Jeff Ament

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Jeff Ament
Jeff-Ament.jpg
Ament performing with Pearl Jam in 2009
Background information
Birth name Jeffrey Allen Ament
Also known as Al Nostreet
Born (1963-03-10) March 10, 1963 (age 55)
Havre, Montana, United States
Genres Alternative rock, grunge, hardcore punk, hard rock, heavy metal, experimental rock, glam metal (early)
Occupation(s) Musician, songwriter
Instruments Bass guitar, double bass, vocals, guitar, percussion, keyboards, chapman stick
Years active 1981–present
Labels Monkeywrench, Homestead, Sub Pop, Stardog, Mercury, A&M, Epic, J
Associated acts Pearl Jam, Green River, Mother Love Bone, War Babies, Temple of the Dog, Three Fish, Derranged Diction, RNDM, Tres Mts.

Jeffrey Allen Ament (born March 10, 1963) is an American musician and songwriter who serves as the bassist for the American rock band Pearl Jam.

Along with Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder, he is one of the band's founding members, and is also known for his work prior to Pearl Jam with the 1980s Seattle-based grunge rock bands Green River and Mother Love Bone, and is particularly notable for his work with the fretless bass, upright bass, and twelve-string bass guitar. Ament is also a member of the bands Temple of the Dog, Tres Mts., Three Fish and RNDM.

In 2008, Ament released his first solo album, Tone. A second solo album, While My Heart Beats, followed in 2012. In 2018, he released his third solo album, Heaven/Hell.

Ament was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7, 2017.[1]

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

The first of five children, Ament was born in Havre, Montana to George and Penny Ament and grew up in the town of Big Sandy, Montana, a town with a population of less than 700.[2][3] Ament's father George was mayor of Big Sandy for fifteen years, as well as a barber and a school bus driver.[4] Ament described his family growing up as "pretty poor"[5] and "hard-core Catholic."[6]

He began playing the bass guitar as a teenager, often playing along with Ramones, The Clash, and The Police records. Ament participated in basketball, football, and track at Big Sandy High School, from which he graduated in 1981.[7] He then went on to college at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana, where he studied art and played basketball.[8][9] Ament quit college in the middle of his second year after the university told him they were no longer going to continue its graphic design program.[10] Ament then relocated to Seattle, Washington in 1983 with his band Deranged Diction. While in Seattle, Ament got a job working at a coffee shop in Belltown.[10]

Green River[edit]

Main article: Green River (band)

Ament became acquainted with fellow Seattle musicians Mark Arm and Steve Turner, and he was asked to join their new band Green River in 1984. The band also included drummer Alex Vincent, with guitarist Stone Gossard eventually being added to the line-up. By the time the band finished the recording of its debut EP, Come on Down, Turner decided to leave the group, citing his distaste with Ament and Gossard's heavy metal leanings.[11] He was replaced by Ament's former Deranged Diction bandmate, Bruce Fairweather.

The band released the EP Come on Down in 1985 and followed it up with Dry As a Bone in 1987, the first release on Sub Pop records.[12] The band's only full-length studio album, Rehab Doll, was released in 1988.[12] In-fighting lead to the group's break-up during the recording of Rehab Doll. A stylistic division had developed between Ament and Gossard on one side, and Arm on the other.[13] Ament and Gossard wanted to pursue a major-label deal, while Arm wanted to remain independent, viewing the duo as being too careerist.[11] Regarding the accusation, Ament later said that during his time with the band he had to work at a restaurant in order to pay his rent, while the other members were supported by their parents. He said, "Did I want to play music and have my rent paid for? Hell yeah."[14] The band achieved a considerable local reputation in Seattle and had a significant influence on the genre later known as grunge, with Green River being described as "arguably the first grunge band."[11]

Mother Love Bone[edit]

Main article: Mother Love Bone

Following Green River's dissolution, Ament established Mother Love Bone in 1988 along with former Green River members Gossard and Fairweather, former Malfunkshun frontman Andrew Wood, and former Ten Minute Warning and Skin Yard drummer Greg Gilmore. The band quickly worked on recording and performing locally and by late 1988 had become one of Seattle's more promising bands. In early 1989 the band signed to PolyGram subsidiary Mercury Records. In March of that year the group issued its debut EP, Shine.

In late 1989 the group returned to the studio to record its debut studio album, Apple. It was planned for a March 1990 release. Only days before the release of Apple, however, frontman Wood, who had a long history with drug problems, overdosed on heroin. After spending a few days in the hospital in a coma, Wood died, effectively bringing Mother Love Bone to an end. Apple was released later that year.

Temple of the Dog[edit]

Main article: Temple of the Dog

Following Wood's death, Ament and Gossard almost parted company. Ament briefly spent time in the band War Babies, but he eventually got back together with Gossard and a childhood friend of Gossard's named Mike McCready. The trio were attempting to form their own band when they were invited to be part of the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Andrew Wood. Cornell had been Wood's roommate. Ament described the collaboration as "a really good thing at the time" for him and Gossard that put them into a "band situation where we could play and make music."[15] The band's lineup was completed by the addition of Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron.

The band started rehearsing songs that Cornell had written on tour prior to Wood's death, as well as re-working some existing material from demos written by Gossard and Ament.[16] This project eventually featured vocalist Eddie Vedder, who had arrived in Seattle to audition to be the singer for Ament and Gossard's next band, which later became Pearl Jam. Vedder sang a duet with Cornell on the song "Hunger Strike" and provided background vocals on several other songs. The band decided that it had enough material for an entire album and, in April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released through A&M Records.

Pearl Jam[edit]

Main article: Pearl Jam
Ament onstage during a Pearl Jam show at the Wells Fargo Center, Philadelphia on April 28, 2016

Pearl Jam was formed in 1990 by Ament, Gossard, and McCready,[17] who then recruited Vedder and drummer Dave Krusen. The band originally took the name Mookie Blaylock, but was forced to change it when the band signed to Epic Records in 1991. After the recording sessions for Ten were completed, Krusen left Pearl Jam in May 1991.[18] Krusen was replaced by Matt Chamberlain, who had previously played with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians. After playing only a handful of shows, one of which was filmed for the "Alive" video, Chamberlain left to join the Saturday Night Live band.[19] As his replacement, Chamberlain suggested Dave Abbruzzese, who joined the group and played the rest of Pearl Jam's live shows supporting the Ten album.

Ten broke the band into the mainstream, and became one of the best selling alternative albums of the 1990s. The band found itself amidst the sudden popularity and attention given to the Seattle music scene and the genre known as grunge. The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993.[20] Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video.[21] Ten was ranked number 207 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time,[22] and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s.[23]

Following an intense touring schedule, the band went into the studio to record what would become its second studio album, Vs., released in 1993. Upon its release, Vs. set at the time the record for most copies of an album sold in a week,[24] and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200. Vs. was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995.[25] From Vs., the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance.[26]

Feeling the pressures of success, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos.[27] "Ten years from now," Ament said, "I don't want people to remember our songs as videos."[17] In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States.[28] Ament took an active role during Pearl Jam's dispute with Ticketmaster in 1994 over prices and surcharges. Along with Gossard, Ament testified before a congressional subcommittee, arguing that Ticketmaster's practices were anti-competitive.[29]

Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status. The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996.[30] Vitalogy was ranked number 492 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[22] The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance.[25] Although Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released.[31] The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott.[31] He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers.[18]

The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998. In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U.S. Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring.[32] Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis,[32] but he soon became a permanent replacement for Irons. "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance.[33] In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers. It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999. "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single.

In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs. The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time.[34] "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance.[35] The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002. Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film, Big Fish, "Man of the Hour", was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004.[36] The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006. The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009 and its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013.

Aside from his musical contributions for the band, Ament has made significant contributions to the band's album artwork. His photography can be found throughout the majority of the band's releases.

Other musical projects[edit]

Three Fish[edit]

Main article: Three Fish

Ament had a side project band named Three Fish, which he formed in 1994 with Robbi Robb of Tribe After Tribe and Richard Stuverud of the Fastbacks. Three Fish released two albums, Three Fish (1996) and The Quiet Table (1999).

Mirror Ball[edit]

Main article: Mirror Ball (Neil Young album)

Ament performed with other members of Pearl Jam on Neil Young's 1995 album, Mirror Ball, and subsequently took part in an eleven-date tour in Europe as part of Young's backing band. This tour proved very successful with Young's manager Elliot Roberts calling it "One of the greatest tours we ever had in our whole lives."[37]

Tone[edit]

Main article: Tone (Jeff Ament album)

On September 16, 2008, Ament released his first solo album, Tone, through Monkeywrench Records. The album features ten songs written over a span of 12 years.[38] The album's songs feature a raw, experimental sound. 3,000 copies of Tone were pressed and were distributed through independent record stores across the United States as well as through Pearl Jam's official website.[39] The album, like their others is also available via Pearl Jam's official website.

Tres Mts.[edit]

On January 24, 2011 Ament announced on Pearl Jam's official website his side project with dUg Pinnick of King's X and Richard Stuverud of the Fastbacks. The band's official Facebook page announced a March 2011 release of their album, Three Mountains, through Monkeywrench Records.

RNDM[edit]

Main article: RNDM

In 2012, Ament started another band with singer-songwriter Joseph Arthur and drummer Richard Stuverud.

Other work[edit]

Ament had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Stone Gossard and Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam. He appeared as himself, playing bass in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick.[40] Most of Matt Dillon's wardrobe in the movie actually belonged to Ament.[41] During the making of the film Ament produced a list of song titles for the fictional band.[42] Chris Cornell took it as a challenge to write songs for the film using those titles, and "Spoonman" was one of them.[42] The title of "Spoonman" is credited to Ament in the liner notes for Soundgarden's 1994 album, Superunknown.[43] Ament was also interviewed for the 2001 skateboarding documentary, Dogtown and Z-Boys.

With his brother Barry, Ament founded Ames Bros., an art production company that produces tour posters and album artwork for many bands, including Pearl Jam.

Ament is credited with the opening music for Mayne Street, a webisodic comedy series airing on ESPN.com, starring Kenny Mayne.

Musical style and influences[edit]

Ament has cited the Who, the Beatles, Aerosmith, Kiss, AC/DC, Sex Pistols, Ramones, the Clash, Black Flag, and King's X among his influences.[5][10][44][45][46] In an interview, Ament stated:

I have to be able to feel the bass. I've worked hard with our producers to make sure that when you play our records on your stereo, you can feel the bass. You might not necessarily be able to hear it all the time, but if you turn it up you can feel the movement in the low end—that it's moving the song. And when it's not there, it should be creating a dynamic.[44]

Ament makes a major songwriting contribution to Pearl Jam. He wrote the music for one of the band's biggest hits, "Jeremy", as well as "Nothingman" (from Vitalogy). His contributions to Pearl Jam's songs have not been limited to music with Ament having written the lyrics for the Yield songs "Pilate" and "Low Light", the Binaural songs "Gods' Dice" and "Nothing as It Seems", "Help Help" (from Riot Act), "Other Side" (from the "Save You" single), and "Sweet Lew" (from Lost Dogs). As well as bass contributions, Ament has often provided backing vocals and has played guitar on two of the Pearl Jam songs he had written musically: "Smile" (from No Code) and "Bee Girl" (from Lost Dogs). He performs lead vocal duties on "Sweet Lew" and also on the Ramones cover "I Just Want To Have Something To Do".

Early 2011, Ament endorsed luthier Mike Lull, and a signature model was produced, which is available in four different colours.

Personal life[edit]

Ament currently lives in Seattle, Washington and Missoula, Montana. Aside from music, Ament's interests include skateboarding, basketball, graphic design, snowboarding, and wakeboarding. Ament assisted in financing the construction of Missoula's Mobash Skatepark.[47] He and his partner Pandora Andre-Beatty climbed Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro in support of Save the Children.[48]

Ament is a supporter of organic farming and United States Senator Jon Tester. Tester grew up near Big Sandy and Ament knew of Tester before either were famous. Ament campaigned for Tester in 2006.

In April 2009, Ament was attacked at knifepoint by a gang of muggers. According to Rolling Stone, Ament had just pulled up outside the Southern Tracks recording studio in Atlanta, Georgia, when his rented jeep was attacked by several men, who smashed the vehicle's windows and demanded money. The magazine also reported that Ament was knocked to the ground while trying to escape the robbers. He sustained a head injury and was treated at the scene. His Blackberry and passport, as well as a sum of cash, were stolen.[49]

On February 16, 2016 he married Pandora Andre-Beatty.[50]

Discography[edit]

Green River discography[edit]

Year Title Label Track(s)
1985 Come on Down Homestead All
1986 Deep Six C/Z "10,000 Things" and "Your Own Best Friend"
1987 Dry As a Bone Sub Pop All
1988 Motor City Madness Glitterhouse "Searchin' (Good Things Come)"
Rehab Doll Sub Pop All
Sub Pop 200 Sub Pop "Hangin' Tree"
1989 This House Is Not a Motel Glitterhouse "Swallow My Pride"
Sub Pop Rock City Glitterhouse "Hangin' Tree"
Another Pyrrhic Victory: The Only Compilation of Dead Seattle God Bands C/Z "Bazaar" and "Away in Manger"
1990 Endangered Species Glitterhouse "Ain't Nothing to Do"
Dry As a Bone/Rehab Doll Sub Pop All
1992 Afternoon Delight: Love Songs from Sub Pop Sub Pop "Baby Takes"
1996 Hype!: The Motion Picture Soundtrack Sub Pop "Swallow My Pride" (1987 demo)
2000 Wild and Wooly: The Northwest Rock Collection Sub Pop "This Town"
2006 Sleepless in Seattle: The Birth of Grunge Livewire "Come on Down"
2016 1984 Demos Jackpot Records All

Mother Love Bone discography[edit]

Year Title Label Track(s)
1989 Shine Stardog/Mercury All
1990 Apple Stardog/Mercury All
1992 Singles: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Epic "Chloe Dancer/Crown of Thorns"
Mother Love Bone Stardog/Mercury All
1993 Thrash and Burn: The Metal Alternative Sony Music Special Products "Capricorn Sister"
The Best of Grunge Rock Priority "Stardog Champion"
1995 Alterno-Daze: Natural 90s Selection MCA "Stardog Champion"
1997 Proud to Be Loud Debutante "Bone China"
2001 Alternative Moments Sony Music Media "Chloe Dancer/Crown of Thorns"
2007 The Road Mix: Music from the Television Series One Tree Hill, Volume 3 Maverick "Chloe Dancer/Crown of Thorns"
2016 On Earth As It Is - The Complete Works Monkeywrench All

Temple of the Dog discography[edit]

Year Title Label
1991 Temple of the Dog A&M

Pearl Jam discography[edit]

Main article: Pearl Jam discography

Three Fish discography[edit]

Year Title Label
1996 Three Fish Epic
1999 The Quiet Table Epic

Solo discography[edit]

Year Title Label
2008 Tone Self-released
2012 While My Heart Beats Monkeywrench
2018 Heaven/Hell Monkeywrench

Deranged Diction discography[edit]

Year Title Label
2009 Life Support/No Art, No Cowboys, No Rules Feedback

Tres Mts. discography[edit]

Year Title Label
2011 Three Mountains Monkeywrench

RNDM discography[edit]

Year Title Label
2012 Acts Monkeywrench
2016 Ghost Riding Monkeywrench

Contributions and collaborations[edit]

Year Group Title Label Track(s)
1993 M.A.C.C. (Mike McCready, Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, and Chris Cornell) Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Reprise/WEA "Hey Baby (Land of the New Rising Sun)"
1995 Neil Young Mirror Ball Reprise All
1997 Tribe After Tribe Pearls Before Swine Bulletproof Some
1998 Clodhopper Red's Recovery Room My Own Planet "Café Joli" and "900 Miles"
2004 Jack Irons Attention Dimension Breaching Whale "Dunes"
King's X Live All Over the Place Brop! Records/Metal Blade "Manic Depression"

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Inductees: Pearl Jam". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 20 December 2016. 
  2. ^ Tribune Staff. "125 Montana Newsmakers: Jeff Ament". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved August 27, 2011. 
  3. ^ "Jeff Ament". Montana Kids. Montana Office of Tourism. Retrieved August 8, 2011. 
  4. ^ Chaney, Rob. "Pearl Jam to play benefit in Missoula". Missoulian. July 14, 2005.
  5. ^ a b Vaziri, Aidin. "Q & A With Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament". San Francisco Chronicle. October 29, 2000.
  6. ^ Weisel, Al. "Jeff Ament of Pearl Jam" Archived March 8, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.. Rolling Stone. August 8, 1996.
  7. ^ "Interview with Jeff Ament, Bassist for Pearl Jam". digital-noise.net. May 25, 2003.
  8. ^ "The Unofficial Pearl Jam FAQ". vitalogy.de.
  9. ^ Heaney, John. "Meet: Jeff Ament: Pearl Jam's Ament Plays for Love of Game". Missoulian. January 6, 2008.
  10. ^ a b c Ho, Jeff. "Interview with Jeff Ament". Juice Magazine. 2006.
  11. ^ a b c Huey, Steve. "Green River". Allmusic. Retrieved on June 13, 2005.
  12. ^ a b Sub Pop Records biography
  13. ^ Azerrad, Michael. Our Band Could Be Your Life. Little Brown and Company, 2001. ISBN 0-316-78753-1, pg. 422
  14. ^ "Pearl Jam Podcast". Rolling Stone.
  15. ^ Nicholls, Justin (April 14, 1991). "KISW 99.9 FM: Seattle, Radio Interview by Damon Stewart in The New Music Hour with Chris Cornell, Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard". Fivehorizons.com. Retrieved 2007-10-03. 
  16. ^ Alden, Grant. "Requiem for a Heavyweight." Guitar World. July 1997
  17. ^ a b Crowe, Cameron (October 28, 1993). "Five Against the World". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-06-23. 
  18. ^ a b Greene, Jo-Ann. "Pearl Jam and the Secret History of Seattle Part 2". Goldmine. August 1993
  19. ^ Peiken, Matt (December 1993). "Dave Abbruzzese of Pearl Jam". Modern Drummer. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2007. 
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  21. ^ "1993 Video Music Awards". MTV.com. Retrieved 2008-08-02. 
  22. ^ a b "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2008-05-06. 
  23. ^ "VH1: 100 Greatest Songs of the '90s". VH1. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
  24. ^ Hajari, Nisid (November 19, 1993). "Pearl's Jam". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  25. ^ a b "Awards Database". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-08-02. 
  26. ^ Pareles, Jon (February 26, 1995). "POP VIEW; Playing Grammy Roulette". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
  27. ^ Ashare, Matt. "The Sweet Smell of (Moderate) Success". CMJ. July 2000.
  28. ^ DeRogatis, Jim. Milk It!: Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the 90's. Cambridge: Da Capo, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81271-1, pg. 58
  29. ^ Van Schagen, Sarah (July 21, 2006). ""Jam Session" – Interview with Stone Gossard". www.grist.org. Retrieved 2008-11-01. 
  30. ^ Strauss, Neil (January 5, 1996). "New Faces in Grammy Nominations". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
  31. ^ a b Weisbard, Eric, et al. "Ten Past Ten". Spin. August 2001.
  32. ^ a b Fischer, Blair R (April 17, 1998). "Off He Goes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 
  33. ^ "41st annual Grammy nominees and winners". CNN.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
  34. ^ Davis, Darren (March 7, 2001). "Pearl Jam Breaks Its Own Chart Record". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-28. 
  35. ^ Moss, Corey. "Pearl Jam DVD Compiles Tour Footage". MTV.com. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
  36. ^ "Golden Globes Nominations & Winners". goldenglobes.org. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
  37. ^ McDonough, Jimmy. "Shakey: Neil Young's Biography", Anchor, 2003. ISBN 0-679-75096-7 [1]
  38. ^ "Jeff Ament: Tone" Archived September 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. pearljam.com.
  39. ^ Cohen, Jonathan. "Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament Preps Solo Debut". Billboard. September 3, 2008.
  40. ^ "Jeff Ament". Internet Movie Database.
  41. ^ Hajari, Nisid. "Northwestern Exposure". Entertainment Weekly. March 5, 1993.
  42. ^ a b Prato, Greg. "Spoonman > Review". Allmusic. Retrieved on August 1, 2008.
  43. ^ (1994) Album notes for Superunknown by Soundgarden, [CD booklet]. New York: A&M Records.
  44. ^ a b Coryat, Karl. "Godfather of the "G" Word". Bass Player Magazine. April 1994.
  45. ^ Hiatt, Brian (June 16, 2006). "The Second Coming of Pearl Jam". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-06-22. 
  46. ^ Lawson, Steve (October 16, 2007). "Doug Pinnick interview from March 1999". Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008. 
  47. ^ Woodhouse, Murphy. "Riding a vision to reality — Success of Mobash skatepark is the triumph of determination over inexperience". Western Montana InBusiness Monthly. October 2007.
  48. ^ Kelley, Steve. "From Malawi to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro". The Seattle Times. August 20, 2004.
  49. ^ Greene, Andy (May 13, 2009). "Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament Injured in Robbery Outside Atlanta Studio". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2009-05-14. 
  50. ^ "Marriages for Monday, Feb. 22". Missoulian. February 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-02-23. 

External links[edit]

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