1.
Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Grand Forks is the third-largest city in the State of North Dakota and is the county seat of Grand Forks County. According to the 2010 census, the population was 52,838, while the total of the city. Located on the banks of the north-flowing Red River of the North, in a flat region known as the Red River Valley. The Red River Flood of 1997 devastated the city, the Grand Forks post office was established in 1870, and the town was incorporated on February 22,1881. The city was named for its location at the fork of the Red River, historically dependent on local agriculture, the citys economy now encompasses higher education, defense, health care, manufacturing, food processing, and scientific research. Grand Forks is served by Grand Forks International Airport and Grand Forks Air Force Base, the citys University of North Dakota is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The Alerus Center and Ralph Engelstad Arena host athletic and other events, while the North Dakota Museum of Art, early French explorers, fur trappers, and traders called the area Les Grandes Fourches, meaning The Grand Forks. By the 1740s, French fur trappers relied on Les Grandes Fourches as an important trading post, the United States acquired the territory from British Ruperts Land with the Treaty of 1818, but indigenous tribes dominated the area until the late nineteenth century. After years of warfare, the United States made treaties to extinguish the land claims of the Objibwe, when a U. S. post office was established on the site on June 15,1870, the name was changed to the English Grand Forks. Alexander Griggs, a captain, is regarded as The Father of Grand Forks. Griggs steamboat froze in the Red River on a voyage in late 1870, forcing the captain, Griggs platted a community in 1875, and Grand Forks was officially incorporated on February 22,1881. Thousands of settlers were attracted to the Dakota Territory in the 1870s and 1880s for its land. Many established small farms, but some investors bought thousands of acres for bonanza farms. The city grew quickly after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1880, in 1883, the University of North Dakota was established, six years before North Dakota was formally admitted as an independent state born from the Dakota Territory. During the first half of the 20th century, new neighborhoods were developed south. In the 1920s the state-owned North Dakota Mill and Elevator was constructed on the side of the city. In 1954, Grand Forks was chosen as the site for an Air Force base, Grand Forks Air Force Base brought thousands of new jobs and residents to the community. The military base and the University of North Dakota became integral to the citys economy, with construction of federal highways, during the postwar years residential and business development became suburbanized, spreading to new areas as land was available
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
Minneapolis College of Art and Design
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The Minneapolis College of Art and Design is a private, nonprofit four-year and postgraduate college specializing in the visual arts. MCAD is one of just a few art schools to offer a major in comic art. MCAD was founded in 1886 by the trustees of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, douglas Volk, an accomplished American portrait painter who studied in Paris with renowned French painter and sculptor Jean-Léon Gérôme, became the school’s first president. Its inaugural class was held in an apartment in downtown Minneapolis and had an enrollment of 28 students,26 of whom were women. In December 1889, the School found a permanent home on the top floor of the just-finished Minneapolis Public Library at 10th Street. In 1893, noted German-born painter and educator Robert Koehler moved from New York to Minnesota to become president of the school, over the next ten years, he developed much of the curriculum that is known today as the art education field. By the turn of the century, the school had two instructors and had instituted a summer term, in addition to classes for people in the community. In 1910, the School of Fine Arts changed its name to the Minneapolis School of Art to reflect the new emphasis on applied arts. In 1915, the moved to its present location one mile south of downtown Minneapolis. The 10-acre site for the art museum and school was donated to the City of Minneapolis in 1911 by prominent local banker and businessman Clinton Morrison. It was formerly occupied by Villa Rosa, the home and estate of Morrisons parents Dorilus Morrison, the first mayor of Minneapolis, and Harriet Putnam Whitmore Morrison. The site of the Morrisons former estate is held in the public trust under the jurisdiction of the Minneapolis Park. In 1970, the School was renamed the Minneapolis College of Art and Design to reflect the broadening of its fine arts, on July 1,1988, MCAD became a wholly independent institution, no longer governed by the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. Magazine named MCAD one of America’s Top Ten Design Schools, bachelor of Science, The BSc program offers a major in entrepreneurial studies. Students have the opportunity to meet with clients and take on real projects for a contextual study from the moment they step inside MCADs doors. This allows students to network with industry professionals by becoming a part of the industry themselves, giving not only an education. By the time they graduate, students already have a leg-up on graduates from other colleges and universities, continuing Education, MCAD offers a number of continuing studies courses for children, teens, and adults. Adult courses are available for both enrichment and professional development, master of Arts, Launched in 2004, MCADs MA program was the first accredited online program, not exclusive to architecture, focusing on sustainability methodologies that can be applied to any effort
4.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
5.
Art Students League of New York
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The Art Students League of New York is an art school located on West 57th Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York. Although artists may study full-time, there have never been any degree programs or grades, the League also maintains a significant permanent collection of student and faculty work, and publishes an online journal of writing on art-related topics, entitled LINEA. The breakaway group of students included women, and was originally housed in rented rooms at 16th Street. Influential board members from this period included painter Thomas Eakins. Membership continued to increase, forcing the League to relocate to larger spaces. In 1889, the League participated in the founding of the American Fine Arts Society, together with the Society of American Artists, the American Fine Arts Building at 215 West 57th Street, constructed as their joint headquarters, has continued to house the League since 1892. In the late 1890s and early 1900s an increasing number of artists came to study. Among them was a young Miss Wilhelmina Weber Furlong and eventually her husband Thomas Furlong, the avant-garde couple served the league in executive and administrative roles and as student members throughout the American modernism movement. Alice Van Vechten Brown, who would later develop some of the first art programs in American higher education, in the years after World War II, the G. I. Bill played an important role in the history of the League by enabling returning veterans to attend classes. As of 2010, the League remains an important part of New York City art life, from 1906 until 1922, and again after the end of World War II from 1947 until 1979, the League operated a summer school of painting at Woodstock, New York. In 1995, the Leagues facilities expanded to include the Vytlacil campus in Sparkill, New York, named after and based upon a gift of the property, since its inception, the Art Students League has employed notable professional artists as instructors and lecturers. Most engagements have been for a year or two, and some, like those of sculptor George Grey Barnard, were quite brief. Others have taught for decades, notably Frank DuMond and George Bridgman, bridgmans successor was Robert Beverly Hale. In 1988, Robert Cenedella took over the George Grosz Chair, luis Mora, Robert Neffson, Maxfield Parrish, Jules Pascin, Joseph Pennell, Richard C. Pionk, Larry Poons, Richard Pousette-Dart, Abraham Rattner, Peter Reginato, Frank J. Alden Weir, and William Zorach
6.
Printmaking
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Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints that have an element of originality, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print produced is not considered a copy but rather is considered an original, a print may be known as an impression. Printmaking is not chosen only for its ability to multiple impressions. Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix or through a screen to a sheet of paper or other material. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screenprinting process, other types of matrix substrates and related processes are discussed below. Multiple impressions printed from the matrix form an edition. Prints may also be printed in book form, such as illustrated books or artists books, Printmaking techniques are generally divided into the following basic categories, Relief, where ink is applied to the original surface of the matrix. Relief techniques include woodcut or woodblock as the Asian forms are known, wood engraving. Intaglio, where ink is applied beneath the surface of the matrix. Intaglio techniques include engraving, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, planographic, where the matrix retains its original surface, but is specially prepared and/or inked to allow for the transfer of the image. Planographic techniques include lithography, monotyping, and digital techniques, stencil, where ink or paint is pressed through a prepared screen, including screenprinting and pochoir. Other types of printmaking techniques outside these groups include collagraphy and viscosity printing, collagraphy is a printmaking technique in which textured material is adhered to the printing matrix. This texture is transferred to the paper during the printing process, Contemporary printmaking may include digital printing, photographic mediums, or a combination of digital, photographic, and traditional processes. Many of these techniques can also be combined, especially within the same family, for example, Rembrandts prints are usually referred to as etchings for convenience, but very often include work in engraving and drypoint as well, and sometimes have no etching at all. Woodcut, a type of print, is the earliest printmaking technique. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, woodcuts of images on paper developed around 1400 in Japan, and slightly later in Europe. These are the two areas where woodcut has been most extensively used purely as a process for making images without text, the artist draws a design on a plank of wood, or on paper which is transferred to the wood
7.
Pop art
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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions of art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising. In pop art, material is sometimes removed from its known context, isolated. Pop art employs aspects of culture, such as advertising, comic books. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture and it is also associated with the artists use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. Pop art is interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism. Due to its utilization of found objects and images, it is similar to Dada, Pop art and minimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of postmodern art themselves. Pop art often takes imagery that is currently in use in advertising, product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, seen in the labels of Campbells Soup Cans, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the outside of a box containing food items for retail has been used as subject matter in pop art. The origins of pop art in North America developed differently from Great Britain, in the United States, pop art was a response by artists, it marked a return to hard-edged composition and representational art. They used impersonal, mundane reality, irony, and parody to defuse the personal symbolism, in the U. S. some artwork by Larry Rivers, Alex Katz and Man Ray anticipated pop art. By contrast, the origins of pop art in post-War Britain, while employing irony, early pop art in Britain was a matter of ideas fueled by American popular culture when viewed from afar. Similarly, pop art was both an extension and a repudiation of Dadaism, among those artists in Europe seen as producing work leading up to pop art are, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and Kurt Schwitters. During the 1920s, American artists Gerald Murphy, Charles Demuth and Stuart Davis created paintings that contained pop culture imagery, the Independent Group, founded in London in 1952, is regarded as the precursor to the pop art movement. They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and their group discussions centered on pop culture implications from elements such as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology. This material of found objects such as advertising, comic characters, magazine covers. One of the collages in that presentation was Paolozzis I was a Rich Mans Plaything, following Paolozzis seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused primarily on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising. Nevertheless, Alloway was one of the critics to defend the inclusion of the imagery of mass culture in the fine arts
8.
Andy Warhol
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Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in galleries in the late 1950s. He promoted a collection of known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with coining the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame. In the late 1960s, he managed and produced the rock band The Velvet Underground. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism and he is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. Warhol has been the subject of retrospective exhibitions, books. The Andy Warhol Museum in his city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art. Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable, the highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash, his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. A2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the bellwether of the art market, Warhol was born on August 6,1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the child of Ondrej Warhola and Julia, whose first child was born in their homeland. His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, located in todays northeastern Slovakia, Warhols father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhols grandparents. Warhols father worked in a coal mine, the family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church, Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol, the oldest, was born before the family emigrated, Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavols son, James Warhola, became a childrens book illustrator. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors, often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio, Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident, as a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945
9.
Roy Lichtenstein
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Roy Fox Lichtenstein was an American pop artist. During the 1960s, along with Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns and his work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the strip, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied. His work was influenced by advertising and the comic book style. He described pop art as not American painting but actually industrial painting and his paintings were exhibited at the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City. Whaam. and Drowning Girl are generally regarded as Lichtensteins most famous works, with Oh, Jeff. I Love You, Drowning Girl, Whaam. and Look Mickey are regarded as his most influential works. Woman with Flowered Hat has held the record for highest Lichtenstein auction price since May 15,2013 although that was beaten in 2015 by Nurse. Roy Lichtenstein was born in New York, into an upper-middle-class Jewish family and his father, Milton, was a real estate broker, his mother, Beatrice, a homemaker. He was raised on the Upper West Side and attended school until the age of twelve. He then attended New Yorks Dwight School, graduating there in 1940. Lichtenstein first became interested in art and design as a hobby and he was an avid jazz fan, often attending concerts at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. He frequently drew portraits of the musicians playing their instruments, in his last year of high school,1939, Lichtenstein enrolled in summer classes at the Art Students League of New York, where he worked under the tutelage of Reginald Marsh. Lichtenstein then left New York to study at the Ohio State University, which offered studio courses and his studies were interrupted by a three-year stint in the army during and after World War II between 1943 and 1946. After being in training programs for languages, engineering, and pilot training, all of which were cancelled, he served as an orderly, draftsman, Lichtenstein returned home to visit his dying father and was discharged from the army with eligibility for the G. I. He returned to studies in Ohio under the supervision of one of his teachers, Hoyt L. Sherman, Lichtenstein entered the graduate program at Ohio State and was hired as an art instructor, a post he held on and off for the next ten years. In 1949 Lichtenstein received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Ohio State University, in 1951 Lichtenstein had his first solo exhibition at the Carlebach Gallery in New York. He moved to Cleveland in the year, where he remained for six years. During this time he undertook jobs as varied as a draftsman to a window decorator in between periods of painting and his work at this time fluctuated between Cubism and Expressionism
10.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
11.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
12.
George Grosz
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George Grosz was a German artist known especially for his caricatural drawings and paintings of Berlin life in the 1920s. He was a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group during the Weimar Republic and he emigrated to the United States in 1933, and became a naturalized citizen in 1938. Abandoning the style and subject matter of his work, he exhibited regularly. In 1956 he returned to Berlin where he died, George Grosz was born Georg Ehrenfried Groß in Berlin, Germany, the son of a pub owner. Grosz grew up in the Pomeranian town of Stolp, where his mother became the keeper of the local Hussars Officers mess after his father died in 1901. At the urging of his cousin, the young Grosz began attending a weekly drawing class taught by a painter named Grot. Grosz developed his skills further by drawing meticulous copies of the scenes of Eduard von Grützner. From 1909 to 1911, he studied at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, where his teachers were Richard Müller, Robert Sterl, Raphael Wehle and he subsequently studied at the Berlin College of Arts and Crafts under Emil Orlik. In November 1914 Grosz volunteered for service, in the hope that by thus preempting conscription he would avoid being sent to the front. He was given a discharge after hospitalization for sinusitis in 1915, in January 1917 he was drafted for service, but in May he was discharged as permanently unfit. In the last months of 1918, Grosz joined the Spartacist League and he was arrested during the Spartakus uprising in January 1919, but escaped using fake identification documents. In 1921 Grosz was accused of insulting the army, which resulted in a 300 German Mark fine and the destruction of the collection Gott mit uns, by contrast, in 1942 Time magazine identified Grosz as a pacifist. In 1922 Grosz traveled to Russia with the writer Martin Andersen Nexø, upon their arrival in Murmansk they were briefly arrested as spies, after their credentials were approved they were allowed to meet with Grigory Zinoviev, Anatoly Lunacharsky, and Vladimir Lenin. Groszs six-month stay in the Soviet Union left him unimpressed by what he had seen and he ended his membership in the KPD in 1923, although his political positions were little changed. Bitterly anti-Nazi, Grosz left Germany shortly before Hitler came to power, in June 1932, he accepted an invitation to teach the summer semester at the Art Students League of New York. In October 1932, Grosz returned to Germany, but on January 12,1933 he, Grosz became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1938, and made his home in Bayside, New York. In the 1930s he taught at the Art Students League, where one of his students was Romare Bearden and he taught at the Art Students League intermittently until 1955. In America, Grosz determined to make a break with his past
13.
International Union of Painters and Allied Trades
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Most of its members work in the construction industry. Originally called the Brotherhood of Painters and Decorators of America, the union was first formed in 1887, local unions belong to district councils. District councils perform most of the services of the union, IUPAT is affiliated with the AFL-CIO in the U. S. The Painters was one of three unions to endorse Howard Dean during the 2004 Democratic primaries, in a surprise move in 2008, IUPAT endorsed Republican presidential candidate Mike Huckabee. The union had endorsed Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primaries, and they endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic Presidential Primary. Media related to International Union of Painters and Allied Trades at Wikimedia Commons IUPAT official Web site
14.
Times Square
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It stretches from West 42nd to West 47th Streets. One of the worlds busiest pedestrian areas, it is also the hub of the Broadway Theater District, Times Square is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, drawing an estimated 50 million visitors annually. Approximately 330,000 people pass through Times Square daily, many of them tourists, the southern triangle of Times Square has no specific name, but the northernmost of the two triangles is called Father Duffy Square. Since 2008, the booth has been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of stairs, which is used by people to sit, talk, eat. When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch, three small streams united near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th street and these three streams formed the Great Kill. From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl, the name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre. Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, scotts manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. By 1872, the area had become the center of New Yorks horse carriage industry, the locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city. William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there, in 1910 it became the Winter Garden Theatre. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer, by the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons. In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs persuaded Mayor George B, mcClellan, Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed Times Square on April 8,1904. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street, the north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre. The New York Times, according to Nolan, moved to spacious offices west of the square in 1913. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963, now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Years Eve. In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally spanned 3,389 miles coast-to-coast through 13 states to its terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco. Times Square grew dramatically after World War I and it became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels. Times Square quickly became New Yorks agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade
15.
Phillips 66
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The Phillips 66 Company is an American multinational energy company headquartered in Westchase, Houston, Texas. It debuted as an independent energy company when ConocoPhillips executed a spin-off of its downstream and midstream assets, the company is engaged in producing natural gas liquids and petrochemicals. The company has approximately 14,000 employees worldwide and is active in more than 65 countries, Phillips 66 is ranked No.30 on the Fortune 500 list and No.74 on the Fortune Global 500 list as of 2016. Phillips and Frank Phillips of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, Phillips Petroleum Co. was incorporated on June 13,1917, the new company had assets of $3 million,27 employees and land throughout Oklahoma and Kansas. After discovery of Texass huge Panhandle gas field in 1918 and the Hugoton Field to its north in Kansas, in particular, the company specialized in extracting liquids from natural gas and by 1925 was the nations largest producer of natural gas liquids. The first Phillips 66 service station opened November 19,1927 at 805 E and this station has been preserved by the local historical society. The Phillips 66 shield logo, created for its link to the highway of the same number, was introduced in 1930 in a black. In 1959, Phillips introduced a version of the shield in red, white and black. From the late 1930s until the 1960s, Phillips employed registered nurses as highway hostesses, the women inspected station restroom facilities to ensure they were well cleaned and stocked. The highway hostesses also served as ambassadors for the company by directing motorists to suitable dining and lodging facilities, Union 76 employed similar hostesses, called the Sparkle Corps. Phillips was among the first oil companies to introduce a motor oil, TropArtic. Such motor oils were designed to be used year-round in automobile engines, Phillips also had gasoline stations in Canadas western provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan under the name Pacific 66 until the late 1970s. In 1932, the 76 brand, long familiar in the western U. S. was created by Union Oil Company of California. In 1946, Phillips purchased the Utah-based Wasatch Oil Co. bringing the Phillips 66 brand to the northern Rocky Mountain states and the far eastern portions of Oregon and Washington. In 1967, Phillips became the second oil company, after Texaco, to sell and market gasoline in all 50 states, by opening a Phillips 66 station in Anchorage. However, Phillips experiment in 50-state marketing was short-lived, the company withdrew from gasoline marketing in the northeastern U. S. in 1972, and sold the former Tidewater properties on the West Coast to The Oil & Shale Corporation in 1976. Today, Phillips 66 primarily operates in the Midwest and Southwest, Phillips 66 created a joint venture with Chevron Corporations chemicals and plastics division in 2000, as well as, acquired ARCO Alaska Inc. from British Petroleum. It purchased Tosco, which included Circle K convenience stores and Union 76 gasoline, the 76 brand, long familiar in the western and southern U. S. was created by Union Oil Company of California in 1932
16.
Billboard
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A billboard is a large outdoor advertising structure, typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large advertisements to passing pedestrians and drivers, typically showing large, ostensibly witty slogans, and distinctive visuals, billboards are highly visible in the top designated market areas. The largest standard-size billboards, known as Bulletins, are located primarily on highways, expressways or principal arterials. Bulletins afford greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative customizing through extensions, posters are the other common form of billboard advertising, located mostly along primary and secondary arterial roads. Posters are a smaller format than bulletins and are viewed principally by residents and commuter traffic, billboard advertisements are designed to catch a persons attention and create a memorable impression very quickly, leaving the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it. They have to be readable in a short time because they are usually read while being passed at high speeds. Thus there are only a few words, in large print. Some billboard designs spill outside the space given to them by the billboard. The sign depicted a giant cube of beef being pierced by a fork that extended to the ground. The scents were emitted between 7–10 a. m. and 4– to 7 pm from 28 May 2010 through 18 June 2010, almost all these billboards were painted in large studios. The image was projected on the series of panels that made up the billboard. Line drawings were done, then traced with a wheel that created perforated lines. The patterns were then pounced onto the board with a chalk filled pounce bag, using oil paints, artists would use large brushes to paint the image. Once the panels were installed using hydraulic cranes, artists would go up on the installed billboard and these large, painted billboards were especially popular in Los Angeles where historic firms such as Foster & Kleiser and Pacific Outdoor Advertising dominated the industry. Eventually, these painted billboards gave way to graphic reproduction, the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles is one area where hand-painted billboards can still be found, usually to advertise upcoming films or albums. A digital billboard is a billboard that is created from computer programs, digital billboards can be designed to display running text, display several different displays from the same company, and even provide several companies a certain time slot during the day. The constantly changing texts ensure maximum impact and wide exposure to target audiences, in May 2014, Becks Beer released a billboard poster that plays audio. Conductive ink linked to sensors and speakers means that when touched, the beer company claim it to be the worlds first playable music poster
17.
Schenley Industries
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Schenley was a liquor company based in New York, N. Y. with headquarters in the Empire State Building and a distillery in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. It owned several brands of Bourbon whiskey, including Schenley, The Old Quaker Company, Golden Wedding Rye, I. W. Harper and it also owned a controlling interest in Blatz beer and made a Canadian whisky called Schenley Reserve, also called Schenley Black Label. It was the only available to submarine officers at Midway in World War II. It also imported Dewars White Label Scotch, Schenley Products Company was organized in the 1920s by Lewis Rosenstiel. The company bought numerous distillers, including one in Schenley, Pennsylvania, in 1933, when Prohibition ended, Schenley Distillers Company was formed as a publicly owned company. The name was changed to Schenley Industries in 1949, Schenley became one of the largest liquor companies in the United States. It was one of the Big Four, which dominated liquor sales, Schenley was acquired by the financier Meshulam Riklis in 1968. He sold the company to Guinness in 1987, Schenley had formerly imported Guinness into the United States. The company sponsored the Schenley Award in the Canadian Football League for many decades, the trophy is still awarded for outstanding play, but the company does not sponsor the award
18.
Peter Schjeldahl
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Peter Schjeldahl is an American art critic, poet, and educator. Schjeldahl was born in Fargo, North Dakota and he grew up in small towns throughout Minnesota, and attended Carleton College and The New School. He began his writing career as a reporter in Minnesota, Iowa. In 1964 he traveled to Paris for a year settling in New York City in 1965. Since coming to New York he has worked as an art critic for ARTnews, The New York Times, The Village Voice, in 1998 he joined The New Yorker where he is currently the head art critic. His writings have appeared in Artforum, Art in America, The New York Times Magazine, Vogue. During his career Schjeldahl has written books of poetry as well as art criticism. He taught at Harvard University in the Department of Visual and Environmental Studies for four years as well, schjeldahl’s poetry falls in line with many of the characteristic themes and styles of the New York School. As a contemporary poet, Schjeldahl believed that poetry should be enjoyed. Schjeldahl’s poetry often addresses common experiences or familiar events, in his poem “My Generation” he opens, Vietnam/ Drugs/ Civil Rights/ Rock/ Watergate/ / Are the blows of history/ That have left my generation/ Its peculiar battered silhouette. Schjeldahl fuels his poetry with historical and biographical context, allowing audiences to relate more intimately to his subject, in an interview with Blackbird, Schjeldahl stated, writing things that people want to read is my bread and butter. Schjeldahl was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1995, in 1980 he received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism by the College Art Association. The Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute named Peter Schjeldahl the winner of the 2008 Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing. The prize was established in 2006 to recognize writers who advance public appreciation of art in a way that is grounded in scholarship yet appeals to a broad range of audiences. It comes with a $25,000 honorarium and a designed by architect Tadao Ando. Carleton College bestowed an honorary degree, a Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Schjeldahl currently resides in New York. He is married to Donnie Brooke Alderson, a former actress and they have one child, Ada Calhoun Schjeldahl, who writes under the name Ada Calhoun. Watch Peter Schjeldahl lecture at Boston Universitys School of Visual Arts on BUniverse
19.
Sign painting
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Sign painting is the art of painting lettering on buildings, billboards or signboards for the purpose of announcing or advertising products, services and events. Sign painting is a craft with a long history. Historically artisans acquired the craft through apprenticeship, although many early sign painters were self-taught, an apprenticeship could last for years, depending on the skill of the apprentice and the knowledge of the master. The skills learned were varied, and some were complex, at the core of the training was proficiency in the manipulation of a lettering brush, this alone could take years to develop. A number of associated skills and techniques were taught, such as gold leafing, carving, glue-glass chipping, stencilling. With the advent of software, sign painting has been displaced by computer-controlled sign-making machines. The craft has all but disappeared, and is now only still taught in a few technical schools or specialty schools, old painted signs which fade but remain visible are known as ghost signs
20.
Leo Castelli
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Leo Castelli was an Italian-American art dealer. His gallery showcased contemporary art for five decades, Leo Castelli was born Leo Krausz, in Trieste, Austria-Hungary, the second of three children of Italian and Austro-Hungarian Jewish origin. After World War I, which the spent in Vienna. The family changed its name to “Krausz-Castelli” and then “Castelli” in the mid-1930s, after earning a law degree at the University of Milan in 1924, Castelli returned to Trieste, where his father managed to gain him a job with an insurance company. In 1932, he went to work for a company in Bucharest. After their marriage, the couple honeymooned in Vienna and bought their first artwork, Castellis father-in-law, Mihai Schapira, helped him to be transferred in 1935 to the Banca dItalia in Paris. Ileana’s connections enabled the couple to flee to America at the start of World War II, Castellis parents did not escape but died in Budapest, hounded by members of Hungary’s fascist Arrow Cross Party. The couple would remain married for more than 25 years, and were friends and partners even after their divorce, when Ileana married Michael Sonnabend, Castelli arrived in the United States in 1941, by way of Marrakesh, Tangier, Algeciras, Vigo and Havana. He took graduate courses in economic history at Columbia University until volunteering for the Army. After the liberation of France, he was sent to Bucharest as an interpreter for the Allied commission that controlled the city, as a result of Castellis military service, he was given American citizenship. Returning to New York, Castelli took a position with his father-in-law’s clothing factory. Castellis first exercise as a private dealer came through Drouin, in 1947, some hundred canvases by Kandinsky, consigned by his widow and his first American curatorial effort was the Ninth Street Show of 1951, a seminal event in the emergence of Abstract Expressionism. He soon attached himself to the pioneering gallerist Sidney Janis, one of the proponents of the school. In 1957, he opened the Leo Castelli Gallery in a townhouse at 4 E. 77th Street between Madison and Fifth Avenues in New York City, from the mid-1960s through the 1970s, the gallery was perhaps the most prominent commercial venue for art in the world. Initially the gallery showcased European Surrealism, Wassily Kandinsky, and other European artists, however the gallery also exhibited American Abstract Expressionism. Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Cy Twombly, Friedel Dzubas, in 1958, Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns joined the gallery, signaling a turning away from Abstract Expressionism, towards Pop Art, Minimalism and Conceptual Art. He gave Johns, Stella and Lichtenstein their first one-man shows, in the 1980s, Castelli opened a second larger downtown exhibition space at a 142 Greene Street also in SoHo. He later mounted joint shows with Mary Boone, of Julian Schnabel, in 1981, Castelli also pioneered a stipend system that was unknown in New York when he opened his gallery
21.
Donald Saff
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Donald Jay Saff is an artist, art historian, educator, and lecturer, specializing in the fields of contemporary art in addition to American and English horology. Saff was born in Brooklyn, New York to Irving and Rose Saff and is the second of three sons and his brothers are Dr. Harvey Saff and mathematician Dr. Edward Saff. Donald Saff married Ruth Saff in 1960, they have two sons, Stephen Saff, A. I. A. and Jeffery Saff, J. D. and L. L. M. Donald Saff began his degree at Queens College, City University of New York, in 1955. However, the following year Saff changed his major to art and learned printmaking, to graduate with a B. A. in 1959 and a M. A. in art history from Columbia University in 1960. In the years following, Saff was awarded a M. F. A. from Pratt Institute in 1962, in his early career, Saff studied with Robert Goldwater, Robert Branner, Louis Hechenbleikner, and Meyer Schapiro. Saffs prolific career is the subject of Marilyn S. Kushners book, Donald Saff, Saff began his teaching career at Queens College as a lecturer in Art History, Design, and Drawing, from 1961 to 1964. In 1971, Saff became the dean of the College of Fine Arts at U. S. F. and was awarded the rank of distinguished professor at the university in 1982. Saff was later named dean emeritus by U. S. F. in 1989, in 1999, Saff was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts at U. S. F. He was appointed the Director of Capital Projects of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, in 2001, followed by the appointment of Senior Curator of Prints, in 1968, Saff founded Graphicstudio at U. S. F. Saff became Founding Dean of the College of Fine Arts at U. S. F. in 1971, the collection of Graphicstudio is archived in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. He continued to collaborate with artists, as well as James Turrell, at Saff Tech Arts in Oxford, Maryland. While Saff and Rauschenberg were traveling in China, Rauschenberg conceived of the Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange in 1982, which began in 1984 with Saff as the artistic director. Saff travelled to over twenty countries and met with poets and writers in order to decide which were the most appropriate venues for the show and prepare for Rauschenbergs visit and exhibition. For the past three years, Saff has been working with the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, collaborating with Jonathan Betts and Rory McEvoy, saffs individual work spans across his career of collaborative art. Saff also collaborated with printers Galli and Arduini in Urbino to create print suites Breezes, numbers was exhibited at Multiples Gallery, New York. Additionally, Saff had solo exhibitions at Dyansen Gallery, NY, feldman Gallery, Sarasota, and at Edison Community College, FL. In 1997, Brenau University Galleries exhibits Poetics, The Work of Donald Saff in Gainesville, the same year, the Tampa Museum of Art exhibited Donald Saff/Robert Rauschenberg, In Collaboration
22.
University of South Florida
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The University of South Florida, also known as USF, is an American metropolitan public research university located in Tampa, Florida, United States. USF is also an institution of the State University System of Florida. Founded in 1956, USF is the fourth-largest public university in the state of Florida, the USF system comprises three institutions, USF Tampa, USF St. Petersburg and USF Sarasota-Manatee. Each institution is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges. The university is home to 14 colleges, offering more than 80 undergraduate majors and more than 130 graduate, specialist, in its 2011 ranking, the Intellectual Property Owners Association placed USF 10th among all universities worldwide in the number of US patents granted. The university has a budget of $1.5 billion. In a ranking compiled by the National Science Foundation, USF ranks 43rd in the United States for total research spending amongst all universities, public, USF ranks in the top 10 best public schools in the 2014 Best Colleges edition of U. S. News & World Report. USF was named a leader in online education by Guide to Online Schools. USF was the first independent state university conceived, planned, representative Samuel Gibbons was instrumental in the schools creation when he was a state representative and is considered by many to be the Father of USF. Though founded in 1956, the university was not officially named until the following year, the university was built off Fowler Avenue on the site of Henderson Air Field, a World War II airstrip. Before Henderson Field, the area was part of the 1920s 5, 000-acre temple orange grove, the largest citrus grove in the world at the time, in 1957, the Florida Cabinet approved the name University of South Florida. At the time, USF was the southernmost university in the university system. In 1962, the official USF mascot was unveiled as the Golden Brahman, in the late 1980s, the mascot evolved into the Bulls. The university grew under the leadership of John S. Allen, during this time, the university expanded rapidly, due in part to the first masters degree programs commencing in 1964. Hani was known for his opposition to college sports in favor of an environment more academically-centered, in 1970, M. Cecil Mackey became the universitys second president. During his time at USF, Mackey opened the universitys medical school, School of Nursing, additionally, Mackey worked to strengthen the St. Petersburg campus, while opening new satellite campuses in Sarasota and Fort Myers. While serving as university president, Mackey continued to teach courses in a conference room across from his office. Mackey first coined a new descriptor for USF, a metropolitan university, the term is still used to describe USF today
23.
Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital
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Johns Hopkins All Childrens Hospital is a pediatric hospital located in St. Petersburg, Florida. All Children’s Hospital provides pediatric care for infants, children, on January 9,2010, the hospital moved to its current location at 501 6th Avenue South. The former building was demolished throughout 2011 and 2012, in 2015, ACH was nationally ranked in 2 pediatric specialties by U. S. News, their Cardiology & Heart Surgery department was ranked #26 in the nation and the Pulmonology department was ranked #48. All Childrens has also garnered Most Outstanding Business awards from the Tampa Bay Business Journal, as a regional referral center for children with some of the most challenging medical problems, All Children’s draws patients from throughout Florida, all 50 states and 36 foreign countries. All Childrens Hospital was founded in 1926 by members of the American Legion Post 14 as a place for children who suffered from polio and its original name was The American Legion Hospital for Crippled Children. In 1934, Lloyd Gullickson partnered with Babe Didrikson in a charity match against Glenna Collett-Vare. The match raised $600 for the All Childrens Hospital, a number of gallery members were betting which of the Babes would hit the longest drive on each hole. As the threat of polio decreased, hospital leaders planned for a future that included a variety of services. Construction began on the new facility in 1965 on land acquired from the City of St. Petersburg, the new hospital opened its doors in 1967 with the new name All Childrens Hospital. The name is based on the quote by Carl Sandburg, which states There is only one child in all the world, in 1980, the Ronald McDonald House opened to provide services to patients with longer stays. From 1985-1995 more units were added, such as the Medical Intensive Care Unit, Short Stay Unit, Special Procedures Unit, Pediatric Dialysis Unit, from 1996-1998, outpatient center were opened in Sarasota, Ft. Meyers, and Lakeland. In 2005, All Childrens broke ground on construction of a brand new 240-bed hospital and it consisted of a ten floor hospital and a five floor outpatient care center. In 2011, All Childrens Hospital joined the Johns Hopkins Health System as an integrated member of Johns Hopkins Medicine. It currently boasts outpatient care center in Florida located in Brandon, Citrus County, East Lake, Ft. Myers, Lakeland, Pasco, Sarasota, South Tampa, and Tampa. On September 1,2007,5 boys and 1 girl were born to Karoline, ryan Patrick was in critical condition, while one brother, Jackson Robert, was upgraded from critical to serious condition, according to All Childrens Hospital in St. Petersburg. Charlie Craig and MacKenzie Margaret were in condition, while, Brady Christopher. All of the infants survived and were discharged from the hospital, allKids. org All Childrens Hospital on Google+
24.
Tampa Museum of Art
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The Tampa Museum of Art is located in downtown Tampa, Florida. It exhibits modern and contemporary art, as well as Greek, Roman, the museum was founded in 1979 and debuted an award-winning new building in 2010 just north of its original site along Tampas Riverwalk on the banks of Hillsborough River. Since its inception, museum planners knew that the Tampa Museum of Arts original building was too small for its collection, proposals for expansion or relocation were the subject of discussion and controversy for years. The project proved too costly and perhaps unsafe in a hurricane, however, the museum board was unenthusiastic about the choices. As it turned out, converting the courthouse into usable museum space proved too expensive, the museum is integrated into the citys Riverwalk project in Curtis Hixon Park at the site of old Curtis Hixon Hall. A new home for the Tampa Childrens Museum was built next door. The old museum building had to be torn down to make way for the current one, in the interim, the Tampa Museum of Art was temporarily moved to the historic Centro Espanol building in West Tampa, which had been vacant for several years. The interior is more neutral, with mostly white surfaces and subdued lighting, the architect describes it as a frame for the display of art, an empty canvass to be filled with paintings, a beautiful but blank container to be completed by its contents. It includes a shop and an indoor/outdoor cafe. In 2010, the Tampa Museum of Art was chosen as a winner of an American Architecture Award by The Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design. Sea of Tranquility by Hans Op de Beeck No Limits, Janet Biggs Worlds Apart, Myth & History, Gods & Mortals, Heroes & Hybrids Realism, Selections From the Martin Z
25.
Key Tower
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Key Tower is a skyscraper on Public Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Designed by architect César Pelli, it is the tallest building in the state of Ohio, the 24th-tallest in the United States, the building reaches 57 stories or 947 feet to the top of its spire, and it is visible from up to 20 miles away. The tower contains about 1.5 million square feet of office space, Key Towers anchor tenant is KeyCorp, a major regional financial services firm. On the top floor is Intellectual Property boutique firm Amin, Turocy & Watson, in 2014 the law firm of BakerHostetler announced that it would move its headquarters to the building, taking up several floors being vacated by KeyCorp. The international law firm Squire Patton Boggs is headquartered here and a major tenant and it is also headquarters to Dan T. Moore Companies, located on the 27th floor. Key Tower is connected to the Marriott at Key Center, built in conjunction with the tower, and it is the tallest building between Philadelphia and Chicago. It is also the tallest building in the Midwest United States outside of Chicago and it was originally built as the Society Center and was the headquarters for Cleveland-based Society Corporation. Society had recently acquired Ameritrust and canceled Ameritrusts plans for a taller building on Public Square. It was renamed Key Tower after Society merged with KeyCorp and took the KeyCorp name, indeed, it was decided to make Cleveland the headquarters for the new KeyCorp because it was felt the then-Society Center was more commensurate with the merged banks status as a major bank. Key Tower was developed by the Richard E. Jacobs Group, when Key Tower was completed in 1991 by Turner Construction Company, it became the tallest building between Chicago and New York City. The 975-foot Comcast Center in Philadelphia assumed this distinction in 2007, the Chamber of Commerce Building stood on the towers site from 1898 to 1955. F-111, James Rosenquists large pop art painting, hung in the lobby until building owner Richard Jacobs sold it to the Museum of Modern Art in 1996. He replaced it in 1998 with Songs for Sale, a mural by artist David Salle, in October 2005, Key Bank installed four 15-foot long illuminated logos at the base of the towers crowning pyramid. A smaller-scale building was proposed by Pelli to be built in Hartford, Connecticut during the late 1980s, but the plan was ultimately canceled
26.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
27.
Deutsche Guggenheim
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The Deutsche Guggenheim was an art museum in Berlin, Germany, open from 1997 to 2013. It was located in the floor of the Deutsche Bank building on the Unter den Linden boulevard. The museum was a collaboration between the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the Deutsche Bank, which owns the largest corporate art collection in the world, the 3,800 square feet exhibition space was designed by Richard Gluckman, an American architect. Holbrooke, then the American ambassador to Germany, the museum opened in November 1997, only one month after the opening of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The modest Berlin gallery occupied a corner of the floor of the Deutsche Bank building. The exhibition space consisted of a gallery that was 50 meters long,8 meters wide. Gluckman designed the gallery in a minimalist style, after 15 years of operation, Deutsche Guggenheim closed in February 2013. Funded entirely by the Deutsche Bank, the gallery had four each year. Its first exhibition, in 1997, was titled Robert Delaunay and its primary purpose, however, was to commission important new works by contemporary artists that would then enter the Guggenheim collection. At least once a year, one artist was commissioned to create a new work specifically for the exhibition space, titled Visions of Modernity and also featuring the work of Delaunay, the exhibition was intended to provide a bookend to the Deutsche Guggenheims very first exhibition. A visitors description of the museum and the Wangechi Mutu exhibition
28.
Palais de Chaillot
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The Palais de Chaillot is a building in the Trocadéro area in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old Palais du Trocadéro was demolished and replaced by the Palais de Chaillot which now tops the hill and it was designed in classicizing moderne style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. Like the old palais, the palais de Chaillot features two wings shaped to form an arc, indeed, these wings were built on the foundations of those of the former building. The buildings are decorated with quotations by Paul Valéry, and sculptural groups at the level by Raymond Delamarre, Carlo Sarrabezolles. It was on the front terrace of the palace that Adolf Hitler was pictured during his tour of the city in 1940. This became an image of the Second World War. It is in the Palais de Chaillot that the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10,1948 and this event is now commemorated by a stone, and the esplanade is known as the esplanade des droits de lhomme. The Palais de Chaillot was also the headquarters of NATO. Images of the Palais de Chaillot The Palais de Chaillot while it was being renovated
29.
Abstract expressionism
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Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, a comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. According to Rosenberg the canvas was an arena in which to act, to Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. – Clement Greenberg, Post Painterly Abstraction and it is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. Action painting took this a further, using both Jung and Freud’s ideas of the subconscious as its underlying foundations. The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions, instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the primeval and tapping the collective sense of an archetypal visual language. This was done by the artist painting unconsciously, and spontaneously, creating an arena of raw emotion and action. Action painting was influenced by the surrealist emphasis on automatism which influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the subconscious mind. Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters Joan Miró, however the action painters took everything the surrealists had done a step further. Action Writing, Jack Kerouacs Wild Form, Carbondale, IL, auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting by Elaine Hamilton. 9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—YouTube video
30.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
31.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
32.
Academy of Achievement
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The organization was founded in 1961 in Malibu, California by photographer Brian Reynolds and moved to Washington in the 1990s. The Academy of Achievement was founded in 1961 by Sports Illustrated and LIFE magazine photographer Brian Reynolds and he led the organization as its executive director. In 1985, Reynolds son Wayne assumed leadership, in the 1990s, Reynolds moved the organization from Malibu, California to its current headquarters in Washington, D. C. The Golden Plate is awarded for an individuals contributions to science, the first honorees were chosen by a national board of governors. Several hundred graduate students from the U. S. and overseas attend the International Achievement Summit each year, the summits were originally attended by high school students chosen based on their academic achievement and extracurricular activities. The Academy, which operates as an organization, was initially funded with Brian Reynolds personal wealth. More recently, donations from corporate sponsors support its activities, in 2007, the Washington Post reported that the Academy is a beneficiary of the Catherine B. Reynolds Foundation, which is led by Catherine Reynolds. The Academy has received $9 million of the more than $100 million in donations made by the Foundation to an array of arts, education and social enterprise organizations
33.
Whitney Museum of American Art
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The Whitney Museum of American Art – known informally as the Whitney – is an art museum located in Manhattan. It was founded in 1931 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a wealthy and prominent American socialite, the Whitney focuses on 20th- and 21st-century American art. Its permanent collection more than 21,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos. The museums Annual and Biennial exhibitions have long been a venue for younger, from 1966 to 2014, the Whitney was located at 945 Madison Avenue at East 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the namesake and founder, was herself a well-regarded sculptor as well as a serious art collector. With the aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force, in 1929, she offered to donate over 500 works of art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art, led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929. Force became the first director of the museum, and under her guidance, in 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to a small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15,1958, a fire on the floor of MOMA that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings. Among the paintings moved in the evacuation was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte which had been on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1961, the museum began seeking a site for a larger building. The Whitney settled in 1966 at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue at 75th Street in Manhattans Upper East Side, in 1967, Mauricio Lasansky showed The Nazi Drawings. The exhibition traveled to the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the institution grappled with space problems for decades. From 1973 to 1983 the Whitney operated its first branch at 55 Water Street, in 1983 Philip Morris installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981 the museum opened a space in Stamford, Connecticut. Each museum had its own director, and all plans were to be approved by a Whitney committee, but each time the effort was abandoned, either because of the cost or the design or both. In order to secure space for the museums collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to the East 74th Street corner for a complementary addition. After the project gradually lost the support of many of the museum’s trustees, between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and addition by Richard Gluckman
34.
Wallraf-Richartz Museum
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The Wallraf-Richartz-Museum & Fondation Corboud is one of the three major museums in Cologne, Germany. It houses an art gallery with a collection of art from the medieval period to the early twentieth century. The museum dates back to the year 1824, when the collection of medieval art from Franz Ferdinand Wallraf came to the city of Cologne by inheritance. The first building was donated by Johann Heinrich Richartz, and the museum was opened in 1861, the collection was regularly expanded by donations, especially the Haubrich collection of contemporary art, in 1946. In 1976, on the occasion of the donation of Mr. and Mrs. Ludwig, the new Museum Ludwig took over the exhibition of the 20th century art. The current building from 2001, near the Cologne City Hall, was designed by Oswald Mathias Ungers, also in 2001, Swiss collector Gérard Corboud gave his impressionist and postimpressionist collection of over 170 works to the museum as a permanent loan. The museum then added Fondation Corboud to its name, the Madonna in the Rose Bower, shown at right, is among the Gothic paintings in the collection of the Wallraf-Richartz Museum. It was created by Stefan Lochner, who lived in Germany between 1410 and 1451, mainly working in Cologne and he is considered a late Gothic painter. His work usually has an appearance, combining the Gothic attention to long flowing lines with brilliant colors. This painting is considered typical of his style and it was executed about 1450, and shows the Virgin and Child reposing in a blooming rose arbor that is attended by Lochners characteristic, child angels. The Wallraf-Richartz-Museum houses an altarpiece from the Great Saint Martin Church in Cologne, one of the few works by Jacob van Utrecht. Among other early Renaissance works in the collection are the Adoration of the Child by Hieronymous Bosch, the Wallraf-Richartz collection includes Child among staked roses or Kind zwischen Stockrosen, which was painted by the Impressionist painter Berthe Morisot, in 1881. In 1864, paintings by Morisot began to be admitted for exhibition in the highly esteemed Salon de Paris, morisots work continued to be selected for exhibition in the salon for ten years before, in 1874, she joined the rejected Impressionists in the first of their own exhibitions. Organized by Cézanne, Degas, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Renoir, on February 14,2008, the Wallraf-Richartz Museum announced that On the Banks of the Seine by Port Villez, attributed to Claude Monet, was a forgery. The discovery was made when the painting was examined by restorers prior to an upcoming Impressionism exhibition, x-ray and infrared testing revealed that a colorless substance had been applied to the canvas to make it appear older. The picture was acquired by the museum in 1954, the museum, which will keep the forgery, still has five authentic Monet paintings in its collection
35.
Cologne
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Cologne is the largest city in the German federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-largest city in Germany. It is located within the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, one of the major European metropolitan areas, and with more than ten million inhabitants, Cologne is located on both sides of the Rhine River, less than eighty kilometres from Belgium. The citys famous Cologne Cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, the University of Cologne is one of Europes oldest and largest universities. Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the first century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Cologne, the French version of the citys name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior, during the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval. Up until World War II the city had several occupations by the French. Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, the bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many buildings as possible. Cologne is a cultural centre for the Rhineland, it hosts more than thirty museums. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics, the Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC by the Ubii, in 50 AD, the Romans founded Colonia on the Rhine and the city became the provincial capital of Germania Inferior in 85 AD. The city was named Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium in 50 AD, considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007. From 260 to 271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empire under Postumus, Marius, in 310 under Constantine a bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne. Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it one of the most important trade. Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map, maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of a Roman province until occupied by the Ripuarian Franks in 462, parts of the original Roman sewers are preserved underneath the city, with the new sewerage system having opened in 1890. Early medieval Cologne was part of Austrasia within the Frankish Empire, Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period, under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop
36.
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
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It is the permanent home of a continuously expanding collection of Impressionist, Post-Impressionist, early Modern and contemporary art and also features special exhibitions throughout the year. The museum was established by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation in 1939 as the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, under the guidance of its first director and it adopted its current name after the death of its founder, Solomon R. Guggenheim, in 1952. In 1959, the museum moved from rented space to its current building, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, the cylindrical building, wider at the top than the bottom, was conceived as a temple of the spirit. Its unique ramp gallery extends up from ground level in a long, the building underwent extensive expansion and renovations in 1992 and from 2005 to 2008. The museums collection has grown organically, over eight decades, and is founded several important private collections. The collection is shared with the museums sister museums in Bilbao, Spain, in 2013, nearly 1.2 million people visited the museum, and it hosted the most popular exhibition in New York City. Solomon R. Guggenheim, a member of a mining family, had been collecting works of the old masters since the 1890s. In 1926, he met artist Hilla von Rebay, who introduced him to European avant-garde art, in abstract art that she felt had a spiritual. Guggenheim completely changed his strategy, turning to the work of Wassily Kandinsky. He began to display his collection to the public at his apartment in the Plaza Hotel in New York City, as the collection grew, he established the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, in 1937, to foster the appreciation of modern art. The foundations first venue for the display of art, the Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in 1939 under the direction of Rebay, in midtown Manhattan. By the early 1940s, the foundation had accumulated such a collection of avant-garde paintings that the need for a permanent museum building had become apparent. In 1943, Rebay and Guggenheim wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright asking him to design a structure to house, Wright accepted the opportunity to experiment with his organic style in an urban setting. It took him 15 years,700 sketches, and six sets of working drawings to create the museum, in 1948, the collection was greatly expanded through the purchase of art dealer Karl Nierendorfs estate of some 730 objects, notably German expressionist paintings. By that time, the collection included a broad spectrum of expressionist and surrealist works, including paintings by Paul Klee, Oskar Kokoschka. Nevertheless, she left a portion of her collection to the foundation in her will, including works by Kandinsky, Klee, Alexander Calder, Albert Gleizes, Mondrian. The museum was renamed the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 1952, Rebay conceived of the space as a temple of the spirit that would facilitate a new way of looking at the modern pieces in the collection. She wrote to Wright that each of these great masterpieces should be organized into space, would test the possibilities to do so
37.
Jewish Museum (Manhattan)
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It focuses both on artifacts of Jewish history and on modern and contemporary art. Its permanent exhibition, Culture and Continuity, The Jewish Journey, is supplemented by multiple temporary exhibitions each year. Felix M. Warburg and his brother Paul Warburg were international bankers in the early 20th Century who cultivated their fortunes at the New York banking firm Kuhn, Loeb, & Co. Felix and Paul moved to the United States in 1894 and Felix soon after married Freida Schiff, daughter of Jacob Schiff, active in the Jewish community and philanthropy for most of his life, Felix organized the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies by combining 75 separate charities and organizations. He also served as the director of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America along with his father-in-law Jacob H. Schiff, by that time, the Warburg family had been living in the house since 1908 when construction that began two years prior was completed. The collection was moved in 1931, with the Seminary, to 122nd, the Jewish Theological Seminary received over 400 Jewish ceremonial items and created, The Museum of Jewish Ceremonial Objects, previously the Jacob Schiff Library. The collection was expanded by major donations from Hadji Ephraim Benguiat. In 1939, in light of WWII, Poland sent about 350 objects to New York city from homes and synagogues in order to preserve them. Frieda Warburg said at the opening that the museum would not be a somber memorial, the first expansion of the museum was the addition of a sculpture garden in 1959 by Adam List. The building was expanded in 1963 and further by architect Kevin Roche in 1993, in the 1960s, the museum took a more active role in the general world of contemporary art, with exhibitions such as Primary Structures, which helped to launch the Minimalist art movement. In the decades since, the museum has had a focus on Jewish culture. From 1990 through 1993, director Joan Rosenbaum led the project to renovate and expand the building and carry out the museum’s first major capital campaign, the project, designed by architect Kevin Roche, doubled the size of the museum, providing it with a seven-story addition. In 1992, the Jewish Museum and the Film Society of Lincoln Center teamed up to create The New York Jewish Film Festival, today, the museum also provides educational programs for adults and families, sponsoring concerts, films, symposiums and lectures related to its exhibitions. Joan Rosenbaum was the director from 1981 until her retirement in 2010. In 2011 the museum named Claudia Gould as its new director, in 2012 Jens Hoffmann joined as Deputy Director, Exhibitions and Public Programs. The Felix M. Warburg House was constructed in François I style, 1906-1908 for Felix and Frieda Warburg, François I style was originally found in New York City in the late 19th century through the works of Richard Morris Hunt. Hunt was a renowned architect throughout the Northeast, particularly in New England and was one of the first American architects to study at the elite Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France. Gilbert was an apprentice of Hunt and emulated Hunts classic Châteauesque style for the Warburg house while also adding some Gothic features, the original house is built in limestone with mansard roofs, dripping moldings, and gables
38.
Douglas Coupland
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Douglas Coupland OC OBC is a Canadian novelist and artist. His fiction is complemented by recognized works in design and visual art arising from his formal training. His first novel, the 1991 international bestseller Generation X, Tales for an Accelerated Culture, popularized terms such as McJob and he has published thirteen novels, two collections of short stories, seven non-fiction books, and a number of dramatic works and screenplays for film and television. He is a columnist for Financial Times and he is also a frequent contributor to The New York Times, e-flux, DIS, and Vice. Coupland is an Officer of the Order of Canada, and a member of the Order of British Columbia and he published his thirteenth novel Worst. He also released a version of City of Glass and a biography of Marshall McLuhan for Penguin Canada in their Extraordinary Canadians series, called Extraordinary Canadians. He is the presenter of the 2010 Massey Lectures, and a novel to the lectures, Player One – What Is to Become of Us. Janet Coupland, a graduate in comparative religion from McGill University, in 1965, the Coupland family relocated to West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, where Couplands father opened private family medical practice at the completion of his military tour. Coupland describes his upbringing as producing a blank slate and my mother comes from a sour-faced family of preachers who from the 19th century to well into the 20th scoured the prairies thumping Bibles. Her parents tried to get away from that but unwittingly transmitted their values to my mother and my fathers family werent that different. Graduating from Sentinel Secondary School in West Vancouver in 1979, Coupland went to McGill University with the intention of studying the sciences, Coupland left McGill at the years end and returned to Vancouver to attend art school. At the Emily Carr College of Art and Design on Granville Island in Vancouver, in Couplands words and its the one place Ive felt truly, totally at home. It was a magic era between the hippies and the PC goon squads, everyone talked to everyone and you could ask anybody anything. He also completed courses in science, fine art. Established as a designer working in Tokyo, Coupland suffered a condition brought on by Tokyos summer climate. Before leaving Japan, Coupland had sent a postcard ahead to a friend in Vancouver, the friends husband, a magazine editor, read the postcard and offered Coupland a job writing for the magazine. Coupland began writing for magazines as a means of paying his studio bills, reflecting on his becoming a writer, Coupland has admitted that he became one By accident. I never wanted to be a writer, now that I do it, theres nothing else Id rather do
39.
Aripeka, Florida
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Aripeka is an unincorporated community in the U. S. state of Florida, along the Gulf of Mexico on the border of Pasco and Hernando counties. The ZIP Code for this community is 34679, Aripeka is located at 28°25′56″N 82°39′51″W. Similar in geophysical structure to Hernando Beach, Bayport, and Pine Island, Florida, Aripeka is surrounded by marshland, the Pasco-Hernando County line is located at the South Hammock Creek Bridge. The community of Gulf Key was settled in area in 1873. The post office was known as Argo. It was replaced by the Aripeka post office in 1895, Aripeka is named for an early-19th century Seminole chief who is thought to have lived nearby. The town was divided when Pasco County separated from Hernando County in 1887, the post office, which was originally in Hernando County, moved across the Pasco County Line in 1921. According to the marker in the town, Babe Ruth visited Aripeka to fish. On June 3,1993, the Pasco County Historic Preservation Committee dedicated the town a State Historic Site, james Rosenquist, an artist, maintained a home, an office and studio space in his later years. The main road through Aripeka is County Road 595, named Aripeka Road in Pasco County and this road was part of the original Dixie Highway and suffers frequent flooding in the heart of town due to its close proximity to the water. Pasco County Pictures of Historical Markers Origins of Place Names
40.
Hernando County, Florida
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Hernando County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 172,778 and its county seat is Brooksville, and its largest community is Spring Hill. Hernando County is included in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of 2005, Hernando was the 35th fastest-growing county in the country. Around 1840, Fort DeSoto was established in present-day Hernando County in the northeast edge of present-day Brooksville to protect settlers in the area from Native Americans, Fort DeSoto became a small community center, trading post, and way station on the route to Tampa. When settlement by the fort began around 1845, it was known as Pierceville. It was created from portions of Alachua, Hillsborough and Orange Counties and included all of present-day Citrus, in December 1854, the legislature designated the small port town of Bayport the county seat. In 1855, town founder Joseph Hale donated land for a county courthouse in the center of present-day Brooksville, soon thereafter, the structure was completed. During the Civil War, Hernando County primarily contributed foodstuffs, cotton, in early July, the expedition marched northward from Anclote River to Brooksville, meeting some resistance from assembled Confederate troops hastily organized to protect the city. The Federal troops won this engagement (known locally as the Brooksville Raid and marched to Bayport, where they, the skirmish between Union raiders and local Confederates is reenacted annually in the county. The county courthousewas destroyed by a fire on September 29,1877, on June 2,1887, the Florida State Legislature divided Hernando County into three independent counties, Pasco County to the south, Citrus County to the north, and Hernando County in the middle. Since then, Hernando Countys borders have remained unchanged, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 589 square miles, of which 473 square miles is land and 116 square miles is water. According to the World Atlas USA, Hernando County is the center of Florida. Elevation in the county ranges from sea level along the Gulf coast to its highest natural point of 269 feet at Chinsegut Hill. The population density was 106/sq mi, there were 62,727 housing units at an average density of 51/sq mi. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 85% White,4. 07% Black or African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 98% from other races, and 1. 13% from two or more races. 5. 04% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race,91. 1% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 1% German and 1. 1% Italian as their first language. 23. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.70. In the county 18. 90% of the population was under the age of 18,5. 40% was between the ages of 18 to 24,20. 40% between 25 to 44,24. 40% between 45 and 64, and 30. 90% were 65 years of age or older
41.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
42.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
