1.
Merseburg
–
Merseburg is a town in the south of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt on the river Saale, approx. It is the capital of the Saalekreis district and it had a diocese founded by Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg. The University of Merseburg is located within the town, czech, Merseburk, Meziboř French, Mersebourg German, Merseburg Latin, Merseburga Polish, Międzybórz Sorbian, Mjezybor Venenien was annexed into Merseburg on 1 January 1949. The parish Kötzschen followed on 1 July 1950, since 30 May 1994, Meuschau is part of Merseburg. Beuna was annexed on 1 January 2009, geusa is a part of Merseburg since 1 January 2010. Merseburg was first mentioned in 850, king Henry the Fowler built a royal palace at Merseburg, in the 933 Battle of Riade, he gained his great victory over the Hungarians in the vicinity. Thietmar of Merseburg, appointed in 973, became the first bishop of the newly created bishopric of Prague in Bohemia, Prague had been part of the archbishopric of Mainz for a hundred years before that. Fifteen diets were held here during the Middle Ages, during which time its fairs enjoyed the importance which was transferred to those of Leipzig. Merseburg was the site of an assassination attempt on Polish ruler Bolesław I Chrobry in 1002. The town suffered severely during the German Peasants War and also during the Thirty Years War, from 1657 to 1738 Merseburg was the residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Merseburg, after which it fell to the Electorate of Saxony. In 1815 following the Napoleonic Wars, the became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony. Merseburg is where the Merseburg Incantations were rediscovered in 1841, written down in Old High German, they are hitherto the only preserved German documents with a heathen theme. One of them is a charm to release warriors caught during battle, enterprises, too, blazed a trail in the course of the transformational process. Ultimately, a chemical park emerged at nearby Leuna which is one of the most modern sites of its kind in Europe with high ecological standards, Merseburg was badly damaged in World War II. In 23 air raids 6,200 dwellings were completely or partly destroyed, the historic town centre was almost completely destroyed. Briefly part of Saxony-Anhalt after the war, it was administered within the Bezirk Halle in East Germany. It became part of Saxony-Anhalt again after reunification of Germany, like many towns in the former East Germany, Merseburg has had a general decline in population since German Reunification despite annexing and merging with a number of smaller nearby villages. The cathedral-and-palace ensemble also features a palace garden, other attractions include the Merseburg House of Trades with a cultural stage and the German Museum of Chemistry, Merseburg
Merseburg
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Merseburger Schloss
Merseburg
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Merseburg in 1650
Merseburg
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Saale,
Cathedral, and Palace
2.
East Germany
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East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
East Germany
–
GDR leaders: President
Wilhelm Pieck and Prime Minister
Otto Grotewohl, 1949
East Germany
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Flag (1959–1990)
East Germany
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SED First Secretary,
Walter Ulbricht, 1950
East Germany
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Head of State:
Erich Honecker (1971–89)
3.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
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The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
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Flag
Germany
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
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Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
4.
Palo Alto, California
–
Palo Alto is a charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area of the United States. The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley and it is named after a coast redwood tree called El Palo Alto. Palo Alto was established by Leland Stanford Sr. when he founded Stanford University, following the death of his son and it has also served as an incubator to several other high-technology companies such as Google, Facebook, Logitech, Intuit, Pinterest, and PayPal. As of the 2010 census, the total resident population is 64,403. Palo Alto is one of the most expensive cities in the United States, the recorded history of Palo Alto dates back to 1769, when Gaspar de Portolá noted an Ohlone settlement. This remains an area of known Indian mounds, a plaque at Middlefield Road and Embarcadero Road commemorates the area. The city got its name from a tall coast redwood tree, named El Palo Alto, a plaque there recounts the story of the Portolà expedition, a 63-man, 200-horse expedition from San Diego to Monterey from November 7–11,1769. The group overshot Monterey in the fog and when they reached modern-day Pacifica, they ascended Sweeney Ridge, thinking the bay was too wide to cross, the group retraced their journey to Monterey, never becoming aware of the Golden Gate entrance to the Bay. Located south of the San Francisquito Creek, west of todays I-280, in 1835, Rafael Soto and family settled near the San Francisquito Creek near Newell and Middlefield, selling goods to travelers. Rafael Soto died in 1839, but his wife, Maria Antonia Mesa, was granted Rancho Rinconada del Arroyo de San Francisquito in 1841, in 1839, their daughter María Luisa Soto married John Coppinger, who was the grantee of Rancho Cañada de Raymundo. Rancho Cañada de Raymundo was West of San Francisquito Creek, and began at Alambique Creek, the border of Rancho Corte de Madera. Bear Gulch Creek flowed on his land in Portola Valley, the rancho also abutted Buelnas grant near Skyline Boulevard and Matadero Creek. Upon Coppingers death, Maria inherited it and later married a visiting boat captain, Greer owned a home on the site that is now Town & Country Village on Embarcadero and El Camino Real. Greer Avenue and Court are named for him, to the west of Rafael Soto, near El Camino and following the Creek, was Rancho San Francisquito granted in 1839 to Antonio Buelna and wife Maria Concepcion. To the south of the Sotos, the brothers Secundino and Teodoro Robles in 1849 bought Rancho Rincon de San Francisquito from José Peña, where the Joness house was, then east down Arastradero Rd. to the north property line of Alta Mesa Memorial Park and Terman Park. The property then went along the bay to the Embarcadero, a boundary in the day, then up to the Stanford University gates, up Galvez. The grant was bounded on the south by Mariano Castros Rancho Pastoria de las Borregas grant across San Antonio Road, thats the Robles Rancho, about 80% of Palo Alto and Stanford University. It was whittled down by 1863 through courts to 6,981 acres, stories say their grand hacienda was built on the former meager adobe of José Peña near Ferne off San Antonio Road, midway between Middlefield and Alma Street
Palo Alto, California
–
Palo Alto
Palo Alto, California
–
University Avenue at the Circle with train steaming toward El Palo Alto, 1894
Palo Alto, California
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Guinda Street in Palo Alto
Palo Alto, California
–
Fog from the Pacific rolling over the Foothills
5.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
The original University Hall, which stood until 1938, when it when it was replaced by Gregory hall and the
Illini Union. Pieces were used in the erection of Hallene Gateway dedicated in 1998
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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John Milton Gregory, the university's first president
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
–
Statue on campus titled "
Alma Mater " by
Lorado Taft
6.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
Stanford University
–
Leland Stanford, the university's founder, as painted by
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier in 1881 and now on display at the
Cantor Center
Stanford University
–
Seal of Stanford University
Stanford University
–
Statue of the Stanford family, by
Larkin G. Mead (1899)
Stanford University
–
The ruins of the unfinished Stanford Library after the
1906 San Francisco earthquake
7.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
–
From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
–
Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
–
YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
8.
German-American
–
The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
German-American
German-American
German-American
German-American
9.
PayPal
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PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
PayPal
–
PayPal's corporate headquarters in San Jose, California
PayPal
–
eBay, PayPal, Kijiji, and StubHub in Toronto
PayPal
–
PayPal Operations Center and main office located in
Omaha, NE
10.
Me at the zoo
–
Me at the Zoo is a 2012 documentary film directed by Chris Moukarbel and Valerie Veatch and starring Chris Crocker. Me at the Zoo takes a look at the young video blogger from a town in Tennessee. The film also explores how video sharing and social media have shaped the way people share their stories, on January 17,2012, HBO Documentary Films secured the US broadcasting rights to the film. It premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival on January 21,2012, Me at the Zoo at the Internet Movie Database Me at the Zoo at Rotten Tomatoes
Me at the zoo
–
Theatrical release poster
Me at the zoo
11.
Germans
–
Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
Germans
Germans
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Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 AD
Germans
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Extent of
Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with
Kingdom of Germany marked in blue
Germans
–
18 January 1871: The proclamation of the
German Empire in the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles.
Bismarck appears in white. The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm, leading the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later
Friedrich III, stands on his father's right.
12.
Inner German border
–
The inner German border was the border between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990. Not including the similar and physically separate Berlin Wall, the border was 1,393 kilometres long and it was formally established on 1 July 1945 as the boundary between the Western and Soviet occupation zones of former Nazi Germany. It was patrolled by 50,000 armed East German guards who faced tens of thousands of West German, British and US guards, in the hinterlands behind the border were more than a million North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and Warsaw Pact troops. The border was a manifestation of Winston Churchills metaphorical Iron Curtain that separated the Soviet. It marked the boundary between two ideological systems – capitalism and communism and it caused widespread economic and social disruption on both sides, East Germans living in the region suffered especially draconian restrictions. The better-known Berlin Wall was a separate, less elaborate. On 9 November 1989, the East German government announced the opening of the Berlin Wall, over the following days, millions of East Germans poured into the West to visit. Little remains of the inner German borders fortifications and its route has been declared part of a European Green Belt linking national parks and nature reserves along the course of the old Iron Curtain from the Arctic Circle to the Black Sea. Museums and memorials along the old border commemorate the division and reunification of Germany and, in some places, the inner German border originated from the Second World War Allies plans to divide a defeated Germany into occupation zones. The boundaries between these zones were drawn along the boundaries of 19th-century German states and provinces that had largely disappeared with the unification of Germany in 1871. Three zones were agreed on, each covering roughly a third of Germanys territories, a British zone in the north-west, an American zone in the south, france was later given a zone in the far west of Germany, carved out of the British and American zones. The division of Germany was put into effect on 1 July 1945, the redeployment of Western troops prompted many Germans to flee to the West to escape the Soviet takeover of the remainder of the Soviet zone. The wartime Allies initially worked together under the auspices of the Allied Control Council for Germany, cooperation between the Western Allies and the Soviets ultimately broke down because of disagreements over Germanys political and economic future. In May 1949, the three occupation zones were merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany with a freely elected government. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic, under communist rule, from the outset, West Germany and the Allies rejected East Germanys legitimacy. The creation of East Germany was deemed a communist/Soviet fait accompli, West Germany regarded German citizenship and rights as applying equally to East and West German citizens. East Germans thus had an incentive to move to the West. In the early days of the occupation, the Allies controlled traffic between the zones to manage the flow of refugees and prevent the escape of former Nazi officials and intelligence officers
Inner German border
–
Border installations at
Schlagsdorf
Inner German border
–
The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany, highlighting the Soviet zone (red), the inner German border (heavy black line) and the zone from which British and American troops withdrew in July 1945 (purple). The provincial boundaries are those of
Nazi Germany, before the present
Länder (federal states) were established.
Inner German border
Inner German border
13.
West Germany
–
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
West Germany
–
Konrad Adenauer in parliament, 1955
West Germany
–
Flag
West Germany
–
Rudi Dutschke, student leader.
West Germany
–
The
Volkswagen Beetle – for many years the most successful car in the world – on the assembly line in Wolfsburg factory, 1973.
14.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
Clockwise from the top: Downtown Saint Paul as seen from the Southwest, the
Xcel Energy Center, the
Cathedral of Saint Paul, the
Minnesota State Capitol, the
Marjorie McNeely Conservatory, and the historic
James J. Hill House
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
A burial mound at
Indian Mounds Park.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
Joe Rolette, who was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to
Saint Peter.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
The
Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902.
15.
Saint Paul Central High School
–
Central High School of Saint Paul is the oldest high school in the state of Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1866 in downtown Saint Paul, Central has educated many leaders in business, government, literature, arts, sciences, and education throughout the state of Minnesota and the United States. Central also has more Rhodes Scholars among its alumni than any public high school in the U. S. with the most recent scholar, Matthew Landreman. It is also one of the biggest high schools in the state and, as of 2011 and it is also a national Blue Ribbon School. Central High School has been situated in four locations, beginning with the first building in 1866, Central High School was founded in 1866 in response to student requests. Before 1866, there were no opportunities in Saint Paul beyond grade school. Some people thought that the school was a waste of space, eugene Foster was the principal, and Mrs. H. M. Haynes was the lone teacher. The first graduating class of the Saint Paul High School was in 1870, the first 2 diplomas were hand printed on sheepskin. Gradually, the enrolled in the Franklin Building became too large for the two little rooms to accommodate them. In 1872, the Saint Paul High School moved to the Lindeke Building at 7th and that year, graduation exercises were held in the Saint Paul Civic Opera House where they were held until it was destroyed by a fire in 1899. Then the commencement exercises were held in the Peoples Church until the completion of the Saint Paul Auditorium, in 1872, the graduating class consisted of 12 students, five boys and seven girls. In 1873, the class of 12 students originated the custom of presenting each senior with a souvenir appropriate to his/her character. For several years, a prize was offered for the best essay, a Websters Unabridged Dictionary, the President of the Board of Education also presented a prize to the one having the highest standing in the class, usually a fine set of Shakespeares works. A new building opened in 1883 at 10th and Minnesota streets, the building was the first high school built in Saint Paul. In 1888, a 14-room annex was added for laboratories, the Debate society decided to put on plays to make up the money to pay for it. Mechanics Arts High School, then known as Manual Training High School, was first housed in the basement of Central, the school was renamed Central High School in 1888. Soon the building on 10th and Minnesota Street became too small, a compromise was reached when the Minuteman was adopted as a logo and mascot. The adjacent stadium was built in the early 1940s by the WPA and it was renamed James Griffin Stadium in 1998
Saint Paul Central High School
–
First Central High School: Saint Paul High School, 3rd floor of the Franklin School building (2 rooms), Broadway and Tenth Streets, 1866–1872. Photo dated 1865.
Saint Paul Central High School
–
"Many traditions, one school."
Saint Paul Central High School
–
Saint Paul Central High School, 10th and Minnesota, with Annex, in use from 1883 to 1912. 1888 version shown.
Saint Paul Central High School
–
Saint Paul Central High School, Marshall Ave and Lexington Parkway, 1912–1980
16.
Computer Science
–
Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. An alternate, more succinct definition of science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems and its fields can be divided into a variety of theoretical and practical disciplines. Some fields, such as computational complexity theory, are highly abstract, other fields still focus on challenges in implementing computation. Human–computer interaction considers the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable, the earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the development of sophisticated computing equipment. Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator in 1623, in 1673, Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons and he started developing this machine in 1834, and in less than two years, he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer. A crucial step was the adoption of a card system derived from the Jacquard loom making it infinitely programmable. Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process statistical information, when the machine was finished, some hailed it as Babbages dream come true. During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as an academic discipline in the 1950s. The worlds first computer science program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. The first computer science program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own rights and it is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM released the IBM704 and later the IBM709 computers, still, working with the IBM was frustrating if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again. During the late 1950s, the science discipline was very much in its developmental stages. Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology, modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base
Computer Science
–
Ada Lovelace is credited with writing the first
algorithm intended for processing on a computer.
Computer Science
Computer Science
–
The
German military used the
Enigma machine (shown here) during
World War II for communications they wanted kept secret. The large-scale decryption of Enigma traffic at
Bletchley Park was an important factor that contributed to Allied victory in WWII.
Computer Science
–
Digital logic
17.
Silicon Graphics
–
Silicon Graphics, Inc. was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and software. Early systems were based on the Geometry Engine that Clark and Marc Hannah had developed at Stanford University, for much of its history, the company focused on 3D imaging and were a major supplier of both hardware and software in this market. They reincorporated as a Delaware corporation in January 1990, through the mid to late-1990s, the rapidly improving performance of commodity Wintel machines began to erode SGIs stronghold in the 3D market. The porting of Maya to other platforms is an event in this process. In the mid-2000s the company repositioned itself as a supercomputer vendor, Ed McCracken was CEO of Silicon Graphics from 1984 to 1997. During those years, SGI grew from revenues of $5.4 million to $3.7 billion. The addition of 3D graphic capabilities to PCs, and the ability of clusters of Linux- and BSD-based PCs to take on many of the tasks of larger SGI servers, ate into SGIs core markets. The porting of Maya to Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows further eroded the low end of SGIs product line, in response to challenges faced in the marketplace and a falling share price Ed McCracken was fired and SGI brought in Richard Belluzzo to replace him. Under Belluzzos leadership a number of initiatives were taken which are considered to have accelerated the corporate decline, one such initiative was trying to sell workstations running Windows NT called Visual Workstations instead of just ones which ran IRIX, the companys version of UNIX. This put the company in more direct competition with the likes of Dell. The product line was unsuccessful and abandoned a few years later, SGIs premature announcement of its migration from MIPS to Itanium and its abortive ventures into IA-32 architecture systems damaged SGIs credibility in the market. In 1999, in an attempt to clarify their current market position as more than a company, Silicon Graphics Inc. changed its corporate identity to SGI. The new logo drew criticism for wasting the professional associated with the previous cube logo. SGI continued to use the Silicon Graphics name for its product line. In November 2005, SGI announced that it had been delisted from the New York Stock Exchange because its common stock had fallen below the share price for listing on the exchange. SGIs market capitalization dwindled from a peak of seven billion dollars in 1995 to just $120 million at the time of delisting. In February 2006, SGI noted that it could run out of cash by the end of the year, in mid-2005, SGI hired Alix Partners to advise it on returning to profitability and received a new line of credit. SGI announced it was postponing its scheduled annual December stockholders meeting until March 2006 and it proposed a reverse stock split to deal with the de-listing from the New York Stock Exchange
Silicon Graphics
–
Geometry Engine chip from an IRIS 3120
Silicon Graphics
–
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
Silicon Graphics
–
SGI Indigo
Silicon Graphics
–
SGI Indy
18.
Visible Human Project
–
The Visible Human Project is an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body, in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications. It is used as a tool for the progression of medical findings, a male and a female cadaver were cut into thin slices which were then photographed and digitized. The project is run by the U. S. National Library of Medicine under the direction of Michael J. Ackerman, planning began in 1986, the data set of the male was completed in November 1994 and the one of the female in November 1995. The project can be viewed today at the National Museum of Health and Medicine near Washington, there are currently efforts to repeat this project with higher resolution images but only with parts of the body instead of a cadaver. The male cadaver was encased and frozen in a gelatin and water mixture in order to stabilize the specimen for cutting, the specimen was then “cut” in the axial plane at 1 millimeter intervals. Each of the resulting 1,871 “slices” was photographed in both analog and digital, yielding 15 gigabytes of data, in 2000, the photos were rescanned at a higher resolution, yielding more than 65 gigabytes. The female cadaver was cut into slices at.33 millimeter intervals, the term “cut” is a bit of a misnomer, yet it is used to describe the process of grinding away the top surface of a specimen at regular intervals. The scanning, slicing and photographing took place at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, the male cadaver is from Joseph Paul Jernigan, a 38-year-old Texas murderer who was executed by lethal injection on August 5,1993. At the prompting of a prison chaplain he had agreed to donate his body for scientific research or medical use, some people have voiced ethical concerns over this. The 59-year-old female donor remains anonymous, in the press she has been described as a Maryland housewife who died from a heart attack and whose husband requested that she be part of the project. Freezing caused the brain of the man to be slightly swollen, nerves are hard to make out since they have almost the same color as fat, but many have nevertheless been identified. Small blood vessels were collapsed by the freezing process, tendons are difficult to cut cleanly, and they occasionally smear across the slice surfaces. The male has one testicle, is missing his appendix. Also visible are tissue damage to the dorsum of each forearm by formalin injection, the male was also not cut while in standard anatomical position, so the cuts through his arms are oblique. The female was missing 14 body parts which includes nose cartilage, the reproductive organs of the woman are not representative of those of a young woman. The specimen contains several pathologies, including disease and diverticulitis. The data may be bought on tape or downloaded free of charge, one has to specify the use and sign a license agreement that allows NLM to use. NLM can cancel the agreement at any time, at point the user has to erase the data files
Visible Human Project
–
Cryosection through the
head of a human male.
Visible Human Project
–
Cryosection through the
abdomen of a human male, including the
upper extremities.
19.
Chad Hurley
–
Chad Meredith Hurley is an American co-founder and former CEO of the popular video-sharing website YouTube and MixBit. In June 2006, he was voted 28th on Business 2. 0s 50 People Who Matter Now list, in October 2006, he and Steve Chen sold YouTube for $1.65 billion to Google. Hurley worked in eBays PayPal division—one of his tasks involved designing the original PayPal logo — before starting YouTube with fellow PayPal colleagues Steve Chen, Hurley was primarily responsible for the tagging and video-sharing aspects of YouTube. Hurley was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the child of Don and Joann Hurley. He has two siblings, a sister, Heather, and a younger brother, Brent. Since childhood, Chad showed extreme interest in the arts, but then became interested in computers. He was a runner for Twin Valley High Schools cross-country program. He was also member of the Technology Student Association during high school and he graduated from Twin Valley High School, Elverson in 1995 and went on to receive his B. A. in Fine Art from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1999. By his marriage to Kathy Clark, Hurley is the son-in-law of the legendary Silicon Valley entrepreneur James H. Clark, Hurley founded YouTube in 2005 with Steve Chen and Jawed Karim. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google Inc. for $1.65 billion and it was reported in the Wall Street Journal that Chad Hurleys share was $345. 6M at Googles February 7,2007 closing stock price of $470.01. He received 694,087 Google shares directly and another 41,232 shares in a trust, youTubes other two co-founders, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, received 625,366 shares and 137,443 shares, respectively valued at $326. 2M and $64. 6M. The Journals report was based on Googles registration statement with SEC filed on February 7,2007, Hurley stepped down as CEO of YouTube in October 2010 and stated he would stay on as an advisor of YouTube, allowing Salar Kamangar to take over the CEO position. In August 2013, Chen and Hurley launched another company called MixBit which does video editing using smart phones, Chad was involved as a major investor with US F1 Team, one of the new entrants in Formula One automobile racing for the 2010 season. On March 2,2010, the personnel were dismissed from their duties. Neither Hurley, team principal Ken Anderson, nor sporting director Peter Windsor would comment on the failure to make it to the grid. It is rumored that Hurley is still trying to get involved with F1 via other teams and he is a part-owner of the NBAs Golden State Warriors and the MLS Los Angeles Football Club. Michael Moritz interviews Chad Hurley et al. at TechCrunch40 conference video Chad Hurleys Executive Producer profile on The 1 Second Film
Chad Hurley
–
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2009, Davos, Switzerland.
Chad Hurley
–
Chad Hurley in 2007.
20.
Steve Chen (YouTube)
–
Steven Shih Steve Chen is an American Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of the co-founders and the chief technology officer of the popular website YouTube. After having co-founded the company AVOS Systems, Inc. and built the video-sharing app MixBit, Chen was born in Taipei, Taiwan. When he was fifteen, he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Prospect Heights and he went to River Trails Middle School in Mount Prospect for his middle school education and John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights for his freshman year of high school. For his final three years of school, he attended the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy in Aurora. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he studied computer science, Chen was an employee at the industry financial company PayPal, where he first met Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim. Chen was also an employee at Facebook, although he left after several months to start YouTube. In 2005, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim and Chen founded YouTube, in June 2006, Chen was named by Business 2.0 as one of The 50 people who matter now in business. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google, Chen received 625,366 shares of Google and an additional 68,721 in a trust as part of the sale. The Google shares that he received were reported to be worth over $326 million about 1 year later and he and Hurley started AVOS Systems which acquired Delicious from Yahoo. Inc. Chen was listed as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011, Chen married Park Ji-hyun, who is now Jamie Chen, a Google Korea product marketing manager, in 2009. They live in San Francisco with their two children, one son was born in July 2010. The Chens are major supporters of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco where Jamie was appointed a trustee in July 2012, Steve Chens YouTube profile Steve Chen, the local boy that created YouTube – Taipei Times, October 8,2006
Steve Chen (YouTube)
–
Steve Chen 陳 士 駿
21.
University of Illinois
–
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, also known as U of I, University of Illinois, UIUC, or simply Illinois, is a public research-intensive university in the U. S. state of Illinois. Founded in 1867 as a land-grant institution in the cities of Champaign and Urbana, it is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system. In fiscal year 2015, total research expedentures at Illinois totaled $640 million, the campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States after Harvard University. The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus, the university comprises 17 colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. Additionally, the university operates an extension that offers programs to more than 1.5 million registrants per year around the state of Illinois. The university holds 647 buildings on 4,552 acres and its operating budget in 2016 was over $2 billion. Even though Illinois is a university, only about 12% of the budget comes from the state. Between several cities, Urbana was selected in 1867 as the site for the new school, the University opened for classes on March 2,1868, and had two faculty members and 77 students. Gregory is largely credited with establishing the University as it is today, Gregorys grave is on the Urbana campus, between Altgeld Hall and the Henry Administration Building. His headstone reads, If you seek his monument, look about you, the Library, which opened with the school in 1868, started with 1,039 volumes. Subsequently, President Edmund J. James, in a speech to the Board of Trustees in 1912 and it is now one of the worlds largest public academic collections. In 1870, the Mumford House was constructed as a farmhouse for the schools experimental farm. The Mumford House remains the oldest structure on campus, the original University Hall was the fourth building built, it stood where the Illini Union stands today. During the Presidency of Edmund J. James, James is credited for building the foundation of the large Chinese international student population on campus, on June 11,1929, the Alma Mater statue was unveiled. The Alma Mater was established by donations by the Alumni Fund, the University replaced the original university hall with Gregory Hall and the Illini Union. After World War II, the university experienced rapid growth, the enrollment doubled and the academic standing improved. This period was marked by large growth in the Graduate College and increased federal support of scientific. During the 1950s and ’60s the university experienced the turmoil common on many American campuses, among these were the water fights of the fifties and sixties
University of Illinois
–
The original University Hall, which stood until 1938, when it when it was replaced by Gregory hall and the
Illini Union. Pieces were used in the erection of Hallene Gateway dedicated in 1998
University of Illinois
–
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois
–
John Milton Gregory, the university's first president
University of Illinois
–
Statue on campus titled "
Alma Mater " by
Lorado Taft
22.
The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
–
The Daily Star is the largest circulating daily English-language newspaper in Bangladesh. Founded by Syed Mohammed Ali on 14 January 1991, as Bangladesh transitioned and restored parliamentary democracy, The Daily Star emerged as a leading, the newspapers position in Bangladesh is comparable to that of The New York Times in the United States and The Independent in the United Kingdom. Its motto, Committed to Peoples Right to Know, appears on the section of the front page. The newspaper is led by Mahfuz Anam, a fighter and former United Nations official. Its principal bureaus are located in Dhaka and Chittagong, with several representatives abroad and it is organized into sections, News, Opinion and Editorial, Star Business, Star Sports, Arts and Entertainment, National and Metropolitan. Its major supplements include The Star, Forum, Lifestyle, Star Literature, Law & Our Rights, Shout, Star Insight and Science, the Daily Star is owned by Mediaworld, in which a major share is held by Latifur Rahmans Transcom Group. The Transcom Group also owns Prothom Alo, one of the most widely read Bengali newspapers in the world, Mahfuz Anam, editor and publisher of The Daily Star, is also on its six-member board of directors, of which Rokia Afzal Rahman is chairman. The board deals with financial matters, the general section of the newspaper is headed by Dr Salehuddin Ahmed, its managing editor, while the news team is led by Syed Ashfaqul Haque, chief news editor. Ahmed Ali is in charge of the Metro, other leaders are AFM Jamaluddin, Mizanur Rahman, Selim S. H. Transcom Group, controlled by businessman Latifur Rahman, Abdur Rouf Chowdhury of Rangs Group, the Daily Star publishes a number of supplements along with its 24-page main publication. The Star, a weekly, is published every Friday. Lifestyle, a fashion and lifestyle tabloid, is published every Tuesday. Star Showbiz, Weekly entertainment tabloid, focused on local international movie, music, Shout, a weekly tabloid-size supplement for teenagers, is published every week. Bytes Technology page Next Step Shift Law and Our Rights, a supplement on legal issues. RisingStars, a weekly supplement for teenagers, was published every Thursday. Star Campus was a supplement of the paper. Forum, a magazine, edited by Shah Husain Imam, is published with the newspaper on the first Monday of the month. Star Insight, page 12, was published every Wednesday, the Daily Star is widely criticized for backing the army-installed government, led by former bureaucrat Fakhruddin Ahmad and armed with sweeping emergency powers to curb media and civil rights
The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
–
Front page of the
Friday edition of The Daily Star on 17 January 2008
The Daily Star (Bangladesh)
–
The Star Magazine
23.
Die Welt
–
Die Welt is a German national daily newspaper, published as a broadsheet by Axel Springer SE. Die Welt was founded in Hamburg in 1946 by the British occupying forces and it originally carried news and British-viewpoint editorial content, but from 1947 it adopted a policy of providing two leading articles on major questions, one British and one German. The 1993 circulation of the paper was 209,677 copies, at its peak in the occupation period, it had a circulation of around a million. The modern paper takes a self-described liberal cosmopolitan position in editing, the average circulation of Die Welt is currently about 180,000 and the paper can be obtained in more than 130 countries. Daily regional editions appear in Berlin and Hamburg, and in 2002 the paper experimented with a Bavarian edition, a daily regional supplement also appears in Bremen. The main editorial office is in Berlin, in conjunction with the Berliner Morgenpost, Die Welt is the flagship newspaper of the Axel Springer publishing group. Its leading competitors are the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the Süddeutsche Zeitung, financially, it has been a lossmaker for many years. The newspaper currently publishes an edition entitled Welt Kompakt, a 32-page cut-down version of the main broadsheet. Welt Kompakt has a look and is targeted to a younger public. The paper does not appear on Sundays, but the linked publication Welt am Sonntag takes its place, Welt Kompakt was also redesigned to use that typeface. In 2009, the Sunday edition Welt am Sonntag was recognized as one of the World’s Best-Designed Newspapers by the Society for News Design, on 2 May 2014, Swiss German business magazine BILANZ began to be published as a monthly supplement of Die Welt. The paper was banned in Egypt in February 2008 due to the publication of cartoons depicting the Prophet Mohammad, since 1999, the Die Welt book supplement Die Literarische Welt has presented an annual €10,000 literature prize available to international authors. The award is in honor of Willy Haas who founded Die Literarische Welt in 1925. the worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 353–60 Official website WELT ONLINE Article Archive for Die Welt
Die Welt
–
The April 11, 2011 front page of Die Welt
Die Welt
–
A Die Welt balloon over
Berlin
24.
Mashable
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Mashable is a digital media website founded by Pete Cashmore in 2005. Mashable was created by Pete Cashmore from his home in Aberdeen, Scotland, time noted Mashable as one of the 25 best blogs in 2009, and it has been described as a one stop shop for social media. As of November 2015, it has over 6,000,000 Twitter followers, voting was conducted online through Mashable and its 24 blog partners. On 10 January 2008 at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco, winners included Digg, Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, ESPN, Cafemom and Pandora. The 2nd Annual Open Web Awards was an international competition that took place between November and December 2008. The 3rd Open Web Awards were held in November and December 2009, winners included Pandora Radio for best mobile music site or app, Fish Wrangler for best Facebook game, and Surprise Marriage Proposal in Spain as best YouTube video. In 2010, Mashable renamed the Open Web Awards to the 4th Annual Mashable Awards, winners include HootSuite for Best Social Media Management Tool, ReachLocal for Best Social Media Service for Small Business, iPad for Best New Gadget, and Angry Birds for Best Mobile Game. Mashable Connect is an annual invite-only conference and it was held on 12 May –14 May 2011, with 300 attendees. Speakers included Scott Belsky, Founder & CEO, Behance, Adam Ostrow, Rohit Bhargava, SVP, Global Strategy & Marketing, sabrina Caluori, Director of Social Media & Marketing, HBO, and Greg Clayman, Publisher, The Daily. Themes discussed included content curation, the democratisation of content, social media, social television, Mashable UK Mashable Asia Mashable Australia Mashable India Mashable Studios Mashable with France 24 CineFix Ars Technica GigaOM ReadWriteWeb TechCrunch
Mashable
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Mashable
25.
Steve Chen
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Steven Shih Steve Chen is an American Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as one of the co-founders and the chief technology officer of the popular website YouTube. After having co-founded the company AVOS Systems, Inc. and built the video-sharing app MixBit, Chen was born in Taipei, Taiwan. When he was fifteen, he and his family immigrated to the United States and settled in Prospect Heights and he went to River Trails Middle School in Mount Prospect for his middle school education and John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights for his freshman year of high school. For his final three years of school, he attended the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy in Aurora. At the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he studied computer science, Chen was an employee at the industry financial company PayPal, where he first met Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim. Chen was also an employee at Facebook, although he left after several months to start YouTube. In 2005, Chad Hurley, Jawed Karim and Chen founded YouTube, in June 2006, Chen was named by Business 2.0 as one of The 50 people who matter now in business. On October 16,2006, Chen and Hurley sold YouTube to Google, Chen received 625,366 shares of Google and an additional 68,721 in a trust as part of the sale. The Google shares that he received were reported to be worth over $326 million about 1 year later and he and Hurley started AVOS Systems which acquired Delicious from Yahoo. Inc. Chen was listed as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by Asian Scientist Magazine on 15 May 2011, Chen married Park Ji-hyun, who is now Jamie Chen, a Google Korea product marketing manager, in 2009. They live in San Francisco with their two children, one son was born in July 2010. The Chens are major supporters of the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco where Jamie was appointed a trustee in July 2012, Steve Chens YouTube profile Steve Chen, the local boy that created YouTube – Taipei Times, October 8,2006
Steve Chen
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Steve Chen 陳 士 駿
26.
YouTube Awards
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The awards were organized in 2007 to call out some of the most popular videos and let the users choose which ones deserve some additional recognition. The awards are the first time that videos would receive any recognition, previously. The winners received a trophy, which was a stand with a large glass play button, in addition, they received an invitation to an event to occur later this year. YouTube does Awards every year, but does not always do a formalized recognition, the videos to vote upon are chosen by YouTube staff, while the winners are selected by YouTubers. The Awards were first given in 2007—called the 2006 Awards—for the best videos of 2006, the awards were in seven categories, Adorable, Comedy, Commentary, Creative, Inspirational, Musician of the Year and Series. Each category then comprised 10 videos which YouTubers ranked in order of preference, in addition, each category held only six videos for which YouTubers could vote. Voting for the 2006 Awards took place from March 18,2007 to March 23,2007, duke Righteous and Alex Chudnovsky were both nominated in the Music Video of the Year category. The 2007 YouTube Awards came just a week after Viacom sued YouTubes parent company, Google, the Awards received criticism from New York Times writer Virginia Heffernan when first organized. She suggested that the Awards created too much of a process on YouTube. YouTube, she argued, should not be about awards and individual recognition of merit, rather, it should be a free place where one can post videos and express oneself free of judgment on quality. Caroline McCarthy of CNET News commented on the 2007 awards in agreement with Heffernan and she also commented many of the most popular videos are not high quality, or original content. Nominations for the 2007 Awards included noted YouTubers Peter Oakley, lonelygirl15, Renetto, the 2008 Awards began on March 13,2008 and lasted for 5 days, until March 18. YouTubers could vote once per day, but they couldnt change their vote once they voted, a notable entry in the 2008 Awards was a video of the University of Florida Taser incident, uploaded by The Gainesville Sun, it was entered in the new Eyewitness category. One nomination in the Politics category was an interview with a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination for the 2008 American presidential election, Ron Paul, also included in the Politics section was the I Got a Crush. on Obama video. Nominated in the Inspirational category was a motion video by Trevor Dougherty. Video by vlogger Chris Crocker was nominated in the Commentary category, the song Chocolate Rain by Tay Zonday was nominated in the Music section, it won
YouTube Awards
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2NE1 at the 2011 YouTube Awards Ceremony
27.
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
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The CNN/YouTube presidential debates were a series of televised debates in which United States presidential hopefuls field questions submitted through the video sharing site YouTube. The Democratic Party installment took place in Charleston, South Carolina, the Republican Party installment took place in St. Petersburg, Florida and aired on November 28,2007. The CNN/YouTube Debates were conceived of by David Bohrman, the Washington Bureau Chief of CNN, and Steve Grove and it was the first-ever web-to-television debate partnership. A man named Chris from Portland introduced the debate in a YouTube video and he challenged the candidates to actually answer the questions instead of beating around the bush. After that, more questions were shown and the candidates answered them. Here are the questions that were directed at each candidate. Sometimes, the questions were asked to one candidate, multiple candidates, moderator Anderson Cooper opened questions directed at one candidate to specific additional candidates. Cooper also sometimes allowed candidates to respond if they were mentioned or addressed in another response, If you had to pick any Republican member of Congress or Republican governor to be your running mate, who would it be. Senator Biden, in the past, youve talked about NATO troops, by what date after January 21,2009, will all U. S. troops be out of Iraq. And how many members do you have serving in uniform. Who was your favorite teacher and why, Senator Biden, everyone on this stage who was in Congress in 2001 voted for No Child Left Behind. Would you scrap it or revise it, mrs. Clinton, how would you define the word liberal. And would you use this word to describe yourself, whenever I read an editorial about one of you, the author never fails to mention the issue of race or gender, respectively. Either one is not authentically black enough, or the other is not satisfactorily feminine, how will you address these critics and their charges if one or both of you should end up on the Democratic ticket in 08. Senator Clinton, is he a better advocate for women, should American troops go to Darfur. Just in the spirit of trying to get the answer, does that mean no American ground troops, Senator Clinton, do you think women should register for Selective Service. This question is to Senator Hillary Clinton, the Arab states, Muslim nations, believe its women as being second-class citizens. If youre president of the United States, how do you feel that you would even be taken seriously by these states in any kind of talks, negotiations, I feel that is a legitimate question
CNN/YouTube presidential debates
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The CNN/YouTube Republican Debate on 2007-11-28
28.
YouTube Comedy Week
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YouTube Comedy Week was an event on YouTube, and produced by Jash in the US and ChannelFlip in the UK. Comedy week was an event that ran from May 19-25,2013 and this was the first of a planned annual YouTube Comedy Week. The Big Live Comedy Show began the event, was hosted by Kyle Mooney and this was stage show that was broadcast live. Arnold Schwarzenegger was featured in a video that promoted Comedy Week, following YouTubes announcement of the event, several news publications reported about the event. Tubefilter reported that YouTube had hyped the Comedy Week event with television advertisements, as of July 10,2013, The Big Live Comedy Show has garnered nearly 1 million video views and has approximately 73% likes on its YouTube rating. Other videos uploaded by YouTube during Comedy Week, struggled to get past 250,000 views, however, the Gregory Brothers The History of YouTube earned over 2 million video views. The performers and entertainers involved in the event featured a mixture of traditional and new media stars, the performances by YouTube personalities were met with better reception than those of mainstream media stars
YouTube Comedy Week
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YouTube Comedy Week/ El Canal de la Comedia
29.
YouTube Live
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YouTube Live was a 2008 event streamed live on the Internet from San Francisco and Tokyo. It was launched November 22–23,2008, on April 8,2011, The channel was closed, effectively removing all videos. It was replaced by the YouTube live section page, jordanian Queen Rania was also honored at the event with the first ever YouTube Visionary Award for her efforts to combat stereotypes and misconceptions associated with Arabs and Muslims. With over 3 million views, Queen Rania created her own channel on YouTube in March 2008 to start an international conversation, as a sponsor for the event, Flip Video gave away a free Flip Video Mino to many of the audience members to record any of the event. A station to upload videos to YouTube from the Mino was also provided, the event was meant to be an annual show, as referenced by Katy Perry at the beginning, however, it remains the only event to date. This is a list of guests and performers in order of appearance. Presenting the award, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom explained the honor as for her use of technology to instigate social change, the Queen had launched her channel in March 2008 to break down stereotypes about the Arab and Muslim worlds
YouTube Live
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YouTube Live.
LisaNova and
Alphacat impersonate
Sarah Palin and
Barack Obama.
