1.
Jesus Christ Superstar (film)
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The film, starring Ted Neeley, Carl Anderson, Yvonne Elliman, and Barry Dennen, centers on the conflict between Judas and Jesus during the week before the crucifixion of Jesus. Neeley and Anderson were nominated for two Golden Globe Awards in 1974 for their portrayals of Jesus and Judas, respectively, although it attracted criticism from some religious groups, reviews for the film were positive. The film is framed as a group of performers who travel to the desert to re-enact the Passion of Christ, the film begins with them arriving on a bus, assembling their props and getting into costume. One of the group is surrounded by the others, puts on a white robe, the other disciples badger Jesus for information about his plans for the future, but Jesus will not give them any. Judas arrival and subsequent declaration that Jesus should not associate with Mary dampens the mood, angrily, Jesus tells Judas that he should leave Mary alone, because his slate is not clean. He then accuses all the apostles of not caring about him and that night at the Temple, Caiaphas is worried that the people will crown Jesus as king, which the Romans will take for an uprising. Annas tries to allay his fears, but he finally sees Caiaphas point and suggests that he convene the council and explain his fears to them, Caiaphas agrees. As Jesus and his apostles settle for the night, Mary soothes him with some expensive ointment, Jesus rebukes him again, telling him that the poor will be there always but Jesus will not. The next day at the Temple of Jerusalem, the council of the priests discuss their fears about Jesus, Caiaphas tells them that there is only one solution, like John the Baptist, Jesus must be executed for the sake of the nation. Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem, but Caiaphas orders Jesus to disband the crowd for fear of a riot. Jesus refuses and speaks to the crowd, later, the apostle Simon Zealotes and a crowd of followers voice their admiration for Jesus. Jesus appreciates this, but becomes worried when Simon suggests directing the crowd towards an uprising against their Roman occupiers, Jesus sadly dismisses this suggestion, saying that they do not understand His true purpose. Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, reveals that he has dreamed about a Galilean man, Jesus and his followers arrive at the temple, which has been taken over by money changers and prostitutes. To Judas horror and as the watch in the background. Jesus wanders alone outside the city, but is surrounded by a crowd of lepers, Jesus tries to heal as many of them as possible, but is overwhelmed by the sheer numbers and eventually gives up, screaming at them to leave him alone. Mary comforts Jesus and Jesus goes to sleep, Mary loves Jesus, but is confused because he is so unlike any other man she has met. Judas goes to the priests and expresses his concerns, but he is worried about the consequences of betraying Jesus, the priests take advantage of his doubts and offer him money if he will lead them to Jesus. Judas initially refuses, but Caiaphas and Annas win him over by reminding him that he could use the money to help the poor, Judas reveals that Jesus will be at the Garden of Gethsemene on Thursday night
2.
Jesus Christ Superstar (album)
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Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1970 rock opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. The album musical is a dramatisation of the last week of the life of Jesus Christ, beginning with his entry into Jerusalem. It was originally banned by the BBC on grounds of being sacrilegious, the albums story is based in large part on the Synoptic Gospels and Fulton J. Sheens Life of Christ, which compares and calibrates all four Gospels. The writers had also included it in a show called Come Back Richard Your Country Needs You. The melody of I Dont Know How to Love Him also predates Superstar, for the recording, Lloyd Webber and Rice drew personnel from both musical theatre and the British rock scene. Many of the primary musicians — guitarists Neil Hubbard and Henry McCullough, bassist Alan Spenner, saxophonist Chris Mercer had also played with Hubbard in Juicy Lucy. The first piece of Superstar released was the song, as a single in November 1969 backed with the instrumental John Nineteen Forty-One. The full album followed almost a year later, the album topped the U. S. Billboard Pop Albums in both February and May 1971 and ranked number one in the year-end chart ahead of Carole Kings massive hit Tapestry. It also served as a pad for numerous stage productions on Broadway. The original 1970 boxed-set issue of this 2-record set was packaged in the U. S. with a thin brown cardboard outer box which contained the 2 vinyl records. The album was listed as the top-selling LP on the U. S. Billboard Pop chart of 1971 and it is also the sixth most successful album of all time in Norway, peaking at No.3 and staying on the charts for 87 weeks. All compositions written by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jesus Christ Superstar – A Rock Opera. Universal City, CA, MCA Records Inc. ©1993, mCAD2-11542, UPC008811154226 Jesus Christ Superstar Jesus Christ Superstar jesuschristsuperstar. com, The Album Jesus Christ Superstar at Discogs Jesus Christ Superstar Lyrics
3.
Andrew Lloyd Webber
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Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber is an English composer and impresario of musical theatre. Several of his musicals have run for more than a decade both in the West End and on Broadway and he has composed 13 musicals, a song cycle, a set of variations, two film scores, and a Latin Requiem Mass. In 2001 the New York Times referred to him as the most commercially successful composer in history, ranked the fifth most powerful person in British culture by The Telegraph in 2008, the lyricist Don Black stated Andrew more or less single-handedly reinvented the musical. He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, is an inductee into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and his company, the Really Useful Group, is one of the largest theatre operators in London. Producers in several parts of the UK have staged productions, including national tours, Lloyd Webber is also the president of the Arts Educational Schools London, a performing arts school located in Chiswick, West London. He is involved in a number of activities, including the Elton John AIDS Foundation, Nordoff Robbins, Prostate Cancer UK. His younger brother, Julian Lloyd Webber, is a solo cellist. Lloyd Webber started writing his own music at a young age and he also put on productions with Julian and his Aunt Viola in his toy theatre. Later, he would be the owner of a number of West End theatres and his aunt Viola, an actress, took him to see many of her shows and through the stage door into the world of the theatre. He also had set music to Old Possums Book of Practical Cats at the age of 15. Lloyd Webbers first collaboration with lyricist Tim Rice was The Likes of Us, although composed in 1965, it was not publicly performed until 2005, when a production was staged at Lloyd Webbers Sydmonton Festival. In 2008, amateur rights were released by the National Operatic and Dramatic Association in association with the Really Useful Group, the first amateur performance was by a childrens theatre group in Cornwall called Kidz R Us. In this respect, it is different from the composers later work, which tends to be either predominantly or wholly through-composed. Joseph began life as a cantata that gained some recognition on its second staging with a favourable review in The Times. For its subsequent performances, Rice and Lloyd Webber revised the show and this culminated in a two-hour-long production being staged in the West End on the back of the success of Jesus Christ Superstar. In 1969 Rice and Lloyd Webber wrote a song for the Eurovision Song Contest called Try It and See, with rewritten lyrics it became King Herods Song in their third musical, Jesus Christ Superstar. The planned follow-up to Jesus Christ Superstar was a comedy based on the Jeeves. Tim Rice was uncertain about this venture, partly because of his concern that he not be able to do justice to the novels that he
4.
Tim Rice
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Sir Timothy Miles Bindon Tim Rice is an English author and Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Tony Award, and Grammy Award-winning lyricist. One of the most celebrated lyricists in British popular culture, Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994, the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at £150m, the 15th richest music millionaire in the UK. Rice was born at Shardeloes, an historic English country house near Amersham, Buckinghamshire, after the war, they worked for the de Havilland Aircraft Company. Rice was educated at three independent schools, Aldwickbury School in Hertfordshire, St Albans School and Lancing College. He left Lancing with GCE A-Levels in History and French and then started work as a clerk for a law firm in London. He later attended the Sorbonne in Paris for a year, after studying for a year in Paris at the Sorbonne, Rice joined EMI Records as a management trainee in 1966. When EMI producer Norrie Paramor left to set up his own organisation in 1968, Rice joined him as an assistant producer, working with, among others, Cliff Richard. Rice has collaborated with Andrew Lloyd Webber, with whom he wrote Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cricket, and The Likes of Us. For The Walt Disney Company, Rice has collaborated individually with Alan Menken and Elton John, creating productions including Aladdin and The Lion King. In 1996, his collaboration with Lloyd Webber for the film version Evita won Rice his third Academy Award for Best Original Song with the song You Must Love Me. Rice has also collaborated with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA on Chess and with Rick Wakeman on the albums 1984 and he is writing eight lyrics to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet, The Nutcracker. The working title is The Nutcracker, The Untold Story, Rice was re-united with Andrew Lloyd Webber in 2011 to pen new songs for Lloyd Webbers newest production of The Wizard of Oz which opened in March 2011 at the London Palladium. Rice has, however, rejected working with Webber again, claiming their partnership has run its course and he has also been a frequent guest panellist for many years on the radio panel games Just a Minute and Trivia Test Match. Rice often jokes that he is most recognised in America for his appearance in the film About a Boy, the film includes several clips from an edition of the game show Countdown on which he was the guest adjudicator. His other interests include cricket and maths, on 2 December 2010 he addressed the eighth Bradman Oration in Adelaide. He is currently working on a sequel, covering his life, in September 1981, Rice, along with Colin Webb and Michael Parkinson, launched Pavilion Books, a publishing house with a publishing focus on music and the arts. Rice is patron of London-based drama school, Associated Studios, Rice was made a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994, was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1999, and was named a Disney Legend in 2002. In 2008, Rice received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and he is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors
5.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
6.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
7.
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
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Regent’s Park Open Air Theatre is an open-air theatre based in Regents Park in central London. The theatre is located in Queen Marys Gardens, on the Inner Circle of Regents Park and it was founded in 1932 by Sydney Carroll and Robert Atkins. Being open air, performances are dependent on the not-so dependable British weather, in the case of wet weather, the Met Office is called to determine the immediate forecast. Shows cannot be held for longer than 45 minutes, especially in the case of matinees as the finish will dramatically interfere with the technical preparations for the evening show. The theatre is a charity, run by an Artistic Director Timothy Sheader. The charity’s Board of Trustees is chaired by Councillor Robert Davis DL, the theatre has also been the inspiration for other open-air theatres around the world, such as the Maynardville Open-Air Theatre in Cape Town and Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre, Chester. 2007 saw the 25th and final year of artistic director, Ian Talbot, the Season included productions of Macbeth, A Midsummer Nights Dream, Lady, Be Good, Fantastic Mr Fox and The Boy Friend. The choice to perform Lady, Be Good was in reflection of his final year, Timothy Sheader became Artistic Director of the theatre in November 2007. 2009 saw Timothy Sheaders second season as Artistic Director of the theatre, productions included Much Ado About Nothing, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Tempest and Hello, Dolly. Dolly. won several awards, including the Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Musical, in 2010, the theatre presented new productions of The Crucible, The Comedy of Errors and Macbeth, which was adapted for younger audiences. The Season musical was Into the Woods, by Stephen Sondheim, the production starred Hannah Waddingham, as the Witch, Jenna Russell, as the Bakers Wife, and Helen Dallimore, as Cinderella. It was the first time that Into the Woods had been performed outside, the production subsequently transferred to the Public Theaters Delacorte Theater in New York City in 2012 starring a completely American cast which included Academy Award Nominee Amy Adams. The 2011 season included productions of Lord of the Flies, The Beggars Opera, Shakespeares Pericles, returning to close the 2013 season, Rachel Kavanaugh directed a sell-out and extended run of The Sound of Music starring Charlotte Wakefield as Maria. With over 188,000 visitors, the 2013 season broke all records, the 2014 season began with Arthur Miller’s All My Sons, directed by Timothy Sheader, followed by Harold Brighouse’s Hobson’s Choice, and Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night re-imagined for aged six and over. Timothy Sheader also directed The Gershwins’ Porgy and Bess with a cast drawn from Broadway, following its sell-out run in 2013, To Kill a Mockingbird returned to conclude the 2014 season, before embarking on a UK tour. To Kill a Mockingbird will return to London in June 2015, the 2015 season was announced in late October. J. M. Barries original stage play of Peter Pan opened the season, Rachel Kavanaugh returned to the park to direct the musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Their 2011 acclaimed production of William Goldings Lord of the Flies returned for 14 performances ahead of a major UK tour, a new adaptation of Running Wild by Michael Morpurgo opened the 2016 season as a co-production with Chichester Festival Theatre
8.
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
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The four canonical gospels of the New Testament are the primary sources of information for the narrative of the life of Jesus. And the Acts of the Apostles says more about the Ascension episode than the canonical gospels, the genealogy and Nativity of Jesus are described in two of the four canonical gospels, Matthew and Luke. While Luke traces the genealogy upwards towards Adam and God, Matthew traces it downwards towards Jesus, both gospels state that Jesus was begotten not by Joseph, but by God. Both accounts trace Joseph back to King David and from there to Abraham and these lists are identical between Abraham and David, but they differ almost completely between David and Joseph. Matthew gives Jacob as Joseph’s father and Luke says Joseph was the son of Heli, attempts at explaining the differences between the genealogies have varied in nature. Much of modern scholarship interprets them as literary inventions, the Luke and Matthew accounts of the birth of Jesus have a number of points in common, both have Jesus being born in Bethlehem, in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Luke account Joseph and Mary travel from their home in Nazareth for the census to Bethlehem, angels proclaim him a savior for all people, and shepherds come to adore him, the family then returns to Nazareth. In Matthew, The Magi follow a star to Bethlehem, where the family are living, to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod massacres all males under two years old in Bethlehem in order to kill Jesus, but Jesuss family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. Over the centuries, biblical scholars have attempted to reconcile these contradictions, generally, they consider the issue of historicity as secondary, given that gospels were primarily written as theological documents rather than chronological timelines. The five major milestones in the New Testament narrative of the life of Jesus are his Baptism, in the gospels, the ministry of Jesus starts with his Baptism by John the Baptist, when he is about thirty years old. Jesus then begins preaching in Galilee and gathers disciples, after the proclamation of Jesus as Christ, three of the disciples witness his Transfiguration. After the death of John the Baptist and the Transfiguration, Jesus starts his journey to Jerusalem. Jesus makes an entry into Jerusalem, and once there friction with the Pharisees increases. The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was about 30 years of age at the start of his ministry, a chronology of Jesus typically has the date of the start of his ministry estimated at around 27-29 and the end in the range 30-36. Jesus Early Galilean ministry begins when after his Baptism, he back to Galilee from his time in the Judean desert. The Major Galilean ministry which begins in Matthew 8 includes the commissioning of the Twelve Apostles, the Final Galilean ministry begins after the death of John the Baptist as Jesus prepares to go to Jerusalem. In the Later Judean ministry Jesus starts his journey to Jerusalem through Judea. As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the Later Perean ministry, about one third the way down from the Sea of Galilee along the River Jordan, the Final ministry in Jerusalem is sometimes called the Passion Week and begins with Jesus triumphal entry into Jerusalem
9.
Jesus
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In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
10.
Apostle
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An apostle is a messenger and ambassador. The purpose of sending away is to convey messages. The term may be used metaphorically in various contexts, but is found used specifically for early associates of the founder of a religion. The word in this sense derives from New Testament Greek and was used for the original Twelve Apostles of Jesus, some other religions use the term for comparable figures in their history. The adjective apostolic is claimed as a continuing characteristic by many Christian churches, the term apostle is derived from Classical Greek ἀπόστολος, meaning one who is sent away, from στέλλω + από. The literal meaning in English is therefore an emissary, from the Latin mitto, the word apostle has two meanings, the broader meaning of a messenger and the narrow meaning of an early Christian apostle directly linked to Jesus. The more general meaning of the word is translated into Latin as missio, according to Walter Bauers Greek-English Lexicon of the NT …Judaism had an office known as apostle. The UBS Greek Dictionary also describes an apostle broadly as a messenger, before their sending away, the Twelve had been mere disciples, from Latin discipulus, one who learns, from disco, to learn. Jesus is stated in the Bible to have had twelve apostles who by the Great Commission spread the message of the Gospel to all nations after his resurrection, there is also an orthodox tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of Seventy Apostles. In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. Today the twelve apostles of the LDS church include Russell M. Nelson, Dallin H. Oaks, M. Russell Ballard, Robert D. Hales, Jeffrey R. Holland, David A. Bednar, Quentin L. Cook, D. Todd Christofferson, Neil L. Anderson, Ronald A. Rasband, Gary E. Stevenson, there are also members of the quorum of the seventy simply referred to as “seventies”. They typically work under the direction of the apostles and are given similar responsibilities that build up the church. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the church, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, in Islam, an apostle or messenger is a prophet sent by God. According to the Quran, God has sent many prophets to mankind, the five universally acknowledged messengers in Islam are Ibrahim, Mūsa, Dāwūd, Īsā and Muhammad, as each is believed to have been sent with a scripture. Muslim tradition also maintains that Adam received scrolls as did some of the patriarchs of the Generations of Adam
11.
Crucifixion of Jesus
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The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st century Judea, most probably between the years 30 and 33 AD. According to the gospels, Jesus, the Christ, was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink and he was then hung between two convicted thieves and according to Marks Gospel, died some six hours later. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating Jesus of Nazareth and they then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died, the Bible describes seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred. Collectively referred to as the Passion, Jesus suffering and redemptive death by crucifixion are the aspects of Christian theology concerning the doctrines of salvation. The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus, bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be, eddy and Boyd state that it is now firmly established that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified. While scholars agree on the historicity of the crucifixion, they differ on the reason, geza Vermes also views the crucifixion as a historical event but provides his own explanation and background for it. John P. Meier views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that, based on the criterion of embarrassment, Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader. Meier states that a number of criteria, e. g. the criterion of multiple attestation. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, the analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels, there are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes, all four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more detail than any other portion of that Gospels narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening, after being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the King of the Jews, clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on
12.
Judas Iscariot
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Judas Iscariot was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve original disciples of Jesus Christ, and son of Simon Iscariot. He is known for the kiss and betrayal of Jesus to the Sanhedrin for thirty silver coins and his name is often used synonymously with betrayal or treason. Though there are varied accounts of his death, the traditional version sees him as having hanged himself following the betrayal and his place among the Twelve Apostles was later filled by Matthias. Despite his notorious role in the Gospel narratives, Judas remains a figure in Christian history. Gnostic texts – rejected by the mainstream Church as heretical – praise Judas for his role in triggering humanitys salvation, Judas is mentioned in the synoptic gospels, the Gospel of John, and at the beginning of Acts of the Apostles. Judas was a name in New Testament times. Judas Iscariot should not be confused with Jude Thomas, or with Saint Jude Thaddaeus who was one of the Twelve Apostles. Origen of Alexandria, in his Commentary on Johns Gospel, reflected on Judass interactions with the other apostles, Simon Peter spoke for the twelve, Lord, to whom shall we go. You have the words of eternal life, but Jesus observed then that although Judas was one of the twelve whom he had chosen, marks Gospel states that the chief priests were looking for a way to arrest Jesus. They decided not to do so during the feast, since they were afraid people would riot, instead. According to Lukes account, Satan entered Judas at this time, according to the account in the Gospel of John, Judas carried the disciples money bag or box, but Johns Gospel makes no mention of the thirty pieces of silver as a fee for betrayal. However, in John 13, 27-30, when Judas left the gathering of Jesus and His disciples with betrayal in mind and they used it to buy the potters field. The Gospel account presents this as a fulfillment of prophecy, the Acts 1, 18-19 says that Judas used the money to buy a field, but fell headfirst, and burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels gushed out. This field is called Akeldama or Field of Blood, the non-canonical Gospel of Judas says Judas had a vision of the disciples stoning and persecuting him. The existence of conflicting accounts of the death of Judas has caused problems for scholars who have them as threatening the reliability of Scripture. This problem was one of the points causing C. S. Lewis, for example, various attempts at harmonization have been suggested. Some have taken the descriptions as figurative, that the falling prostrate was Judas in anguish, and they argue that the author adds imaginative details such as the thirty pieces of silver, and the fact that Judas hangs himself, to an earlier tradition about Judass death. Even writers such as Jerome and John Calvin concluded that this was obviously an error
13.
Bible
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The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. Many different authors contributed to the Bible, what is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups, a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint, the New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives, letters, among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon, primarily the Apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups and this concept arose during the Protestant Reformation, and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching. With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the book of all time. It has estimated sales of 100 million copies, and has been a major influence on literature and history, especially in the West. The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and it gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, the word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of paper or scroll and came to be used as the ordinary word for book. It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, Egyptian papyrus, possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece, the Greek ta biblia was an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books. Christian use of the term can be traced to c.223 CE, bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer to use the Greek phrase ta biblia to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, the oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus and he states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that, Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, the period of transmission is short, less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Marks Gospel. This means that there was time for oral traditions to assume fixed form
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Anachronism
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An anachronism is a chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of person, events, objects, or customs from different periods of time. An anachronism may be intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period, Anachronism can also be used for purposes of rhetoric, comedy, or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, language, customs, attitudes, a parachronism is anything that appears in a time period in which it is not normally found. They may be objects or ideas which were common, but are now considered rare or inappropriate. They can take the form of technology or outdated fashion. Examples of parachronisms could include a suburban housewife in the United States around 1960 using a washboard for laundry, often, parachronism is identified when a work based on a particular eras state of knowledge is read within the context of a later era—with a different state of knowledge. Parachronism differs from prochronism, in which the object or idea has not yet been invented when the situation takes place, a prochronism occurs when an item appears in a temporal context in which it could not yet be present. The intentional use of older, often obsolete cultural artifacts may be regarded as anachronistic, for example, it could be considered anachronistic for a modern-day person to wear a top hat, write with a quill, or carry on a conversation in Latin. Such choices may reflect an eccentricity, or an aesthetic preference, some writings and works of art promoting a political, nationalist or revolutionary cause use anachronism to depict an institution or custom as being more ancient than it actually is. These flags date only from the 1830s, here anachronism promotes legitimacy for the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia into the Kingdom of Romania at the time the painting was made. Anachronism is used especially in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis and they vary from glaring inconsistencies to scarcely perceptible misrepresentation. It is only since the close of the 18th century that this kind of deviation from historical reality has jarred on a general audience. Nothing becomes obsolete like a vision of an older period, writes Anthony Grafton. Come in and practice your piano now and we are jerked from our suspension of disbelief by what was intended as a means of reinforcing it, and plunged directly into the American bourgeois world of the filmmaker. Anachronism can also be an aesthetic choice, anachronisms abound in the works of Raphael and Shakespeare, as well as in those of less celebrated painters and playwrights of earlier times. Anachronisms can exist in ancient texts, carol Meyers says that these anachronisms can be used to better understand the stories by asking what the anachronism represents. Repeated anachronisms and historical errors can become an part of popular culture
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Apostles
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In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles, were the primary historical disciples of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity. During the life and ministry of Jesus in the 1st century AD, the word disciple is sometimes used interchangeably with apostle, for instance, the Gospel of John makes no distinction between the two terms. In modern usage, prominent missionaries are often called apostles, a practice which stems from the Latin equivalent of apostle, i. e. missio, for example, Saint Patrick was the Apostle of Ireland, and Saint Boniface was the Apostle to the Germans. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is recorded in the Synoptic Gospels, after his resurrection, Jesus sent 11 of them by the Great Commission to spread his teachings to all nations. This event is called the Dispersion of the Apostles. There is also an Eastern Christian tradition derived from the Gospel of Luke of there having been as many as 70 apostles during the time of Jesus ministry. Prominent figures in early Christianity, notably Paul, were called apostles. The period of early Christianity during the lifetimes of the apostles is called the Apostolic Age, during the 1st century AD, the apostles established churches throughout the territories of the Roman Empire and, according to tradition, through the Middle East, Africa, and India. In his writings, the epistles to Christian churches throughout the Levant, Paul did not restrict the term apostle to the Twelve, the restricted usage appears in the Revelation to John. By the 2nd century AD, association with the apostles was esteemed as an evidence of authority, Churches which are believed to have been founded by one of the apostles are known as apostolic sees. Pauls epistles were accepted as scripture, and two of the four gospels were associated with apostles, as were other New Testament works. Various Christian texts, such as the Didache and the Apostolic Constitutions, were attributed to the apostles, bishops traced their lines of succession back to individual apostles, who were said to have dispersed from Jerusalem and established churches across great territories. Christian bishops have traditionally claimed authority deriving, by apostolic succession, early Church Fathers who came to be associated with apostles, such as Pope Clement I with St. Peter, are referred to as the Apostolic Fathers. The Apostles Creed, popular in the West, was said to have composed by the apostles themselves. The word apostle comes from the Greek word ἀπόστολος, formed from the prefix ἀπό- and root στέλλω and originally meaning messenger and it has, however, a stronger sense than the word messenger, and is closer to a delegate. The Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament argues that its Christian use translated a Jewish position known in Hebrew as the sheliach and this ecclesiastical meaning of the word was later translated into Latin as missio, the source of the English missionary. In the New Testament, the names of the majority of the apostles are Hebrew names, Mark 6, 7-13 states that Jesus initially sent out these twelve in pairs to towns in Galilee. The text states that their initial instructions were to heal the sick and their carrying of just a staff is sometimes given as the reason for the use by Christian bishops of a staff of office in those denominations that believe they maintain an apostolic succession
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Roman Empire
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Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empires existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, following Octavians victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the senate briefly considered restoring the republic, under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus and his short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors, the empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus, Commodus assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors, of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a time span. It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy, which saw four emperors rule the empire at once. This arrangement was unsuccessful, leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I. Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour and it remained the capital of the east until its demise. Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the state religion of the empire. However, Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague, and separate rule in the Western part of the empire ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos. The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium, eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history, at its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the entire population. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, then, it was an empire long before it had an emperor
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Jerusalem
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Jerusalem is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is considered a city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, the part of Jerusalem called the City of David was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent, today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger, Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old Citys boundaries. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, the sobriquet of holy city was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint which Christians adopted as their own authority, was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesuss crucifixion there, in Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. As a result, despite having an area of only 0, outside the Old City stands the Garden Tomb. Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into Jerusalem, one of Israels Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the countrys undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset, the residences of the Prime Minister and President, the international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. Jerusalem is also home to some non-governmental Israeli institutions of importance, such as the Hebrew University. In 2011, Jerusalem had a population of 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000, Muslims 281,000, a city called Rušalim in the Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem. Jerusalem is called Urušalim in the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba, the name Jerusalem is variously etymologized to mean foundation of the god Shalem, the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city. The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua, according to a Midrash, the name is a combination of Yhwh Yireh and the town Shalem. The earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states, I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem, or as other scholars suggest, the mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem
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Mary Magdalene
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Mary Magdalene, literally translated as Mary the Magdalene or Mary of Magdala, was a Jewish woman who, according to texts included in the New Testament, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers. She is said to have witnessed Jesus crucifixion and resurrection, within the four Gospels she is named at least 12 times, more than most of the apostles. Based on texts of the early Christian era in the third century, the Gospel of Luke says seven demons had gone out of her, and the longer ending of Mark says Jesus had cast seven demons out of her. She is most prominent in the narrative of the crucifixion of Jesus, John 20 and Mark 16,9 specifically name her as the first person to see Jesus after his resurrection. Ideas that go beyond the presentation of Mary Magdalene as a prominent representative of the women who followed Jesus have been put forward over the centuries. Mary Magdalene is considered to be a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, other Protestant churches honor her as a heroine of the faith. The Eastern Orthodox churches also commemorate her on the Sunday of the Myrrhbearers, during the Middle Ages, Mary Magdalene was regarded in Western Christianity as a repentant prostitute or promiscuous woman, claims not found in any of the four canonical gospels. Mary was a common name in New Testament times, held by a number of women in the canonical Gospels. Mary Magdalene In addition, there were Mary, the mother of James, in the four Gospels, Mary Magdalene is nearly always distinguished from other women named Mary by adding the Magdalene to her name. This has been interpreted to mean the woman from Magdala, a town on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. Luke 8,2 says that she was actually called Magdalene, in Hebrew מגדל Migdal means tower, fortress, in Aramaic, Magdala means tower or elevated, great, magnificent. Talmudic passages speak of a Miriam hamegadela se’ar nasha, Miriam, the plaiter of womens hair, in the Gospel of John, Mary Magdalene is also referred to simply as Mary at least twice. Gnostic writings use Mary, Mary Magdalene, or Magdalene, Mary Magdalenes name is mostly given as Μαρία, but in Matthew 28,1 as Μαριάμ, both of which are regarded as Greek forms of Miriam, the Hebrew name for Moses sister. The name had very popular during Jesus time due to its connections to the ruling Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties. Primary sources about Mary Magdalene come from the four canonical Gospels and these apocryphal sources are dated from the end of the 1st to the early 4th century, all written well after Saint Marys death. The canonical gospels are dated from the half of the 1st century. In addition, the Gregorian figure of the composite Magdalen developed an elaborate literary, Luke 8,2 and Mark 16,9 say Jesus cleansed her of seven demons. Some interpret this as meaning that he healed her from mental or physical illnesses and that she provided for the apostles suggests she was prosperous
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Sin
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In a religious context, sin is the act of violating Gods will by transgressing his commandments. Sin can also be viewed as any thought or action that endangers the ideal relationship between an individual and God, or as any diversion from the ideal order for human living. To sin has been defined as to miss the mark, the word derives from Old English syn, for original *sunjō. The stem may be related to that of Latin sons, sont-is guilty, in Old English there are examples of the original general sense, ‘offence, wrong-doing, misdeed. e. In the Baháí Faith, humans are considered good, fundamentally spiritual beings. Human beings were created because of Gods immeasurable love, however, the Baháí teachings compare the human heart to a mirror, which, if turned away from the light of the sun, is incapable of receiving Gods love. Buddhism believes in the principle of karma, whereby suffering is the consequence of greed, anger. While there is no direct Buddhist equivalent of the Abrahamic concept of sin, the concept of Buddhist ethics is consequentialist in nature and is not based upon duty towards any deity. Karma means action, and in Buddhist context, motivation is the most important aspect of an action, whether karma done with mind, body and/or speech is called good or bad, depends on whether it would bring pleasant or unpleasant results to the person who does the action. One needs to purify negative karma Four Satipatthanas to free oneself from obstacles to liberation from the circle of rebirth. The purification reduces suffering and in the end one reaches Nirvana, an enlightened being is free of all the suffering and karmas, and will not be automatically born again. In the Old Testament, some sins were punishable by death in different forms, christians consider the Old Covenant to be fulfilled by the Gospel. In the New Testament however, the forgiveness of sin is effected through repentance which involves confessing the sin, Sin is forgiven, when the sinner acknowledges, confesses, and repents for their sin. The unregenerate man is expected to confess his sins to God through repentance in order to be restored to relationship with God. The unregenerate man has never before been in a relationship with God. When, as a part of his salvation, he is forgiven, he enters into a union with God which abides forever. In the Epistle to the Romans 6,23, it is mentioned that the wages of sin is death, in Jewish Christianity, sin is believed to alienate the sinner from God even though He has extreme love for mankind. It has damaged and completely severed the relationship of humanity to God and that relationship can only be restored through acceptance of Jesus Christ and his death on the cross as a satisfactory sacrifice for the sins of humanity
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Anointing of Jesus
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The anointing of Jesus is one of the relatively few events reported by each of the four Gospels, although the details differ in the accounts. All report the anointing of Jesus with expensive perfume by a woman, who pours over Jesus the contents of a jar of nard. The anointing angers some of the onlookers because the perfume could have sold for a years wages—which the Gospel of Mark enumerates as 300 denarii—and the money given to the poor. Matthews Gospel states that the disciples were indignant and Johns states that it was Judas who was most offended, John adds that he was bothered because Judas was a thief and desired the money for himself. Jesus is described as justifying the action of the woman by stating that the poor will always exist, the identification of the woman is found in John 11, 1-2 Now a man named Lazarus was sick. He was from Bethany, the village of Mary and her sister Martha,2 NIV and King James Version. The event is reported in Matthew 26, Mark 14, Luke 7, when the disciples saw this, they were indignant. 9 “This perfume could have sold at a high price. Aware of this, Jesus said to them, “Why are you bothering this woman and she has done a beautiful thing to me. 11 The poor you will always have with you, but you will not always have me, when she poured this perfume on my body, she did it to prepare me for burial. Truly I tell you, wherever this gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her. Mark 14, 3-9 While he was in Bethany, reclining at the table in the home of Simon the Leper and she broke the jar and poured the perfume on his head. Some of those present were saying indignantly to one another, “Why this waste of perfume and it could have been sold for more than a year’s wages and the money given to the poor. ”She has done a beautiful thing to me. The poor you will always have with you, and you can help them any time you want, but you will not always have me. 8 She did what she could and she poured perfume on my body beforehand to prepare for my burial. Truly I tell you, wherever the gospel is preached throughout the world, what she has done will also be told, in memory of her. ”Luke 7, 36-50 When one of the Pharisees invited Jesus to have dinner with him, he went to the Pharisee’s house and reclined at the table. A woman in town who lived a sinful life learned that Jesus was eating at the Pharisee’s house. As she stood him at his feet weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears
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Everything's Alright (Jesus Christ Superstar song)
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Everythings Alright is a song from the musical Jesus Christ Superstar by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. According to the official Jesus Christ Superstar website, in the song, Mary Magdalene tries to calm Jesus with an expensive ointment, judas snatches the ointment from her and accuses her of wasting resources which would be better served helping the poor. Jesus retorts by saying there will always be poverty in the world. The song is notable for its 54 time signature. The reprise of Everythings Alright is sung by Mary Magdalene to calm Jesus after he awakes with a start, the short,29 second reprise leads into the hit single, I Dont Know How to Love Him, which is also sung by Mary Magdalene. John Farnham, Kate Ceberano, and Jon Stevens released a version of Everythings Alright in 1992, the song peaked at number 6 for one week in the Australian Recording Industry Associations ARIA Charts. The song stayed in the ARIA Charts top 10 for five weeks and it spent an overall total of 14 weeks in Australias ARIA Charts, entry date,26 July 1992 at number 46, exit date,25 October 1992 at number 44
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Caiaphas
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Joseph Caiaphas, known simply as Caiaphas in the New Testament, was the Jewish high priest who is said to have organized the plot to kill Jesus. Caiaphas is also said to have involved in the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. The primary sources for Caiaphas life are the New Testament and the writings of Josephus, outside of his interactions with Jesus, little else is known about his tenure as high priest. The 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered the most reliable source for Caiaphas. Josephus relates that Caiaphas became a high priest during a turbulent period and he also states that the proconsul Vitellius deposed his father in law, Annas. Josephus account is based on a source in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically. According to Josephus, Caiaphas was appointed in AD18 by the Roman prefect who preceded Pontius Pilate, Joseph was the son-in-law of Annas the son of Seth. Annas was deposed, but had five sons who served as high priest after him and this ossuary appeared authentic and contained human remains. An Aramaic inscription on the side was thought to read Joseph son of Caiaphas, in June 2011, archaeologists from Bar-Ilan University and Tel Aviv University announced the recovery of a stolen ossuary, plundered from a tomb in the Valley of Elah. The Israel Antiquities Authority declared it authentic, and expressed regret that it could not be studied in situ and it is inscribed with the text, Miriam, daughter of Yeshua, son of Caiaphas, Priest of Ma’aziah from Beth ‘Imri. Based on it, Caiaphas can be assigned to the course of Ma’aziah. Annas, father-in-law of Caiaphas, had been high-priest from A. D.6 to 15, Annas and Caiaphas may have sympathized with the Sadducees, a religious movement in Judaea that found most of its members among the wealthy Jewish elite. The comparatively long eighteen year tenure of Caiaphas suggests he had a working relationship with the Roman authorities. In the Gospel of John 11, the high priests call a gathering of the Sanhedrin in reaction to the raising of Lazarus, Caiaphas considers, with the Chief Priests and Pharisees, what to do about Jesus, whose influence was spreading. They worry that if they let him go on like this, everyone will believe in him, in John 18, Jesus is brought before Annas, whose palace was closer. Annas questioned him regarding his disciples and teaching and sent him on to Caiaphas, Caiaphas makes a political calculation, suggesting that it would be better for one man to die than for the whole nation to be destroyed. In this Caiaphas is stating a rabbinic quotation, afterward, Jesus is taken to Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea. Pilate tells the priests to judge Jesus themselves, to which they respond they lack authority to do so, Pilate questions Jesus, after which he states, I find no basis for a charge against him
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High Priest of Israel
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High Priest was the title of the chief religious official of Judaism from the early post-Exilic times until the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. This tradition came to an end in the 2nd century BCE during the rule of the Hasmoneans, when the position was occupied by other priestly families. Aaron, though he is but rarely called the great priest, being simply designated as ha-kohen, was the first incumbent of the office. The succession was to be one of his sons, and was to remain in his own family. If he had no son, the office devolved upon the next of age. In the time of Eli, however, the passed to the collateral branch of Ithamar. But King Solomon is reported to have deposed the High Priest Abiathar, and to have appointed Zadok, a descendant of Eleazar, in his stead. After the Exile, the succession seems to have been, at first, in a line from father to son. Antiochus IV Epiphanes for instance, deposed Onias III in favor of Jason, Herod the Great nominated no less than six high priests, Archelaus, two. The Roman legate Quirinius and his successors exercised the right of appointment, as did Agrippa I, Herod of Chalcis, even the people occasionally elected candidates to the office. The age of eligibility for the office is not fixed in the Law, aristobulus, however, was only seventeen when appointed by Herod, but the son of Onias III was too young to succeed his father. The age a Levite entered the priesthood was 30 years of age, legitimacy of birth was essential, hence the care in the keeping of the genealogical records and the distrust of one whose mother had been captured in war. The high priest had to abstain from ritual defilement and he may marry only an Israelite virgin. In Ezekiel 44,22 this restriction is extended to all kohanim, according to Josephus, birth on foreign soil was not a disqualification, but the disqualifications of Leviticus 21,17 et seq. applied to the high priest as well as to other priests. The Torah provides for specific vestments to be worn by the priests when they are ministering in the Tabernacle, And you shall make holy garments for Aaron your brother, for dignity and these garments are described in detail in Exodus 28, Exodus 39 and Leviticus 8. The high priest wore eight holy garments, of these, four were of the same type worn by all priests, and four were unique to the Kohen Gadol. That of the High Priest was embroidered, those of the priests were plain, Priestly sash, that of the High Priest was of fine linen with embroidered work in blue and purple and scarlet, those worn by the priests were of white, twined linen. It was fastened to the Ephod On the front of the turban was a golden plate inscribed with the words, the High Priest, like all priests, would minister barefoot when he was serving in the Temple
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Pharisees
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The Pharisees /ˈfærəˌsiːz/ were at various times a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought in the Holy Land during the time of Second Temple Judaism. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, conflicts between Pharisees and Sadducees took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts among Jews, made worse by the Roman conquest. Another conflict was cultural, between those who favored Hellenization and those who resisted it, a third was juridico-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the Second Temple with its rites and services, and those who emphasized the importance of other Mosaic Laws. Josephus, believed by historians to be a Pharisee, estimated the total Pharisee population before the fall of the Second Temple to be around 6,000. Josephus claimed that Pharisees received the full-support and goodwill of the people, apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees. The phrase common people in Josephus writings suggests that most Jews were just Jewish people, outside of Jewish history and literature, Pharisees have been made notable by references in the New Testament to conflicts with John the Baptist and with Jesus. There are also references in the New Testament to the Apostle Paul being a Pharisee. The relationship between Early Christianity and Pharisees was not always hostile however, e. g. Gamaliel is often cited as a Pharisaic leader who was sympathetic to Christians, other sects emerged at this time, such as the Early Christians in Jerusalem and the Therapeutae in Egypt. Judah haNasi redacted the Mishnah, a codification of Pharisaic interpretations. Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, however, none of the Rabbinic sources include identifiable eyewitness accounts of the Pharisees and their teachings. During the 70-year exile in Babylon, Jewish houses of assembly and houses of prayer were the meeting places for prayer. In 539 BCE the Persians conquered Babylon, and in 537 BCE Cyrus the Great allowed Jews to return to Judea and he did not, however, allow the restoration of the Judean monarchy, which left the Judean priests as the dominant authority. Without the constraining power of the monarchy, the authority of the Temple in civic life was amplified and it was around this time that the Sadducee party emerged as the party of priests and allied elites. However, the Second Temple, which was completed in 515 BCE, had constructed under the auspices of a foreign power. The Temple was no longer the only institution for Jewish religious life, after the building of the Second Temple in the time of Ezra the Scribe, the houses of study and worship remained important secondary institutions in Jewish life. Outside of Judea, the synagogue was often called a house of prayer, while most Jews could not regularly attend the Temple service, they could meet at the synagogue for morning, afternoon and evening prayers. On Mondays, Thursdays and Shabbats, a weekly Torah portion was read publicly in the synagogues, although priests controlled the rituals of the Temple, the scribes and sages, later called rabbis, dominated the study of the Torah. These sages maintained a tradition that they believed had originated at Mount Sinai alongside the Torah of Moses
25.
Sanhedrin
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The Sanhedrin was an assembly of twenty-three to seventy-one men appointed in every city in the Land of Israel. Judges in ancient Israel were the leaders and Teachers of the nation of Israel. The Mishnah arrives at the number based on an exegetical derivation. The minimum size of a community is 10 men, one more is required to achieve a majority, but a simple majority cannot convict, and so an additional judge is required. Finally, a court should not have a number of judges to prevent deadlocks. This court dealt with religious matters. The Great Sanhedrin was made up of a Nasi, who functioned as head or representing president, but was not a member of the court, an Av Beit Din, the chief of the court, and sixty-nine general members. In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple in Jerusalem, the court convened every day except festivals and Shabbat. In the late 3rd century, to persecution, its authoritative decisions were issued under the name of Beit HaMidrash. Historically, the last binding decision of the Great Sanhedrin appeared in 358 CE, the Great Sanhedrin was dissolved after continued persecution by the Eastern Roman Empire and aspiring Christendom. Over the centuries, there have been attempts to revive the institution, such as the Grand Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon Bonaparte and modern attempts in Israel. The Hasmonean court in the Land of Israel, presided over by Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea until 76 BCE, the exact nature of this early Sanhedrin is not clear. It may have been a body of sages or priests, or a political, legislative, only after the destruction of the Second Temple was the Sanhedrin made up only of sages. In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple in Jerusalem, the court convened every day except festivals and Shabbat. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70, the Sanhedrin was re-established in Yavneh with reduced authority, the seat of the Patriarchate moved to Usha under the presidency of Gamaliel II in 80 CE. In 116 it moved back to Yavneh, and then back to Usha. Rabbinic texts indicate that following the Bar Kokhba revolt, southern Galilee became the seat of learning in the Land of Israel. This region was the location of the court of the Patriarch which was situated first at Usha, then at Bet Shearim, later at Sepphoris and finally at Tiberias
26.
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
27.
Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
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In the accounts of the four canonical Gospels, Jesus triumphal entry into Jerusalem takes place in the days before the Last Supper, marking the beginning of his Passion. Christians celebrate Jesus entry into Jerusalem as Palm Sunday, a week before Easter Sunday, according to the Gospels, Jesus was staying at Bethany and Bethphage before entering Jerusalem. John 12,1 states that he was in Bethany six days before the passover, Jesus then rode the donkey into Jerusalem, with the three Synoptic gospels stating that the disciples had first put their cloaks on it. Matthew 21,7 maintains that the disciples laid their cloaks on both animals, they brought the donkey and the colt, laid their clothes on them, heinrich Meyer suggests that they spread their outer garments upon both animals, being uncertain which of them Jesus intended to mount. In Luke 19,41 as Jesus approaches Jerusalem, he looks at the city and weeps over it, foretelling the suffering that awaits the city. The Gospels go on to recount how Jesus rode into Jerusalem, the people sang part of Psalm 118, 25-26, Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord. We bless you from the house of the Lord, and the multitudes answered, This is Jesus, the prophet from Nazareth of Galilee”. The word moved in the Greek text is ἐσείσθη, derived from σεισμός, the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges suggests the word in the original is forcible, “convulsed” or “stirred” as by an earthquake, or by a violent wind. Matthew uses the word in 27,15 when he suggests that the earth quaked at the time of Jesus death. Traditionally, entering the city on a donkey symbolizes arrival in peace, and his feet shall stand in that day upon the Mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the east. The triumphal entry and the branches, resemble the celebration of Jewish liberation in 1 Maccabees which states. With thanksgiving, and branches of trees, and with harps, and cymbals, and with viols, and hymns. Jesus entry on a donkey has a parallel in Zechariah 9,9 which states that, thy king cometh unto thee, he is just, and having salvation, lowly, and riding upon an ass. The symbolism of the donkey may refer to the Eastern tradition that it is an animal of peace, versus the horse. Therefore, a king came riding upon a horse when he was bent on war, therefore, Jesus entry to Jerusalem symbolized his entry as the Prince of Peace, not as a warmongering king. Life of Jesus in the New Testament
28.
Israelites
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The Israelites were a Semitic-speaking people of the ancient Near East, who inhabited a part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods. The ancient Israelites are considered to be an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanite populations that inhabited the Southern Levant, Syria, ancient Israel. In the period of the monarchy it was only used to refer to the inhabitants of the northern kingdom. The Israelites were also known as the Hebrews and the Twelve Tribes of Israel, the Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite Kingdom of Judah, particularly the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and partially Levi. The word Jews is found in 2 Kings, Chronicles, and in passages in the Book of Jeremiah, the Book of Zechariah. The Kingdom of Israel, often called the Northern Kingdom of Israel, contained all the tribes except for the tribes of Judah, following its conquest by Assyria, these ten tribes were allegedly dispersed and lost to history, and they are henceforth known as the Ten Lost Tribes. Jewish tradition holds that Samaria was so named because the mountainous terrain was used to keep Guard for incoming enemy attacks. According to Samaritan tradition, however, the Samaritan ethnonym is not derived from the region of Samaria, thus, according to Samaritan tradition, the region was named Samaria after them, not vice versa. In Modern Hebrew, the Samaritans are called Shomronim, while in Samaritan Hebrew they call themselves Shamerim, in Judaism, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites. In texts of Jewish law such as the Mishnah and Gemara, the term יהודי, meaning Jew, is rarely used, Samaritans commonly refer to themselves and to Jews collectively as Israelites, and they describe themselves as the Israelite Samaritans. The name Israel first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Genesis 32,29, the Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra to prevail over or to struggle/wrestle with, and el, God, the divine. The name Israel first appears in non-biblical sources c.1209 BCE, the inscription is very brief and says simply, Israel is laid waste and his seed is not. The inscription refers to a people, not to an individual or a nation-state, in modern Hebrew, bnei yisrael can denote the Jewish people at any time in history, it is typically used to emphasize Jewish religious identity. From the period of the Mishna the term Yisrael acquired a narrower meaning of Jews of legitimate birth other than Levites. In modern Hebrew this contrasts with the term Yisraeli, a citizen of the modern State of Israel, the term Hebrew has Eber as an eponymous ancestor. It is used synonymously with Israelites, or as a term for historical speakers of the Hebrew language in general. Today, Jews and Samaritans both recognize each other as communities with an authentic Israelite origin, the terms Jews and Samaritans largely replaced the title Children of Israel as the commonly used ethnonym for each respective community. The name Yahweh, the god of the later Israelites, may indicate connections with the region of Mount Seir in Edom, the Canaanites were also the first people, as far as is known, to have used an alphabet
29.
Simon the Zealot
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Simon the Zealot, Simon, who was called the Zealot, Simon Kananaios or Simon Cananeus was one of the most obscure among the apostles of Jesus. A few pseudepigraphical writings were connected to him, and the theologian and Doctor of the Church, Saint Jerome, does not include him in De viris illustribus written between 392–393 AD. To distinguish him from Simon Peter he is called Kananaios or Kananites, and in the list of apostles in Luke 6,15, repeated in Acts 1,13, Zelotes, the Zealot. As such, the translation of the word as the Cananite or the Canaanite is traditional, robert Eisenman has pointed out contemporary talmudic references to Zealots as kannaim but not really as a group — rather as avenging priests in the Temple. Both of these researchers suggest that Simon Zelotes was indeed a Zealot belonging to this movement, however, Hengel concluded that Jesus himself was not a zealot, as much of his teaching was actually contrary to Fourth Philosophy views. ”And they took offense at him. The Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Simon the Zealot may be the person as Simeon of Jerusalem or Simon the brother of Jesus. He could perhaps be the cousin of Jesus or a son of Joseph from a previous marriage, another tradition holds that this is the Simeon of Jerusalem who became the second bishop of Jerusalem, although he was born in Galilee. St. Isidore of Seville drew together the accumulated anecdotes of St. Simon in De Vita et Morte, in later tradition, Simon is often associated with St. Jude as an evangelizing team, in Western Christianity, they share their feast day on 28 October. The most widespread tradition is that after evangelizing in Egypt, Simon joined Jude in Persia and Armenia or Beirut, Lebanon and this version is the one found in the Golden Legend. He may have suffered crucifixion as the Bishop of Jerusalem, one tradition states that he traveled in the Middle East and Africa. Christian Ethiopians claim that he was crucified in Samaria, while Justus Lipsius writes that he was sawn in half at Suanir, however, Moses of Chorene writes that he was martyred at Weriosphora in Caucasian Iberia. Tradition also claims he died peacefully at Edessa, another tradition says he visited Britain— In his 2nd mission to Britain, he arrived during 1st year of Boadicean War 60 AD. He was crucified May 10, 61AD by the Roman Catus Decianus, at Caistor, modern-day Lincolnshire, Britain, See The Drama of the Lost Disciples, p.159 by George F. Jowett. Another, doubtless inspired by his title the Zealot, states that he was a member of the involved in the Jewish revolt against the Romans. As it has suggested that Jude is identical with the apostle Thomas. Barbara Thiering identified Simon Zelotes with Simon Magus, however this view has received no serious acceptance, the New Testament records nothing more of Simon, aside from this multitude of possible but unlikely pseudonyms. He is buried in the tomb as St. Jude Thaddeus, in the left transept of the St. Peters Basilica in Rome. In art, Simon has the attribute of a saw because he was traditionally martyred by being sawn in half
30.
Pontius Pilate
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Pontius Pilate was the fifth prefect of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26–36. He served under Emperor Tiberius, and is best known today for the trial, based on these sources, it appears that Pilate was an equestrian of the Pontii family, and succeeded Valerius Gratus as prefect of Judaea in AD26. Once in his post he offended the sensibilities of his subjects, leading to harsh criticism from Philo. AD93, Pilate was deposed and sent to Rome by Lucius Vitellius after harshly suppressing a Samaritan uprising, arriving just after the death of Tiberius which occurred on 16 March in AD37. In all four accounts, Pilate lobbies for Jesus to be spared his eventual fate of execution. He thus seeks to avoid responsibility for the death of Jesus. In the Gospel of Matthew, Pilate washes his hands to show that he is not responsible for the execution of Jesus, the Gospel of Mark, depicting Jesus as innocent of plotting against the Roman Empire, portrays Pilate as reluctant to execute him. In the Gospel of Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome, but Herod Antipas, in the Gospel of John, Pilate states I find no guilt in Him, and he asks the Jews if Jesus should be released from custody. Scholars have long debated how to interpret Pilates portrayal in the sources, the significance of the Pilate Stone, an artifact discovered in 1961 that names Pontius Pilate, is similarly debated by scholars. The only physical, archaeological evidence that confirms the existence of Pilate is the Latin inscription found on a limestone block relating Pilates tribute to Tiberius. The artifact is a fragment of the inscriptions of a building, probably a temple. The dedication states that Pilate was prefect of Judaea, read praefectus Iudaeae, the early governors of Judaea were of prefect rank, the later were of procurator rank, beginning with Cuspius Fadus in 44 AD. The artifact is currently housed in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, the remaining text reads, …]S TIBERIÉVM …PON]TIVS PILATVS …PRAEF]ECTVS IVDA Pontius Pilates title was traditionally thought to have been procurator, since Tacitus speaks of him as such. The title used by the governors of the region varied over the period of the New Testament. When Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea were first amalgamated into the Roman Judaea Province, from AD6 to the outbreak of the First Jewish Revolt in 66 and they held the Roman title of prefect until Herod Agrippa I was named King of the Jews in 41 by Claudius. After Herod Agrippas death in 44, when Judaea reverted to direct Roman rule, when applied to governors, this term procurator, otherwise used for financial officers, connotes no difference in rank or function from the title known as prefect. Contemporary archaeological finds and documents such as the Pilate Inscription from Caesarea attest to the more accurate official title only for the years 6 through 41. The logical conclusion is that texts that identify Pilate as procurator are more likely following Tacitus or are unaware of the pre-44 practice
31.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
32.
Second Temple
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The Second Temple was the Jewish Holy Temple which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future Third Temple, the accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible. According to the Bible, when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great, the events take place in the second half of the 5th century BCE. Listed together with the Book of Ezra as Ezra-Nehemiah, it represents the chapter in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible. The original core of the book, the memoir, may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE. Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era, the book tells how Nehemiah, at the court of the king in Susa, is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them. The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata, there he rebuilds the walls, despite the opposition of Israels enemies, and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses. After 12 years in Jerusalem, he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem and he finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives, and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law. A wide interest was felt in this movement, although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators. The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work, Zerubbabel and the elders, however, declined all such cooperation, feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help. Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews, according to Ezra 4,5, the Samaritans sought to frustrate their purpose and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended. Seven years later, Cyrus the Great, who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple, on his death, the false Smerdis, an impostor, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then Darius became king. It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE, the Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first. Some of the artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE. In the Second Temple, the Kodesh Hakodashim was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple. Still, as in the Tabernacle, the Second Temple included, The Menorah for the Hekhal The Table of Showbread The golden altar of incense, with golden censers. According to the Mishnah, the Foundation Stone stood where the Ark used to be, the Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great. According to the Babylonian Talmud, however, the Temple lacked the Shekinah, the dwelling or settling divine presence of God, and the Ruach HaKodesh, judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria
33.
Usury
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Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender. Originally, usury meant interest of any kind, a loan may be considered usurious because of excessive or abusive interest rates or other factors. Historically in Christian societies, and still in many Islamic societies today, someone who practices usury can be called a usurer, but a more common term in contemporary English is loan shark. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning, taking advantage of others misfortunes—or in a legal sense where interest rates may be regulated by law, historically, some cultures have regarded charging any interest for loans as sinful. Some of the earliest known condemnations of usury come from the Vedic texts of India, similar condemnations are found in religious texts from Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. At times, many nations from ancient China to ancient Greece to ancient Rome have outlawed loans with any interest, though the Roman Empire eventually allowed loans with carefully restricted interest rates, the Christian church in medieval Europe banned the charging of interest at any rate. Banking during Roman times was different from modern banking, during the Principate, most banking activities were conducted by private individuals, not by large banking firms like the ones that exist today. Since almost all moneylenders in the Empire were private individuals, anybody that had any additional capital and wished to lend it out could easily do so. The annual rates of interest on loans varied in the range of 4–12 percent, the apparent absence of intermediate rates suggests that the Romans may have had difficulty calculating the interest due on anything other than mathematically convenient rates. They quoted them on a basis, and the most common rates were multiples of twelve. Monthly rates tended to range from simple fractions to 3–4 percent, moneylending during this period was largely a matter of private loans advanced to persons short of cash, whether persistently in debt or temporarily until the next harvest. Mostly, it was undertaken by exceedingly rich men who were prepared to take on a risk if the profit looked good. Investment was always regarded as a matter of seeking personal profit, Banking was of the small, back-street variety, run by the urban lower-middle class of petty shopkeepers. By the 3rd century, acute currency problems in the Empire drove them into decline and it was evident that usury meant exploitation of the poor. The First Council of Nicaea, in 325, forbade clergy from engaging in usury, at the time, usury was interest of any kind, and the canon forbade the clergy to lend money at interest rates even as low as 1 percent per year. Later ecumenical councils applied this regulation to the laity, Lateran III decreed that persons who accepted interest on loans could receive neither the sacraments nor Christian burial. Pope Clement V made the belief in the right to usury a heresy in 1311, pope Sixtus V condemned the practice of charging interest as detestable to God and man, damned by the sacred canons and contrary to Christian charity. Theological historian John Noonan argues that the doctrine was enunciated by popes, certain negative historical renditions of usury carry with them social connotations of perceived unjust or discriminatory lending practices
34.
Cleansing of the Temple
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The cleansing of the Temple narrative tells of Jesus expelling the merchants and the money changers from the Temple, and occurs in all four canonical gospels of the New Testament. In the Gospel of John Jesus refers to the Temple as my Fathers house, thus, the narrative occurs near the end of the Synoptic Gospels and near the start in the Gospel of John. Some scholars believe that these refer to two incidents, given that the Gospel of John also includes more than one Passover. Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover, perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims, and making a whip of cords, he drove them all out of the temple, with the sheep and oxen. And he poured out the coins of the money-changers and overturned their tables, and he told those who sold the pigeons, Take these things away, do not make my Fathers house a house of trade. In Mark 12,40 and Luke 20,47 Jesus accused the Temple authorities of thieving, dove sellers were selling doves that were sacrificed by the poor who could not afford grander sacrifices and specifically by women. According to Mark 11,16, Jesus then put an embargo on people carrying any merchandise through the Temple—a sanction that would have disrupted all commerce and this occurred in the outermost court of the gentiles. Matthew 21, 14–16 says the Temple leaders questioned Jesus if he was aware the children were shouting Hosanna to the Son of David, Jesus responded by saying from the lips of children and infants you have ordained praise. Claims about the Temple cleansing episode in the Gospel of John can be combined with historical sources to obtain an estimate of when it occurred. Temple expansion and reconstruction was ongoing, and it was in constant reconstruction until it was destroyed in 70 AD by the Romans. Given that it had taken 46 years of construction to that point and it is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 AD. David Landry suggests that the importance of the episode is signaled by the fact that within a week of this incident, matthew, Mark, and Luke agree that this is the event that functioned as the trigger for Jesus death. The Gospel of Mark uses the phrase, Then he taught them, as Jesus references the prophet Jeremiah. Has this house which bears my name become in your eyes a den of thieves, I too see what is being done, says the Lord. As with other parts of Jesuss story, there are a number of later embellishments to the narrative of the incident that are regarded as legendary or polemical by scholars. Yeshu was likewise accused of robbing the shem hamphoras, the name of god’ from the Holy of Holies. The cleansing of the Temple is a commonly depicted event in the Life of Christ, an Introduction to the New Testament, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-24767-2 Brown, Raymond E. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall ISBN 0-13-614934-0 Ched Myers, Binding the Strong Man, A political reading of Marks story of Jesus, Orbis ISBN 0-88344-620-0 Miller, the Complete Gospels, Polebridge Press, ISBN 0-06-065587-9 Media related to Cleansing of the Temple at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Annas
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Annas officially served as High Priest for ten years, when at the age of 36 he was deposed by the procurator Gratus. His death is unrecorded, but his son Annas the Younger, Annas appears in the Gospels and Passion plays as a high priest before whom Jesus is brought for judgment, prior to being brought before Pontius Pilate. Perhaps for this reason, Annas was still called high priest even after his dismissal and he also may have been acting as president of the Sanhedrin, or a coadjutor of the high priest. Luke 3,2 indicates a joint high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas when the word of God came to John the son of Zechariah in the wilderness. The involvement of the family of Annas may be implied in the plot to kill Lazarus of Bethany in John 12,10, after Pentecost, Annas presided over the Sanhedrin before which the Apostles Peter and John were brought. Annas has an important role in Jesus Christ Superstar, as one of the two antagonists of the show spurring Caiaphas to take action against Jesus. In almost all versions, Annas has a high voice to contrast against Caiaphas bass. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Easton
36.
Thirty pieces of silver
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Thirty pieces of silver was the price for which Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus, according to an account in the Gospel of Matthew 26,15 in the New Testament. Before the Last Supper, Judas is said to have gone to the priests and agreed to hand over Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins. The Gospel of Matthew claims that the subsequent purchase of the Potters field was fulfilment, by Jesus, the image has often been used in artwork depicting the Passion of Christ. The phrase is used in literature and common speech to refer to people selling out, compromising a trust, friendship, according to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas Iscariot was a disciple of Jesus. Before the Last Supper, Judas went to the chief priests, Jesus was then arrested in Gethsemane, where Judas revealed Jesus identity to the soldiers by giving him a kiss. According to Chapter 27 of Matthews gospel, Judas was filled with remorse, the chief priests decided that they could not put it into the temple treasury, and so with it they bought the Potters Field. The word used in Matthew 26,15 simply means silver coins and they could have been tetradrachms of Tyre, usually referred to as Tyrian shekels, or staters from Antioch, which bore the head of Augustus. Alternatively, they could have been Ptolemaic tetradrachms, There are 31.1035 grams per troy ounce. At spot valuation of $17. 06/oz,30 pieces of silver would be worth between $185 and $216 in present-day value. The Tyrian shekel weighed four Athenian drachmas, about 14 grams, more than earlier 11-gram Israeli shekels, because Roman coinage was only 80% silver, the purer Tyrian shekels were required to pay the temple tax in Jerusalem. The money changers referenced in the New Testament Gospels exchanged Tyrian shekels for common Roman currency, the 5th century BC Athenian tetradrachm coin was perhaps the most widely used coin in the Greek world prior to the time of Alexander the Great. It featured the profile bust of Athena on the obverse. In daily use they were called γλαῦκες glaukes, hence the proverb Γλαῦκ’ Ἀθήναζε, the reverse is featured on the national side of the modern Greek 1 euro coin. Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints, the standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams. A drachma was approximately a days pay for a skilled laborer, so 30 pieces of silver, at four drachmas each, would roughly be comparable to four months wages. Augustus Silver Tetradrachm of Antioch, The silver Tetradrachm of Augustus from Antioch. Depicting Ancient Rome’s celebrated first emperor, who reigned from 27 B. C. to A. D.14 and these coins of Biblical times were hand struck close to the time when Jesus was believed to have been born. And they were among the most prominent coins used to pay the temple tax, about which Jesus speaks in the biblical accounts of Matthew, Mark
37.
Gethsemane
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Gethsemane is a garden at the foot of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, most famous as the place where Jesus prayed and his disciples slept the night before his crucifixion. Gethsemane appears in Greek of the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark as Γεθσημανή, the name is derived from the Aramaic ܓܕܣܡܢ, meaning oil press. Matthew and Mark call it χωρἰον, a place or estate, the Gospel of John says Jesus entered a garden with his disciples. According to the New Testament it was a place that Jesus and his disciples customarily visited, there are four locations claimed to be the place where Jesus prayed on the night he was betrayed. The Church of All Nations overlooking a garden with the Rock of the Agony, the location near the Tomb of the Virgin to the north. The Greek Orthodox location to the east, the Russian Orthodox orchard, next to the Church of Maria Magdalene by an orchard. The Latins, however, have within the last few years succeeded in gaining sole possession, the Greeks have invented another site a little to the north of it. My own impression is that both are wrong, I am inclined to place the garden in the secluded vale several hundred yards to the north-east of the present Gethsemane. All of the foregoing is based on tradition and the conflating of the synoptic accounts of Mark. Mark and Matthew record that Jesus went to a called the oil press. Modern scholarship acknowledges that the location of Gethsemane is unknown, according to Luke 22, 43–44, Jesus anguish on the Mount of Olives was so deep that his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground. According to the Eastern Orthodox Church tradition, Gethsemane is the garden where the Virgin Mary was buried and was assumed into heaven after her dormition on Mount Zion, the Garden of Gethsemane became a focal site for early Christian pilgrims. It was visited in 333 by the anonymous Pilgrim of Bordeaux, in his Onomasticon, Eusebius of Caesarea notes the site of Gethsemane located at the foot of the Mount of Olives, and he adds that the faithful were accustomed to go there to pray. Eight ancient olive trees growing in the Latin site of the garden may be 900 years old, a study conducted by the National Research Council of Italy in 2012 found that several olive trees in the garden are amongst the oldest known to science. Dates of 1092,1166 and 1198 AD were obtained by carbon dating from older parts of the trunks of three trees, DNA tests show that the trees were originally planted from the same parent plant. This could indicate attempt to keep the lineage of an older species intact, then again the three trees tested could have been sprouts reviving from the older roots. However Bernabei writes, “All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central, in the end, only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated. The dated ancient olive trees do, however, not allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the five giant olive trees. ”Babcox said that the roots of the oldest trees are possibly much older
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Last Supper
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The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday, the Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as Holy Communion or The Lords Supper. The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper, during the meal Jesus predicts his betrayal by one of the Apostles present, and foretells that before the next morning, Peter will deny knowing him. Scholars have looked to the Last Supper as the source of early Christian Eucharist traditions, others see the account of the Last Supper as derived from 1st-century eucharistic practice as described by Paul in the mid-50s. The term Last Supper does not appear in the New Testament, most Protestants use the term Lords Supper, stating that the term last suggests this was one of several meals and not the meal. The term Lords Supper refers both to the event and the act of Holy Communion and Eucharistic celebration within their liturgy. Evangelical Protestants also use the term Lords Supper, but most do not use the terms Eucharist or the word Holy with the name Communion, the Eastern Orthodox use the term Mystical Supper which refers both to the biblical event and the act of Eucharistic celebration within liturgy. The last meal that Jesus shared with his disciples is described in all four canonical Gospels and this meal later became known as the Last Supper. The Last Supper was likely a retelling of the events of the last meal of Jesus among the early Christian community, after the meal, Jesus is betrayed, arrested, tried, and then crucified. In Matthew 26, 24-25, Mark 14, 18-21, Luke 22, 21-23 and John 13, 21-30 during the meal and it would be better for him if he had not been born. In Matthew 26, 23-25 and John 13, 26-27, Judas is specifically identified as the traitor. In the Gospel of John, when asked about the traitor, Jesus states, “It is the one to whom I will give this piece of bread when I have dipped it in the dish. ”Then, dipping the piece of bread, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot. As soon as Judas took the bread, Satan entered into him, in the course of the Last Supper, Jesus divides up some bread, says a prayer, and hands the pieces of bread to his disciples, saying this is my body. He then takes a cup of wine, offers another prayer, and hands it around, saying this is my blood of the everlasting covenant, finally, according to Paul and Luke, he tells the disciples do this in remembrance of me. This event has been regarded by Christians of most denominations as the institution of the Eucharist, there is recorded celebration of the Eucharist by the early Christian community in Jerusalem. The institution of the Eucharist is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Pauls First Epistle to the Corinthians, the words of institution differ slightly in each account. In addition, Luke 22, 19b-20 is a text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke. Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an interpolation, a comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV
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Eucharist
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The Eucharist /ˈjuːkərɪst/ is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches. Through the Eucharistic celebration Christians remember Christs sacrifice of himself on the cross, the elements of the Eucharist, bread and wine, are consecrated on an altar and consumed thereafter. Communicants may speak of receiving the Eucharist, as well as celebrating the Eucharist, Christians generally recognize a special presence of Christ in this rite, though they differ about exactly how, where, and when Christ is present. While all agree there is no perceptible change in the elements, Catholics believe that they actually become the body. Some Protestants view the Eucharist as an ordinance in which the ceremony is not as a specific channel of divine grace. Do this in remembrance of me, the term Eucharist is that by which the rite is referred by the Didache, Ignatius of Antioch and Justin Martyr. Today, the Eucharist is the still used by Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Catholics, Anglicans, Presbyterians. Other Protestant denominations rarely use this term, preferring either Communion, one remains hungry, another gets drunk. Communion or Holy Communion are used by some groups originating in the Protestant Reformation to mean the entire Eucharistic rite. The term Communion is derived from Latin communio, which translates Greek κοινωνία in 1 Corinthians 10,16, the bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ. The phrase appears five times in the New Testament in contexts which, according to some and it is the term used by the Plymouth Brethren. The Blessed Sacrament and the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar are common terms used by Catholics, Lutherans and some Anglicans for the consecrated elements, Sacrament of the Altar is in common use also among Lutherans. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints the term The Sacrament is used of the rite. Among the many terms used in the Catholic Church are Holy Mass, the Memorial of the Passion, Death and Resurrection of the Lord, the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass. The term Mass is probably derived from the fact that the Roman rite celebrates the Eucharist with unleavened bread and this explains why the Eastern Catholic Liturgies are never referred to as the Mass. Eastern rite Liturgies are celebrated with leavened bread, although the prevailing theory is that it is derived from the Latin word missa, a word used in the concluding formula of Mass in Latin, Ite, missa est. The reverse is more likely. The word dismissal probably came about because the Mass signaled the time for the Catechumens to leave, thus, the term Misa came to imply a mission, because at the end of the Mass the congregation are sent out to serve Christ
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Saint Peter
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Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn pronunciation, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd-century theologian, gave him the title of Apostle of the Apostles, according to Catholic teaching, Peter was ordained by Jesus in the Rock of My Church dialogue in Matthew 16,18. He is traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Rome and by Eastern Christian tradition also as the first Patriarch of Antioch. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a saint and as founder of the Church of Antioch. The New Testament indicates that Peter was the son of John and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis and his brother Andrew was also an apostle. According to New Testament accounts, Peter was one of twelve apostles chosen by Jesus from his first disciples, originally a fisherman, he played a leadership role and was with Jesus during events witnessed by only a few apostles, such as the Transfiguration. According to the gospels, Peter confessed Jesus as the Messiah, was part of Jesuss inner circle, thrice denied Jesus and wept bitterly once he realised his deed, according to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero Augustus Caesar. It is traditionally held that he was crucified upside down at his own request, Tradition holds that he was crucified at the site of the Clementine Chapel. His remains are said to be contained in the underground Confessio of St. Peters Basilica. According to Catholic doctrine, the direct successor to Saint Peter is the incumbent pope. Two general epistles in the New Testament are ascribed to Peter, the Gospel of Mark was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peters preaching and eyewitness memories. Peters original name was Shimon or Simeon and he was later given the name Peter, New Testament Greek Πέτρος derived from πέτρα, which means rock. In the Latin translation of the Bible this became Petrus, a form of the feminine petra. Another version of this name is Aramaic, , after his name in Hellenised Aramaic. The English, Dutch and German Peter, French Pierre, the Italian Pietro, the Spanish and Portuguese Pedro, the Syriac or Aramaic word for rock is kepa, which in Greek became Πέτρος, also meaning rock. He is also known as Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha, both Cephas and Kepha also mean rock. In the New Testament, he is among the first of the disciples called during Jesus ministry, Peter became the first listed apostle ordained by Jesus in the early church. Peter was a fisherman in Bethsaida and he was named Simon, son of Jonah or John
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Denial of Peter
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The Denial of Peter refers to three acts of denial of Jesus by the Apostle Peter as described in all four Gospels of the New Testament. Following the arrest of Jesus, Peter denied knowing him thrice, Peter then began to cry bitterly. This final incident is known as the Repentance of Peter, the emotional turmoil and turbulent emotions behind Peters denial and later repentance have been the subject of major works of art for centuries. Examples include Caravaggios Denial of Saint Peter, which is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the incidents have also inspired segments in various films related to the life and death of Jesus Christ as well as references in musical works, both religious and secular. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Peter replied, Even if all fall away on account of you, I tell you the truth, Jesus answered, This very night, before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times. But Peter declared, Even if I have to die with you, and all the other disciples said the same. Later that night, Jesus was arrested, the first denial to a servant girl in Luke 22, 54-57 is as follows, Then they seized him and led him away, bringing him into the high priests house. Peter followed at a distance and when they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and had sat down together, Peter sat down with them, a servant girl saw him seated there in the firelight. She looked closely at him and said, This man was with him, woman, I dont know him, he said. The second denial to the girl in Mark 14, 69-70 is, When the servant girl saw him there, she said again to those standing around. Then he began to call down curses on himself and he swore to them, Then Peter remembered the word Jesus had spoken, Before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times. And he went outside and wept bitterly, the Gospel of Luke 22, 59-62 describes the moment of the last denial as follows, About an hour later another asserted, Certainly this fellow was with him, for he is a Galilean. Peter replied, Man, I dont know youre talking about. Just as he was speaking, the rooster crowed, the Lord turned and looked straight at Peter. Then Peter remembered the word the Lord had spoken to him, Before the rooster crows today, and he went outside and wept bitterly. The Gospel of John 18, 13-27 describes the account of the three denials as follows, Simon Peter and another disciple were following Jesus. Because this disciple was known to the high priest, he went with Jesus into the high priest’s courtyard, the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, came back, spoke to the girl on duty there and brought Peter in. You are not one of his disciples, are you, the girl at the door asked Peter
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Kiss of Judas
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The kiss occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane after the Last Supper and leads directly to the arrest of Jesus by the police force of the Sanhedrin. More broadly, a Judas kiss may refer to an act appearing to be an act of friendship, the gospels of Matthew and Mark both use the Greek verb καταφιλέω, which means to kiss firmly, intensely, passionately, tenderly, or warmly. It is the verb that Plutarch uses to describe a famous kiss that Alexander the Great gave Bagoas. The compound verb has the force of an emphatic, ostentatious salute, according to Matthew 26,50, Jesus responded by saying, Friend, do what you are here to do. Elaine Pagels and Karen King have speculated that Jesus and Judas were actually in agreement with each other, john Dear notes that Luke 22,48 quotes Jesus saying, Judas, are you betraying the Son of Humanity with a kiss. Probably the best known is from Giottos cycle in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, there is also a version called The Taking of Christ by Caravaggio or one of his disciples. A sixth-century Byzantine Mosaic in Ravenna, a fresco by Barna da Siena. A sculpture representing the Kiss of Judas appears on the Passion façade of the Sagrada Família basilica in Barcelona, the kiss of Judas in art Bargain of Judas Chronology of Jesus Jesus predicts his betrayal Kiss of death Life of Jesus in the New Testament Grubb, Nancy. New York City, Abbeville Publishing Group, media related to Kiss of Judas at Wikimedia Commons
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Arrest of Jesus
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The arrest of Jesus is a pivotal event recorded in the canonical gospels. The event ultimately leads, in the Gospel accounts, to Jesus crucifixion, the arrest led immediately to his trial before the Sanhedrin, during which they condemned him to death and handed him to Pilate the following morning. In Christian theology, the events from the Last Supper until the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus are referred to as the Passion, in the New Testament, all four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and resurrection. In each Gospel, these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more detail than any other portion of that Gospels narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening, once there, he is described as leaving the group so that he can pray privately. The synoptics state that Jesus asked God that his burden be taken from him, Luke states that an angel appeared and strengthened Jesus, who then returned to his disciples. At that point, Judas gave Jesus a kiss, as a sign to those that had accompanied Judas as to who Jesus was. Having been identified, the officers arrested Jesus, although one of Jesus disciples thought to them with a sword. The Gospel of John specifies that it had been Simon Peter who had cut off the ear of Malchus, the servant of Caiaphas, Luke adds that Jesus healed the wound. John, Matthew, and Luke state that Jesus criticized the violent act, in Matthew, Jesus made the well known statement all who live by the sword, shall die by the sword. The account in the Gospel of John differs from that of the synoptics, chronology of Jesus Life of Jesus in the New Testament Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament Doubleday 1997 ISBN 0-385-24767-2 Brown, the New Jerome Biblical Commentary Prentice Hall 1990 ISBN 0-13-614934-0 Kilgallen, John J. A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark Paulist Press 1989 ISBN 0-8091-3059-9 Miller, Robert J. Editor The Complete Gospels Polebridge Press 1994 ISBN 0-06-065587-9
