War II
28.
Navy E Ribbon
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The Battle Efficiency Ribbon, Navy E Ribbon, or the Battle E ribbon was established in July 1976 by Secretary of the Navy J. William Middendorf. The Navy E Ribbon denotes permanent duty on U. S. Navy ships, aviation squadrons and this ribbon replaces the E patch previously sewn on the right sleeve of the enlisted naval uniform for pay grades E-1 through E-6. United States Marine Corps personnel assigned as ships company are eligible, however, when in standard uniform, the ribbon is placed above the left breast pocket, along with all other citations and awards. The Navy E Ribbon was designed by AZ3 Cynthia L. Crider in 1973. S, AZ3 Crider was stationed at Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 88, a Naval Air Reserve E-2 Hawkeye squadron at NAS North Island, CA. The E is also one of the few ribbons that is not an individual award, instead, it is a unit award, issued to any U. S. The United States Coast Guard equivalent of the Navy E Ribbon is the Coast Guard E Ribbon, for each award of the Navy E Ribbon, one 3/16 inch silver Battle E device is authorized for wear on the Navy E ribbon, up to the third award. When a service member receives a fourth Navy E award, a Wreathed Battle E device is bestowed and this replaces the first three devices and effectively closes out the award ribbon — no further devices are authorized for display of additional awards. While service members may receive more than four Navy Es, only four may be displayed, multiple E attachments are placed in a symmetrical, horizontal line in the center of the ribbon. Awards and decorations of the United States military Army-Navy ‘E’ Award Battle Effectiveness Award
29.
Battle Effectiveness Award
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The Battle Effectiveness Award, is awarded annually to the small number of United States Navy ships, submarines, aviation, and other units that win their battle effectiveness competition. The criterion for the Battle Effectiveness Award is the readiness of the command to carry out its assigned wartime tasks. The competition for the award is, and has always been, to win, a ship or unit must demonstrate the highest state of battle readiness. The Battle Effectiveness Award recognizes sustained fast and winning performance in an environment within a command. To qualify for Battle E consideration, a ship must win a minimum of four of the six Command Excellence awards, eligibility for the award demands day-to-day demonstrated excellence in addition to superior achievement during the certifications and qualifications conducted throughout the year. A ship’s performance during training exercises, weapons inspections, and tactical readiness examinations are among the 16 different areas that are considered in the competition. Ships that win a battle effectiveness competition are authorized to paint a white E with black shadowing on their stacks or elsewhere to display evidence of the honor, for each subsequent consecutive competition won, the ship paints an angled line, or hashmark, below the white E. The very rare winners of five consecutive Es replace the white E and hashmarks with a gold E, the E and any hashmarks are removed in the year the ship first fails to win the award. Personnel of ships and units that win the Battle E are authorized to wear the Navy E Ribbon and Battle E Device. Before 1976, Navy enlisted personnel at pay grade E-6 and below wore a small cloth E on their sleeves, with hashmarks. The latest revision of the Surface Forces Training Manual has changed the name of the Battle Efficiency Award to the Battle Effectiveness Award for COMNAVSURFOR ships, Command Excellence Awards are painted and displayed on the port and starboard side of the bulwark, aft of the Battle E. Archived from the original on 2015-06-21
30.
Navy Expeditionary Medal
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The Navy Expeditionary Medal is a military award of the United States Navy which was established in August 1936. The Navy Expeditionary Medal is retroactively authorized to February 12,1874, the medal was designed by A. A. Weinman and features a sailor beaching a craft carrying Marines, an officer, and a US flag with the word Expeditions above. The eagle is grasping sprigs of laurel, which extend beyond the anchor in both directions, above the eagle are the words UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS or UNITED STATES NAVY presented as an arch. Above the laurel are the words FOR SERVICE presented horizontally, the eagle is the American bald eagle and represents the United States, the anchor alludes to Marine Corps or Navy service, and the laurel is symbolic of victory and achievement. Both awards may not be bestowed simultaneously for the same action, additional awards of the Navy Expeditionary Medal are denoted by service stars. The Wake Island Device is authorized for service members who were awarded the Navy Expeditionary Medal through the defense of Wake Island. As the vast majority of the defenders of Wake Island were U. S. Marines and it has been widely reported that L. Ron Hubbard, founder of the Church of Scientology, fraudulently claimed being awarded the Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal. The issuance of military awards is available via a public records search and from lists of authorized recipients available online
31.
National Defense Service Medal
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The National Defense Service Medal is a service medal of the United States Armed Forces established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. It may also be issued to military members for any other period that the Secretary of Defense designates. Currently, the National Defense Service Medal is the oldest service medal in use by the United States Armed Forces, the oldest continuously issued combat medal is the Medal of Honor. For service in the Global War on Terrorism, Selected Reserve and National Guard members need only to have been in good standing to receive the NDSM, inactive Ready Reserve and Retired Reserve are not eligible to be awarded the NDSM unless called to active duty. S. The NDSM ranks eleventh out of twenty-nine in the order of precedence of service medals and this accounts for the medals omission from a large number of uncharacterized and entry level separation documents. Veterans who have this medal so omitted may apply to the service departments to have the NDSM added to records via a DD Form 215. A second award of the medal is not granted for reenlisting during the time period or transferring between branches of service. Korean Service Medal Vietnam Service Medal Southwest Asia Service Medal Global War on Terrorism Service Medal Media related to National Defense Service Medal at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
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The Global War on Terrorism Service Medal is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was created by Executive Order 13289 on March 12,2003 by President George W. Bush. The award recognizes military service members who have supported operations to counter terrorism in the War on Terror from September 11,2001. In September 2002, the U. S. Department of Defense sent a request to the U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry to provide a design for a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal. In January 2003, a design was completed, which was then approved, the following are the seven established operations for the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal recognized by the Department of Defense, The Coast Guard awards the medal for different operations. For those who were engaged in combat, killed, or wounded in the line of duty the time requirement is waived. The initial authorized operation for the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was the so-called Airport Security Operation which occurred between September 27,2001 and May 31,2002, future operations are at the discretion of United States component commanders upon approval from the United States Department of Defense. The primary difference between the NDSM and the GWOTSM is that the NDSM is automatic as soon as a person joins the military whereas the GWOTSM may only be presented after thirty days of active duty. The GWOTSM was awarded automatically to all members on Active Duty between September 11,2001 and March 31,2004. While the award is no longer automatic, the date to be determined has not been set. The Battalion Commander is the authority for the GWOTSM. Service members are eligible for the medal provided they meet the criteria in AR 600-8-22. U. S. Army soldiers serving on active duty primarily in a training status are not authorized award of the GWOTSM for the duty time they are in training. The criteria for the awards specifically states that a Soldier has to serve on duty in support of a designated GWOT operation for 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days. Army soldiers in a training status are “not” supporting these designated operations, regulations for rating the GWOTSM are the same in both the Navy, the Marine Corps, and Military Sealift Command for those who serve on both active duty, reserve duty, and support. Essentially,30 days of duty or 60 days of non-consecutive duty in support of approved organizations. Personnel who are still in their initial training are not eligible. Eligibility begins when they reach their first permanent duty station, Civilian Mariners attached to Military Sealift Commands supply ships may be eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal. Air Force service members were first awarded the GWOTSM for conducting airport security operations in the fall and it was subsequently awarded for participation or support of Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom
33.
Sea Service Ribbon
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The Army Sea Duty Ribbon was established April 17,2006. It may be awarded to active duty soldiers who complete two years of sea duty on a Class A or B United States Army Vessel. Duty aboard U. S. Navy, U. S. Coast Guard, the Chief of the Marine Qualification Division is the approval authority for award of the ASDR to eligible service members. The ASDR may be awarded retroactively to those personnel who were credited with qualifying service, as defined in regulations, subsequent awards are authorized upon completion of an additional two years of cumulative sea duty under qualifying conditions. U. S. Army Reserve and U. S. Army National Guard soldiers must have two years in a U. S. Subsequent awards are authorized upon the completion of additional qualifying periods of sea duty, for mobilized soldiers, one year of sea duty as a mobilized soldier will be credited toward one creditable year as long as minimum underway requirements are met. The Army Sea Duty Ribbon is 1 3/8 inches wide, composed of vertical stripes, subsequent awards are denoted by bronze and silver service stars. It was the first type of sea service ribbon established in the U. S, the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon is granted to any member of the U. S. Navy or U. S. A 3/16 inch bronze star is awarded for the second through the award of the ribbon. The Navy Reserve Sea Service Ribbon was created in May 1986 and is awarded to any member of the U. S. S, Navy Reserve Force surface ship or assigned to a deployable/regularly deploying U. S. Navy Reserve Force Aviation Squadron. The term “Navy Reserve Force Ship” refers to any U. S, the Navy Reserve Sea Service Ribbon is also granted to members of embarked Navy Reserve staffs, provided that at least half of the embarked reserve drills qualified as underway drills. The Coast Guard Sea Service Ribbon is a United States Coast Guard decoration that was created in 1984, additional awards, displayed as service stars, may be awarded for a further three years of sea service. The NOAA Corps Sea Service Deployment Ribbon is a NOAA Commissioned Corps award established retroactive to 1 January 2002, subsequent awards may be earned for additional twelve-month accumulations of sea duty, so long as they also include an additional 90 consecutive-day deployment. Previously, the Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon was awarded and those NOAA Corps members who previously earned the Navy Sea Service Deployment Ribbon with replace it with the NOAA version, unless they earned the Navy version while serving in the Navy. Awards and decorations of the United States military Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual
34.
Navy Arctic Service Ribbon
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The Navy Arctic Service Ribbon is a decoration of the United States Navy which was established in May 1986. The ribbon is authorized to any member of the U. S. Navy or United States Marine Corps for service above the Arctic Circle, like the Antarctica Service Medal, it may also be awarded to civilians and members of other U. S. services. The United States Coast Guard equivalent of the Arctic Service Ribbon is the Coast Guard Arctic Service Medal, awarded to officers and enlisted personnel for twenty-eight days, consecutive or non-consecutive, above the Arctic Circle after 1 January 1982. For personnel working at remote ice camps or divers working under the ice, no more than one day of credit can be counted for flights in or out during any 24-hour period. Marine Corps personnel undergoing annual cold weather training above the Arctic Circle do not qualify for additional credit, the ribbon is issued for one time service only and there are no devices authorized for additional periods of Arctic service. The Antarctic equivalent of the Arctic Service Ribbon is the Antarctica Service Medal, the ribbon is worn after the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, and before the Navy Reserve Sea Service Ribbon for Navy personnel. For Marine Corps personnel it is worn before the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon, awards and decorations of the United States military
35.
Special Operations Service Ribbon
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The Special Operations Service Ribbon is a service award of the United States Coast Guard which was first created 1 July 1987 by order of Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Paul A. Yost Jr. The award is authorized for certain acts of meritorious service. Coast Guard operations of a nature in support of special events drawing large media interest. Coast Guard operations or involvement with government in all areas of saving life. Coast Guard operations of assistance for friendly and/or developing nations, initially a one-time award precluded from the use of service stars, multiple awards of the Special Operations Service Ribbon are now denoted by service stars. Awards and decorations of the United States military
36.
Marksmanship Ribbon
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A Marksmanship Ribbon is a United States Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard award that is issued to its members who pass a weapons qualification course and achieve an above-average score. Additionally, there are select State National Guard organizations that award ribbons for high placement in state-level marksmanship competitions. The Navy issues the marksmanship ribbon in three levels of precedence, Expert, Sharpshooter, and Marksman, the basic ribbon is awarded for the Marksman level while the specific ribbon device is awarded for qualification as a Sharpshooter or Expert. Those receiving an Expert qualification receive the Marksmanship Medal and Marksmanship Ribbon, the Navy also issued Distinguished Marksmanship Ribbons between 1942 and 1960 which were declared obsolete by 1965. The ribbon is issued in one degree, however, a 3⁄16 inch bronze star may be worn on the ribbon for those who have qualified expert on both the service rifle and pistol. The ribbon was authorized by the Secretary of the Air Force on Aug.28,1962, prior to the conception of a ribbon, Air Force members were awarded with the United States Air Force Small Arms Marksmanship Certificate of Achievement. The U. S. Coast Guard Marksmanship Ribbons are issued under the criteria as the U. S. Navy. The Coast Guard issues two ribbons, known as the Coast Guard Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon and the Coast Guard Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon, the ribbon device is awarded for qualification at the higher levels of sharpshooter and expert. Like the Navy, for those who receive an expert qualification, once a year, thousands of U. S. Army and Air National Guard shooters compete against each other at the Winston P. Wilson Rifle and Pistol Championships. In addition, these guardsman are awarded the Governors Twelve Tab for wear on the combat uniform, in addition to this ribbon, these guardsman are also awarded the Adjutant Generals Twenty Combat Badge for wear on the combat uniform. Guardsmen are authorized to wear these ribbons as a permanent decoration on service uniforms, to the left of federal awards. When federalized, guardsman cannot wear these ribbons until they return to Title 32 status, the U. S. Army and U. S. Marine Corps provide Weapons Qualification Badges instead of a Marksmanship Ribbon. For the services that award the Marksmanship Ribbon, re-qualification is not necessary once a member has obtained the award. In the Navy and Coast Guard, the Marksmanship Ribbon may be upgraded with a ribbon device if a higher qualification is achieved. Marksmanship Device Marksmanship Medal Marksmanship Badge Awards and decorations of the United States military
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Marksmanship Device
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The Air Forces Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon, as it is known, is awarded to those who qualify as expert with either the service rifle or service pistol. The Air Force uses a 3⁄16 bronze star to indicate expert qualification in both rifle and service pistol, the Coast Guard also has additional ribbon devices which represent accomplishments in Civilian Marksmanship Program sanctioned competitions. The Expert Marksmanship device should not be confused with the Battle E Device, the Navy and Coast Guard Expert Marksmanship device is worn on the Marksmanship Ribbon in lieu of the full sized Marksmanship Medal. When wearing the Marksmanship Medal, the Marksmanship Ribbon with the Expert device is not worn, for a period of time, the E Device was bronze until three consecutive expert qualifications were achieved, then the device would change to silver with a permanent award status. S. Coast Guard Pistol or Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon respectively in lieu of wearing the EIC badge, from 1942 to 1960, the Navy awarded unique Distinguished Marksmanship Ribbons vs. devices for their existing marksmanship ribbons. Today, only Distinguished Marksmanship Badges are authorized for wear on Navy uniforms, some State National Guard organizations also award marksmanship ribbons to their top shooters. In the Missouri National Guard, the top twelve guardsman selected to represent their state at the Winston P. Wilson Rifle, any guardsman who earns the award more than once wear a bronze or silver Hawthorn Cluster device on top of the ribbon. A bronze Hawthorn Cluster notes the award of a second and seceding awards while a silver Hawthorn Cluster is worn in lieu of five bronze Hawthorn Clusters, United States military award devices Marksmanship Ribbon Marksmanship Medal Marksmanship Badge Awards and decorations of the United States military
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James P. Wisecup
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James P. Phil Wisecup is a retired Vice Admiral, who served as President of the Naval War College and Naval Inspector General of the United States Navy. Since October 2013, he has been director of the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group, the son of James and Bettye Ruth Bach Wisecup, Phil Wisecup is a 1973 graduate of Piqua High School and a 1977 graduate of the United States Naval Academy. He married Ann, daughter of François-Georges Dreyfus, professor of history and political science at the University of Strasbourg, Admiral Wisecup and his wife have five children. At sea, Wisecup served as officer of the guided-missile cruiser USS Valley Forge during Operation Desert Storm. As commanding officer of the guided-missile destroyer USS Callaghan, he was awarded the Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership in 1996 and he served as Commander, Destroyer Squadron 21 during Operation Enduring Freedom after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. He served as a fellow on the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group, was Director, White House Situation Room and he then served as Commander, Carrier Strike Group Seven from 2007 to 2008. Promoted to rear admiral, he served as the 52nd president of the U. S. Naval War College from November 2008 until April 2011, in April 2011, he was promoted to Vice Admiral and became the 38th Naval Inspector General. Wisecup was President of the Naval War College from 6 November 2008 to 30 March 2011 and he became Naval Inspector General on 18 April 2011 and served in that post through September 2013, when he retired from active duty. Upon retirement form active duty as a Vice Admiral in 2013, he returned to Newport, Rhode Island, Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with two stars. Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal Combat Action Ribbon Navy Unit Commendation This article includes public domain produced by the United States Navy
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John M. Richardson (admiral)
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John Michael Richardson is an admiral in the United States Navy who currently serves as the 31st Chief of Naval Operations. He previously served as the Director of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program from November 2,2012 to August 14,2015, on May 13,2015, United States Secretary of Defense, Ashton Carter, announced Richardsons nomination to succeed Admiral Jonathan Greenert as Chief of Naval Operations. Richardson began serving as the 31st Chief of Naval Operations on September 18,2015, Richardson was commissioned into the United States Navy upon his graduation from the United States Naval Academy in 1982. During his tenure, Richardson has served primarily with submarine operations, serving on the USS Parche, the USS Salt Lake City, and the USS George C. Marshall. Prior to being Director of Nuclear Propulsion, Richardson headed the U. S. Navys Atlantic submarine force, COMSUBLANT, Richardson has also commanded the USS Honolulu, Submarine Development Squadron 12, Submarine Group 8, and Submarine Allied Naval Forces South. Richardson served as the Chief of Staff for U. S. Naval Forces Europe as well as U. S. Naval Forces Africa, Naval Aide to the President of the United States and Director of Strategy and Policy at U. S. Richardson also attended and received degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. On Wednesday, May 13,2015, Richardson was nominated by President Barack Obama to be the Chief of Naval Operations, was confirmed August 5, in 2001, Richardson received the James Bond Stockdale Leadership Award. Media related to John M. Richardson at Wikimedia Commons
United States
U.S. Navy
Admiral
Silver SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia (5 awards)
Command at Sea insignia
Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy document "United States Navy Biography, Vice Admiral James F. Caldwell Jr., Naval Inspector General". Retrieved on 2014-11-22.