Sultan
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Sultan is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "autho
Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV attended by a eunuch and two pages
The valide sultan (sultana mother) of the Ottoman Empire
Tuman Bay II, last of the Mamluk Sultans
Caliphate
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A caliphate is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad
Castilian ambassadors meeting Almohad caliph Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
Abdulmejid II, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the Ottoman dynasty, with his daughter Dürrüşehvar Sultan
Official portrait of Abdulmejid II as caliph