Sultan
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Sultan is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "autho
Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV attended by a eunuch and two pages
The valide sultan (sultana mother) of the Ottoman Empire
Tuman Bay II, last of the Mamluk Sultans
Caliphate
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A caliphate is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Sultan
…used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the state and territories…
Mustansiriya Madrasah in Baghdad
Castilian ambassadors meeting Almohad caliph Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
Abdulmejid II, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the Ottoman dynasty, with his daughter Dürrüşehvar Sultan
Official portrait of Abdulmejid II as caliph