1.
Jews
–
The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
2.
Hebrew Bible
–
They are composed mainly in Biblical Hebrew, with some passages in Biblical Aramaic. The term does not comment upon the naming, numbering or ordering of books, the term Hebrew Bible is an attempt to provide specificity with respect to contents but avoid allusion to any particular interpretative tradition or theological school of thought. Hebrew Bible refers to the Jewish biblical canon, in its Latin form, Biblia Hebraica, it traditionally serves as a title for printed editions of the Masoretic Text. Many biblical studies scholars advocate use of the term Hebrew Bible as a substitute to terms with religious connotations. Hebrew Bible Old Testament without prescribing the use of either, however, he accepts that there is no reason why non-Christians should feel obliged to refer to these books as the Old Testament, apart from custom of use. Modern Christian formulations of this tension include Supersessionism, Covenant Theology, New Covenant Theology, Dispensationalism, in terms of canon, Christian usage of Old Testament does not refer to a universally agreed upon set of books but, rather, varies depending on denomination. The Hebrew Bible includes small portions in Aramaic, written and printed in Aramaic square-script, the books that constitute the Hebrew Bible developed over roughly a millennium. The oldest texts seem to come from the 11th or 10th centuries BCE and they are edited works, being collections of various sources intricately and carefully woven together. Since the 19th century, most biblical scholars have agreed that the Pentateuch consists of four sources which have been woven together and these four sources are J, D, E and P sources. They were combined to form the Pentateuch sometime in the 6th century BCE and this theory is now known as the documentary hypothesis, and has been the dominant theory for the past two hundred years. The Deuteronomist credited with the Pentateuchs book of Deuteronomy is also said to be the source of the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, several editions, all titled Biblia Hebraica, have been produced by various German publishers since 1906. Between 1906 and 1955, Rudolf Kittel published nine editions of it,1966, the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft published the renamed Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia in six editions until 1997. Since 2004 the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft has published the Biblia Hebraica Quinta, other projects include, Hebrew University Bible Project Hebrew Bible, A Critical Edition Biblical canon Books of the Bible Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible Torah Brueggemann, Walter. An introduction to the Old Testament, the canon and Christian imagination, the People of Ancient Israel, an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought, Harper and Row,1974. Sinai and Zion, An Entry into the Jewish Bible, archived from the original on 14 March 2012. The Ancient Near East, Volume I, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press. An abridgement of Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament Noth, how the Bible Became a Book. The Old Testament, A Literary History, hebrew-English Tanakh, the Jewish Bible Complete, fully vocalized, contilated, Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, together with the classic English translation by the Jewish Publication Society
3.
Midrash
–
The Midrash, capitalized, refers to a specific compilation of these writings, primarily from the first ten centuries CE. Gesenius ascribes the etymology of midrash to the Qal of the common Hebrew verb darash to seek, study, inquire. The word midrash occurs twice in the Hebrew Bible,2 Chronicles 13,22 in the midrash of the prophet Iddo, in Second Temple Jewish literature it began to be used in the sense of education and learning generally. According to the PaRDeS approaches to exegesis, interpretation of Biblical texts in Judaism is realized through peshat, remez, derash, the Midrash concentrates somewhat on remez but mostly on derash. Many different exegetical methods are employed in an effort to derive meaning from a text. This is not limited to the traditional thirteen textual tools attributed to the Tanna Rabbi Ishmael, in many cases, a dialogue is expanded manifold, handfuls of lines in the Biblical narrative may become long philosophical discussions. It is unclear whether the midrash assumes these dialogues took place in reality or if this refers only to subtext or religious implication, many midrashim start off with a seemingly unrelated sentence from the Biblical books of Psalms, Proverbs or the Prophets. This sentence later turns out to reflect the content of the rabbinical interpretation offered. This strategy is used particularly in a subgenre of midrash known as the Petikhta, some Midrash discussions are highly metaphorical, and many Jewish authors stress that they are not intended to be taken literally. Rather, other sources may sometimes serve as a key to particularly esoteric discussions. Later authors maintain that this was done to make this material accessible to the casual reader. In general the midrash is focused on either halakha or aggadic subject matter, Midrash halakha is the name given to a group of tannaitic expositions on the first four books of the Hebrew Bible. These Midrashim, which are written in Mishnahic Hebrew set out a distinction between the Biblical texts that they discuss, and the rabbinic interpretation of that text. They often go well beyond simple interpretation and derive or provide support for halakha and this work is based on pre set assumptions about the sacred and divine nature of the text, and the belief in the legitimacy that accords with rabbinic interpretation. By collecting and compiling these thoughts they could be presented in a manner which helped to refute claims that they were only human interpretations, Midrashim which seek to explain the non-legal portions of the Hebrew Bible are sometimes referred to as aggadah or haggadah. Some of these midrashim entail mystical teachings, the presentation is such that the Midrash is a simple lesson to the uninitiated, and a direct allusion, or analogy, to a Mystical teaching for those educated in this area. An example of a Midrashic interpretation, And God saw all that He had made, and there was evening, and there was morning, the sixth day. —Midrash, Rabbi Nahman said in Rabbi Samuels name, Behold, it was very good refers to the Good Desire, AND behold, can then the Evil Desire be very good
4.
Tzitzit
–
Tzitzit are specially knotted ritual fringes, or tassels, worn in antiquity by Israelites and today by observant Jews and Samaritans. Tzitzit are attached to the four corners of the tallit and tallit katan, other pronunciations include Biblical and Middle Eastern, ṣiṣit, Spanish and Mediterranean, tzitzit, European and Yiddish, tzitzis, Yemenite, ṣiṣith, Samaritan, ṣeṣet. The word may derive from the semitic root N-TZ-H, the ending -it is the feminine adjectival suffix, used here to form a feminine singular noun. N-TZ-H comes from the word for flower and originally meant a tassel or lock, as in the Book of Ezekiel where Ezekiel is picked up by an angel. In English-language academic texts on Judaica the term is sometimes rendered show-fringes, in the Hebrew Bible the use is singular, but the feminine plural tzitziyot is found in later texts. Wearing the Tzitzit is also commanded in Deuteronomy 22,12, You shall make yourself twisted cords, tassels, Tzitziyot, today are attached to the Tallit and Tallit katan. The Tallit katan itself is referred to as Tzitzit. According to the Torah, the purpose of wearing Tzitzit is to remind Jews of their religious obligations, in addition, it serves as a reminder of the Exodus from Egypt. The Talmud equates its observance with that of all the Mitzvot, maimonides includes it as a major commandment along with circumcision and the Passover offering. The blue thread is omitted by most Rabbinic Jews due to controversy over the dye-making process, Torah law forbids Kilayim – intertying wool and linen together. Rabbinic Judaism, but not Karaite Judaism, makes an exemption to this law, the tassel on each corner is made of four strands, which must be made with intent. These strands are then threaded and hang down, appearing to be eight, the four strands are passed through a hole 1-2 inches away from the corner of the cloth. There are numerous customs as to how to tie the tassels, the Talmud explains that the Bible requires an upper knot and one wrapping of three winds. The Talmud enjoined that between 7 and 13 hulyot be tied, and that one must start and end with the color of the garment. As for the making of knots in between the hulyot, the Talmud is inconclusive, and as such poskim have interpreted this requirement in various ways. Four tzitzyot are passed through each hole, and the two groups of four ends are double-knotted to each other at the edge of the garment near the hole, before tying begins, declaration of intent is recited, LShem Mitzvat Tzitzit. The two sets of strands are knotted together twice, and then the shamash is wound around the remaining seven strands a number of times, the two sets are then knotted again twice. This procedure is repeated three times, such that there are a total of five knots, the four intervening spaces being taken up by windings numbering 7-8-11-13, respectively
5.
Tefillin
–
Tefillin, also called phylacteries, are a set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah. They are worn by male observant Jews during weekday morning prayers, although tefillin is technically the plural form, it is loosely used as a singular as well. The arm-tefillin, or shel yad, is placed on the arm. The Torah commands that they should be worn to serve as a sign, the scriptural texts for tefillin are obscure in literal meaning. It is the Talmud, the oral tradition for Rabbinic Judaism, which explains what are to be bound to the body. You shall put these words of mine on your heart and on your soul, and you shall tie them for a sign upon your arm, the ultimate origin of Hebrew tefillin is uncertain. The word tefillin is not found in the Bible, which calls them ṭoṭafot, the Septuagint renders ṭoṭafot ἀσαλευτόν, something immovable. Some believe it refers to a charm, similar to the Hebrew neṭifot, tefillin may have derived from the Aramaic palal, to plead, pray, a word closely related to the Hebrew tefillah, prayer. Jacob ben Asher suggests that tefillin is derived from the Hebrew pelilah, justice, evidence, for tefillin act as a sign, the only instance of the name phylacteries in ancient times occurs once in the Greek New Testament whence it has passed into the languages of Europe. Phylacteries derives from the Greek phulaktērion - φυλακτήριον, defences, and in late Greek, neither Aquila nor Symmachus use the word phylacteries. The choice of this particular Greek equivalent to render the Heb. tefillin bears witness to the ancient functional interpretation of the device as a kind of an amulet. The other Greek words for “amulet” are periapta or periammata, which literally signifies “things tied around, the Sefer ha-Chinuch adds that the purpose of tefillin is to help subjugate a persons worldly desires and encourage spiritual development. Joseph Caro explains that tefillin are placed on the arm adjacent to the heart, many have the custom to have high quality tefillin and beautiful tefillin bags as a Hiddur Mitzvah. This idea comes from the verse This is my God and I will glorify Him, the Jewish Sages explain, Is it possible for a human being to add glory to his Creator. What this really means is, I shall glorify Him in the way I perform mitzvot, I shall prepare before Him a beautiful lulav, beautiful sukkah, beautiful fringes, and beautiful phylacteries. Moreover, numerous scholars think that also play an apotropaic function. For instance, Yehudah B. Cohn argues that the tefillin should be perceived as an invented tradition aimed at counteracting the popularity of the Greek amulets with an “original” Jewish one. In fact, some more anthropologically inclined scholars like Joshua Trachtenberg, in addition to this the early Rabbinic sources furnish more or less explicit examples of the apotropaic qualities of tefillin
6.
Talmud
–
The Talmud is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also referred to as Shas, a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, the six orders. Talmud translates literally as instruction in Hebrew, and the term may refer to either the Gemara alone, or the Mishnah, the entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates, and in standard print is over 6,200 pages long. The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law, Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah and discussed the Tanakh without the benefit of written works, though some may have made private notes, for example of court decisions. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing, the earliest recorded oral Torah may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Pentateuch. But an alternative form, organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse, became dominant about the year 200 CE, the Oral Torah was far from monolithic, rather, it varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel, in general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud. The oldest full manuscript of the Talmud, known as the Munich Talmud, each tractate is divided into chapters,517 in total, that are both numbered according to the Hebrew alphabet and given names, usually using the first one or two words in the first mishnah. A perek may continue over several pages, each perek will contain several mishnayot with their accompanying exchanges that form the building-blocks of the Gemara, the name for a passage of gemara is a sugya. A sugya, including baraita or tosefta, will comprise a detailed proof-based elaboration of a Mishnaic statement. A sugya may, and often does, range widely off the subject of the mishnah, in a given sugya, scriptural, Tannaic and Amoraic statements are cited to support the various opinions. In so doing, the Gemara will highlight semantic disagreements between Tannaim and Amoraim, and compare the Mishnaic views with passages from the Baraita. Rarely are debates formally closed, in instances, the final word determines the practical law. There is a literature on the procedural principles to be used in settling the practical law when disagreements exist, see under #Logic. The Mishnah is a compilation of legal opinions and debates, statements in the Mishnah are typically terse, recording brief opinions of the rabbis debating a subject, or recording only an unattributed ruling, apparently representing a consensus view. The rabbis recorded in the Mishnah are known as the Tannaim, the Mishnahs topical organization thus became the framework of the Talmud as a whole. But not every tractate in the Mishnah has a corresponding Gemara, also, the order of the tractates in the Talmud differs in some cases from that in the Mishnah. In addition to the Mishnah, other tannaitic teachings were current at about the time or shortly thereafter
7.
Wine
–
Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. These grapes are generally Vitis vinifera, or a hybrid with Vitis labrusca or Vitis rupestris, grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine and these typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. There are also made from fermenting other fruits or cereals. Wines made from other than grapes include rice wine and various fruit wines such as those made from plums or cherries. Some well known examples are hard cider from apples, perry from pears, pomegranate wine, Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest known traces of wine from Georgia in Eurasia where 8000-year-old wine jars were found and in Iran with 7, the earliest known winery is the 6, 100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia. Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace, throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects, which are evident after the normal serving size of five ounces. Wine has long played an important role in religion, the earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC. The earliest evidence of a fermented drink was found in Georgia, where wine residue inside ceramic jars dates from 6000 BC. The earliest evidence of a production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old, presumably. A2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid, however, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, the wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact. As the first great traders in wine, the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin
8.
Shabbat
–
Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Judaisms traditional position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the Abrahamic and many other religions. According to halakha, Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night, Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three meals are eaten, in the evening, in the early afternoon, and late in the afternoon. The evening meal begins with a blessing called kiddush and another blessing recited over two loaves of challah. Shabbat is closed the evening with a havdalah blessing. Shabbat is a day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labors of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life, the word Shabbat derives from the Hebrew verb shavat. Although frequently translated as rest, another translation of these words is ceasing. The related modern Hebrew word shevita, has the implication of active rather than passive abstinence from work. The notion of active cessation from labor is also regarded as consistent with an omnipotent Gods activity on the seventh day of Creation according to Genesis. Sabbath is given status as a holy day at the very beginning of the Torah in Genesis 2. It is first commanded after the Exodus from Egypt, in Exodus 16,26 and in Exodus 20, Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and Tanakh, double the normal number of animal sacrifices are to be offered on the day. Sabbath is also described by the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Amos, the longstanding traditional Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution. The Mosaic tradition quotes an origin from the Bible of special creation, though some suggest a later, naturalistic origin. Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the Egyptians, to whom it was unknown, the first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an ostracon found in excavations at Mesad Hashavyahu, which is dated 630 BCE. The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart, include abstaining from chariot riding, on these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to make a wish, and at least the 28th was known as a rest-day. The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between a week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language
9.
Jewish holidays
–
Certain terms are used very commonly for groups of holidays. These include the first and seventh days of Passover, Shavuot, by extension, outside the Land of Israel, the second-day holidays known under the rubric Yom tov sheni shel galuyot are also included in this grouping. Colloquially, Yom Kippur, a Biblically-mandated date on which even food preparation is prohibited, is included in this grouping. The English-language term High Holy Days refers to Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur collectively, the term Three Pilgrimage Festivals refers to Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. Within this grouping Sukkot normally includes Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah, certain terminology is used in referring to different categories of holidays, depending on their source and their nature, Shabbat, or Sabbath, is referred to by that name exclusively. Similarly, Rosh Chodesh is referred to by that name exclusively, moed, plural moadim, refers to any of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. When used in comparison to Yom Tov, it refers to Chol HaMoed, Ḥag or chag, plural chagim, can be used whenever yom tov or moed is. It is also used to describe Hanukkah and Purim, as well as Yom Haatzmaut, Taanit, or, less commonly, tzom, refers to a fast. These terms are used to describe the rabbinic fasts, although tzom is used liturgically to refer to Yom Kippur as well. The most notable feature of Shabbat and the Biblical festivals is the requirement to refrain from melacha on these days. Melacha is most commonly translated as work, perhaps a translation is creative-constructive work. Strictly speaking, Melacha is defined in Jewish law by 39 categories of labor that were used in constructing the Tabernacle while the Jews wandered in the desert, as understood traditionally and in Orthodox Judaism, On Shabbat and Yom Kippur all melacha is prohibited. On a Yom Tov which falls on a weekday, not Shabbat, some melacha related to preparation of food is permitted. On weekdays during Chol HaMoed, melacha is not prohibited per se, however, melacha should be limited to that required either to enhance the enjoyment of the remainder of the festival or to avoid great financial loss. On other days, there are no restrictions on melacha, in principle, Conservative Judaism understands the requirement to refrain from melacha in the same way as Orthodox Judaism. In practice, Conservative rabbis frequently rule on prohibitions around melacha differently from Orthodox authorities, still, there are a number of Conservative/Masorti communities around the world where Sabbath and Festival observance fairly closely resembles Orthodox observance. However, many, if not most, lay members of Conservative congregations in North America do not consider themselves Sabbath-observant, at the same time, adherents of Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism do not accept halacha, and therefore restrictions on melacha, as binding at all. Jews fitting any of these descriptions refrain from melacha in practice only as they see fit
10.
Havdalah
–
Havdalah is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Sabbath and Jewish holidays, and ushers in the new week. The ritual involves lighting a special candle with several wicks, blessing a cup of wine. Shabbat ends on Saturday night after the appearance of three stars in the sky, some communities delay the Havdalah in order to prolong Shabbat. As for kiddush, havdalah is recited over a cup of wine or grape juice. Spices, called besamim in Hebrew, often stored in an artistically decorative spice container in order to beautify, in many Sephardi and Mizrahi communities, branches of aromatic plants are used for this purpose, while Ashkenazim have traditionally used cloves. A special braided Havdalah candle with more than one wick is lit, if a special havdalah candle is not available, two candles can be used, and the two flames joined when reciting the blessing. At the conclusion of Havdalah, the wine is poured into a small dish. Based on Psalms 19,9, the commandment of the Lord is clear, enlightening the eyes, some Jews dip a finger into the leftover wine, because it was used for a mitzvah, the wine is considered a segulah, or good omen. After the Havdalah ceremony, it is customary to sing Eliyahu Hanavi and bless one another with the words Shavua tov or Gute vokh. Havdalah is also recited at the conclusion of the following holidays, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur. The blessing over the wine is said, as well as the prayer separating the holy from the everyday, when a major holiday follows Shabbat, the Havdalah service is recited as part of the holiday kiddush and the blessing over spices is not said. The special braided Havdalah candle is not used since it may not be extinguished after the service, but rather the blessing is recited over the festival candles. Havdalah is intended to require a person to use all five senses—to taste the wine, smell the spices, see the flame of the candle and feel its heat, and hear the blessings. Following a normal Shabbat, the order of the prayers corresponds to the acrostic יבנה Yavneh, with the initials Yayin, Besamim, Ner, and Havdalah. The order of elements when Havdala is combined with kiddush (e. g. on a Saturday night that is Yom Tov is known by the acrostic Yaknhaz and this is the initial letters of Yayin, Kiddush HaYom, Ner, Havdala and Zman. The central blessing of the Havdalah is the paragraph, of which there are variants. The introductory verses in the Ashkenazic version are taken from the books of Isaiah, Psalms. The four blessings over the wine, spices candle and praising God for separation between holy and profane are virtually identical between the traditions, the phrase בין ישראל לעמים, bein Yisrael lamim between Israel and the nations is based on Leviticus 20,26
11.
Jewish Museum (Manhattan)
–
It focuses both on artifacts of Jewish history and on modern and contemporary art. Its permanent exhibition, Culture and Continuity, The Jewish Journey, is supplemented by multiple temporary exhibitions each year. Felix M. Warburg and his brother Paul Warburg were international bankers in the early 20th Century who cultivated their fortunes at the New York banking firm Kuhn, Loeb, & Co. Felix and Paul moved to the United States in 1894 and Felix soon after married Freida Schiff, daughter of Jacob Schiff, active in the Jewish community and philanthropy for most of his life, Felix organized the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies by combining 75 separate charities and organizations. He also served as the director of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America along with his father-in-law Jacob H. Schiff, by that time, the Warburg family had been living in the house since 1908 when construction that began two years prior was completed. The collection was moved in 1931, with the Seminary, to 122nd, the Jewish Theological Seminary received over 400 Jewish ceremonial items and created, The Museum of Jewish Ceremonial Objects, previously the Jacob Schiff Library. The collection was expanded by major donations from Hadji Ephraim Benguiat. In 1939, in light of WWII, Poland sent about 350 objects to New York city from homes and synagogues in order to preserve them. Frieda Warburg said at the opening that the museum would not be a somber memorial, the first expansion of the museum was the addition of a sculpture garden in 1959 by Adam List. The building was expanded in 1963 and further by architect Kevin Roche in 1993, in the 1960s, the museum took a more active role in the general world of contemporary art, with exhibitions such as Primary Structures, which helped to launch the Minimalist art movement. In the decades since, the museum has had a focus on Jewish culture. From 1990 through 1993, director Joan Rosenbaum led the project to renovate and expand the building and carry out the museum’s first major capital campaign, the project, designed by architect Kevin Roche, doubled the size of the museum, providing it with a seven-story addition. In 1992, the Jewish Museum and the Film Society of Lincoln Center teamed up to create The New York Jewish Film Festival, today, the museum also provides educational programs for adults and families, sponsoring concerts, films, symposiums and lectures related to its exhibitions. Joan Rosenbaum was the director from 1981 until her retirement in 2010. In 2011 the museum named Claudia Gould as its new director, in 2012 Jens Hoffmann joined as Deputy Director, Exhibitions and Public Programs. The Felix M. Warburg House was constructed in François I style, 1906-1908 for Felix and Frieda Warburg, François I style was originally found in New York City in the late 19th century through the works of Richard Morris Hunt. Hunt was a renowned architect throughout the Northeast, particularly in New England and was one of the first American architects to study at the elite Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France. Gilbert was an apprentice of Hunt and emulated Hunts classic Châteauesque style for the Warburg house while also adding some Gothic features, the original house is built in limestone with mansard roofs, dripping moldings, and gables
12.
Frankfurt
–
The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
13.
Menorah (Hanukkah)
–
On each night of Hanukkah a new branch is lit. The ninth holder, called the shamash, is for a used to light all other candles and/or to be used as an extra light. The menorah is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art, the seven-branched menorah is a traditional symbol of Judaism, along with the Star of David. A hanukkiah was added to Unicode in version 8.0 along with a number of other religiously significant symbols, the open source typeface Hananiah is one of the few fonts that supports this character. The menorah is often displayed in public around Hanukkah time December, elected officials often participate in publicly lighting the menorah. The Chabad-Lubavitch movement is associated with public lighting ceremonies, which it has done since a directive from their last Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. In the book A Kosher Christmas, Tis the Season to Be Jewish, author Rabbi Joshua Plaut, the menorah currently used was commissioned by the Rt. Hon. Michael J. Martin MP, then Speaker of the House of Commons, Martin is a Roman Catholic, his successor, John Bercow, is coincidentally the first Jewish Speaker of the House of Commons. Two big menorahs are in New York City, each standing at 32 feet, one is at Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, Worlds Largest Menorah and the other is lit at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in Manhattan near Central Park. A4, 000-pound structure, it is the work of Israeli artist Yaacov Agam, because of the menorahs heights, Con Edison assists the lighting by using a crane to lift each person to the top. In the United States, the display of menorot and Christmas trees on public grounds has been the source of legal battles. Specifically, in the 1989 County of Allegheny v. S. society, english speakers most commonly call the lamp a menorah or Hanukkah menorah. Many museums have collections of Hanukkah menorot, including the Israel Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Jewish Museum. There is also a collection in the small Jewish Museum in Rio de Janeiro, more offbeat Hanukkah products on the American market include a Menorah Tree inspired by the Christmas tree tradition, and even a Menorah Bong. The Thanksgivukkah coincidence of Thanksgiving and the night of Hanukkah in 2013 inspired a turkey-shaped menurkey. Yearly lighting of the Menorah at the White House in Washington DC Hanukkah Lamps from the collection of The Jewish Museum
14.
Hanukkah
–
Hanukkah is a Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. It is also known as the Festival of Lights and the Feast of Dedication, the festival is observed by the kindling of the lights of a unique candelabrum, the nine-branched menorah, one additional light on each night of the holiday, progressing to eight on the final night. The typical menorah consists of eight branches with a visually distinct branch. The extra light, with which the others are lit, is called a shamash and is given a distinct location, other Hanukkah festivities include playing dreidel and eating oil-based foods such as doughnuts and latkes. Since the 1970s, the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open places in many countries. The name Hanukkah derives from the Hebrew verb חנך, meaning to dedicate, on Hanukkah, the Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple. חנוכה is also the Hebrew acronym for ח נרות והלכה כבית הלל — Eight candles, and the halakha is like the House of Hillel. This is a reference to the disagreement between two schools of thought — the House of Hillel and the House of Shammai — on the proper order in which to light the Hanukkah flames. Shammai opined that eight candles should be lit on the first night, seven on the second night, Hillel argued in favor of starting with one candle and lighting an additional one every night, up to eight on the eighth night. Jewish law adopted the position of Hillel, in Hebrew, the word Hanukkah is written חֲנֻכָּה or חנוכה. It is most commonly transliterated to English as Chanukah or Hanukkah, moreover, the kaf consonant is geminate in classical Hebrew. It has also been spelled as Hannukah, the story of Hanukkah is preserved in the books of the First and Second Maccabees, which describe in detail the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the lighting of the menorah. These books are not part of the Tanakh which came from the Palestinian canon, however, both books are included in the Old Testament used by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, since those churches consider the books deuterocanonical. They are not included in the Old Testament books in most Protestant Bibles since most Protestants consider the books apocryphal, multiple references to Hanukkah are also made in the Mishna, though specific laws are not described. The miracle of the supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the Talmud. Rav Nissim Gaon postulates in his Hakdamah Lemafteach Hatalmud that information on the holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it. They found only a container that was still sealed by the High Priest. They used this, yet it burned for eight days, except in times of danger, the lights were to be placed outside ones door, on the opposite side of the mezuza, or in the window closest to the street
15.
Lindo lamp
–
The Lindo lamp is a silver Chanukah menorah. It is the oldest known example of a Chanukah menorah made in Britain, the lamp was created by London silversmith John Ruslen in 1709. It was commissioned to celebrate the marriage of Elias Lindo and Rachel Lopes Ferreira, the couple were married at Londons Bevis Marks Synagogue on February 2, 1708–09. The lamp has been on loan to the London Jewish Museum, the lamp is considered to be among the most important objects in the museums collection. It is feared that if sufficient funds cannot be raised to purchase the lamp, it will be purchased by a private collector, the Museums collection of ceremonial art has been awarded designated status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council in recognition of its outstanding national importance. In 2009 the family that has long loaned the lamp to the Museum announced that it wished to sell the lamp, the National Heritage Memorial Fund agreed to contribute £145,000. The Art Fund offered to contribute £75,000 and the MLA /V&A Purchase Fund £30,000, the sterling silver menorah is chased with a relief image of the Prophet Elijah fed by ravens, a scene from the Book of Kings. It is common for Jewish ceremonial artistic objects to depict a character bearing the same name as the patron who commissioned an object. The subject is not very common in Jewish art, but it was popular in the Baroque period in both Catholic and Protestant lands, a well-known Elijah fed by Ravens painted in 1620 by Guercino hangs in the National Gallery. A version by Abraham Bloemaert is owned by the Cleveland Museum of Art
16.
Yaacov Agam
–
Yaacov Agam is an Israeli sculptor and experimental artist best known for his contributions to optical and kinetic art. Yaacov Agam was born Yaakov Gibstein in Rishon LeZion, then Mandate Palestine and his father, Yehoshua Gibstein, was a rabbi and a kabbalist. In 1951 Agam went to Paris, France, where he still lives and he has a daughter and two sons, one of whom is the photographer Ron Agam. Agams first solo exhibition was at the Galerie Craven, Paris, in 1953, in 1964, Agam wrote his artistic credo, unchanged since then. My aim is to show what can be seen within the limits of possibility which exists in the midst of coming into being, Agams work is usually abstract, kinetic art, with movement, viewer participation and frequent use of light and sound. His works are placed in public places. He is also known for a type of print known as an Agamograph, the lenticular technique was executed in large scale in the 30 ft square Complex Vision which adorns the facade of the Callahan Eye Foundation Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. Agam had an exhibition in Paris at the Musée National dArt Moderne in 1972. His works are held in museum collections including the Museum of Modern Art. He is the subject of two films by American filmmaker Warren Forma, Possibilities of Agam and Agam and. In 1996, he was awarded the Jan Amos Comenius Medal by UNESCO for the Agam Method for visual education of young children and he designed and created the winners trophy for the 1999 Eurovision Song Contest that was held in Jerusalem. In 2009, at age 81, Agam created a monument for the World Games in Kaohsiung and it consists of nine 10m high hexagon pillars positioned in diamond or square formation. The sides of the pillars are painted in different patterns and hues, one of Agams more notable creations is the Hanukkah Menorah at the corner of Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in New York City, sponsored by the Lubavitch Youth Organization. The 32-foot-high, gold colored,4,000 pound steel structure is recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the Worlds Largest Hanukkah Menorah and it uses real oil lamps, which are lighted every year during Hanukkah with the aid of cherry-picking machines. In May 2014, Agams piece Faith- Visual Pray was presented to Pope Francis by El Al Israel Airlines president, the piece included significant symbols of both Jewish and Christian faiths. Agam is the highest-selling Israeli artist, Visual arts in Israel List of public art in Israel Ragon, Michel. Agam,54 mots cles pour une lecture polyphonique dAgam, origins and Development of Kinetic Art. Studio Vista and New York Graphic Society, works by or about Yaacov Agam in libraries Yaacov Agams Bio
17.
Ze'ev Raban
–
Ze’ev Raban was a leading painter, decorative artist, and industrial designer of the Bezalel school style, and was one of the founders of the Israeli art world. Wolf Rawicki was born in Łódź, Congress Poland, and began his studies there and he continued his studies in sculpture and architectural ornamentation at a number of European art academies. Under the influence of Boris Schatz, the founder of the Bezalel Academy and he joined the faculty of the Bezalel school, and soon took on a central role there as a teacher of repoussé, painting, and sculpture. He also directed the academys Graphics Press and the Industrial Art Studio, by 1914, most of the works produced in the schools workshops were of his design. In 1921, he participated in the art exhibition at the Tower of David, the first exhibit of Hebrew artists in Palestine. Exemplars of this style are Rabbans illustrated editions of the Book of Ruth, Song of Songs, Book of Job, Book of Esther, like other European art nouveau artists of the period such as Alphonse Mucha Raban combined commercial commissions with uncommissioned paintings. Raban designed the decorative elements of such important Jerusalem buildings as the King David Hotel, Raban easily navigated a wealth of artistic sources and mediums, borrowing and combining ideas from East and West, fine arts and crafts from past and present. His works blended European neoclassicism, Symbolist art and Art Nouveau with oriental forms, versatile and productive, he lent this unique style to most artistic mediums, including the fine arts, illustration, sculpture, repousee, jewellery design, and ceramics. Raban also designed a range of Jewish objects, including Hanukkah menorahs, temple windows. Temple Emanuel has a set of six windows, each 16-feet high]. The windows were commissioned from Raban in 1922 by Rabbi Samuel Rosinger, each window depicts an event in the life of one of the principal Hebrew prophets, Jeremiah, Elijah, Elisha, Ezekiel, Moses, and Isaiah. Raban collaborated with artists to produce versions of his work as ceramic tiles. The 1925 Lederberg house, at the intersection of Rothschild Boulevard, the four murals show a Jewish pioneer sowing and harvesting, a shepherd, and Jerusalem with a verse from Jeremiah 31,4, Again I will rebuild thee and thous shalt be rebuilt. In 2015 one of his works received international attention, the President of Israel, Reuven Rivlin visited at the White House with U. S. President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama for the December 2015 Hannukah celebration. Israels First Lady Nechama Rivlin joined her husband in lighting a menorah made in Israel by Raban, Zeev Raban, 1890-1970, By Zeev Raban, Malka Jagendorf, Published by Mayanot Gallery, Jerusalem,1993 Goldfine, Gil. “Zeev Raban and the Bezalel style, ” Cohen, Nurit Shilo, the Hebrew Style of Bezalel, 1906-1929. The Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts, Vol.20, “Biblical Zionism in Bezalel Art, ” Israel Studies 6.1 55-75 Zeev Raban collection at the Israel Museum. Art of Zeev Raban at Europeana, retrieved March 20121923 edition of the Song of Songs Temple Emanuels Sanctuary Windows Art in America article on Israeli art exhibition
18.
North Carolina Museum of Art
–
The North Carolina Museum of Art is an art museum in Raleigh, North Carolina which opened in 1956 as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by State legislation and funding. Since the initial 1947 appropriation that established its collection, the Museum has continued to be a model of enlightened public policy with free admission to the permanent collection. The Museum features more than 40 galleries as well as more than a major works of art in the nation’s largest museum park with 164-acres. One of the art museums in the American South, the NCMA recently completed a major expansion winning international acclaim for innovative approaches to energy-efficient design. In 1924, the North Carolina State Art Society formed to generate interest in creating an art museum for the state, in 1928 the society acquired funds and 75 paintings were first displayed in a series of temporary art exhibition spaces in the Agriculture Building in Raleigh in 1929. In 1939, NCMA was moved to the former Supreme Court building, in 1947 the state legislature appropriated $1 million to purchase a collection of artworks for the people of North Carolina. The money was used to purchase 139 European and American works, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation matched the appropriation with a gift of 71 works, primarily from the Italian Renaissance. The 1947 state earmarking of funds for an art collection was the first in the United States, on April 6,1956, the museum opened in the renovated State Highway Division Building on Morgan Street in downtown Raleigh, the state capital. W. R. Valentiner became the museums first director, in 1961, the legislature separated the museum from the Art Society, making it a state agency jointly governed by the state and a board of trustees. Ten years later, NCMA became an entity under what is now the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, in 1967, the present-day Blue Ridge Road site was chosen as the location for a new building, as the museum had outgrown the Morgan Street location. Designed by Edward Durrell Stone and Associates of New York and Holloway-Reeves Architects of North Carolina, Stone used spatial experimentation with pure geometric form for the museum by using a square as a basic unit and designing the entire site by manipulating the square form. This was Stones last major design prior to his death, after he died in 1978, the exterior was changed from white marble to red brick. In April 2010 the museum opened the new 127, 000-square-foot West Building, designed by New York-based architects Thomas Phifer and Partners as part of an expansion initiative. Highlights include a gift of 30 Auguste Rodin sculptures and work by artists Roxy Paine, Ursula von Rydingsvard, El Anatsui, Jaume Plensa, Jackie Ferrara, Ellsworth Kelly, and David Park. The project also transformed the museum’s East Building into a center for exhibitions, education and public programs, public events. The exterior walls of the West Building are covered with anodized aluminum panels that are canted two degrees back from vertical with seams covered by highly polished steel bands, the roof of the West Building includes parabolic-shaped 6.5 ft by 37 ft coffers, which admit natural light. Other strengths include African, ancient American, pre-Columbian, and Oceanic art, the museum’s African collection originated in the 1970s with historical material from the 19th and 20th centuries, including important items from the Benin Kingdom. The ancient American collection features art from three areas of the Western Hemisphere, Mesoamerica, Central America, and the Andes
19.
Etrog
–
Etrog is the yellow citron or Citrus medica used by Jewish people during the week-long holiday of Sukkot, as one of the four species. Together with a lulav, hadass and aravah, the etrog is to be taken in each Jewish hand, some taxonomic experts, like Hodgson and others, have mistakenly treated etrog as one specific variety of citron. The various Jewish rites utilize different varieties, according to their tradition or the decision of their respective Posek, the romanization as Etrog according to the Sephardic pronunciation, is widely used in Israel through Modern Hebrew. The Ashkenazi pronunciation as in Yiddish, is esrog or esrig and it has been transliterated as Ethrog or Ethrogh in scholarly work, which is according to Yemenite Hebrew. The Hebrew word is thought to derive from the Persian name for the fruit, turung, rabbinic Judaism believes the Biblical phrase peri eitz hadar refers to the etrog. Grammatically, the Hebrew phrase is ambiguous, it is translated as fruit of a beautiful tree. Etrogs are carefully selected for the performance of the Sukkot holiday rituals, in modern Hebrew, hadar refers to the genus Citrus. Nahmanides suggests that the word was the original Hebrew name for the citron, according to him, the word etrog was introduced over time, adapted from the Aramaic. The Arabic name for the fruit, itranj, mentioned in hadith literature, is also associated with the Hebrew. Etrog have been cultivated in the Holy Land extensively at the times of the Second Temple and is found in many archaeological foundlings of that era and those include mosaics of Maon Synagogue, Beth Alpha Synagogue, Hamat Tiberias Synagogue and more. In all those cites it is depicted alongside other important religious symbols and it is also found on numerous Bar Kokhba coins. The earliest reference to etrog in the land is still the recent discovery of citron pollen that was found in excavations on the Ramat Rachel site. After the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE, exiled Jews planted citron orchards wherever they settled, in Europe as well as in North Africa and Asia Minor. Jews who resided in north of warm citron-growing areas were dependent on imported etrogim. By the seventeenth century some of the most popular sources were the islands of Corsica, Jewish communities in Europe and America then turned to Palestine, where etrog farmers had been marketing etrogim to Europe since the late 1850s through The Fruit of the Goodly Tree Association. Some Jewish communities still preferred citrons from Italy, Greece, Morocco, or Yemen, but many Jews seeking citrons turned to Eretz Yisrael, the land of Israel. These days, American Jews continue to import the majority of their holiday etrogim from Israel, a pitam or pitom is composed of a style, and a stigma, and usually falls off during the growing process. An etrog with an intact pitam is considered valuable
20.
Sukkot
–
It is a biblical Jewish holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the month of Tishrei. During the existence of the Jerusalem Temple it was one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals on which the Israelites were commanded to perform a pilgrimage to the Temple. The more elaborate religious significance from the Book of Leviticus is that of commemorating the Exodus, the holiday lasts seven days in Israel and eight in the diaspora. The first day is a Shabbat-like holiday when work is forbidden and this is followed by intermediate days called Chol Hamoed, when certain work is permitted. The festival is closed with another Shabbat-like holiday called Shemini Atzeret, Shemini Atzeret coincides with the eighth day of Sukkot outside of Israel. The Hebrew word sukkōt is the plural of sukkah, booth or tabernacle, a sukkah is the name of the temporary dwelling in which farmers would live during harvesting, a fact connecting to the agricultural significance of the holiday stressed by the Book of Exodus. Throughout the holiday, meals are eaten inside the sukkah and many people there as well. On each day of the holiday it is mandatory to perform a ceremony with the Four Species. The origins of Sukkot are both historical and agricultural, historically, Sukkot commemorates the forty-year period during which the children of Israel were wandering in the desert, living in temporary shelters. Agriculturally, Sukkot is a harvest festival and is referred to as Chag HaAsif. Sukkot is a holiday, with the first day celebrated as a full festival with special prayer services. The seventh day of Sukkot is called Hoshana Rabbah and has a special observance of its own, outside Israel, the first and last two days are celebrated as full festivals. The intermediate days are known as Chol HaMoed, according to Halakha, some types of work are forbidden during Chol HaMoed. In Israel many businesses are closed during this time, throughout the week of Sukkot, meals are eaten in the sukkah and the males sleep there, although the requirement is waived in case of rain. Every day, a blessing is recited over the Lulav and the Etrog. Observance of Sukkot is detailed in the Book of Nehemiah 8, 13-18, Zechariah 14, 16-19 and Leviticus 23, 34-44 in the Bible, the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the sukkah walls can be constructed of any material. The walls can be free-standing or include the sides of a building or porch, the roof must be of organic material, known as schach, such as leafy tree overgrowth, schach mats or palm fronds. It is customary to decorate the interior of the sukkah with hanging decorations of the four species
21.
Haggadah
–
The Haggadah is a Jewish text that sets forth the order of the Passover Seder. Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews also apply the term Haggadah to the service itself, kadeish is Hebrew Imperative for Kiddush. This Kiddush is similar to that which is recited on all of the festivals, but also refers to matzot. Acting in a way that freedom and majesty, many Jews have the custom of filling each others cups at the Seder table. The Kiddush is traditionally said by the father of the house, technically, according to Jewish law, whenever one partakes of fruits or vegetables dipped in liquid while remaining wet, one must wash ones hands, if the fruit or vegetable remains wet. According to most traditions, no blessing is recited at this point in the Seder, however, followers of Rambam or the Gaon of Vilna do recite a blessing. Each participant dips a vegetable into either salt water, vinegar or charoset, another custom mentioned in some Ashkenazi sources and probably originating with Meir of Rothenburg, was to dip the karpas in wine. Three matzot are stacked on the table, at this stage. The larger piece is hidden, to be used later as the afikoman, the smaller piece is returned to its place between the other two matzot. The story of Passover, and the change from slavery to freedom is told, at this point in the Seder, Moroccan Jews have a custom of raising the Seder plate over the heads of all those present while chanting Bivhilu yatzanu mimitzrayim, halahma anya bnei horin. Ha Lachma Anya The matzot are uncovered, and referred to as the bread of affliction, participants declare an invitation to all who are hungry or needy to join in the Seder. Halakha requires that this invitation be repeated in the language of the country. Mah Nishtanah The Mishna details questions one is obligated to ask on the night of the seder and it is customary for the youngest child present to recite the four questions. Some customs hold that the other participants recite them quietly to themselves as well, in some families, this means that the requirement remains on an adult child until a grandchild of the family receives sufficient Jewish education to take on the responsibility. If a person has no children capable of asking, the responsibility falls to the spouse, the need to ask is so great that even if a person is alone at the seder he is obligated to ask himself and to answer his own questions. Ma nishtana ha lyla ha zeh mikkol hallaylot, why is this night different from all other nights. Shebbkhol hallelot anu okh’lin ḥamets umatsa, vehallayla hazze kullo matsa, why is it that on all other nights during the year we eat either leavened bread or matza, but on this night we eat only matza. Shebbkhol hallelot anu okh’lin sh’ar yrakot, vehallayla hazze maror, why is it that on all other nights we eat all kinds of vegetables, but on this night we eat bitter herbs
22.
Passover Seder
–
The Passover Seder /ˈseɪdər/ is a Jewish ritual feast that marks the beginning of the Jewish holiday of Passover. It is conducted throughout the world on the evening of the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar. Passover lasts for 7 days in Israel and 8 days outside of Israel, the Seder is a ritual performed by a community or by multiple generations of a family, involving a retelling of the story of the liberation of the Israelites from slavery in ancient Egypt. This story is in the Book of Exodus in The Hebrew Bible, traditionally, families and friends gather in the evening to read the text of the Haggadah, an ancient work derived from the Mishnah. The Haggadah contains the narrative of the Israelite exodus from Egypt, special blessings and rituals, commentaries from the Talmud, the Seder is performed in much the same way by Jews all over the world. The Seder is the most commonly celebrated of Jewish rituals and it is customary to invite guests, especially strangers and the needy. The Seder is integral to Jewish faith and identity, as explained in the Haggadah, if not for divine intervention and the Exodus, therefore, the Seder is an occasion for praise and thanksgiving and for re-dedication to the idea of liberation. Furthermore, the words and rituals of the Seder are a vehicle for the transmission of the Jewish faith from grandparent to child. Attending a Seder and eating matza on Passover is a custom in the Jewish community. The Seder table is set with the finest place settings and silverware. There is a tradition for the leading the Seder to wear a white robe called a kittel. For the first half of the Seder, each participant will only need a plate, at the head of the table is a Seder plate containing various symbolic foods that will be eaten or pointed out during the course of the Seder. Placed nearby is a plate with three matzot and dishes of water for dipping. Each participant receives a copy of the Haggadah, which is often a traditional version, men and women are equally obliged and eligible to participate in the Seder. In many homes, each participant at the Seder table will recite at least critical parts of the Haggadah in the original Hebrew, halakhah requires that certain parts be said in language the participants can understand, and critical parts are often said in both Hebrew and the native language. The leader will often interrupt the reading to different points with his or her children. In some homes, participants take turns reciting the text of the Haggadah and it is traditional for the head of the household and other participants to have pillows placed behind them for added comfort. At several points during the Seder, participants lean to the left - when drinking the four cups of wine, eating the Afikoman, Seders have been observed around the world, including in remote places such as high in the Himalaya mountains in Kathmandu, Nepal
23.
Sarajevo Haggadah
–
The Sarajevo Haggadah is an illuminated manuscript that contains the illustrated traditional text of the Passover Haggadah which accompanies the Passover Seder. It is one of the oldest Sephardic Haggadahs in the world, the Haggadah is owned by the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Its monetary value is undetermined, but a museum in Spain required that it be insured for $7 million before it could be transported to an exhibition there in 1992, the Sarajevo Haggadah is handwritten on bleached calfskin and illuminated in copper and gold. It opens with 34 pages of illustrations of key scenes in the Bible from creation through the death of Moses and its pages are stained with wine, evidence that it was used at many Passover Seders. The Sarajevo Haggadah has survived many close calls with destruction, historians believe that it was taken out of Spain by Spanish Jews who were expelled by the Alhambra Decree in 1492. Notes in the margins of the Haggadah indicate that it surfaced in Italy in the 16th century and it was sold to the National Museum in Sarajevo in 1894 by a man named Joseph Kohen. During World War II, the manuscript was hidden from the Nazis and Ustashe by the Museums chief librarian, Derviš Korkut, Korkut gave it to a Muslim cleric in Zenica, where it was hidden under the floorboards of either a mosque or a Muslim home. In 1957, a facsimile of the Haggadah was published by Sándor Scheiber and it survived in an underground bank vault during the Siege of Sarajevo by Serb forces. To quell rumors that the government had sold the Haggadah in order to buy weapons, in 1985 a reproduction was printed in Ljubljana, with 5,000 copies made. The National Museum subsequently authorized the publication of a number of reproductions of the Haggadah. There is a mention of the manuscript in the motion picture Welcome to Sarajevo. The novel People of the Book, by Geraldine Brooks, crafts a history of the Haggadah from its origins in Spain to the museum in Sarajevo. The history of Derviš Korkut, who saved the book from the Nazis, was told in an article by Geraldine Brooks in The New Yorker magazine. The article also sets out the story of the young Jewish girl, Mira Papo, in a twist of fate, as an elderly woman in Israel, Mira Papo secured the safety of Korkuts daughter during the Bosnian war in the 1990s. The Grand Mufti presented it as a symbol of cooperation and respect. However, the Haggadah was again on display as of September 2015, illuminations from the Sarajevo Haggadah Pictures from the Sarajevo Haggadah National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina
24.
Szyk Haggadah
–
The Szyk Haggadah is a Passover Haggadah that was illustrated by the Polish-Jewish artist Arthur Szyk in Poland between 1934 and 1936. Szyk first looked for a publisher for his Haggadah in mainland Europe in the mid-1930s, ultimately, the publishing house Beaconsfield Press was founded in London in 1937 for the express purpose of publishing The Szyk Haggadah. Szyk moved from Łódź, Poland, to London to supervise every aspect of the books production, the Haggadah was dedicated to King George VI of England, who received one of the first copies. The Szyk Haggadah has been reproduced in popular editions in Jerusalem. A new luxury limited edition, produced by printing and with an updated translation and commentary by Byron L. Sherwin, was published in 2008 by Historicana in Burlingame. The documentary film In Every Generation, Understanding The Szyk Haggadah, directed by James Ruxin, documents the history of The Szyk Haggadah and its contemporary remaking. The New Edition of The Szyk Haggadah The New York Sun, The Szyk Haggadah, Revived and Illuminated, Gabrielle Birkner, April 18,2008 The Jewish Journal
25.
British Library
–
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and the second largest library in the world by number of items catalogued. It holds well over 150 million items from many countries, as a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. The Library is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. The Librarys collections include around 14 million books, along with holdings of manuscripts. In addition to receiving a copy of every publication produced in the UK and Ireland, the Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres of new shelf space. Prior to 1973, the Library was part of the British Museum, the Euston Road building is classified as a Grade I listed building, of exceptional interest for its architecture and history. The British Library was created on 1 July 1973 as a result of the British Library Act 1972. Prior to this, the library was part of the British Museum. In 1983, the Library absorbed the National Sound Archive, which holds many sound and video recordings, with over a million discs, the core of the Librarys historical collections is based on a series of donations and acquisitions from the 18th century, known as the foundation collections. From 1997 to 2009 the main collection was housed in this new building. Construction work on the Newspaper Storage Building was completed in 2013, the collection has now been split between the St Pancras and Boston Spa sites. The British Library Document Supply Service and the Librarys Document Supply Collection is based on the site in Boston Spa. Collections housed in Yorkshire, comprising low-use material and the newspaper and Document Supply collections, the Library previously had a book storage depot in Woolwich, south-east London, which is no longer in use. The new library was designed specially for the purpose by the architect Colin St John Wilson, facing Euston Road is a large piazza that includes pieces of public art, such as large sculptures by Eduardo Paolozzi and Antony Gormley. It is the largest public building constructed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century, in December 2009 a new storage building at Boston Spa was opened by Rosie Winterton. The building was Grade I listed on 1 August 2015, in England, Legal Deposit can be traced back to at least 1610. The other five libraries are, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the University Library at Cambridge, the Trinity College Library at Dublin, in 2003 the Ipswich MP Chris Mole introduced a Private Members Bill which became the Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003. The Act extends United Kingdom legal deposit requirements to electronic documents, such as CD-ROMs, the Library also holds the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections which include the India Office Records and materials in the languages of Asia and of north and north-east Africa
26.
Israel Museum
–
The Israel Museum was founded in 1965 as Israels national museum. It is situated on a hill in the Givat Ram neighborhood of Jerusalem, near the Bible Lands Museum, the Knesset, the Israeli Supreme Court, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. An urn-shaped building on the grounds of the museum, the Shrine of the Book, houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and it is one of the largest museums in the region. Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek was the spirit behind the establishment of the Israel Museum, one of the leading art. Since its establishment in 1965, the Museum has built up a collection of nearly 500,000 objects, James S. Snyder, former Deputy Director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, was appointed director of the museum in 1997. From 1965, the museum was housed in a series of buildings designed by the Russian-born Israeli architect Alfred Mansfeld. A $100-million campaign to renovate the museum and double its space was completed in July 2010. The wings for archaeology, the arts, and Jewish art and life were completely rebuilt. The passageways that connect between the buildings and five new pavilions were designed by James Carpenter, the museum covers nearly 50,000 sq. meters and attracts 800,000 visitors a year, including 100,000 children who visit and attend classes in its Youth Wing. This narrative is supplemented by thematic groupings highlighting aspects of ancient Israeli archaeology that are unique to the history, among them Hebrew writing, glass. A special gallery at the entrance to the wing showcases new findings, the Shrine of the Book houses the Dead Sea Scrolls, the oldest biblical manuscripts in the world, as well as rare early medieval biblical manuscripts. The scrolls were discovered in 1947–56 in 11 caves in and around the Wadi Qumran, the building consists of a white dome over a building located two-thirds below the ground. The dome is reflected in a pool of water that surrounds it, across from the white dome is a black basalt wall. The interior of the shrine was designed to depict the environment in which the scrolls were found, there is also a permanent display on life in the Qumran, where the scrolls were written. The entire structure was designed to resemble a pot in which the scrolls were found, the shrine was designed by Armand Bartos and Frederick Kiesler, and was opened in 1965. As the fragility of the scrolls makes it impossible to display all on a continuous basis, after a scroll has been exhibited for 3–6 months, it is removed from its showcase and placed temporarily in a special storeroom, where it rests from exposure. The museum also holds other rare ancient manuscripts and displays the Aleppo Codex, originally constructed on the grounds of Jerusalem’s Holyland Hotel, the model, which includes a replica of Herods Temple, is now a permanent feature of the museums 20-acre campus. The Israel Museum holds a collection of paintings representing a wide range of periods, styles, subjects
27.
Jewish Museum London
–
The Jewish Museum London is a museum of British Jewish life, history and identity. The museum is situated in the London Borough of Camden, North London and it is a place for people of all ages, faiths and background to explore Jewish history, culture, and heritage. The museum has a dedicated team, with an extensive programme for schools, community groups. The events, programmes and activities at the museum aim to provoke questions, challenge prejudice, the museum was founded in 1932 in the Jewish communal headquarters in Bloomsbury. In 1995, it moved to its current site in Camden Town, until 2007 it had a sister museum in Finchley, operated by the same charitable trust and sited within the Sternberg Centre. The Camden branch reopened in 2010 after two years of building and extension work. The £10 million renovation was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, the museum is a registered charity. The museum houses a major collection of Jewish ceremonial art including the notable Lindo lamp an early example of a British Menorah. The new building includes a gallery entitled Judaism, A Living Faith and this collection has been awarded designated status by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council in recognition of its outstanding national importance. The museums Holocaust Gallery includes items and filmed survivor testimony from Leon Greenman, the museum also has exhibitions recounting the history of Jewish life in England, supported by a diverse collection of objects. There are also collections of paintings, prints and drawings, and an archive of photographs, there are two temporary exhibition spaces. The third floor houses major exhibitions, with exhibitions in the temporary exhibition space on the ground floor. The Jewish Experience of the First World War Four Four Jew, Football, Fans and Faith Amy Winehouse, A Family Portrait R. B
28.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
29.
Jewish Museum in Prague
–
The Jewish Museum in Prague is a museum of Jewish heritage in the Czech Republic and one of the most visited museums in Prague. Its collection of Judaica is one of the largest in the world, about 40,000 objects,100,000 books, and a copious archive of Czech and Moravian Jewish community histories. The Jewish Museum in Prague was founded in 1906 by historian Dr. Hugo Lieben and Dr. Augustin Stein, who later became the head of the Prague Jewish Community. Its purpose was to document history and customs of the Jewish population of the Czech lands, when the Nazis instituted the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in part of the former Czechoslovakia, the museum became the Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration. Karel Stein, an employee of the Jewish community in Prague and these properties were considered valuable works of art by Nazis and therefore acceptable for preservation. Because of the initiative of the Jewish community, many objects were collected, around 80000 Czech and Moravian Jews fell victim to the Second World War and so afterwards there was almost nobody to claim the confiscated objects, preserved in the Museum. Its first exhibition after the War took place on 26 June 1945, on 25 February 1948, after less than 3 years of post war freedom, the Communists staged a coup détat and took over the government of Czechoslovakia. Out of the Communist regime’s initiative the Jewish Museum became state property on 4th April 1950, during the Communist dictatorship, until its very fall in November 1989, the raison d’être of the Museum was constantly disputed on ideological grounds. The topics seemingly related to the “campaign for peace and against fascism“ were allowed, moreover, activity of the Museum was followed closely by the state organs. However, the concern of the state did not include conditions of the Museum collections, in the same year Mr. Leo Pavlát became the director of the successively re-established Jewish Museum in Prague. This is unique among collections of museums of Jewish heritage. The singular collection was not harmed even during the floods in 2002, although the buildings, especially the Pinkas Synagogue, in February 2014 a new Information and Reservation Centre was opened. Stoletím, Academia, Prague,2013, ISBN 978-80-200-2200-4 Official website The Jewish Community of Pragues website The Old-New Synagogue website Jewish Museum in Prague at Google Cultural Institute
30.
Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine
–
The Ducal Palace of Nancy is a former princely residence in Nancy, France, which was home to the Dukes of Lorraine. It houses the Musée Lorrain, one of Nancys principal museums, dedicated to the art, history, the palace was built in the 15th century for René II, Duke of Lorraine. In the 18th century the palace was extended by Baroque architects, under the rule of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine parts of the building were pulled down, in preparation of greater projects, he intended. After the House of Habsburg had ceded Lorraine to French control in exchange for Tuscany, after Stanisławs death, his Duchy was inherited by his son-in-law, King Louis XV of France and incorporated in his dominions. The palace used to have St Georges Collegiate Church, which was the house chapel, the chapel does not exist anymore. The functions of the chapel was then given to the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers. The first level of the structure contains reception and dining rooms used by the Dukes, on the ground floor, there is an open-vaulted gallery overlooking the garden, while a portal marks the Grande Rue entrance. Also built in Gothic style, its décor suggests that it is one of the earliest examples of work from the Renaissance period in nowadays eastern France, in 1848 the palace was converted to house the Musée Lorrain
31.
Nancy, France
–
Nancy is the capital of the north-eastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and formerly the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, and then the French province of the same name. The metropolitan area of Nancy had a population of 410,509 inhabitants at the 1999 census,103,602 of whom lived in the city of Nancy proper. The motto of the city is Non inultus premor, Latin for Im not touched with impunity—a reference to the thistle, the earliest signs of human settlement in the area date back to 800 BC. Early settlers were attracted by easily mined iron ore and a ford in the Meurthe River. A small fortified town named Nanciacum was built by Gérard, Duke of Lorraine around 1050, Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477, René II, Duke of Lorraine became the ruler. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Duke François of Lorraine, exiled Polish king Stanisław Leszczyński, father-in-law of French king Louis XV, was given the vacant duchy instead. Under his nominal rule, Nancy experienced growth and a flowering of Baroque culture and architecture, with his death in 1766, the duchy became a regular French province and Nancy lost its position as a residential capital city with its own princely court and patronage. As unrest surfaced within the French armed forces during the French Revolution, a few reliable units laid siege to the town and shot or imprisoned the mutineers. In 1871, Nancy remained French when Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorraine, the flow of refugees reaching Nancy doubled its population in three decades. Artistic, academic, financial and industrial excellence flourished, establishing what is still the Capital of Lorraines trademark to this day, Nancy was freed from Nazi Germany by the U. S. Third Army in September 1944, during the Lorraine Campaign of World War II at the Battle of Nancy ), in 1988, Pope John Paul II visited Nancy. In 2005, French President Jacques Chirac, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Nancy is situated on the left bank of the river Meurthe, about 10 km upstream from its confluence with the Moselle. The Marne–Rhine Canal runs through the city, parallel to the Meurthe, Nancy is surrounded by hills that are about 150 m higher than the city center, which is situated at 200 m amsl. The area of Nancy proper is small,15 km2. Its built-up area is continuous with those of its adjacent suburbs, the neighboring communes of Nancy are, Jarville-la-Malgrange, Laxou, Malzéville, Maxéville, Saint-Max, Tomblaine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy and Villers-lès-Nancy. Adjacent to its south is the quarter Charles III – Centre Ville and this quarter contains the famous Place Stanislas, the Nancy Cathedral, the Opéra national de Lorraine and the main railway station. The old city centers heritage dates from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, the cathedral of Nancy, the Triumphal Arch and the Place de la Carriere are a fine examples of 18th-century architecture. The Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine is the princely residence of the rulers
32.
Strasbourg
–
Strasbourg is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany in the region of Alsace. In 2014, the city proper had 276,170 inhabitants, Strasbourgs metropolitan area had a population of 773,347 in 2013, making it the ninth largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est regions inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014, Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is also the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, Strasbourgs historic city centre, the Grande Île, was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012. Economically, Strasbourg is an important centre of manufacturing and engineering, as well as a hub of road, rail, the port of Strasbourg is the second largest on the Rhine after Duisburg, Germany. Before the 5th century, the city was known as Argantorati, a Celtic Gaulish name Latinized first as Argentorate, after the 5h century, the city became known by a completely different name Gallicized as Strasbourg. That name is of Germanic origin and means Town of roads, Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which forms the eastern border of the modern city. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres from. The natural courses of the two eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city. This section of the Rhine valley is an axis of north-south travel, with river traffic on the Rhine itself. The city is some 400 kilometres east of Paris, in spite of its position far inland, Strasbourgs climate is classified as Oceanic, with warm, relatively sunny summers and cold, overcast winters. Precipitation is elevated from mid-spring to the end of summer, but remains largely constant throughout the year, on average, snow falls 30 days per year. The highest temperature recorded was 38.5 °C in August 2003. The lowest temperature recorded was −23.4 °C in December 1938. Nonetheless, the disappearance of heavy industry on both banks of the Rhine, as well as effective measures of traffic regulation in and around the city have reduced air pollution
33.
Contemporary Jewish Museum
–
The Contemporary Jewish Museum was founded in 1984 in San Francisco, California. Its current mission is to make the diversity of the Jewish experience relevant for a twenty-first century audience through exhibitions, the Contemporary Jewish Museum was founded in 1984 and was housed in a small gallery space near San Franciscos waterfront for over two decades. In 1989, the museum initiated a process to address the growing community need for its programs. In June 2008, the opened a new 63,000 square-foot facility in downtown San Francisco. The museum has no permanent collection and it curates and hosts a broad array of exhibitions each year. Daniel Libeskind designed the 63,000 square foot museum, which occupies and extends the 1907 Jessie Street Power Substation, the building was completed in 2008. The museum cost $47.5 million to build, the museum’s tilted, dark-blue stainless steel cube, constructed by A. Zahner Company, slices into the old substation’s brick, making visible the relationship between the new and the old. Libeskind’s design preserves the defining features of Polk’s old building, including its brick façade, trusses,36 diamond-shaped windows light the top floor of the metal cube, known as the Yud, which hosts sound and performance based exhibitions. The museum’s other section, a slanting rectangle known as the Chet, holds the narrow lobby, an education center, similar to Libeskind’s Danish Jewish Museum in Copenhagen, the Contemporary Jewish Museum incorporates text into its design. Inspired by the phrase “L’Chaim, ” meaning “To Life, ” Libeskind let the Hebrew letters that spell “chai” —“chet” and “yud, the Hebrew word pardes, meaning “orchard, ” is embedded in the wall of the lobby. The building also houses an event space, an auditorium, Wise Sons Deli. Likewise, David D’Arcy of the Wall Street Journal sees the museum as a departure from Libeskind’s previous work. He finds a “lightness to this that is rare in the architect’s work”, lori Starr, former executive director of the Koffler Centre of the Arts, was appointed the museums director in 2013. In 2014, the museum hired Renny Pritikin as Chief Curator, in 2015, the museum hired Anastasia Rygle as Associate Curator
34.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
35.
Religious art
–
Religious art or sacred art is artistic imagery using religious inspiration and motifs and is often intended to uplift the mind to the spiritual. Sacred art involves the ritual and cultic practices and practical and operative aspects of the path of the spiritual realization within the religious tradition. Most Christian art is allusive, or built around themes familiar to the intended observer, one of the most common Christian themes is that of the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus. Another is that of Christ on the Cross, for the benefit of the illiterate, an elaborate iconographic system developed to conclusively identify scenes. For example, Saint Agnes depicted with a lamb, Saint Peter with keys, each saint holds or is associated with attributes and symbols in sacred art. Early Christian art survives from dates near the origins of Christianity, during the development of Christian art in the Byzantine empire, a more abstract aesthetic replaced the naturalism previously established in Hellenistic art. This new style was hieratic, meaning its primary purpose was to convey religious meaning rather than accurately render objects, realistic perspective, proportions, light and colour were ignored in favour of geometric simplification of forms, reverse perspective and standardized conventions to portray individuals and events. As a secular, non-sectarian, universal notion of art arose in 19th-century Western Europe, only rarely was a Christian artist included in the historical canon. However many modern artists such as Eric Gill, Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Jacob Epstein, Elizabeth Frink and Graham Sutherland have produced well-known works of art for churches. Through a social interpretation of Christianity, Fritz von Uhde also Since the advent of printing, in the 19th century, this included genre painters such as Mihály Munkácsy. The invention of color led to broad circulation of holy cards. Artists such as Makoto Fujimura have had significant influence both in sacred and secular arts, other notable artists include Larry D. Alexander, Gary P. Bergel, Carlos Cazares, Bruce Herman, Deborah Sokolove, and John August Swanson. Buddhist art followed believers as the spread, adapted. It developed to the north through Central Asia and into Eastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, most Tibetan Buddhist artforms are related to the practice of Vajrayana or Buddhist tantra. Tibetan art includes thangkas and mandalas, often including depictions of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, creation of Buddhist art is usually done as a meditation as well as creating an object as aid to meditation. The work is rarely, if ever, signed by the artist, other Tibetan Buddhist art includes metal ritual objects, such as the vajra and the phurba. Two places suggest more vividly than any others the vitality of Buddhist cave painting from about the 5th century AD, one is Ajanta, a site in India long forgotten until discovered in 1817. The other is Dunhuang, one of the great oasis staging posts on the Silk Road and it was used on religious architecture, carpets, and handwritten documents
36.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
37.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
