1.
Omega-class destroyer
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The Omega-class destroyer is a fictional vessel used by Earthforce, the military branch of the Earth Alliance, in the science fiction television series Babylon 5. As with most of the computer generated models seen in the first 3 seasons of Babylon 5, in this instance, Paul Bryant who co-founded the company in 1992 with partner Ron Thornton. The model was referred to as the Aggie in house due to the name of the first ship to appear in the script, the Agamemnon. The original, fully detailed version contained over 250,000 polygons although it was designed so that layers of detail could easily be removed to reduce the polygon count. This was necessary due to the limits of the systems at the time. This stripping down process was only required when a large number of models appeared in an animated sequence and was usually limited to the vessels appearing in the background. Originally the engine section was a complex gimballed affair because when turning a large centrifugal mass the turning thrust axis is not intuitive, for example if the centrifuge is rotating clockwise, to turn the ship to port the thrusters should be pointing down thrusting upwards. I explained this to the guys and they looked at me like I had two heads, I think it was Ronny who said Look, just stick some big engines on the back and walk away. We were under a time crunch as always and thats just what I did. — Paul Bryant, Source, B5Scrolls The final, time saving and less problematic and this design bore similarities to Syd Meads design of the Leonov, a fictional Russian space ship that appeared in the 1984 movie 2010, The Year We Make Contact. These designs have been discussed among scientists for ages, so theres no intention to be close to 2010, — J. Thats why the profile is exactly the same. I was feeling mischievous, so I added this little nod to the design, I thought someone was going to spot it immediately but no, it was years before anybody called me on it. — Paul Bryant, Source, B5Scrolls The Omega was also designed to appear both un-aerodynamic and imposing, Part of this approach was the inclusion of what later became known as the hammer head by some fans of the show. Namely, the cheeks on either side of the forward-facing fighter recovery bay which were inspired by the Smoke deflectors that appeared on some steam locomotives. The original description of the vessel within the script handed to Paul Bryant implied that if one of these appeared in your system you would be in trouble. So part of the idea behind the design of Omega was to make it appear visually imposing, however, a number of these design elements which can be seen on the Lightwave model were never used in any animation sequence in which it appeared. There are two cannons beneath the forward-facing fighter recover bay, the turrets on each forward cheek were just there to get your attention, they were the light weapons. ). The dual Big Ass Cannons under the ships return bay that were supposed to launch gigaton class mines – yes those things were there for a reason, — Paul Bryant, Source, B5Scrolls The 72 red hatches that can be seen along its hull were missile compartments
2.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
3.
Studio City, Los Angeles
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Studio City is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, California, in the San Fernando Valley. It is named after the lot that was established in the area by film producer Mack Sennett in 1927. Originally known as Laurelwood, the area Studio City occupies was part of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. In 1899, however, the area lost most water rights to Los Angeles and therefore subdivision, construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct began in 1908 and water reached the San Fernando Valley in November,1913. Whitley platted the area of present-day Studio City from portions of the town of Lankershim as well as the eastern part of the new acquisition. In 1927, Mack Sennett began building a new studio on 20 acres donated by the land developer, the area around the studio was named Studio City. In 1955, Studio Citys Station 78 became the first racially integrated station in the Los Angeles City Fire Department, in 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 37,201. In 2000, the age for residents,38, was considered old for city and county neighborhoods. The neighborhood was considered not especially diverse ethnically, with a percent of White residents. The breakdown was whites, 78%, Latinos,8. 7%, Asians,5. 4%, blacks,3. 7%, and others,4. 1%. Iran and the United Kingdom were the most common places of birth for the 21. 1% of the residents who were born abroad—a low percentage for Los Angeles, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $75,657, considered high for the city. The percent of households earning $125,000 and up was high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of 1.9 people was low when compared to the rest of the city and the county. Renters occupied 55. 9% of the stock and house- or apartment-owners held 44. 1%. In 2000, there were 837 families headed by single parents, there were 2,591 veterans,8. 8% of the population, a high figure for the city. The percentages of residents with a masters degree was also high for the county. Schools within the Studio City boundaries are, Harvard-Westlake School, private, the Studio City Recreation Center is in Studio City. Moorpark Park, a pocket park in Studio City, has a childrens play area. Woodbridge Park on the border of Studio City has a children
4.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Americans
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Americans are citizens of the United States of America. The country is home to people of different national origins. As a result, Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity. See Names for United States citizens. S, virgin Islands and Northern Mariana Islands in the 20th century. It also includes influences of African-American culture, westward expansion integrated the Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest and brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Southern and Eastern Europe introduced a variety of elements, immigration from Asia, Africa, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics, in addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, the United States of America is a diverse country, racially, and ethnically. Some other race is also an option in the census and other surveys, people of European descent, or White Americans, constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72. 4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census. They are considered people who trace their ancestry to the peoples of Europe, the Middle East. Of those reporting to be White American,7,487,133 reported to be Multiracial, with largest combination being white, additionally, there are 29,184,290 White Hispanics or Latinos. Non-Hispanic Whites are the majority in 46 states, there are four minority-majority states, California, Texas, New Mexico, and Hawaii. In addition, the District of Columbia has a non-white majority, the state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine. The largest continental ancestral group of Americans are that of Europeans who have origins in any of the peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European diaspora, the Spanish were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the Thirteen Colonies to English parents. 8% of the total population, Hispanic or Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group after non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, hispanic/Latino Americans are very racially diverse, and as a result form an ethnic category, rather than a race
6.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
7.
Byte (magazine)
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Byte magazine was an American microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage. Coverage was in-depth with much detail, rather than user-oriented. Print publication ceased in 1998 and online publication in 2013, Byte started in 1975, shortly after the first personal computers appeared as kits advertised in the back of electronics magazines. Byte was published monthly, with a yearly subscription price of $10. In 1975 Wayne Green was the editor and publisher of 73 and his ex-wife, on May 25th we made a deal with the publisher of a small computer hobby magazine to take over as editor of a new publication which would start in August. Carl Helmers published a series of six articles in 1974 that detailed the design and construction of his Experimenters Computer System, in January 1975 this became the monthly ECS magazine with 400 subscribers. The last issue was published on May 12,1975 and in June the subscribers were mailed a notice announcing Byte magazine, carl wrote to another hobbyist newsletter, Micro-8 Computer User Group Newsletter, and described his new job as editor of Byte magazine. I got a note in the mail about two weeks ago from Wayne Green, publisher of 73 Magazine essentially saying hello and why dont you come up, the net result of a follow up is the decision to create BYTE magazine using the facilities of Green Publishing Inc. I will end up with the focus for the magazine. Virginia Londner Green had returned to 73 in the December 1974 issue, the first five issues of Byte were published by Green Publishing and the name was changed to Byte Publications starting with the February 1976 issue. Carl Helmers was a co-owner of Byte Publications, the first four issues were produced in the offices of 73 and Wayne Green was listed as the publisher. One day in November 1975 Wayne came to work and found that the Byte magazine staff had moved out, the February 1976 issue of Byte has a short story about the move. After a start which reads like a light opera with an episode or two reminiscent of the Keystone Cops, Byte magazine finally has moved into separate offices of its own. Wayne Green was not happy about losing Byte magazine so he was going to start a new one called Kilobyte, Byte quickly trademarked KILOBYTE as a cartoon series in Byte magazine. The new magazine was called Kilobaud, there was competition and animosity between Byte Publications and 73 Inc. but both remained in the small town of Peterborough, New Hampshire. Byte was able to attract advertising and articles from many well-knowns, soon-to-be-well-knowns, articles in the first issue included Which Microprocessor For You. by Hal Chamberlin, Write Your Own Assembler by Dan Fylstra and Serial Interface by Don Lancaster. Advertisements from Godbout, MITS, Processor Technology, SCELBI, and Sphere appear, early articles in Byte were do-it-yourself electronic or software projects to improve small computers. A continuing feature was Ciarcias Circuit Cellar, a column in which electronic engineer Steve Ciarcia described small projects to modify or attach to a computer, Byte ran Microsofts first advertisement, as Micro-Soft, to sell a BASIC interpreter for 8080-based computers
8.
John C. Dvorak
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John Charles Dvorak is an American columnist and broadcaster in the areas of technology and computing. His writing extends back to the 1980s, when he was a regular columnist in a variety of magazines, Dvorak is also the vice president of Mevio and has been a host on TechTV and TWiT. tv. He is currently a co-host of the No Agenda podcast, John Charles Dvorak was born in 1952 in Los Angeles, California. The nephew of sociologist and creator of the Dvorak keyboard, August Dvorak, he graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a degree in history, Dvorak started his career as a wine writer. He has written for publications, including InfoWorld, PC Magazine, MarketWatch, BUG Magazine. Dvorak has been a columnist for Boardwatch, Forbes, Forbes. com, MacUser, MicroTimes, PC/Computing, Barrons Magazine, Smart Business, and The Vancouver Sun. He has written for the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, MacMania Networks, International Herald Tribune, San Francisco Examiner, on episode 524 of the No Agenda Podcast Dvorak mentioned that MarketWatch had gotten rid of him after Adam Curry made a suggestion for his next column. Dvorak did not give any further details, Dvorak created a few tech running jokes, in episode 18 of TWiT he claimed that, thanks to his hosting provider, he gets no spam. The Book with co-authors Wendy Taylor and Chris Pirillo and his latest e-book is Inside Track 2013 and he was the creator and lead judge of the Dvorak Awards. In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology and he has been bestowed the title of Kentucky Colonel, the highest title of honor awarded by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. In July,2016, along with co-host Adam Curry, their No Agenda Show won the Podcast Award for Best Podcast in the category News & Politics, Dvorak was on the start-up team for CNET Networks, appearing on the television show CNET Central. He also hosted a show called Real Computing and later Technically Speaking on NPR. Dvorak was once banned from the show, as of December 2005, that TWiTcast regularly ranks among the top 5 at Apples iTunes Music Store. Dvorak also participated in the only Triangulation podcast, a similar co-hosted technology discussion program, in March 2006, Dvorak started a new show called CrankyGeeks in which he led a rotating panel of cranky tech gurus in discussions of technology news stories of the week. The last episode aired on September 22,2010, Mevio hired Dvorak as Vice President & Managing Editor for a new Mevio TECH channel in 2007. He manages content from existing Mevio tech programming and he also hosted the show, Tech5, where Dvorak discussed the days tech news in approximately 5 minutes. The show has been out of production since late 2010, Dvorak also co-hosts a podcast with Mevio co-founder Adam Curry called No Agenda. Curry usually has more outlandish opinions of the news or world events while Dvorak is intended to play the straight man in the dialogue
9.
Ted Rall
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Frederick Theodore Ted Rall III is an American columnist, syndicated editorial cartoonist, and author. His political cartoons appear in a multi-panel comic-strip format and frequently blend comic-strip. The cartoons appear in approximately 100 newspapers around the United States and he was President of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists from 2008 to 2009. He writes and draws cartoons for the website anewdomain. net and is the editor-in-chief of the news website skewednews. net. He is a graphic novelist and the author of non-fiction books about domestic. He also travels to and writes about Central Asia, a region he believes to be pivotal to U. S. foreign policy concerns, in November 2001 he went to Afghanistan as a war correspondent for The Village Voice and KFI Radio in Los Angeles. He returned to Afghanistan in August 2010, traveling independently and unembedded throughout the country, frederick Theodore Rall III was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1963, and raised in Kettering, Ohio, near Dayton. He graduated from Fairmont West High School, in 1981, Rall says his drawing style was originally influenced by Mike Peters, the editorial cartoonist at his hometown paper, the Dayton Daily News. Later influences included Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau, Charles Schulz, Ralls 1990s work focused on the issues and concerns surrounding twentysomethings and Generation X, terms coined in the late 1980s to describe people born in the 1960s. While living in San Francisco Rall met Dave Eggers, who hired him as an editor and writer for Might magazine. Among other essays, Rall authored two seminal essays for Might, Confessions of an Investment Banker and College is for Suckers. He wrote op/ed columns for The New York Times, including Why I Will Not Vote, Ralls cartoons have been handled by San Francisco Chronicle Features, no longer in business, and — since 1996 — by Universal Press Syndicate. Ralls cartoons have appeared regularly in Rolling Stone, Time, Fortune and Mens Health magazines and he has also written and drawn for Mad magazine. O. V. Published his adventures as Silk Road to Ruin, a title he used for his 2006 collection of essays, Rall returned to the region for POV in 1999 to travel the Karakoram Highway from Kashgar, in western China, to Islamabad. S. State Department-sponsored visit to Turkmenistan, where he met with Turkmen college students and dissidents to explain the nature of press in a democracy. He returned to Tajikistan, Xinjiang Province in western China and Pakistan during the summer of 2007, the Attitude, The New Subversive Cartoonists series of books is a series of anthologies of alternative comics edited by Rall. Attitude 2, The New Subversive Alternative Cartoonists followed in 2004, each volume contains interviews with, cartoons by and personal ephemera related to 21 different cartoon creators. The first and second volumes emphasized political and humor cartoons, the third volume exclusively features web cartoonists, Rall also edited three cartoons collections by Andy Singer, Neil Swaab, and Stephanie McMillan under the name Attitude Presents
10.
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
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Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA is a nonprofit 5013 organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. While SFWA is based in the United States, its membership is open to writers worldwide, the organization was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. The president of SFWA as of 2015 is Cat Rambo, SFWA has about 1,900 professionally published writer members worldwide. SFWA members vote for the Nebula Awards, one of the principal English-language science fiction awards, SFWA informs, supports, promotes, defends and advocates for its members. Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. was founded in 1965 by a group of associated with the Milford Conference. According to Todd McCaffrey, the organization immediately acquired great status in its efforts to help J. R. R, tolkien get fair recompense in America for pirated sales of The Lord of the Rings. Later, the name of the organization was changed to Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and her withdrawal was sent after voting had been completed. When informed she had won, she contacted SFWA and told them she refused to accept it and she was told that her reasons for doing so would be announced. Her publisher accepted the award in her place, apparently with no knowledge of her withdrawal, in September 2009, SFWA joined the Open Book Alliance to oppose the Google Book Settlement. As a party to the class action suit, SFWA had recently explained its reservations about the settlement, in 2013, the SFWA Bulletin was the subject of a controversy about sexism. This led to a hiatus, followed by a reboot of the magazine in a modern. In 2014, the original Massachusetts corporation was dissolved and SFWA reincorporated as a California nonprofit 5013 organization with new bylaws, SFWA holds a semi-annual business meeting at the World Science Fiction Convention when its held in North America, and at the North American Science Fiction Convention otherwise. Other Nebula Awards Weekend events include a semi-annual SFWA business meeting and a mass autographing session for member authors, Nebula Awards Weekend is held in a different location every two years. Over the years, the reception has gone by names, including Authors and Editors, Mill and Swill. The SFWA Reading Series, A series of free events during which SFWA authors read or discuss their fiction with members of local communities. Currently held in Seattle, WA and Portland, OR, SFWA sponsors Writer Beware, whose mission is to track, expose, and raise awareness of the prevalence of fraud and other questionable activities in and around the publishing industry. Writer Beware receives additional support from the Mystery Writers of America, Writer Beware staff assist law enforcement agencies with investigations of literary fraud, and have been instrumental in the convictions of several literary scammers. Greifcom, or the Grievance Committee, is formed of volunteers who undertake to mediate writer disputes and grievances between member writers and their publishers
11.
Word processor
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A word processor is an electronic device or computer software application, that performs the task of composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents. Later models introduced innovations such as spell-checking programs, and improved formatting options, as of 2009 there were only two U. S. companies, Classic and AlphaSmart, which still made them. Many older machines, however, remain in use, since 2009, Sentinel has offered a machine described as a word processor, but it is more accurately a highly specialised microcomputer used for accounting and publishing. Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce a combination of images, graphics and text, the latter handled with type-setting capability. In its simplest form, a processor is like an Expensive Typewriter or Typewriter machine, with the improvement of being able to proofread. Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processing software according to a tracking system built into the software. Microsoft estimates that half a billion people use the Microsoft Office suite. Many other word processing applications exist, including WordPerfect and open source applications OpenOffice. org Writer, LibreOffice Writer, AbiWord, KWord, web-based word processors, such as Office Online or Google Docs are a relatively new category. Word processors evolved dramatically once they became software programs rather than dedicated machines and they can usefully be distinguished from text editors, the category of software they evolved from. A text editor is a program that is used for typing, copying, pasting, text editors do not format lines or pages. Text editors are now used mainly by programmers, website designers, computer system administrators and they are also useful when fast startup times, small file sizes, editing speed, and simplicity of operation are valued, and when formatting is unimportant. Due to their use in managing complex software projects, text editors can sometimes provide better facilities for managing large writing projects than a word processor. Word processing added to the editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines, to format documents into pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by purchase of independent providers of add-on programs, spell checking, grammar checking and mail merge were some of the most popular add-ons for early word processors. Word processors are capable of hyphenation, and the management. More advanced features found in recent word processors include, Collaborative editing, allowing users to work on the same document. Management, editing, and positioning of visual material, and sometimes sound files, automatically managed cross-references to pages or notes. Version control of a document, permitting reconstruction of its evolution, styles, which automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on
12.
Personal computer
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A personal computer is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by a end-user, rather than by an expert or technician. In the 2010s, PCs are typically connected to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web, personal computers may be connected to a local area network, either by a cable or a wireless connection. In the 2010s, a PC may be, a multi-component desktop computer, designed for use in a location a laptop computer, designed for easy portability or a tablet computer. In the 2010s, PCs run using a system, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux. The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel, required hand-loading of a program to load programs from external storage. Before long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal, in the 2010s, users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free software and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run or ready-to-compile form. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the computer market, first with MS-DOS. Alternatives to Microsofts Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry and these include Apples OS X and free open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution. Advanced Micro Devices provides the alternative to Intels processors. PC is an initialism for personal computer, some PCs, including the OLPC XOs, are equipped with x86 or x64 processors but not designed to run Microsoft Windows. PC is used in contrast with Mac, an Apple Macintosh computer and this sense of the word is used in the Get a Mac advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, Im a PC campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since Apples transition to Intel processors starting 2005, all Macintosh computers are now PCs, the “brain” may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far, in the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers. Using the narrow definition of operated by one person, the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 and it did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and it came with a retail price of $47, 000—equivalent to about $414,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a programmable calculator described in advertisements as a desktop computer. It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, the Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov
13.
Caddo Parish, Louisiana
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Caddo Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 254,969, Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1838, Caddo Parish was carved from Natchitoches Parish, the legislature named it for the indigenous Caddo Indians, as county seat, Shreveport is the site of the parish courthouse. Caddo Parish comprises the 1st Judicial District, located downtown on Texas Street, the courthouse contains both civil and criminal courts. The current elected judges are, Ramon Lafitte, Craig O. Marcotte, Michael A. Pitman, Karelia R. Stewart, Robert P. Waddell, Erin Leigh W. Garrett, Katherine C. Dorroh, John Mosely, Jr. Brady OCallaghan, Ramona Emanuel, the Clerk of Court is Mike Spence. In April 2015, The New Yorker published an article about the prosecution of Rodricus Crawford, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 937 square miles, of which 978 square miles is land and 58 square miles is water. According to 2012 U. S. Census Bureau estimates, Caddo Parish population was 257,093, the population density was 286 people per square mile. There were 108,296 housing units at a density of 123 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 1% White,40. 0% Black or African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 82% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. 5. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino,28. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.11. In the parish the population was out with 26. 80% under the age of 18,10. 20% from 18 to 24,27. 40% from 25 to 44,22. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.90 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $31,467, and the median income for a family was $38,872. Males had an income of $31,664 versus $22,074 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $17,839, about 17. 10% of families and 21. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 80% of those under age 18 and 16. 10% of those age 65 or over. Although Republican John McCain carried the state of Louisiana overall, he did not carry Caddo Parish in the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama won 51% of the vote and 55,536 votes
14.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
15.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
16.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
17.
University of Washington
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The University of Washington, commonly referred to as simply Washington, UW, or informally U-Dub, is a public flagship research university in Seattle, Washington, United States. Founded in 1861, Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast, the university has three campuses, the oldest and largest in the University District of Seattle and two others in Tacoma and Bothell. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked among the top 15 universities in the world by a variety of international publications. In athletics, the university competes in the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference and its athletic teams are called the Huskies. Seattle was one of several settlements in the mid to late 19th century vying for primacy in the new Washington Territory, in 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in Washington. Several prominent Seattle-area residents, chief among them Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley and they convinced early founder of Seattle and member of the territorial legislature Arthur A. Denny of the importance of Seattle winning the school. When no site emerged, the legislature, encouraged by Denny, in 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres site in Seattle to serve as the campus for a new university. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, and fellow pioneers Edward Lander and Charlie and this tract was bounded by 4th and 6th Avenues on the west and east and Union and Seneca Streets on the north and south. UW opened on November 4,1861, as the Territorial University of Washington, the following year, the legislature passed articles incorporating the University and establishing a Board of Regents. The school struggled initially, closing three times, in 1863 for lack of students, and again in 1867 and 1876 due to shortage of funds. However, Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt became the first graduate of UW in 1876 when she graduated from UW with a degree in science. By the time Washington entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the University had grown substantially, enrollment increased from 30 students to nearly 300, and the relative isolation of the campus had given way to encroaching development. A special legislative committee headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany was created to find a new campus able to serve the growing student population. The committee selected a site on Union Bay northeast of downtown, the university relocated from downtown to the new campus in 1895, moving into the newly built Denny Hall. The regents tried and failed to sell the old campus, the University still owns what is now called the Metropolitan Tract. In the heart of the city, it is among the most valuable pieces of estate in Seattle. The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908 and its former site houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel. The sole surviving remnants of UWs first building are four 24-foot, white, hand-fluted cedar and they were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany—one of the Universitys first graduates and the former head of the history department
18.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years
19.
Psychology
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is a discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind, Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Psychology has been described as a hub science, with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society, the majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, the Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. In 1890, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life and this definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Also since James defined it, the more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes, in China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation and it frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. Chinese scholarship focused on the advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi, Liu Zhi. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, a central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal
20.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
21.
Sam Yorty
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Samuel William Sam Yorty was a politician from Los Angeles, California. The family moved to Southern California when Yorty completed high school. He retained his Midwestern inflection and was known for pronouncing the name as “Los Ang-gah-leez. ”Yorty enrolled at Southwestern University and later the University of California at Los Angeles. He was admitted to the bar in 1939, Yorty advocated state ownership of public utilities and strong labor unions, showing a liberal approach to politics. That support haunted Yorty in 1938, when he was branded a Communist by Folsom Prison inmate Arthur Kent during testimony before the California Un-American Activities Committee. Kent, who claimed to have been a local membership chairman of the Communist Party, proved to be untrustworthy and that episode, plus the refusal of the local Communist Party to endorse him for mayor of Los Angeles that year, began a shift of Yorty’s political beliefs. Losing a 1940 bid for U. S and he resumed his Assembly seat after his discharge. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1950 and was reelected in 1952, but again lost his race for the U. S. Senate in 1954. In that special election for the two remaining of the term of Richard M. Nixon, Yorty received 1,788,071 votes to Senator Thomas H. Kuchels 2,090,831. Kuchel, a liberal Republican, had appointed to the seat in 1953 by then Governor Earl Warren when Nixon became vice president. In 1960, Yorty endorsed fellow Californian Richard Nixon over fellow Democrat Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy for president and this angered many in the Democratic Party. The bitter campaign was marked by Poulson’s claim that Yorty was backed by members of organized crime, Yorty prevailed, however, running as a populist. He was an advocate of expanding the freeway network. Perhaps his most popular promise, however, was to end residents’ sorting of wet and dry garbage, dry garbage was burned in backyard incinerators. After that, there were three collections, wet garbage, bottles and cans, and dry trash and garbage, all independent of each other and he made good on his waste management and highway promises, and oversaw the emergence of Los Angeles as a major city. He was a backer of the Los Angeles Music Center, business districts such as Little Tokyo and he also made frequent appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, which boosted his popularity. At the same time, he was a passionate anti-Communist, a critic of the Civil Rights Movement, in 1965, Yorty was reelected over Democratic Congressman James Roosevelt, son of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Yorty spent less than half that amount, Roosevelt called Yorty a stooge of Democrat Jesse Unruh, the controversial California Assembly Speaker
22.
Russell Kirk
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Russell Amos Kirk was an American political theorist, moralist, historian, social critic, literary critic, and fiction author known for his influence on 20th century American conservatism. His 1953 book, The Conservative Mind, gave shape to the amorphous post-World War II conservative movement and it traced the development of conservative thought in the Anglo-American tradition, giving special importance to the ideas of Edmund Burke. Kirk was also considered the proponent of traditionalist conservatism. Russell Kirk was born in Plymouth, Michigan and he was the son of Russell Andrew Kirk, a railroad engineer, and Marjorie Pierce Kirk. Kirk obtained his BA at Michigan State University and a M. A. at Duke University, during World War II, he served in the American armed forces and corresponded with a libertarian writer, Isabel Paterson, who helped to shape his early political thought. After reading Albert Jay Nocks book, Our Enemy, the State, after the war, he attended the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. In 1953, he became the only American to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters by that university, upon completing his studies, Kirk took up an academic position at his alma mater, Michigan State. Thereafter he referred to Michigan State as Cow College or Behemoth University and he later wrote that academic political scientists and sociologists were as a breed—dull dogs. Late in life, he taught one semester a year at Hillsdale College, Kirk frequently published in two American conservative journals he helped found, National Review in 1955 and Modern Age in 1957. He was the editor of the latter, 1957–59. Later he was made a Distinguished Fellow of the Heritage Foundation, in 1963, Kirk converted to Catholicism and married Annette Courtemanche, they had four daughters. She and Kirk became known for their hospitality, welcoming many political, philosophical, and literary figures in their Mecosta house, and giving shelter to refugees, hoboes. Their home became the site of a sort of seminar on conservative thought for university students, piety Hill now houses the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal. After his conversion to Catholicism Kirk was a board member of Una Voce America. Kirk declined to drive, calling cars mechanical Jacobins, and would have nothing to do with television, Kirk did not always maintain a stereotypically conservative voting record. Faced with the non-choice between Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Thomas Dewey in 1944, Kirk said no to empire and voted for Norman Thomas, in the 1976 presidential election, he voted for Eugene McCarthy. In 1992 he supported Pat Buchanans primary challenge to incumbent George H. W. Bush, Kirk was a contributor to Chronicles. In 1989, he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Ronald Reagan, the Conservative Mind, From Burke to Santayana, the published version of Kirks doctoral dissertation, contributed materially to the 20th century Burke revival
23.
United States Military Academy
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
24.
United States Air Force Academy
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The United States Air Force Academy, is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force. Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado, the Academys stated mission is to educate, train, and inspire men and women to become leaders of character, motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation. It is the youngest of the five U. S. service academies, Graduates of the Academys four-year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree, and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U. S. Air Force. The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado, admission is extremely competitive, with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts. Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets, historically, tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force. Cadets receive a stipend, but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation. All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics, and a character development. Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills, prior to the Academys establishment, air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades. As early as 1918, Lieutenant Colonel A. J, hanlon wrote, As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy, so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service. No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country, proper conception of duty, and highest regard for honor. Mitchells arguments did not gain traction with legislators, and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape. Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947 and this was only intended to be a short term fix, however, and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal. Following the recommendation of the Board, Congress passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy, the legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school. Among the panel members were Charles Lindbergh, General Carl Spaatz, and Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon, the original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three, Alton, Illinois, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and the ultimate site at Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Secretary of the Air Force, Harold E. Talbott, meanwhile, Air Training Command began developing a detailed curriculum for the Academy program. The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing a curriculum, faculty. While at Lowry, they were housed in renovated World War II barracks, there were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets, so the Air Force appointed a cadre of Air Training Officers to conduct training. The ATOs were junior officers, many of whom were graduates of West Point, Annapolis and they acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years
25.
National War College
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The National War College of the United States is a school in the National Defense University. It is housed in Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, the National War College was officially established on July 1,1946, as an upgraded replacement for the Army-Navy Staff College, which operated from June 1943 to July 1946. The college was one of James Forrestals favorite causes and its graduates will exercise a great influence on the formulation of national and foreign policy in both peace and war. Mid-level and senior officers who are likely to be promoted to the most senior ranks are selected to study at the War College in preparation for higher staff. About 75 percent of the student body is composed of equal representation from the land, air, the remaining 25 percent are drawn from the Department of State and other federal departments and agencies. In addition, international fellows from a number of countries join the student body, the curriculum is based upon critical analysis of strategic problem solving with emphasis on strategic leadership. Starting with the 2014–2015 academic year, the curriculum will be based upon a standard throughout National Defense University. All lectures at the National War College are conducted under a strict no quotation nor attribution policy which has facilitated discussion on some of the most difficult issues of the day. Graduates of the National War College include numerous current and former officers, general officers. Notable graduates include former U. S. Secretary of State and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, U. S. Jones, former U. S Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki, former U. S. Roosevelt Hall is a Beaux Arts–style building housing the NWC since its inception in 1946, designed by the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead and White, it is now designated a National Historical Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
26.
Boeing
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The Boeing Company is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, and satellites worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services, Boeing stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The Boeing Companys corporate headquarters are located in Chicago and the company is led by President, Boeing is organized into five primary divisions, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Engineering, Operations & Technology, Boeing Capital, and Boeing Shared Services Group. Boeing bought Heaths shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15,1916, Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware, the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19,1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in the timber industry and this knowledge proved invaluable in his subsequent design and assembly of airplanes. The company stayed in Seattle to take advantage of the supply of spruce wood. William Boeing founded his company a few months after the June 15 maiden flight of one of the two B&W seaplanes built with the assistance of George Conrad Westervelt, a U. S. Navy engineer. Boeing and Westervelt decided to build the B&W seaplane after having flown in a Curtiss aircraft, Boeing bought a Glenn Martin Flying Birdcage seaplane and was taught to fly by Glenn Martin himself. Boeing soon crashed the Birdcage and when Martin informed Boeing that replacement parts would not become available for months, Westervelt agreed to build a better airplane and soon produced the B&W Seaplane. This first Boeing airplane was assembled in a hangar located on the northeast shore of Seattles Lake Union. Many of Boeings early planes were seaplanes, on April 6,1917, the U. S. declared War on Germany and later in the year entered World War I. On May 9,1917, the became the Boeing Airplane Company. With the U. S. entering the war, Boeing knew that the U. S. Navy needed seaplanes for training, so Boeing shipped two new Model Cs to Pensacola, Florida, where the planes were flown for the Navy. The Navy liked the Model C and ordered 50 more, the company moved its operations to a larger former shipbuilding facility known as Boeing Plant 1, located on the lower Duwamish River, Washington state. Others, including Boeing, started selling other products, Boeing built dressers, counters, and furniture, along with flat-bottom boats called Sea Sleds. In 1919 the Boeing B-1, flying boat made its first flight and it accommodated one pilot and two passengers and some mail. Over the course of eight years, it made international airmail flights from Seattle to Victoria, on May 24,1920, the Boeing Model 8 made its first flight
27.
The Aerospace Corporation
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The Aerospace Corporation is a California nonprofit corporation that operates a Federally Funded Research and Development Center headquartered in El Segundo, California. The corporation provides technical guidance and advice on all aspects of missions to military, civil. Although SMC and NRO are the customers, Aerospace also performs work for civil agencies as well as international organizations. On July 1,1954, the Western Development Division of the United States Air Force was established, WDD was responsible for the development of the intercontinental ballistic missile. The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation was identified as the organization responsible for systems engineering for the ICBM program. Their Space Technology Laboratories was responsible for all missile tasks, despite early successes, there was criticism from both government and industry on the role RW played as systems engineer, in particular that RW held a privileged position with the Air Force. In 1958 RW merged with Thompson Products to become TRW and the Space Technology Laboratories became an independent subsidiary of TRW, in September 1959, United States Congress issued House Report 1121 which recommended that STL be converted into a non-profit institution. On June 3,1960 Aerospace was established under the laws of the State of California as a nonprofit corporation, among the earliest projects it supported were the Dyna-Soar orbital spaceplane, Project Mercury, and the man-rating of the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile. The Aerospace Corporation provided general engineering and technical direction for the Titan II missile, first tested in 1962. During the 1970s, Aerospace began performing advance space program analysis and program studies for NASAs development of the Space Transportation System, Aerospace also began tests on airborne UHF terminals for the Air Force Satellite Communications System, AFSATCOM. In the mid-70s Aerospace assumed general systems engineering and integration responsibility for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, beginning in 1973, a program office was established to assist the Air Force in the creation of the Global Positioning System. In recognition of their GPS collaboration, Aerospace shared the 1992 Robert J, throughout the 1980s, Aerospace supported the Inertial Upper Stage, the Strategic Defense Initiative, the Milstar and DSCS satellite communication systems, and antisatellite programs. They provided planning, design, and evaluation for the Air Force Satellite Control Network, during this same time period, the company also provided systems engineering and integration for launch vehicles, including the Atlas, Titan II, Titan IV, and Delta II. In the 1990s, Aerospace participated in the planning and development of requirements for the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle program. They continued to launch vehicle systems engineering for the Atlas II, Delta III. Satellite program support included Wideband Gapfiller, Space Based Laser, the Ultrahigh-Frequency Follow-On program, Aerospace has been involved in the analysis of concept designs for the Space Tracking and Surveillance System. Aerospace plays an role in the development of the Advanced Extremely High Frequency program that will replace the Milstar system. Another system that Aerospace was supporting is the Transformational Satellite Communications System MILSATCOM architecture to link military, however, it was cancelled per the recommendations of Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates due to DoD budgetary constraints
28.
Daniel O. Graham
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Daniel O. Graham was a U. S. Army officer. Graham was born in Portland, Oregon and grew up in Medford and he attended college at the United States Military Academy at West Point, the armys Command and General Staff College, and graduated in 1946. He also attended the U. S. Army War College, from 1963-1966, Graham worked for the CIA in the Office of National Estimates. During the Vietnam war from 1967-1968 he was chief of the military intelligence estimates. Graham served again in the Office of National Estimates during 1968-1971, during 1973-1974 Graham served as deputy director of the CIA under Director William Colby and from 1974-1976 he was the director of the DIA. Ronald Reagan called upon General Graham to be his advisor for his 1976 and 1980 campaigns. General Graham is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame, in later years, Graham devoted a lot of time to the research and development of Single-Stage To Orbit spacecraft in conjunction with NASA. McDonnell Douglas was awarded a contract to build an SSTO test vehicle on August 16,1991, the name honored the firms successful Thor/Delta rocket and recalled the famous 19th-century commercial clipper ships. The McDonnell Douglas SSTO team saw the Delta Clipper as opening the trade routes in the same way that the Yankee Clipper ships opened the sea trade routes. The needs of the commercial launch industry thus were integral to the thinking of the McDonnell Douglas DC-X team, General Graham envisioned the DC-X as the perfect inexpensive launch and delivery vehicle for his proposed Brilliant Pebbles space-based ballistic missile defense shield. The first test launch of the DC-X was on August 18,1993, the test flight verified flight control systems and vertical landing capabilities and was deemed a success after reaching a 46 m altitude in a 59-second flight. The second flight on 1993 September 11,1993 tested ascent and landing mode control and ground effects survey, the third test flight on September 30,1993 demonstrated 180 degree roll and provided aerostability data while reaching 370 m during 57 second flight. Unfortunately, this marked the last test of first series as the vehicle was mothballed when SDIO funding ran out, on June 20,1994, the DC-X rose once again for the first flight of second series after additional SDIO funding was received. Operating with a full propellent load, the flight tested the radar altimeter in control loop, demonstrating an unplanned event on June 27,1994, the DC-X became the first unmanned vehicle to save itself when an in-flight abort occurred after a gaseous hydrogen explosion. The vehicle demonstrated autoland its capabilities after reaching an altitude of 790 meters during a 78-second flight. After repairs were made, the DC-X continued expansion of the envelope on May 16,1995. Graham was elated and continued to work closely with the program, Graham would not live to see the full glory of the DC-X program. On Friday, June 7,1996 at White Sands, New Mexico and it flew to a height of 485 meters and then moved horizontally 105 meters before safely landing
29.
Dan Quayle
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James Danforth Dan Quayle is an American politician. He was the 44th Vice President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush, Senator from the state of Indiana. A native of Indianapolis, Indiana, Quayle spent most of his living in Paradise Valley, Arizona. He married Marilyn Tucker in 1972 and obtained his J. D. from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law in 1974. He practiced law in Huntington, Indiana, with his wife before his election to the United States House of Representatives in 1976, in 1980 Quayle won election to the Senate. In 1988, Vice President George H. W. Bush, the Bush/Quayle ticket won the 1988 election over Democrats Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council and he secured re-nomination for vice-president in 1992, but Democrat Bill Clinton and his vice presidential running mate, Al Gore, defeated the Bush/Quayle ticket. In 1994, Quayle published his memoir entitled Standing Firm but declined to run for office in this time period because he was suffering from phlebitis. He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000, but withdrew, in 2016, he endorsed Donald Trump for president. Quayle and his wife reside in Paradise Valley, Arizona, Quayle is currently the chairman of global investments at Cerberus Capital Management. Quayle was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to Martha Corinne and he has sometimes been incorrectly referred to as James Danforth Quayle III. In his memoirs, he points out that his name was simply James Danforth Quayle. The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born, pulliam, was a wealthy and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc. owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as The Arizona Republic and The Indianapolis Star. James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run a branch of the publishing empire. Quayle reported his net worth in 1988 as $1.2 million, after spending much of his youth in Arizona, Quayle returned to his native Indiana and graduated from Huntington High School in Huntington, in 1965. After receiving his degree, Quayle joined the Indiana Army National Guard and served from 1969–1975, while serving in the Guard, he earned a Juris Doctor degree in 1974 at the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law. He met his wife, Marilyn, who was taking night classes at the same law school at the time. Quayle became an investigator for the Consumer Protection Division of the Office of the Indiana Attorney General in July 1971, later that year, he became an administrative assistant to Governor Edgar Whitcomb
30.
McDonnell Douglas DC-X
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Starting 1994 until 1995, testing continued through funding of the US civil space agency NASA. In 1996, the DC-X technology was transferred to NASA. According to writer Jerry Pournelle, DC-X was conceived in my room and sold to National Space Council Chairman Dan Quayle by General Graham, Max Hunter. According to Max Hunter, however, he had tried hard to convince Lockheed-Martin of the value for several years before he retired. On February 15,1989, Pournelle, Graham and Hunter were able to procure a meeting with Vice-President Dan Quayle, as experience was gained with the vehicle, a larger prototype would be built for sub-orbital and orbital tests. Finally a commercially acceptable vehicle would be developed from these prototypes, in keeping with general aircraft terminology, they proposed the small prototype should be called the DC-X, X for experimental. This would be followed by the DC-Y, Y referring to pre-run prototypes of otherwise service-ready aircraft, finally the production version would be known as the DC-1. The name Delta Clipper was chosen deliberately to result in the DC acronym, an homage to the famous Douglas DC-3 aircraft, which many credit for making passenger air travel affordable. Built as a 1/3rd scale prototype, the DC-X was never designed to achieve orbital altitudes or velocity, the vertical take off and landing concept was popular in science fiction films from the 1950s, but not seen in real world designs of Earth-bound vehicles. It would take off vertically like standard rockets, but also land vertically with the nose up, the craft could be refueled where it landed, and take off again from exactly the same position — a trait that allowed unprecedented turnaround times. In theory a base-first re-entry profile would be easier to arrange, the base of the craft would already need some level of heat protection to survive the engine exhaust, so adding more protection would be easy enough. More importantly, the base of the craft is much larger than the nose area, finally, this profile would not require the spacecraft to flip around for landing. The military role made this infeasible, however, one desired safety requirement for any spacecraft is the ability to abort once around, that is, to return for a landing after a single orbit. In order to back at the launch site, the craft needs to have considerable cross-range maneuverability. The Delta Clipper design thus used a nose-first re-entry with flat sides on the fuselage and large control flaps to provide the needed cross range capability, experiments with the control of such a re-entry profile had never been tried, and were a major focus of the project. Another focus of the DC-X project was minimized maintenance and ground support, to this end, the craft was highly automated and required only three people to man its control center. In some ways the DC-X project was less about technology research than operations, construction of the DC-X started in 1991 at McDonnell Douglas Huntington Beach facility. The aeroshell was custom-constructed by Scaled Composites, but the majority of the spacecraft was built from commercial off-the-shelf parts, including the engines, the DC-X first flew, for 59 seconds, on 18 August 1993
31.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
32.
Military simulation
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Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. Many professional analysts object to the term wargames as this is taken to be referring to the civilian hobby. Simulations exist in different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, the scope of simulations has widened to include not only military but also political and social factors, whilst many governments make use of simulation, both individually and collaboratively, little is known about it outside professional circles. Yet modelling is often the means by which governments test and refine their military, as a general scientific principle, the most reliable data comes from actual observation and the most reliable theories depend on it. This also holds true in military analysis, where analysts look towards live field-exercises and trials as providing data likely to be realistic, full-scale military exercises, or even smaller-scale ones, are not always feasible or even desirable. In addition, certain warfare models do not lend themselves to verification using this realistic method and it might, for example, prove counter-productive to accurately test an attrition scenario by killing ones own troops. Moving away from the exercise, it is often more convenient to test a theory by reducing the level of personnel involvement. Map exercises can be conducted involving senior officers and planners, increasing the level of abstraction still further, simulation moves towards an environment readily recognised by civilian wargamers. This type of simulation can be manual, implying no computer involvement, computer-assisted, manual simulations have probably been in use in some form since mankind first went to war. Chess can be regarded as a form of military simulation and it was distributed to each Prussian regiment and they were ordered to play it regularly, prompting a visiting German officer to declare in 1824, Its not a game at all. Eventually so many rules sprang up, as each regiment improvised their own variations, one, known as rigid Kriegsspiel, was played by strict adherence to the lengthy rule book. The other, free Kriegsspiel, was governed by the decisions of human umpires, however, its prescriptive nature acted against any impulse of the participants towards free and creative thinking. Conversely, free Kriegsspiel could encourage this type of thinking, as its rules were open to interpretation by umpires, in addition, it allowed umpires to weight the outcome, consciously or otherwise. The above arguments are still cogent in the modern, computer-heavy military simulation environment, there remains a recognised place for umpires as arbiters of a simulation, hence the persistence of manual simulations in war colleges throughout the world. Both computer-assisted and entirely computerised simulations are common as well, with each being used as required by circumstances, the Rand Corporation is one of the best known designers of Military Simulations for the US Government and Air Force, and one of the pioneers of the Political-Military simulation. Such simulations may be conducted over a few days, a scenario is presented to the players with appropriate historical, political. They then have a set amount of time to discuss and formulate a strategy, where more than one team is participating, teams may be divided on partisan lines—traditionally Blue and Red are used as designations, with Blue representing the home nation and Red the opposition
33.
Avalon Hill
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Avalon Hill Games, Inc. is a game company that specializes in wargames and strategic board games. Its logo contains its initials AH, and the company is referred to by this abbreviation. It has also published the occasional miniature wargaming rules, role-playing game and it is now a subsidiary of the game company Wizards of the Coast, which is itself a subsidiary of Hasbro. Avalon Hill pioneered many of the concepts of modern recreational wargaming, complex games could and did take days or even weeks, and AH set up a system for people to play games by mail. Avalon Hill was started in 1954 by Charles S, following the success of Tactics, Roberts changed the name upon incorporation from The Avalon Game Company to Avalon Hill in 1958 because of an argument with another company. AH published two games that year, Gettysburg and the railroad game Dispatcher. In 1959, Roberts moved Avalon into a space on Gay Street in Baltimore and took on its first outside designed game, Verdict. Of this sports strategy line, the football and baseball versions were previously published by Shaw in 1959.7 With a recession occurring. Avalon launched a childrens line in 1963 with four games, Imagination. Doll House and Trucks, Trains, Boats & Planes, which flopped, Roberts gave up and planned to file bankruptcy on December 13,1963. p7 Instead his creditors, Monarch Office Services and J. E. Smith & Co. interceded and took over. Monarch had printed all but the boxes, which were done by J. E. Smith and this game was an abstract combat game, featuring two sides and some neutral countries. Many rules variants were created for Blitzkrieg, the company also published simulations of actual battles and campaigns, such as Midway, Afrika Korps, and The Battle of the Bulge. Avalon Hill published PanzerBlitz in 1970, designed for the company by Jim Dunnigans Simulations Publications, Avalon Hills co-owner, on November 30,1971. Both lines increased the retail outlets that would take AH games, the Aladdin Industries game line was another acquisition in March 1977. With the SI line, the started a sports game division in May 1977 with Bruce Milligan hired to head the division. Avalon Hill also purchased many games from companies and republished them. AH also acquired Jedko Games The Russian Campaign and War at Sea,1830 was developed by Avalon Hill, but based on Francis Treshams 1829. The company entered the game market by publishing Powers and Perils in 1983
34.
Dungeons & Dragons
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Dungeons & Dragons is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, and first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. The game has been published by Wizards of the Coast since 1997 and it was derived from miniature wargames with a variation of the Chainmail game serving as the initial rule system. D&Ds publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games, D&D departs from traditional wargaming and assigns each player a specific character to play instead of a military formation. These characters embark upon imaginary adventures within a fantasy setting, a Dungeon Master serves as the games referee and storyteller, while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur and playing the role of the inhabitants. The characters form a party that interacts with the settings inhabitants, together they solve dilemmas, engage in battles and gather treasure and knowledge. In the process the characters experience points to become increasingly powerful over a series of sessions. The early success of Dungeons & Dragons led to a proliferation of game systems. Despite this competition, D&D remains the leader in the role-playing game industry. In 1977, the game was split into two branches, the relatively rules-light game system of Dungeons & Dragons and the more structured, AD&D 2nd Edition was published in 1989. In 2000, the line of the game was discontinued. These rules formed the basis of the d20 System which is available under the Open Game License for use by other publishers, Dungeons & Dragons version 3.5 was released in June 2003, with a 4th edition in June 2008. A 5th edition was released during the half of 2014. The game has been supplemented by many adventures as well as commercial campaign settings suitable for use by regular gaming groups. The game has won awards and has been translated into many languages beyond the original English. Dungeons & Dragons is a structured yet open-ended role-playing game and it is normally played indoors with the participants seated around a tabletop. Typically, each player only a single character, which represents an individual in a fictional setting. During the course of play, each player directs the actions of their character, a game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single adventure, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a campaign. The results of the choices and the overall storyline for the game are determined by the Dungeon Master according to the rules of the game
35.
Larry Niven
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Laurence van Cott Niven —known as Larry Niven—is an American science fiction writer. His best-known work is Ringworld, which received Hugo, Locus, Ditmar, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him the 2015 recipient of the Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award. His work is hard science fiction, using big science concepts. It also often includes elements of fiction and adventure stories. His fantasy includes the series The Magic Goes Away, rational fantasy dealing with magic as a non-renewable resource, Niven was born in Los Angeles. He briefly attended the California Institute of Technology and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas and he did a year of graduate work in mathematics at the University of California at Los Angeles. On September 6,1969, he married Marilyn Joyce Fuzzy Pink Wisowaty, Niven is the author of numerous science fiction short stories and novels, beginning with his 1964 story The Coldest Place. In this story, the coldest place concerned is the side of Mercury. In addition to the Nebula award in 1970 and the Hugo and Locus awards in 1971 for Ringworld and he won the same award in 1972, for Inconstant Moon, and in 1975 for The Hole Man. In 1976, he won the Hugo Award for Best Novelette for The Borderland of Sol, Niven has also written for the DC Comics character Green Lantern including in his stories hard science fiction concepts such as universal entropy and the redshift effect. The Ringworld series is part of the Tales of Known Space, Niven has also written a logical fantasy series The Magic Goes Away, which utilizes an exhaustible resource called mana to power a rule-based technological magic. The Draco Tavern series of short stories take place in a more light-hearted science fiction universe, much of his writing since the 1970s has been in collaboration, particularly with Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes, but also Brenda Cooper and Edward M. Lerner. The ideas genesis came from Nivens attempts to imagine a more efficient version of a Dyson Sphere, Niven used this as a core plot element in the sequel novel, The Ringworld Engineers. This idea proved influential, serving as an alternative to a full Dyson Sphere that required fewer assumptions and this was further developed by Iain M. Banks in his Culture series, which features about 1/100th ringworld–size megastructures called Orbitals that orbit a star rather than encircling it entirely. Alastair Reynolds also uses ringworlds in his 2008 novel House of Suns, the Ringworld-like namesake of the Halo video game series is the eponymous Halo megastructure/superweapon. The 2013 film Elysium also featured a similar structure, the original release of Magic, The Gathering paid homage to Larry Niven on a card called Nevinyrrals Disk, with Nevinyrral being Larry Niven spelled backwards. Subsequent sets have featured no new cards featuring Nevinyrral, although the character is sporadically quoted on the text of various cards. Netrunner paid a homage to Larry Niven with the card Nevinyrral
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