Sultan-ul-Qaum Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was a Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy, being the Supreme Leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl. This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of Banda Bahadur in 1716 to the founding of the Sikh Empire in 1801. He founded the Kapurthala State in 1772.
Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on horseback in-front of his haveli with a fly-whisk attendant, circa late 18th century
Gilded equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850
Photo of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's haveli, circa early 20th century
Sultan is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the state and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a sultanate.
Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV attended by a eunuch and two pages.
The valide sultan (sultana mother) of the Ottoman Empire
Tuman bay II, last of the Mamluk Sultans.