1.
Waiblingen
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Waiblingen is a town in the southwest of Germany, located in the center of the densely populated Stuttgart Region, directly neighboring Stuttgart. It is the capital of the Rems-Murr district, as of September 30,2004 Waiblingen accommodated 52,948 inhabitants. As of December 31,2004, the area of the town was 42.76 km2, Waiblingen was first mentioned in Carolingian documents in 885 at the time of Charles the Fat. It received its charter in 1250. Waiblingen was the property of the Salian kings, from whom the Hohenstaufen dukes and it is assumed that the Italian name of the Hohenstaufen party, Ghibelline, is derived from Waiblingen. The town was almost completely destroyed in 1634 during the Thirty Years War and it was rebuilt after the war, the existing old central part of the town dates back to the years between 1640 and 1700. Its fortifications are now well restored, has two factories there, for polymer and packaging technology. It is also the location for the processing center for the Stuttgart region of the Deutsche Post. Waiblingen is twinned with, Mayenne, France Devizes, United Kingdom Jesi, Italy Baja, Hungary 1883, Dr. med. Gustav Pfeilsticker 1907, Ferdinand Küderli 1930, Theodor Kaiser 1932, Friedrich Schofer 1934, Albert Roller 1953, Emil Münz 1967, Alfred Diebold 1968, Adolf Bauer 1997, Dr. Waiblingen
2.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
3.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
4.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
5.
Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives
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Automobiles Gonfaronnaises Sportives was a small French racecar constructor that competed in various racing categories over a period of thirty years, including Formula One from 1986 to 1991. AGS survived as a prosperous Formula One driving school, in Le Luc, the team was founded by the French mechanic, Henri Julien, who ran a filling station, the Garage de lAvenir, in Gonfaron, a provincial French village. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Julien regularly attended racing events in minor classes, although not an outstanding driver, the technical knowledge he gained eventually prompted him to start constructing racing cars. Juliens first car, the AGS JH1, saw the light of day in 1969 and it was a petite monoposto, dedicated to the Formule France. The car was designed by Juliens former apprentice, the Belgian mechanic Christian Vanderpleyn, who had been with the garage since the very late 1950s and who would stay on until 1988. Soon, AGS went ahead and produced its own Formula 3 cars which were ambitious, AGS took another step ahead in 1978 when the team started competing in the European Formula 2 Championship. Still, the car - by now the AGS JH15 - was self-penned, self-built, Formula 2 was a difficult task for the small team, racing 1978 and 1979 without scoring any championship points. The early 1980s were somewhat better, AGS was one of the few teams who ran its own cars, and eventually the team was able to score points regularly. AGS made history when works driver Philippe Streiff won the race of Formula 2 in 1984. In 1985, AGS switched to Formula 3000 with the JH20, the JH20 used a Cosworth DFV engine supplied through the Swiss tuning firm Mader. Results were mediocre in 1985 and 1986, by late summer 1986, AGS entered the Italian Grand Prix in Monza, its very first Formula One race. Its structure was bizarre, The team had no more than 7 employees and was still operated from the Garage de lAvenir in Gonfaron. AGS appeared with a car that was once again penned by Vanderpleyn, the JH21C was a strange mixture between former AGS F3000 vehicles and Renault F1 parts which were used extensively. The car was powered by a well-used Motori Moderni turbo engine, a few weeks before, the car had been tested at Paul Ricard by Didier Pironi, driving an F1 car for the first time since his leg-breaking accident in the 1982 German Grand Prix. Due to technical difficulties, neither in its first attempt nor in the race in Portugal did Capelli see the finish. For the teams first full F1 season in 1987, Vanderpleyn penned the JH22, the car was initially driven by Pascal Fabre, who had driven for the team in Formula 2 in 1982. He proved to be a driver, finishing eight of the first nine races. AGS improved in the last two races of the season when Fabre was replaced by the Brazilian Roberto Moreno
6.
1989 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro on 26 March 1989. It was the first race of the 1989 Formula One season, the FIRST team withdrew before the beginning of the season, as the car had failed a mandatory FIA pre-season crash test. Philippe Streiff continued as AGSs lead driver for the 1989 season, for Patrese it was actually his first front row start since he started second at the 1983 European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch, a gap of 81 races. On his debut for Ferrari, Bergers teammate Nigel Mansell qualified sixth, after the race Mansell joked that he was so convinced of his new cars unreliability that he had booked an early flight home. Johnny Herbert and Olivier Grouillard both qualified for their first Formula One races, at the start, Nicola Larini was disqualified for an illegal start. It was also the first race ever to be won by a car with a semi-automatic gearbox, Mansell cut his hands on the trophy following the race. He was joined on the podium by McLarens Alain Prost and Marchs Maurício Gugelmin, johnny Herbert finished fourth and scored points for Benetton on his debut. The hard luck of the story of the race was Arrows driver Derek Warwick, there was a problem fitting a rear wheel during his second stop for tyres which lost him over 25 seconds. He would eventually finish in 5th place, less than 18 seconds behind Mansell suggesting that the pit stop may have cost Warwick his maiden grand prix victory. Warwicks Arrows team mate Eddie Cheever collapsed after exiting his car following the collision involving the Zakspeed of Bernd Schneider that ended his race. Arrows actually had to modify Cheevers car after he failed the FIA safety check where a driver had 5 seconds to be able to exit their car. The new Ross Brawn designed Arrows A11 was a fit for the tall American. Schneider, whose car carried the new Yamaha V8 engine, only got into the race after Philippe Streiffs crash, Schneider would not qualify for another race until the seasons penultimate round in Japan some 7 months later. His new team mate Aguri Suzuki would fail to qualify for all 16 rounds of the 1989 season and this was the last Formula One race at Jacarepaguá. From 1990, the Brazilian Grand Prix would be held at a shortened Interlagos in São Paulo, riccardo Patrese 1-15, 21-22, Nigel Mansell 16-20, 28-44, 47-61, Alain Prost 23-27, 45-46 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Pre-Qualifying results from FIA Yearbook 1989
7.
1989 French Grand Prix
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The 1989 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on 9 July 1989. In a press conference before the weekend, Alain Prost announced that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season with the speculation being that he would join Ferrari in 1990. The race saw four drivers replaced by making their first Formula One start. Pirros appointment caused some unhappy faces among Benetton team management who allegedly had wanted a British driver to replace Herbert and they were overruled however by the team owners, the Italian Benetton Group who wanted an Italian driver. As a contracted McLaren test driver, Pirro needed permission to race for another Formula One Team, despite being allegedly unhappy, the Benetton team would become very impressed with Pirros testing abilities as he helped sort out the new Benetton B189 which Alessandro Nannini debuted in France. Pirro continued to drive the older B188 until a second B189 was made two races later in Germany. On the other hand, Brabham, who had generally dominated pre-qualifying, struggled with their Pirelli tyres at the abrasive Paul Ricard Circuit, stefano Modena only just pre-qualified, while Martin Brundle failed to pre-qualify for the second race in a row. The Dallara of Alex Caffi was the driver to qualify for the main field. Alliot, and with a point to prove, responded by qualifying a career high 7th, until that point it was a career best showing for Larrousse and its new for 1989 Lola LC89 chassis with its also new for 1989 Lamborghini V12 engine. In an indication of Pirellis struggles in France, only three cars using the Italian rubber made the race, caffis fast and experienced team mate Andrea de Cesaris, who had finished third at the previous race in Canada, failed to qualify his Pirelli shod Dallara-Ford. There was actually a little noticed second accident at the first turn as René Arnoux used Jonathan Palmers Tyrrell to retard the progress of his Ligier JS33, launching his front wheels in the air. Amazingly with Gugelmin still in his car, the French marshals then tipped the March back onto its wheels, all of the drivers involved took the restart, some in spare cars. Alain Prost won the race for McLaren-Honda, ahead of Nigel Mansell who started from the pit lane in Gerhard Bergers race car, Jean Alesi became an instant star when he drove his Tyrrell to 4th place and scored points on his F1 debut. Twelve cars failed to finish the race, seven of them with engine failures, One who failed to finish, or even restart, was World Champion Ayrton Senna, his McLarens differential failed as the cars got away for the second start. Senna actually got away, but as he changed to second gear the diff broke and it was the third Grand Prix in succession where Senna had retired due to mechanical failure and was the shortest Grand Prix of his illustrious career. Prosts second win for the season gave him an 11-point lead over Senna in the Drivers Championship, the race was Alain Prosts fourth win on home soil after wins at Dijon in 1981 and Paul Ricard in 1983 for Renault, and 1988 for McLaren. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
8.
Motorsport
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The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing, and includes off-road racing such as motocross. Four- wheeled motorsport competition is governed by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. In 1894, a French newspaper organised a race from Paris to Rouen and back, in 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Closed circuit racing arose as open road racing, on roads, was banned. Brooklands was the first dedicated motor racing track in the United Kingdom, following World War I, European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In the United States, dirt track racing became popular, after World War II, the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established, motorsports ultimately became divided by types of motor vehicles into racing events, and their appropriate organisations. Open-wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, with their wheels outside of. However, in North America, the IndyCar series is their pinnacle open-wheeled racing series, more recently, new open-wheeled series have been created, originating in Europe, which omit the Formula moniker, such as GP2 and GP3. Former Formula series include Formula 5000 and Formula Two, the formula regulations contain a very strict set of rules which govern vehicle power, weight and size. In the United States, Indy Car is a class of single seat paved track racing and its premier race is the Indianapolis 500. Enclosed wheel racing is a set of classes of vehicles, where the wheels are primarily enclosed inside the bodywork of the vehicle, sports car racing is a set of classes of vehicles, over a closed course track, including sports cars, and specialised racing types. The premiere race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans which takes place annually in France during the month of June, sports car racing rules and specifications differentiate in North America from established international sanctioning bodies. Stock car racing is a set of vehicles, that race over a speedway track, while once stock cars, the vehicles are now purpose built, but resemble the body design and shape of production cars. NASCAR was organised in 1947, to flat track oval racing of production cars. Daytona Beach and Road Course was founded where land speed records were set on the beach, touring car racing is a set of vehicles, modified street cars, that race over closed purpose built race tracks and street courses. Motorsport was an event at the 1900 Summer Olympics
9.
Manfred Winkelhock
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Manfred Winkelhock was a German racing driver. He participated in 56 Formula One Grands Prix between 1980 and 1985, driving for ATS Racing Team, Arrows, and RAM Racing, born in Waiblingen on 6 October 1951, Manfred Winkelhock was the brother of Joachim Winkelhock. He began racing in Formula Two in 1978 and survived a crash at Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit. Winkelhocks first attempt at qualifying for a Formula One Grand Prix race was in Italy and he was able to land a drive with ATS in 1982. As BMW became the engine supplier in 1983, he qualified well on several occasions in 1983 and 1984, but the car was rarely reliable, so there were few results. At the same time he was a sports car and touring car driver. His death saw him replaced by Northern Irish driver Kenny Acheson and his son, Markus Winkelhock, is also a racing driver
10.
Stuttgart
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Stuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgart Cauldron an hour from the Swabian Jura. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. 2.7 million people live in the administrative region and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area. Since the 6th millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive Castrum near Bad Cannstatt, Stuttgarts roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia as a stud farm for his warhorses. Overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320, the fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their County, Duchy, and Kingdom from the 15th Century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the forms of the Thirty Years War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city, however, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing center it is today. Stuttgart is also an important transport junction, and possesses the sixth largest airport in Germany. Such companies as Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler AG, Dinkelacker, Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities. It is spread across a variety of hills, valleys and parks and this is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the Cradle of the Automobile. The citys tourism slogan is Stuttgart offers more, under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure, the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as Das neue Herz Europas. For business, it describes itself as Where business meets the future, in July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area. Stuttgart is a city of mostly immigrants, according to Dorling Kindersley Publishings Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner. 40% of Stuttgarts residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background, the reason for this being that the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses. Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt. As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby, when they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery. When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni, in 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a Chan Stada in a document regarding property
11.
Markus Winkelhock
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Markus Winkelhock is a German professional racing driver, who has taken part in one Formula One Grand Prix, which he briefly led. He is the son of Manfred Winkelhock and nephew of Joachim Winkelhock, having switched to sports and touring car racing, he has also won the FIA GT1 World Championship in 2012 with team-mate Marc Basseng. Born in Stuttgart, Winkelhock won races in a string of junior formulae including Formula König, German Formula Renault, in 2001, Winkelhock joined the German Formula 3 Championship, where he remained until the championship became the F3 Euroseries in 2003. His record was fifth overall in 2001, seventh in 2002 and he switched to touring car racing in 2004, with a season in the DTM in an AMG-Mercedes CLK. But he failed to score a point all year with the Persson team, Winkelhock switched back to single-seater racing in 2005, joining the World Series by Renault with Draco. He won three times but there were some less than shining moments – notably when he crashed at Monaco in qualifying. On 24 January 2006, Marcus Winkelhock was confirmed a test and reserve driver in the Midland F1 team and he participated in Friday test sessions for the team at the Bahrain, Australian, German and Hungarian Grands Prix. He was re-signed for 2007 by the team, now in its Spyker F1 guise and he also made a brief return to the DTM in 2007, starting three races. Following Christijan Albers departure from Spyker after the 2007 British Grand Prix, the deal was only for one race with Sakon Yamamoto set to race for Spyker for the rest of the season. Due to Christijan Albers departure from the Spyker F1 Team, Winkelhock was called in for the 10th race of the season, Winkelhock started last on the 22-car grid alongside team mate Adrian Sutil. But on the lap with the rest of the field already on dry-weather tyres. By lap 4 he had a lead of 33 seconds over Ferraris Felipe Massa in 2nd place, as the rain got heavier the race stewards first sent out the safety car, and then suspended the race following a series of spin-offs in the first corner behind the safety car. The race restarted after the rain had eased, Winkelhock and his team chose to start on full wet tyres on a drying track in the hope of further showers, as the team expected he would be overtaken by faster cars anyway. The gamble failed and, having restarted the race from pole position and he retired on lap 15 with hydraulic problems that caused a small fire. He had led for a total of six laps, Winkelhock returned to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters after he lost his Spyker seat, and has remained in the series, driving for Team Rosberg, for 2008,2009 and 2010. In 2011, he competed in the FIA GT1 World Championship for the All-Inkl. com Münnich Motorsport team alongside team boss Marc Basseng driving a Lamborghini and they won the championship the following year, the team having switched to the Mercedes SLS due to a change in the regulations. ‡ As Winkelhock was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points,1 – Shanghai was a non-championship round. ‡ — Guest driver – Not eligible for points, † Winkelhock was ineligible to score points during the Moscow weekend due to Nikolaus Mayr-Melnhofs absence
12.
German Formula Three Championship
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The German Formula Three Championship was the national Formula Three championship of Germany, and the former West Germany. In 2003, the merged with the French Formula Three Championship to form the Formula 3 Euro Series. A lower-level series, the ATS Formel 3 Cup, subsequently operated in Germany, since the late 1980s, the list of German F3 champions has included many notable drivers, including Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen. The first few years of Formula Three in Germany were inevitably subject to the effects of the countrys post-war geo-political situation, the West German championship ran from 1950 to 1954, while the East German equivalent continued until 1956. During this period, both used the then-standard 500cc two-stroke formula. This era was notable for BMWs first foray into open-wheeled racing as an engine supplier, the 500cc Formula 3 specification was superseded in 1958 by Formula Junior, with engine capacities of 1000cc or 1100cc that were derived from production cars, rather than motorcycles. This new specification was adopted in a revived German F3 Championship in 1960, the 1961 title was won by Kurt Ahrens, Jr. who became champion again in 1963. He was effectively a back-to-back winner, because there was no championship in 1962, in 1964, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile ended Formula Junior and returned to Formula Three, but this time with 1000cc four-cylinder production-based engines. However, it would be ten years before Formula Three was revived in Germany, the first German F3 champion of this era was Giorgio Francia of Italy, who won the title in 1974. He was also the first non-German driver to win the title, other notable drivers of this era were two-time champions Bertram Schäfer and Frank Jelinski. Schäfer drove for his eponymous team, Bertram Schäfer Racing, which won the championship with Jelinski. BSR became a stalwart of German F3, winning a total of eight drivers titles and it still competes in the series today. In the 1980s, the German F3 Championship began to some notable champions that would later graduate to Formula One. Bernd Schneider and Joachim Winkelhock went on to make F1 appearances,1985 champion Volker Weidler also competed in F1 and won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1991. However, the 1990 champion was arguably the most notable of them all, heinz-Harald Frentzen competed against Schumacher, and later became a winner of three Grands Prix. Schumachers championship successor, Tom Kristensen from Denmark, embarked on a career that peaked with a record number of eight Le Mans wins. He has since established himself in the DTM touring car series, the last champion of this period, Gary Paffett, went on to win the DTM drivers championship title and worked as a test driver for McLaren-Mercedes. In 2007, he returned to racing in the DTM, in 2002, the motorsport governing bodies of France and Germany collaborated to revive the concept of a European F3 championship
13.
Touring car racing
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Touring car racing is an auto racing competition with heavily modified road-going cars. It is popular in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Britain, Germany, Sweden, while not as fast as Formula One, the similarity of the cars both to each other and to fans own vehicles makes for entertaining, well-supported racing. Aerodynamic aids are added to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are usually designed to limit costs by banning some of the exotic technologies available. Touring cars share some similarity with American stock car racing governed by NASCAR, however, touring cars are, at least notionally, derived from production cars while todays NASCAR vehicles are based on a common design. For the casual observer, there can be a deal of confusion when it comes to classifying closed-wheel racing cars as touring cars or sports cars. In truth, there is very little technical difference between the two classifications, and nomenclature is often a matter of tradition. Touring cars are based upon family cars, while GT racing cars are based upon more powerful and expensive sports cars. More recently, there has been a push to make GT cars closer to the road cars with the GT3 set of regulations. Most sports car championships only allow rear-wheel drive cars, while touring cars generally have a lower technical level than sports cars, there are some exceptions. Over time Touring Cars has drifted from its role as racing cars based on road cars with categories like NASCAR. This in turn has led to the rise of Production car racing to fulfil the role performed by Touring Cars. Worldwide Modern World Touring Car Championship started in 2005, evolving from the reborn European Touring Car Championship, running at major international racing facilities, this series is supported by BMW, SEAT and Chevrolet. The latter fields a team, whereas the other two only sell racing kits to be installed on their cars, providing technical support to their customers. In 2011 Volvo also entered the championship, fielding a team as an evaluation for a possible heavier commitment to the series. The World Touring Car Championship features 1. 6-litre cars built to Super 2000 regulations based on FIA Group N, following the trend of recent FIA rules, cost control is a major theme in the technical regulation. In 2011 the rules concerning the engine capacity have changed, switching from 2000 cc to 1600 cc turbo engines, Cars equipped with the old 2000 cc engines are still eligible in the championship. Many technologies that have featured in production cars are not allowed, for example, variable valve timing, variable geometry, ABS brakes
14.
Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft
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The Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft was a touring car racing series held from 1984 to 1996. Originally based in Germany, it held additional rounds elsewhere in Europe, since 2000, a new DTM has been run as the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, again organised by ITR. In the late 1980s, works teams joined the DTM, in 1993, the Group A rules were abandoned in favor of a more liberalised 2. Opel, Mercedes-Benz and Alfa Romeo all fielded works teams after Audi, the DTM expanded its horizons for the 1995 season and the teams contested the inaugural FIA International Touring Car Series as well as the traditional DTM. The former was contested over ten races, all held outside of Germany, plans were then made to combine the two into one new series, the International Touring Car Championship, for 1996. The ITR governing body then sought approval and support from the FIA to begin the new series. In exchange for FIA support, the ITR let the organisation take control over aspects of the way the ITC was run, crucially. The choices of circuits on which to hold rounds of the championship were also unsuccessful – the rounds at Magny-Cours, France, questions were also raised by the manufacturers as to why they were racing in countries in which their cars were not actually sold. Opel and Alfa Romeo both left the championship after the 1996 season, leaving only Mercedes, the championship was consequently cancelled, the DTM returned in the year 2000 with different rules and without International Championship status. The DTM initials now stand for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, in 1995 there were two different series with same drivers and teams competing. DTM consisted of seven German events and ITC five non-German events, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters V8Star Series DTM official website Audi Sport AMG-Mercedes Opel Motorsport Schnitzer Motorsport
15.
BMW M3
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The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW3 Series, developed by BMWs in-house motorsport division, BMW M. M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 3-series. The initial model was a body style. At times the M3 has also been available in saloon and convertible body styles, due to the 4 Series coupe and convertible models no longer being part of the 3 Series range from 2015, the F82/F83 coupe and convertible models are now called the M4. The M3 name remains in use solely for the saloon version, based on the 1986 model year E30 3-Series, the E30 M3 used the BMW S14 engine. In contrast to later M3 iterations, the E30 M3 was campaigned by BMW as well as racing teams including Prodrive and AC Schnitzer in many forms of motorsport, including rallying. The production of the E30 road car was to homologate the M3 for Group A Touring Car racing and it was to compete with various models including the 2. 3-16V variant of the Mercedes-Benz W201 190E that was introduced in 1983. In full race trim, the naturally aspirated 2.3 L S14 engine produced approximately 300 hp, with the introduction of the 2.5 L evolution engine into racing in 1990, power increased to approximately 380 hp. The first iteration of the car engine produced 195 PS with a catalytic converter and 215 PS with a catalytic converter for the later version. The Evolution model produced up to 220 PS, other Evolution model changes included larger wheels, thinner rear and side window glass, a lighter bootlid, a deeper front splitter and additional rear spoiler. It was only available in coupe and convertible bodies, no option was available. Later the Sport Evolution model production run of 600 increased engine displacement to 2.5 L, Sport Evolution models have enlarged front bumper openings and an adjustable multi-position front splitter and rear wing. Brake cooling ducts were installed in place of front foglights, an additional 786 convertibles were also produced. It is a vehicle built from a 3 Series Convertible, with narrower body than the mass-produced counterpart. It was used a transporter for roughly 26 years before it was retired in 2012. Body The E30 M3 differed from the rest of the E30 line-up in many ways, the only exterior body panels the standard model 3-series and the M3 shared were the bonnet, roof panel, sunroof, and door panels. Suspension The E30 M3 differed from the standard E30 by having a 5x120 wheel bolt pattern, the E30 M3 had increased caster angle through major front suspension changes. The M3 had specific solid rubber offset control arm bushings and it used aluminium control arms and the front strut tubes were changed to a design similar to the E28 5-series. This included carrying over the 5 series front wheel bearings and brake caliper bolt spacing, the rear suspension was a carry over from the E30
16.
Schnitzer Motorsport
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Schnitzer Motorsport is a motorsport team based in Freilassing near Munich, Germany. From the early days of its establishment, the team has operated an automobile racing squad for BMW, the team often runs the cars for BMW under the name of BMW Motorsport. Currently as of 2012, the team has operated the DTM team for BMW under the name of BMW Team Schnitzer, the team was founded in 1967 by the brothers Josef and Herbert Schnitzer. Their stepfather Karl Lamm had a car shop and dealer business. The brothers started racing in 1962, and Josef Schnitzer won the 1966 German Championship in a BMW 2000ti, in 1968, both retired from active race driving to focus on the business and the race team. In the 1970s, the Schnitzers younger half-brothers Karl and Dieter Lamm joined the team, in 1978, Josef Schnitzer died in an accident, and Herbert Schnitzer remained as the boss. As this city has the plate code AC, they called this branch AC Schnitzer. In the 2000s, they competed as BMW Team Germany in the WTCC with drivers Jörg Müller, Dirk Müller. In 1977 and 1978 Schnitzer tried to take on the mighty Porsche 935 in the DRM and they developed a Group 5,560 PS turbocharged silhouette version of the RA40 Toyota Celica and raced it with modest success. The best finish of the Celica LB Turbo was a fourth at Nürburgring in 1977, Schnitzer was also active in Sports car racing and Endurance racing, e. g. the ALMS and Le Mans Series. † Driver did not finish, but completed 75% of the race distance, official website The history of the Team Schnitzer - by AC Schnitzer official website
17.
British Touring Car Championship
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The British Touring Car Championship is a touring car racing series held each year in the United Kingdom, currently organised and administered by TOCA. It was established in 1958 as the British Saloon Car Championship and was renamed as the British Touring Car Championship in 1987. The championship has run to various national and international regulations over the years including FIA Group 2, FIA Group 5, FIA Group 1, FIA Group A, FIA Super Touring. A lower-key Group N series for production cars ran from 2000 until 2003, the championship was initially run with a mix of classes, divided according to engine capacity, racing simultaneously. The new one-class system was popular with manufacturers from the beginning with six manufacturer supported teams from BMW, Ford, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Toyota, to this day, the super touring era during the 1990s is still looked at as the most successful period of the BTCC. The high number of manufacturer-backed teams provided very close competition, close and hard fought racing on track, in order to reduce the costs to compete in the championship, the organisers introduced new regulations for the 2001 season. The BTC Touring regulations cut costs dramatically but both manufacturer and spectator interest was low, however, the Super 2000 rules were observed for the overall championship from the 2007 season. The 2000s saw cheaper cars than the later Supertouring era, with factory teams. In 2009, the BTCC released details of its Next Generation Touring Car specification, the NGTC specification also aimed to cut costs by reducing reliance on WTCC/S2000 equipment, due to increasing costs/complexity and concerns as to its future sustainability and direction. Currently, the cars used are a mix of 2, S2000 cars continued running in the Jack Sears Trophy until the 2014 season. BTCC teams are a mixture of manufacturer entries and independent teams such as BTC Norlin, in 2010, following Vauxhalls decision to pull out of the series, there were two new works teams, Chevrolet, run by RML, and Honda, run by Team Dynamics. This included finishing all 30 championship races that year, something no other driver has achieved before or since and this ended Vauxhalls run of 4 victories in the drivers and teams championships between 2001 and 2004. Neal and Dynamics were also victorious in 2006, before Vauxhall won the 2007 title with Italian Fabrizio Giovanardi. Team Dynamics also achieved the first overall race win in the Supertouring era when Neal won a round of the 1999 BTCC at Donington park. These cost reductions saw a rise in independent entries – teams or individuals entering cars purchased from the teams when they update their chassis. With the introduction of the NGTC rules, all share a number of common components provided through a contract with RML Group. This has allowed many independent teams to enter without the need for manufacturer support, and negating the need to source ex-works cars. Teams can install an engine from their marques broad family of cars, or opt to lease an engine from TOCA, to further keep costs in check, the BTCC uses a single tyre supplier, with Dunlop the current supplier of rubber to all the teams
18.
Spa 24 Hours
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The Total 24 Hours of Spa is an endurance racing event for cars held annually in Belgium since 1923 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps. It is currently sponsored by Total S. A, the Spa 24 Hours was conceived by Jules de Their and Henri Langlois Van Ophem just one year after the inaugural 24 Hours of Le Mans was run. It debuted in 1924 over a 15 kilometres circuit on roads between the towns of Francorchamps, Malmedy and Stavelot, under the auspices of the Royal Automobile Club Belgium. The present 7.004 kilometres circuit was inaugurated in 1979, the Spa 24 Hours was part of the European Touring Car Championship from 1966 to 1973, again in 1976 and from 1982 to 1988. The event also counted towards the World Sportscar Championship in 1953, as on the Nürburgring, both a 24h and a 1000 km race is held at Spa, as the 1000 km Spa for sports car racing were introduced in 1966. Cars entered have spanned from the Russian Moskvitch and models with sub-1 liter engines such as the NSU Prinz TT to the luxurious V8-powered Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL6.3, tuned by Mercedes-AMG, the 6834 cc and 420 hp so-called Red pig finished as high as second in 1971. The best manufacturer wins the Coupe du Roi, which is not necessarily the race winners, the cup is won by the manufacturer with the most points, accrued by cars that are made by the same manufacturer. For example, Australian car manufacturer Holden won the Coupe du Roi in 1986 despite their cars finishing the race in 18th, 22nd, currently, the cars run fall under the FIA GT3 and GT3 Cup classifications. Total Spa 24 Hours website, Available in English, French and Dutch 1971 results 1972 results 1981 results FIA GT Website
19.
Macau Grand Prix
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The Macau Grand Prix is a motor-racing event held annually in Macau, one of Chinas Special Administrative Regions. It is known for being the street circuit racing event in which both car and motorcycle races are held. The first Macau Grand Prix event was held in 1954, as a car event. In 1961, the race became an open-wheel Formula Libre event. The event has also had a variety of races in its duration. Production cars joined the event in 1957, which were superseded by touring cars in 1972, the event received world championship status from 2005 to 2014 as the final round of the World Touring Car Championship. In 1976, the Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix was introduced, in 2008, a GT3 race was added to the event, which became known as the FIA GT World Cup. Many current or former Formula One drivers have participated in the event early in their careers, the race continued as an amateur race until 1966, when Belgian driver Mauro Bianchi entered the race in an Alpine A220. Alpine Renault had also sent engineer Jean-Paul Castilleux to assist Bianchi with technical aspects of the car, bianchis victory and exposure led to more professional racing teams entering the Grand Prix in the following years. The motorcycle race was introduced in 1967, and in year the first fatal tragedy struck the race, double champion Dodjie Laurel was killed when he lost control of his car. This raised the alarm for more safety improvements for the race, teddy Yip was one of the main forces behind the Macau Grand Prix back in the 1970s and 1980s, leading this Grand Prix to be one of the worlds most famous motor racing events. The Macau Grand Prix parties he hosted for years at his home also became a central part of the social aspect of the Grand Prix. In 1983, it was decided by the organisers that since Formula Pacific was becoming obsolete, at the same time, Yokohama Tire was officially designated as the sole supplier of control tires for the competitors. This decision has seen the reputation of the event in the world increase rapidly, with the event attracting the best young drivers from Europe. The first F3 race was won by a young Ayrton Senna, the race in 1990 was a memorable one, as Michael Schumacher and Mika Häkkinen were involved in an incident when they were in positions 1 and 2 going into the final lap. At the main straight just after the Mandarin Oriental Bend, Häkkinen hit the back of Schumachers car, Schumachers car was able to continue with its rear wing damaged and eventually won the race with the best aggregate time. Other notable winners include Formula One drivers David Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher, since the introduction of F3 races, the Macau GP has gradually become a stepping stone for many F3 drivers to higher class motor-racing competitions such as the GP2 Series and Formula One. Along with the New Zealand Grand Prix, the race is one of only two non-Formula One events to receive the Grand Prix title, the Macau Grand Prix race weekend normally starts on the Thursday and ends on the Sunday on the second or third week of November
20.
Guia Race of Macau
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The Guia Race of Macau is an international touring car race, and currently a round of the TCR International Series. It is held on the temporary 6. 2km Guia Circuit on the streets of Macau, before 2005 when the World Touring Car Championship began, the Guia race had been run annually as a one-off international touring car race. Since its first running in 1972, the race has won by international touring car greats such as Tom Walkinshaw, Johnny Cecotto, Roberto Ravaglia, Emanuele Pirro. Historically it is one of the most popular races of the weekend as it featured cars that are commonly seen on the Hong Kong. The Guia Race of Macau has been the round of the World Touring Car Championship since the series was relaunched in 2005. It often attracts local drivers competing alongside the series regulars, such as André Couto, the championship has been decided in Macau every year since 2005. Prior to being a World Touring Car Championship round, the Guia Race had previously been an FIA Championship round, in 1994, it was a round of the Asia-Pacific Touring Car Championship. The race also acted as a point scoring round for the Asian Touring Car Championship from 2000 to 2003, the race has run to different touring car rules as European touring car championships went through their own changes. The race was run to European Group 5 regulations in the early eighties and it then ran to DTM rules from 1991 to 1993 before changing to Super Touring rules in 1994. From 2000, it started using Super Production regulations until 2004, the race has changed in format over the years, from the 30 lapper back in the Group A era to the current, double race format with each race lasting 9 laps. The race has been sponsored by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversoes de Macau since 2004, STDM boss Stanley Ho has presented the trophies to the race winners on the podium since the sponsorship began. After the official race in 1972 Guia Circuit World Touring Car Championship Macau Grand Prix FIA World Touring Car Championship
21.
1999 24 Hours of Le Mans
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The 199924 Hours of Le Mans was the 67th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 12 and 13 June 1999. 1999 saw another increase in manufacturers involvement, nissan instead moved from GT1 to an open cockpit LMP, as did Panoz. Newcomer Audi attempted to try their hand at both classes, with two open cockpit R8Rs and two closed cockpit R8Cs, BMW continued with their open cockpit LMPs, updating to the new V12 LMR. This event became famous for the incidents involving the team of Mercedes-Benz CLRs during qualifying, mark Webbers CLR #4 became airborne at Indianapolis during Thursday night qualifying. On Friday, the team was allowed to rebuild #4 on a new chassis, with tweaks to the rear suspension, winglets were fitted to the front to increase downforce. This car was withdrawn, but the two other CLRs continued on, again with emergency tweaks to attempt to stop the instability and this incident, unlike the previous two, was caught by TV cameras and thus broadcast worldwide. Mercedes-Benz immediately withdrew the remaining CLR #6 and dropped out of racing for the immediate future. The race got off to a fast start, proceeding like a sprint for the first few hours, the top qualifying #1 & #2 Toyotas driven by Martin Brundle & Thierry Boutsen fought with the #6 Mercedes driven by Bernd Schneider, and the #5 Mercedes driven by Christophe Bouchut. The #17 BMW was never far behind and used its fuel economy to gain the lead through the pit stops. Toyota #1, #2, Mercedes #6 and BMW #17 all led the race at various points, at 8pm,5 hours into the race the #17 BMW lead the race with #2 Toyota 2nd, #5 Mercedes 3rd and #6 Mercedes 4th. It was during this fight for second and third place when Dumbrecks famous incident occurred and this led to the immediate withdrawal of the remaining #6 Mercedes. Following a lengthy safety car period as a result of Dumbrecks accident, Martin Brundle was next to go in the #1 Toyota at 11, 30pm. He was trying to claw back time from a mechanical issue when he suffered a puncture at high speed on braking for the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight. The puncture sent the car veering sideways into the barrier, badly damaging the rear suspension. Martin did his best to get the car back to the pits but eventually stopped at Arnage, the car refusing to go further, possibly due to drive shaft failure caused by the flailing rubber. At the front the race was still between The #17 BMW and the #2 Toyota, they were never too far apart, the Toyota having the superior pace but the BMW able to go further on each tank. Following them were the #15 BMW and the #3 Toyota which rather than getting involved with the sprint at the front had been going about their business. At around 2am the #2 Toyota being driven by Thierry Boutsen suffered a high speed crash under the Dunlop bridge, the car was destroyed and Boutsen had to be extracted from the car suffering from an injury to his lower back
22.
BMW V12 LMR
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The BMW V12 LMR was a Le Mans Prototype built for sports car racing from 1999 to 2000. The car was built through an alliance between BMW Motorsport and WilliamsF1, and was the successor to the failed BMW V12 LM of 1998 and it is famous for earning BMW its only overall victory to date at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The V12 LMR would retain only the structures of the V12 LM. The cooling ducts, a problem on the V12 LM, were moved to the top of the car instead of from the bottom where it had suffered from ambient track heat. Among the more radical design features was the use of a small rollhoop located only behind the drivers seat and this was done through using a loophole in the ACOs Le Mans prototype regulations. This allowed for less drag as well as less obstruction for the air to the rear wing, a total of four new chassis were built by WilliamsF1 in the United Kingdom. Internally, the V12 LMR retained the same BMW S70/35990 cc V12 as the V12 LM. Responsibility for running the cars was handed over to Schnitzer Motorsport, who would run the team not only at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, debuting at the 12 Hours of Sebring, BMW Motorsport and Schnitzer Motorsport entered a two car team. The cars were immediately fast, taking the position in qualifying. During the race, both cars ran towards the front for the first six hours, unfortunately, V12 LMR chassis #001 suffered a large accident, damaging the car to the point that it would never race again. However, the second V12 LMR was successful in taking the overall win, from Sebring, the team went back to Europe in order to prepare for the 199924 Hours of Le Mans. In early May, at the initial test session for Le Mans, in the tradition of the famous BMW Art Cars, one of the two undamaged cars featured a paint job created by artist Jenny Holzer. Unlike at Sebring, the V12 LMRs would be facing closed cockpit prototypes which were theoretically faster over a lap yet not as fuel efficient. Even with this apparent setback, a V12 LMR was able to take the 4th fastest lap time over the practice session, for the race itself, only two cars appeared with the Art Car being dropped from the line-up. In qualifying the two LMRs again showed their speed, taking 3rd and 6th places, again only by the Toyota GT-Ones. During the race the V12 LMRs ran strong, outlasting a large number of closed cockpit competitors who suffered woes, including Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Toyota, and Audi. In the second half of the race, BMWs main competitors were a pair of open-cockpit Audi R8Rs and the lone remaining Toyota GT-One. Unfortunately, in the hours of the race the #17 BMW V12 LMR driven by JJ Lehto crashed heavily in the Porsche Curves section of the track
23.
Opel
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Adam Opel AG is a German automobile manufacturer headquartered in Rüsselsheim, Hesse, Germany. It is a subsidiary of General Motors but is soon to be part of the French automotive company Groupe PSA, Opel traces its roots to a sewing machine manufacturer founded by Adam Opel in 1862. The company began manufacturing bicycles in 1886 and produced its first automobile in 1899, Opel became a share-limited company in 1929, General Motors took a majority stake in Opel that same year. General Motors assumed full control in 1931, and today Adam Opel AG is an owned subsidiary of General Motors Company. Although Adam Opel AG continues to be a company, shares of the company are not publicly listed. Adam Opel AG is the parent company of General Motors UK Limited, better known as Vauxhall, during the 1970s and 1980s, Opel and Vauxhall ranges were rationalised into one consistent range across Europe. Opel withdrew from China, where it had a network of 22 dealers, furthermore, GM is responsible to pay about US$400 million annually for 15 years to fund the existing German and U. K. pension plans. The company was founded in Rüsselsheim, Hessen, Germany, on January 21,1862, at the beginning, Opel just produced sewing machines in a cowshed in Rüsselsheim. Above all, his success was based on his perfectly customized sewing machines, because of the quick growth of his business, in 1888, the production was relocated from the cowshed to a more spacious building in Rüsselsheim. Encouraged by success, Adam Opel launched a new product in 1886, He began to sell high-wheel bicycles, besides, Opels two sons participated in high-wheel bicycle races, thus promoting this means of transportation. Therefore, the production of high-wheel bicycles soon exceeded the production of sewing machines, at the time of Opels death in 1895, he was the leader in both markets. These cars were made up of Opel bodies mounted on Darracq chassis, the company first showed cars of its own design at the 1902 Hamburg Motor Show, and started manufacturing them in 1906, with Opel Darracq production being discontinued in 1907. In 1909, the Opel 4/8 PS model, known as the Doktorwagen was produced and its reliability and robustness were greatly appreciated by physicians, who drove a lot to see their patients, back when hard-surfaced roads were still rare. The Doktorwagen sold for only 3,950 marks, about half as much as the models of its day. In 1911, the factory was virtually destroyed by fire. In the early 1920s, Opel became the first German car manufacturer to incorporate a mass-production assembly line in the building of their automobiles, in 1924, they used their assembly line to produce a new open two-seater called the Laubfrosch. The Laubfrosch was finished exclusively in green lacquer. The car sold for an expensive 4,500 marks, but by the 1930s, this type of vehicle would cost a mere 1,990 marks – due in part to the assembly line, but also due to the skyrocketing demand for cars
24.
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
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The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a touring car series using a silhouette racing car based in Germany, but also with rounds elsewhere in Europe. From 2000 onwards, this new DTM continued the former Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft, since 1997 many ideas have been discussed in order to find a compromise for rules of a new DTM. As too many races were planned outside Germany, no Championship status was granted by the DMSB, Alfa Romeo, who at the time were mounting successful campaigns in the European Touring Car Championship, did not return to the series. BMW was also involved in the ETCC and was not satisfied with a championship only for Germany, Audi did not enter as they insisted on using their signature quattro 4WD. Unlike the previous incarnation which primarily used sedan models like the Mercedes-Benz W201, Opel used the upcoming Coupé version of the Astra as in the concept car, and Mercedes the CLK model which already was used as a pattern for the Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR. Attempts of Zakspeed to enter with a car looking like a Volvo C70 were not approved, the 1999 STW-Supertouring-champion Christian Abt could not defend his STW title as this series was also discontinued, with Opel moving into DTM. Abt used the Audi TT as a basis, as Audi had no suitable 2-door coupé, in May 2000, the new DTM started with the traditional Hockenheimring short track version. Some cars still had no or few sponsorship decals, while Opel could match the speed of most Mercedes in the 2000 season, the hastily developed Abt-Audis were mainly outclassed. As the TT shape had rather poor aerodynamic properties, Abt was allowed to use a form later. Further benefits like a rear wing helped the Abt-Audi TT-R win the DTM championship in 2002 with Laurent Aïello. In 2000, Manuel Reuter came second in the championship, after that year, no Opel driver was among the top three, with few podium finishes and no victory for the disappointing lightnings. The Opels did not win in most of their entries in the VLN endurance races as they were testing, but the speed was impressive. They won however the 2003 Nürburgring 24 Hours against factory efforts by Audi, after their successes with the Audi R8 and the official support of the Abt-TTRs at the Nürburgring, Audi finally joined the DTM as a factory entry in 2004. The three constructors involved decided to switch to saloon bodies, the road models used as patterns since 2004 are the Audi A4, Opel Vectra GTS and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class. All dimensions, like wheelbase, are identical in order to equal opportunities without the actual design of the road cars having any influence. Initially the gap looked set to be filled by MG Rover, however their plans to enter the series were cancelled after the company collapsed in April 2005. Audi and Mercedes fielded 10 cars each in 2006, but the important television deal with the television station ARD required three marques in 2007. Rumours surfaced that Alfa Romeo would return to the DTM in 2007 and these rumors were helped by Alfa Romeo Sport boss Claudio Berro being seen in the Barcelona paddock
25.
Crane (machine)
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A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places, the device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden and these cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, in the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron, for many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first mechanical power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to oil rigs. Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the definition of a crane. The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC, the archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was abandoned in favour of using several column drums. The first unequivocal evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems attributed to Aristotle. The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, the Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers Vitruvius. There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman treadwheel cranes, with the Haterii tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed, the simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys or, in case of the largest one, the polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could readily lift 3,000 kg. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the blocks weigh up to 60 tons each
26.
BMW M5
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The BMW M5 is a Sport sedan version of the 5 Series executive car built by the Motorsport division of BMW. Versions of the M5 have been built from subsequent generations of the 5-Series platform, the first BMW M5, based on the E285 Series, made its debut at Amsterdam Motor Show in February 1984. It was the product of demand for an automobile with the capacity of a saloon. It utilized the 535xi chassis and an evolution of the bodykit from the M535i, at its launch, the E28 M5 was the fastest production sedan in the world. The first generation M5 was hand-built in Preussenstrasse/Munich prior to the 1986 Motorsport factory summer vacation, thereafter, M5 production was moved to Daimlerstrasse in Garching where the remainder were built by hand. Production of the M5 continued until November 1988, well after production of the E28 chassis ended in Germany in December 1987 and this continued production would eventually lead to a class action lawsuit that was settled with vouchers being given to car owners. Chicago Clearing Corporation served as a maker for these $4,000 vouchers that were officially issued in 1993. The M5 was produced in four different versions based on intended export locations and these were the left-hand drive Euro spec, the right-hand drive UK spec, the LHD North American spec for the United States and Canada, and the RHD South African spec. The European and South African M5s used the M88/3 engine which produced 232 kW, North American 1988 models used the S38B35 engine which was equipped with a catalytic converter and produced 229 kW. Production of North American specification M5s commenced in November 1986 and ended in November 1987, aside from 96 cars which were assembled in kit form at BMWs Plant in Rosslyn, South Africa, all E28 M5s were assembled by hand at BMW Motorsport in Garching, Germany. With a total production of 2,191 units, the E28 M5 remains among the rarest regular production BMW Motorsport cars – after the BMW M1, BMW E34 M5 Touring, and the BMW 850CSi. European models European-Spec M5s were available with some options unavailable on USA-Spec M5s, such as Water Buffalo leather, Left-hand drive cars were equipped with 185TR390 metric alloy wheels, while right-hand drive cars used 16x7.5 alloy wheels. Very early European-Spec LHD M5s had VINs that started with WBA instead of the WBS designation to indicate BMW Motorsport and it is estimated that no more than 15 M5s were produced with a WBA VIN. The USA/Canada Left-hand drive cars were equipped with 16x7.5 alloy wheels, the only option on a US-Specification M5 was electrically heated front seats which were standard equipment on Canadian-Market cars. The only paint colour available was jet black, the E34 generation of the M5 was produced from September 1988 to 1995. It was hand-built at BMW M GmbH in Garching, Germany and it was based on the E34 chassis which was produced at BMWs Dingolfing plant. Assembly was done either by a single M employee or a team of M employees, the E34 M5 released with the S38B36 engine which produced 232 kW and 360 N·m at 4,750 rpm. Cars sold in North America and Switzerland, due to a different catalytic converter, in second half of 1991, the engine displacement was increased to 3.8 litres with the S38B38
27.
Motor Sport (magazine)
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Motor Sport is a magazine was founded in the United Kingdom in 1924 as the Brooklands Gazette, the first edition appearing in July of that year. In August 1925 the title was changed to the all-encompassing Motor Sport, the editor of the magazine was, for many years Bill Boddy. Boddy, who had penned much of the history of British race track Brooklands, Jenkinson, or Jenks as he was known, travelled to all the Grands Prix to cover them for the magazine. His race reports were the way many of the readers could keep up with Grand Prix racing due to the lack of coverage elsewhere. The duo was victorious thanks to Moss supreme talent behind the wheel and Jenks meticulous notes, Moss was in awe of Jenks’ ability to concentrate on delivering accurate hand signals from his notes whilst ignoring the dangers of being driven along country roads at speeds of up to 170 mph. The magazine was owned and published by Wesley J Tee during much of this period, the monthly magazine underwent a revamp in March that year. It changed its emphasis to articles about history and the historic racing scene. In 2006 Haymarket sold the magazine to Chelsea Magazines where it remained for three years before being bought privately, in 2006 it started covering modern motorsport again, including Formula 1 and today it continues to do the same with the help of Nigel Roebuck and Mark Hughes. It remains one of the titles on both modern and historic racing. Many well known names in the world of motorsport make special contributions, amongst them, Patrick Head, Alan Henry, the magazines website also records monthly podcasts with the likes of Christian Horner, Mario Andretti, Patrick Head, Sir Frank Williams, John McGuinness and Gordon Murray
28.
1989 FIA Formula One World Championship
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The 1989 Formula One season was the 43rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1989 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 26 March 1989, Alain Prost won his third Drivers World Championship, and McLaren won the Constructors Championship. The championship was decided under controversial circumstances as Prost and team mate Ayrton Senna collided at low speed in the chicane during the Japanese Grand Prix. Prost stalled and retired, whilst Senna got pushed back onto the track by the marshals and this handed Prost his third world title and his last at McLaren, leaving the team at the end of the season. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1989 FIA Formula One World Championship and they would drive the new MP4/5 powered by a Honda V10 engine. Ferrari were optimistic of being able to challenge for the title, as well as their first 12-cylinder engine since the 1980 season, Ferrari boasted one of the sleekest and most advanced designs. John Barnards first design for Ferrari, the 640 was innovative, the car also featured a semi-automatic electronic gearbox, the first of its kind. Williams replaced the departing Mansell with Belgian Thierry Boutsen alongside veteran Italian Riccardo Patrese, the Judd V8 from 1988 was replaced by new engine supplier Renault, with the hope that the new V10 engines would make the team much more competitive than they were in 1988. The new Lotus 101 designed by Frank Dernie would use the Judd V8 engine instead, Benetton retained Alessandro Nannini and replaced Thierry Boutsen with British rookie Johnny Herbert who was eventually replaced by McLaren test driver Emanuele Pirro. The team continued its contract as Fords official team but had to make do with the 1988 engine until almost halfway through the due to the 1989 car not being ready. Tyrrell retained Jonathan Palmer, but signed Michele Alboreto to replace Julian Bailey, after a sponsorship dispute Alboreto was replaced by both Jean Alesi and Johnny Herbert. For missing the 1988 season Brabham had to pre-qualify for at least the first half of the season, the French Larrousse team continued running Lola chassis, but ditched the Ford-Cosworth DFY V8 in favor of the Mauro Forghieri designed Lamborghini V12 engine. Zakspeed, who had produced their own engines in F1, were forced to change engines. The new Zakspeed 891 was driven by 1988 team driver, Bernd Schneider of West Germany and Japanese driver Aguri Suzuki, Osella fronted with a new car for 1988 driver Nicola Larini, who was joined in the team by Italian veteran Piercarlo Ghinzani in his return to the team. Gone was the antiquated Alfa Romeo Osella V8 turbo, replaced by the Cosworth DFR V8, ligier retained French veteran René Arnoux, but replaced Stefan Johansson with young French F3000 driver Olivier Grouillard. The new car used the Cosworth DFR engine in place of 1988s Judd V8. AGS had retained Philippe Streiff for 1989, but the Frenchman was horrifically injured while testing prior to the Brazilian Grand Prix, the crash left Streiff as a quadriplegic and his racing career was over. He was replaced in the race by Gabriele Tarquini, who had planned to drive for the team FIRST that year
29.
AGS JH23
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The JH23 was a Formula One car built and raced by the AGS team for the 1988 Formula One season. It was powered by the Ford Cosworth DFZ engine, a single car was entered, driven by experienced Frenchman Philippe Streiff. The JH23 proved to be a car for the small French team. However whenever it got close to scoring points, the car broke down, Streiff only managed to finish 6 races, the best result being 8th at Suzuka. The car was updated with a Ford Cosworth DFR engine for the 1989 season, to become the JH23B, the drivers were Phillipe Streiff and the rookie German Joachim Winkelhock. The season got off to a start as Streiff was seriously injured in a pre-season testing crash at the Jacarepaguá circuit in Brazil. This left him paralysed and thus using a wheelchair, italian Gabriele Tarquini took over from Streiff and had a good season, the highlight being a 6th place in Mexico. However his team mate Winkelhock and later on Yannick Dalmas failed to get past pre-qualifying, by Spa the car was replaced by the JH24. Three JH23 chassis were built, two are owned by AGS and the other is on display at the Lohéac Automobile Museum. Profile at ChicaneF1 AGS F1 chassis listing
30.
Cosworth DFV
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The DFV is an internal combustion engine that was originally produced by Cosworth for Formula One motor racing. Named Four Valve because of the four valves per cylinder, and Double as it was a V8 development of the earlier, four-cylinder FVA and its development in 1967 for Colin Chapmans Team Lotus was sponsored by Ford. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART, Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing. The engine was a 90°,2,993 cc V8, with bore & stroke of 85.67 x 64.897 mm producing over 400 bhp from the start, reaching over 500 bhp by the end of its Formula 1 career. The 1983 DFY variant had a bore and stroke of 90 x 59 mm giving 2,993 cc. In 1965, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, that administered Formula One racing, Chapman approached the Ford Motor Company and David Brown of Aston Martin for funding, each without initial success. Chapman then approached Ford of Britains public relations chief, former journalist Walter Hayes, since Hayes had joined Ford in 1962 the pair had previously collaborated in the production of the successful Lotus Cortina, introduced in 1963. Hayes arranged dinner for Chapman with Ford employee Harley Copp, a British-based American engineer who had backed and engineered Fords successful entry into NASCAR in the 1950s, stage two would produce a V8 engine for Formula One, by May 1967. Team-mate Jim Clark moved up through the field in his identical car, however, this dominant performance belied a serious fault in the timing gear. Clark took three wins that season, but reliability problems left him third in the Drivers Championship,10 points behind Champion Denny Hulme. The progress of the engine was documented in a film produced by the Ford Motor Companys film section, entitled 9 Days in Summer. Initially, the agreement between Ford, Cosworth and Lotus was binding on all parties, and Ford as the funder had no plans to sell or hire the DFV to any other teams. Only Brabhams Repco V8 engine provided a combination of power and reliability. Hayes released the DFV initially to French team Matra, headed by Ken Tyrrell with Jackie Stewart as a driver. What followed was an age, where teams big or small could buy an engine which was competitive, light, compact, easy to work with. The DFV effectively replaced the Coventry Climax as the standard F1 powerplant for the private teams. Lotus, McLaren, Matra, Brabham, March, Surtees, Tyrrell, Hesketh, Lola, Williams, Penske, Wolf and Ligier are just some of the teams to have used the DFV. In 1969 and 1973 every World Championship race was won by DFV-powered cars, the advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for the now decade-old engine
31.
V8 engine
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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at an angle to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft, since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. In 1902, Léon Levavasseur took out a patent on a light and he called it the Antoinette after the young daughter of his financial backer. From 1904 he installed this engine in a number of competition speedboats, the aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont saw one of these boats in Côte dAzur and decided to try it on his 14-bis aircraft. Its early 24 hp at 1400 rpm version with only 55 kg of weight was interesting, Santos-Dumont ordered a larger and more powerful version from Levavasseur. He changed its dimensions from the original 80 mm stroke and 80 mm bore to 105 mm stroke and 110 mm bore, obtaining 50 hp with 86 kg of weight and its power-to-weight ratio was not surpassed for 25 years. Levavasseur eventually produced its own line of V8 equipped aircraft, named Antoinette I to VIII, hubert Latham piloted the V8 powered Antoinette IV and Antoinette VII in July 1909 on two failed attempts to cross the English Channel. However, in 1910, Latham used the VII with the engine to become the first in the world to reach an altitude of 3600 feet. Voisin constructed pusher biplanes with Antoinette engines, also, notably the one first flown successfully by Henry Farman in 1908, the V8 engine configuration became popular in France from 1904 onward, and was used in a number of aircraft engines introduced by Renault, and Buchet among others. Some of these found their way into automobiles in small quantities. In 1905, Darracq built a car to beat the world speed record. They came up with two racing car built on a common crankcase and camshaft. The result was monstrous engine with a displacement of 1,551 cu in, victor Hemery fixed that record on 30 December 1905 with a speed of 109.65 mph. Rolls-Royce built a 3,535 cc V8 car from 1905 to 1906, in 1907 The Hewitt Motor Company built a large 5 passenger Touring Car. It was equipped with a hefty V8 engine that developed 50/60 horsepower and had a bore of 4 inches, the Hewitt was the first American Automobile to be equipped with a V8 engine. De Dion-Bouton introduced a 7,773 cc automobile V8 in 1910 and it was produced only in small quantities, but inspired a number of manufacturers to follow suit
32.
1989 San Marino Grand Prix
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The 1989 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Imola circuit on 23 April 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. A record 39 cars were entered for the Grand Prix, although only 26 were allowed to start the race. At the start Ayrton Senna got away well but behind him Alain Prost found himself just ahead of Nigel Mansells Ferrari, Mansell fell off a little after that and found himself battling with Riccardo Patrese while on the second lap Ivan Capelli had a nasty accident in his March. On lap four, fifth-placed Gerhard Bergers Ferrari speared off the track at the fast Tamburello corner due to a mechanical failure, Berger hit the wall at an estimated 180 mph and when his car came to a rest it immediately burst into flames. Three fire marshalls arrived on foot sixteen seconds after impact and the fire was put out ten seconds later, the race was red-flagged and Berger escaped with broken ribs and second-degree burns. The race was restarted after half an hour and run a further 55 laps on aggregate timing and this time Prost got away much better and got past Senna while behind them Mansell made a poor start and fell behind Patrese and Alessandro Nannini. On the run-down to the Tosa hairpin Senna got alongside Prost into Villeneuve, the McLarens proceeded to pull away from the competition while behind them there was more drama as Stefano Modena put his Brabham into the wall rather violently, escaping unhurt. As the McLarens pulled away Mansell, Patrese, and Nannini were busy fighting over third place and it was settled in the space of three laps as Patrese retired with a timing belt failure and Mansell followed shortly afterwards with a gearbox problem. This left Nannini in third while up front Senna cruised home to victory from Prost who, Nannini led home Thierry Boutsen, Derek Warwick in the Arrows and Jonathan Palmer in the Tyrrell. Olivier Grouillard was disqualified because Ligier illegally repaired his car on the grid before the second start, Thierry Boutsen and Alex Caffi were initially disqualified after a protest from Ligier because they had changed tyres in the pitlane before the second start, but were reinstated following an appeal. In Prosts view, Senna had broken this agreement by passing him partway round the first lap after the restart, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
33.
1989 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1989 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 7 May 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. The field was one fewer in Monaco as Ferrari had decided not to run a car to replace Gerhard Berger. Elsewhere Tyrrell had new cars that looked promising, ayrton Senna was on pole by a full second over teammate Alain Prost with Thierry Boutsen sharing row two with the surprisingly competitive Brabham of Martin Brundle. Nigel Mansell was fifth followed by Derek Warwick, Riccardo Patrese, Stefano Modena, Alex Caffi, the Coloni team got both its cars into a race for the only time, allowing driver Pierre-Henri Raphanel to make his Grand Prix debut. What made the qualifying laps of Brundle, Modena and Caffi all the more impressive was that each driver had to go through pre-qualifying to get there, and Brundle had only just scraped through pre-qualifying by 0.021 seconds. It was at this race that many in the paddock started noticing that the Pirelli qualifying tyres were superior to Goodyears. At the start Senna got away brilliantly and Prost could do nothing, the McLarens proceeded to pull away from the field as usual while behind them Williams were in all sorts of trouble, as both Boutsen and Patrese had to stop for new rear wings. Nigel Mansell went out on lap 20 with more issues for Ferrari. The predictable accident occurred and some words were exchanged between the two drivers and a huge traffic jam was caused. Brundle was looking good until he had to stop for a new battery, Senna continued to dominate the race while Prost, having been slowed by the Piquet-de Cesaris incident, could not recover and finished second behind his team mate. It was Sennas second win at Monaco and he did it the way, his McLaren losing first and second gear later in the race and disguising it to his best so Prost wouldnt react. Modena benefited from Brundles stop and finished third, scoring his first points in Formula One, Alex Caffi, Michele Alboreto, and Brundle, who was promoted to sixth on the final lap as a result of the retirement of Ivan Capelli, completed the point scoring positions. Caffi achieved both his and Dallaras first points, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
34.
1989 Mexican Grand Prix
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The 1989 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, Mexico City on 28 May 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. Pre-qualifying was again dominated by the Pirelli shod Brabhams with Martin Brundle, alex Caffi was third in his Dallara while Stefan Johansson was the final pre-qualifier in his Onyx. In qualifying proper, World Champion Ayrton Senna scored his 33rd career pole position, sennas pole time in his V10 McLaren-Honda was 0.408 slower than his pole time in 1988 in the turbocharged McLaren MP4/4. His McLaren teammate Alain Prost was predictably second fastest with the V12 Ferrari 640 of Nigel Mansell third, surprisingly, Capellis teammate Maurício Gugelmin failed to qualify. Berger, still suffering the effects of the Imola crash, admitted that if not for Ferraris innovative semi-automatic transmission, the back row of the grid was arguably the best credentialed and most experienced in Grand Prix history. 25th was the Ligier-Ford of 7 time GP winner René Arnoux, while 26th, Senna chose medium compound Goodyear B tyres for the race while Prost went for the softer C-compound tyres in the hopes of gaining a speed advantage. However, it all meant nothing as Modena spun his Brabham into the Peraltada on the first lap and was tapped by the Ligier of Olivier Grouillard, despite the car not being in a dangerous position, the red flag was shown and the race had to be restarted. Senna won the restart and led Prost, a fast starting Berger, Mansell, Prost, with his softer tyres giving him better grip, soon moved onto the back of his teammates car. However, Mexico would be where Prost started questioning the power of his Honda V10 compared to the used by Senna. Indeed, the #1 McLaren was seen to pull away from the #2 car on the straight, running close to his teammate eventually had a detrimental effect on Prosts tyres and he was soon into the pits for a change of rubber. In a slow stop, the McLaren team then gave the Frenchman another set of C tyres rather than the Bs he had come in for. McLaren team boss Ron Dennis later publicly apologised to Prost for the foul up in his pit stops, both Ferraris ran well until Bergers race ended on lap 16 with transmission failure while Mansells gearbox lasted until lap 43. This left the Williams of Patrese in second place with Alboreto a surprising third and this was how the top three finished with Alessandro Nannini fourth in his older model Benetton B188 in fourth place. The Benetton team had hoped to have their new car available in Mexico, Prost, who later unlapped himself after Senna let him through, finished 5th to be the last car on the lead lap. Italian Gabriele Tarquini finished 6th for the last championship point in his AGS-Ford for what would prove to be the only points scoring finish of his Grand Prix career. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
35.
1989 United States Grand Prix
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The 1989 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on June 4,1989, in Phoenix, Arizona. This resulted in the cancellation of the Detroit race for the 1989 season, City officials in Phoenix, Arizona, were interested in hosting major sporting event to promote the dry desert city of Phoenix worldwide. A Formula 1 race came into play after an attempt by Bernie Ecclestone not to lose the United States Grand Prix. On January 13,1989 the Phoenix City Council approved a contract with F1 to promote and run the race. It was well known that Phoenix weather is very warm- around the 100s F in June, the Atlantic session saw a couple of problems. A manhole cover was lifted and the surface at turn 9 at the end of the back straight had begun to break up in the same way Detroit. Overnight, quick-dry cement was used to patch up the surface and while dusty and bumpy. In qualifying on Friday, Ayrton Senna went progressively faster and faster, eventually posting a time 1.5 seconds ahead of McLaren team mate Alain Prost and the rest of the field. Sennas Friday time of 1,30.710 stood up through the session and gave him his 34th career pole position. The only American driver in the field, Phoenix native Eddie Cheever, qualified his Arrows-Ford in 17th place, during the morning practice on Saturday, Prost spun backward into a wall and damaged the monocoque and gearbox. It was the first monocoque Prost had broken since joining the team in 1984, Prost then had to take Sennas spare car for the race. Nannini ran third followed by Nigel Mansell, Alex Caffi, Stefano Modena, Martin Brundle, Gerhard Berger, Andrea de Cesaris, nanninis neck could only take 10 laps of racing before he pulled into the pits to retire. He had been third until a spin on lap four dropped him to eighth and retired after not being able to hold his head up properly, after 16 laps, Sennas lead over Prost was 4.25 seconds. He suddenly doubled that on the lap when Prosts engine began overheating, forcing the Frenchman to back off for a few laps in a bid to get the water. Despite Sennas seemingly commanding position, Prost remained confident of winning as he had seen that his McLaren was handling better than his team mates and he reasoned that later in the race his only problem would be getting past. The gap between the two McLarens varied as they worked their way through traffic, but on lap 29, Prost closed the gap when Senna suffered a misfire. The problem disappeared momentarily, with Senna doing his fastest lap of the race, on lap 34, with Prost only one second back, Senna waved his team mate past as they went down the back straight and then pitted at the end of the lap. The Honda engines electronic injection system was playing up and after two pit stops to change black box, battery and plugs, and with successive fastest laps in between, Senna retired on lap 44
36.
1989 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1989 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on 18 June 1989. McLarens Alain Prost scored his first pole position since the 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix, halting team mate Ayrton Sennas run of 8 straight poles since that race. Both drivers had gone into the pits to change to slicks after the warm-up lap, stefan Johansson was black-flagged because an air-line became attached to his car during a pit stop. He ignored the flag to stop at the end of the pit lane and returned to the track, triple World Champion Nelson Piquet scored his first points of the season which were enough to keep Lotus out of pre-qualifying after Britain. He had also scored his first points of 1984 when he won in Canada and it was also the first win by a Renault-powered car since Ayrton Senna won the 1986 Detroit Grand Prix in a turbocharged Lotus 98T and Renaults first win with a naturally aspirated engine. It would also stand as the second shortest race of his F1 career after the infamous 1990 Japanese Grand Prix. This was also the first time since Keke Rosberg won the 1985 Australian Grand Prix that an other than Senna, Prost, Piquet. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
37.
1989 British Grand Prix
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The 1989 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 16 July 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. The 64-lap race was won by McLaren driver Alain Prost after he started from second position, nigel Mansell finished second for the Ferrari team and Benetton driver Alessandro Nannini came in third. McLaren went into the race with a new oil system and transverse gearbox which was feared to be unreliable, nevertheless, the Woking team took control of qualifying with Ayrton Senna ahead of Alain Prost. After announcing before the race in France that he would be leaving McLaren at the end of the season. Mauricio Gugelmins March-Judd developed a related problem moments before the race. Prost managed to gain the better start at the light but Senna was later on the brakes. For the first few laps it was close between Senna, Prost, Mansell and his team mate Gerhard Berger. But then Berger pulled into the pits at the end of lap 4 with electrical problems, rejoining the race some laps later. On lap 5 the race order was Senna, Prost, Mansell, the Williams pair of Thierry Boutsen and Riccardo Patrese, and Nannini in the Benetton with its new Ford HB V8 engine. The leading trio were breaking clear of the rest with Mansell encouraging the British crowd by making the fastest lap on lap 6,1.6 behind the leader and on lap 7 and 10 also. Piquet and Ivan Capelli both forced their way past Pierluigi Martini into 7th and 8th respectively and began to close on Nannini, Patrese being hounded by Nannini and Piquet out-braked Boutsen going under the bridge before Woodcote to take third position. However, on lap 19 Patrese had an accident at Club Corner due to a burst radiator which sprayed water on the rear wheels causing the car to lose grip. The Williams swapped ends and skidded over the gravel into the barrier on the outside. As the leading duo began lapping the midfielders, Prost began to extend his lead, on lap 22, the race order was Prost,2.5 seconds ahead of Mansell, Boutsen a further 32 seconds behind and only half a second ahead of Piquet. They were some 25 seconds ahead of the Lola-Lamborghini of Philippe Alliot who was just one second of the Tyrrell of Jean Alesi in just his second Grand Prix start. Piquet having his best race of the year, then out braked Boutsen under the bridge just as Patrese had to claim third position on lap 23, Alesi retired having spun at the exit of Club Corner. Prost had built up a cushion of between 7–9 seconds before, on lap 42, Mansells Ferrari developed a puncture on the front right tyre, causing the car to drag on the surface with smoke and sparks
38.
1989 German Grand Prix
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The 1989 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hockenheimring on 30 July 1989. Roberto Moreno was also forced to pre-qualify in the half of the season. In the pre-qualifying session itself, Alboreto beat Dalmas by mere 0.001 second for the last berth in the qualifying sessions, McLaren werent without their problems in qualifying though. When Sennas car was deemed too damaged, the test crew made their way to Hockenheim. Prior to the meeting there had been a major shakeup of management at Team Lotus. The race started with Senna on pole position and Prost alongside him and he was able to rejoin but his race only lasted 20 laps after his V12 Lamborghini developed an oil leak. His new team mate Michele Alboreto was forced out of his first race with Larrousse just past turn 1 on the lap after the Lamborghinis electrics failed. Alboreto had qualified 26th and last, only 0.016 ahead of the Minardi of Luis Pérez-Sala, bergers lead was to last about a quarter of a lap as the power of the Honda V10 engines told. Senna had Berger before the first chicane, and Prost outbraked him at the Ostkurve, at the start of the second lap, it was Senna leading from Prost, Berger, Mansell, Thierry Boutsen, Alessandro Nannini, Emanuele Pirro, Riccardo Patrese, and Nelson Piquet. Then Senna decided to take advantage of his lead and came into the pits for his tyre change. This dropped him down to second behind Prost and Pirro had come into the pits for a tyre change, Pirro crashed into the styrofoam barriers at the stadium entrance on lap 26 and had to be taken to the hospital after one of the barriers had hit his helmet. With Mansell having problems with his Ferrari, Senna and Prost battled for the entire race, as both drivers were driving on the limit. They started trading off fastest laps and Prost held off Senna for almost the entire race, for his part, Prost was of the firm belief that he would have had no trouble holding on for the win had he not had a gearbox problem. Ayrton Senna 21, Alain Prost 24 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
39.
1989 Hungarian Grand Prix
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The 1989 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Hungaroring on 13 August 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. Nigel Mansell won the race for Ferrari after an overtaking manoeuvre on Ayrton Senna as the two came upon a back-marker at the same time. It was his victory for the Italian team. Riccardo Patrese took a pole position in his Williams, the first and only non-McLaren pole of the season. In another surprise, Alex Caffi was just six-tenths behind Senna in third, thierry Boutsen in the second Williams was fourth, ahead of the second McLaren of world championship leader Alain Prost in fifth. The top ten was completed by Gerhard Berger in the Ferrari, Alessandro Nannini in the Benetton, Stefano Modena in the Brabham, Derek Warwick in the Arrows and Pierluigi Martini in the Minardi. Mansell, meanwhile, had a qualifying and could only manage 12th. At the start of the race, Patrese, Senna and Caffi maintained their grid order into turn 1, further back, Mansell made a good start, rising to 8th at the first corner. It soon became clear, however, that Caffi was struggling, before long he had been passed by both Berger and Prost, and was holding up a train of cars consisting of Boutsen, Nannini, Mansell and Warwick. Nannini exited the train when he pulled in to change tyres and this promoted Mansell to 7th, which he quickly turned into 5th by passing Boutsen and Caffi in quick succession. He then set about closing the 17-second gap to the leaders, having caught up to the leading group, Mansell passed Prost for 3rd. Patreses Williams then began to develop a problem with a holed radiator, eventually, Patreses holed radiator became so bad that both Senna and Mansell were able to pass him in the space of a few corners. Patrese retired from the race shortly afterwards, Mansell now began to pressure Senna, clearly faster but unable to pass due to the extra power of the McLarens Honda engine. Meanwhile, Prost pitted for tyres and rejoined 6th, while Berger only inherited 3rd briefly before he retired with gearbox problems, leaving Senna, eventually, the pair came up to lap Stefan Johanssons Onyx. Senna caught him at a moment, just at the accelerating zone out of turn 3. After that, Mansell had a run to the flag, beating Senna by nearly 26 seconds. Prost overtook Eddie Cheevers Arrows for 4th on the final lap, lap leaders, Riccardo Patrese 52, Ayrton Senna 5, Nigel Mansell 20 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
40.
1989 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1989 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Spa-Francorchamps on 27 August 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. The two Williams were fourth and fifth with Thierry Boutsen, in his race, ahead of Riccardo Patrese. The major talking point, however, was the failure of both Nelson Piquet and Satoru Nakajima to qualify, the first time in the Lotus teams history that neither of its cars had qualified. All the times were determined in the qualifying session, after the first had taken place in wet conditions. The race was delayed for some due to the wet conditions. At the start, Senna led the way from Prost and Berger, Mansell managed to pass both Williams on the grass on the run to La Source hairpin to claim fourth position by the first corner. Early on, Berger pressured Prost but was unable find a way through, Senna comfortably led from start to finish in conditions similar to those in which he won his first Belgian Grand Prix in 1985. Senna eased up in the last few laps to allow Prost, Boutsen finished fourth in his 100th race. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
41.
1989 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1989 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 10 September 1989. It was the race of the 1989 Formula One season. Knowing that he was moving to Ferrari for 1990, Prost dropped his winners trophy from the podium into the crowd, to the severe disapproval of his team manager Ron Dennis. Gerhard Berger, the man Prost would be replacing at Ferrari, recorded his first finish of the season with second, the final points went to Jean Alesi in the Tyrrell and Martin Brundle in the Brabham. Before the Italian Grand Prix, Alain Prost was confirmed as a Ferrari driver from 1990, to the Tifosi who had previously seen Prost as the villain, he was now the hero of the crowd. It mattered not that he was driving for McLaren, he was a confirmed Ferrari driver now and was treated as such. Prosts announcement allowed Frank Williams to re-sign Riccardo Patrese for 1990, lotus also announced at the Grand Prix that they would be using the Lamborghini V12 engine in 1990. They also confirmed that their 1990 drivers would be Derek Warwick, predictably, the McLaren-Honda of Ayrton Senna was the fastest in qualifying for his 38th career pole position. Second was a surprise as Ferraris Gerhard Berger joined Senna on the front row, Prost was only 4th, some 1.79 seconds slower than his Brazilian team mate, publicly complaining all weekend of a down on power engine compared to Sennas. Prosts claims that Honda were favouring Senna were refuted by both Honda and McLaren boss Ron Dennis, Sennas time of 1,23.720 in his V10 McLaren-Honda was 2.254 seconds faster than he had been a year earlier in the turbocharged McLaren MP4/4. Eddie Cheever, who had finished 3rd in the 1988 race and it was the second time in 1989 that the American had failed to qualify for a race. His team mate Derek Warwick qualified 16th, the Brabham-Judd of Stefano Modena was excluded from the meeting when his car was found to be underweight. This promoted the Minardi of Luis Pérez-Sala onto the grid, as the grid was in the process of forming up before the start, the McLaren team transferred the settings from Sennas car to Prosts in the hope of curing its handling problem. Senna led from the start and built up a lead over Berger, while Mansell. Emanuele Pirro was the races first retirement, the transmission in his Benetton-Ford not lasting a single lap, Only just longer was the Lola-Lamborghini of Philippe Alliot. Alessandro Nanninis Benetton lost its brakes on lap 33 putting him into retirement, through all of this, Senna was still comfortably in the lead with Prost having fought his way past Berger into second following Mansells retirement. Prost passed Berger in front of the pits and the main grandstand and it must be remembered though that Prost was a confirmed Ferrari driver for 1990 while Berger, the hero of the 1988 race, was leaving the Scuderia to take Prosts seat at McLaren. The Williams pair of Boutsen and Patrese, having found the limits of the older FW12 model, were circulating in 4th and 5th places, Berger finished second for not only his first points of the season but indeed his first race finish while Boutsen came home third
42.
1989 Portuguese Grand Prix
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The 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo do Estoril in Estoril, Portugal on 24 September 1989. The 71-lap race was the thirteenth of the 1989 Formula One season and it was won by Gerhard Berger to take his first, and only, victory of the season for Ferrari. Mansell had just been black flagged at the time of incident for reversing back into his pit box after overshooting it during a stop, the podium was completed by Stefan Johansson, who took both his last and Onyxs only podium, and also Onyxs last points. During the race, Pierluigi Martini managed to lead a lap for the time in both his and Minardis time in Formula One. Ten drivers from ten different teams finished in the top ten places in the race, the race was also Alain Prosts 150th Grand Prix start, and Colonis last, though it attempted races for another two years without a single start. Ayrton Senna took his tenth pole position of the season by six tenths of a second from the Ferrari of Gerhard Berger. Alain Prost could only set a lap fast enough for fourth in his McLaren, Pierluigi Martini put in an impressive performance to qualify his Minardi in fifth place, albeit seven tenths slower than Prost. His team-mate, Luis Pérez-Sala, also did well to qualify the car in ninth place, alex Caffi qualified his Dallara in seventh position, sandwiched by the two Williamses of Patrese and Boutsen, with Boutsen ahead. Martin Brundle completed the top ten in qualifying, followed by his Brabham team-mate Stefano Modena, eventual podium finisher Stefan Johansson put his Onyx into twelfth on the grid, despite having to pre-qualify and his team-mate failing to do so. However, while Pirelli had produced better qualifying rubber, the Goodyears were still acknowledged as having superior race tyres, Berger had a great start and managed to overtake Senna. Mansell was in third followed by Prost, Martini and Patrese, Berger quickly opened a lead while Senna was trying to keep Mansell behind. Then Mansell finally managed to overtake Senna and started to catch Berger, as the two Ferraris caught up with the slower cars and were starting to lap them, Mansell managed to overtake Berger. Positions at lap 24 were, Mansell, Berger, Senna, Prost was the first of the leaders to pit for new tyres from fourth position. He was quickly followed by Berger on lap 35 and then by Senna, then came the crucial moment of the race. Mansell came into the slightly too fast, locked his tyres. Although his pit crew moved down the pit lane to try to change his tyres where he had stopped, Mansell engaged reverse gear and drove backwards the short distance into the correct spot. After the leaders went to pit for tyres, Pierluigi Martini led a lap in the Minardi, Berger, Senna and Mansell quickly overtook Martini and Mansell closed on Senna. However, as driving a car in reverse in the pit lane was expressly forbidden, at the start of lap 48 Mansell tried to overtake Senna, the cars collided and both drivers were out
43.
1989 Spanish Grand Prix
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The 1989 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jerez on 1 October 1989. Never far from drama, Mansell stated in a press conference that he would be forced to consider retirement if FISA honestly believed he would ignore a black flag. Ferrari did not replace Mansell in Spain and only entered one car for Gerhard Berger, last start podium finisher Stefan Johansson failed to pre-qualify his Onyx, while new team mate JJ Lehto finished second behind the Osella of Nicola Larini. Third was Larinis team mate Piercarlo Ghinzani, while qualifying specialist Philippe Alliot finished 4th in his Lola-Lamborghini, missing out were the likes of Johansson, Michele Alboreto and Roberto Moreno. Ayrton Senna blasted around the 4.218 km Jerez circuit in 1,20.291 to take his pole position record to 40. Gerhard Berger was second in his Ferrari 640, only 0.274 seconds behind the man who would be his 1990 team mate at McLaren, martini had been an incredible second fastest after Friday qualifying, only 0.388 slower than Senna. Philippe Alliot snared a career best fifth place on the grid in his Larrousse and it also enhanced Alliots reputation as a demon qualifier. Williams-Renault entered two different model cars for their drivers Thierry Boutsen and Riccardo Patrese, rené Arnoux and the Rial pair of Pierre-Henri Raphanel and Gregor Foitek all failed to qualify for the race. McLarens reigning World Champion Ayrton Senna took the pole, set the fastest race lap, second with his third podium finish in a row following his second in Italy and his win in the previous race in Portugal was the Ferrari 640 of Gerhard Berger. World Championship leader Alain Prost finished third in his McLaren-Honda in what was his last ever finish for the team with whom he won the 1985 and 1986 World Drivers Championships. Prosts third place gave him a 16-point lead over Senna with only two races to go, if he was to retain his title, the Brazilian would need to win in both Japan and Australia with Prost scoring no more than two more points. If that had turned out to be the case and the pair had ended the season with the amount of points. Lehto Gregor Foitek replaced Christian Danner at Rial but quit the team after the race when he suffered an accident in qualifying caused by the rear wing falling off the car. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
German
Pierluigi Martini
Johnny Cecotto
Yannick Dalmas