1.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
2.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Los Gatos High School
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Los Gatos High School is a high school in Los Gatos, California, a small high income town near San Jose in the Silicon Valley. Los Gatos High School was founded in 1908 and is part of the Los Gatos-Saratoga Joint Union High School District and is home to a number of Silicon Valley Executives teenagers. During the late 1880s up until the establishment of Los Gatos High School, high school age students were taught at Los Gatos Central School, a grammar school which was established in 1886. While the school is not labeled a feeder school or preparatory, in the 1970s, Los Gatos High School was listed among the top thirty high schools in the State of California. In a 2013 study Los Gatos High School ranked 86th in California, the school enrolls approximately 1,700 students and employs about 100 teachers. In 2004, 94% of graduating seniors went on to attend college, Los Gatos High School is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges and has regularly received six-year accreditations, the highest possible. The school has been recognized twice as a National School for Excellence, LGHS is also notable for its sports programs and exceptional athletes, making it unique among academically distinguished public schools in the area. The Los Gatos Wildcats are part of the Santa Clara Valley Athletic League of the CIF Central Coast Section. The school landscape is notable for its spacious extensive front lawn and neoclassical main building, which was designed by W. H. Weeks and his Greek Revival style was famous in the 1920s and 1930s. The main building was dedicated on January 17,1925, built using a $250,000 bond measure passed in 1923. Other buildings and various additions to the building were built in the period between the dedication of the main building in 1925 and 1970. The school underwent no major construction from 1970 until 2001, when the school passed an $79 million bond measure in the town of Los Gatos to renovate the aging buildings. Since then, several new buildings have been constructed, and all of the old buildings have been renovated, both are on the grounds of Los Gatos High School but are available for equal use by both schools. Until 2006, when the Los Gatos High School football team played Saratoga, the title of home team was switched each year when the two schools played each other. The front façade of the school was shown on The Amanda Show starring Amanda Bynes and it was used in the shows soap opera spoof segment called Moodys Point. The front exterior of the school was used on Saved by the Bell. The school was used as a filming location for several scenes in the 1996 made-for-TV movie Lying Eyes. The school, its stadium and track, and nearby Santa Cruz Avenue were also used for filming an episode of the 1986 television series Starman, the movie was actually filmed in Goose Creek, South Carolina at Stratford High School
5.
Brian Aherne
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Brian Aherne was an English actor of both stage and screen, who found success in Hollywood. He was born William Brian de Lacy Aherne in Kings Norton, Worcestershire, educated at Edgbaston, Birmingham, he also carried out some early stage training at Italia Conti Academy in London and had some child roles before completing his education at Malvern College. He then toured with Violet Vanbrugh as Hugo in The Flame, in 1926 he accompanied Dion Boucicault, Jr. to Australia, where he appeared in several plays by J. M. another comedy by Frederick Lonsdale. Aherne reappeared in London at the Strand in March 1927, again as Langford in White Cargo, and continued on the London stage in a succession of plays until late 1930 when he went to America. He made his first appearance on the New York stage at the Empire Theatre on 9 February 1931, miss Cornell and Aherne remained lifelong friends and he played in many of her subsequent productions. He was back in London in 1934 but returned that year to New York and he continued his stage appearances during his film career, which he commenced in 1924 in silent film. Ahernes first screen appearance was in the crime film The Eleventh Commandment in 1924 and he made several appearances in productions at Cricklewood Studios by Stoll Pictures, then the largest British film company, including two directed by Sinclair Hill. His final silents were two films Shooting Stars and Underground by the rising director Anthony Asquith, Aherne made his talkie debut in The W Plan. Aherne also appeared in many TV theatrical series, including General Electric Theater, The Twilight Zone, in the episode The Trouble with Templeton and he also appeared as guest host on the TV panel show The Names the Same. Aherne co-starred in the Florence Nightingale episode of Theatre Guild on the Air 13 April 1952, in 1945, he played sleuth Simon Templar in the mystery series, The Saint. Aherne published his autobiography A Proper Job in 1969, as well as A Dreadful Man, between 1939 and 1945, Aherne was married to actress Joan Fontaine, which ended in divorce. He then married Eleanor de Liagre Labrot and he was the younger brother of actor Pat Aherne. Aherne was a pilot and charter member of the Aircraft Owners, Aherne died of heart failure in Venice, Florida, USA at the age of 83. He was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1772 Vine Street, parker, John, editor, Whos Who in the Theatre, 10th edition revised, London,1947, p. 200-1
6.
William Dozier
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William McElroy Dozier was an American film and television producer and actor. Dozier was born in Omaha, Nebraska and he began in the film industry. With Joan Fontaine he co-founded Rampart Productions, responsible for Letter from an Unknown Woman and he is best remembered as the executive producer and narrator of the Batman television series, although he was uncredited for the role as narrator. Dozier also made a screen test of a version of Wonder Woman in 1967. During his time as producer of Batman he co-created the character Barbara Gordon. Dozier was married to Katherine Foley from 1929 until their marriage ended in divorce in 1946, then, Dozier married Joan Fontaine from 1946 until they divorced in 1951. Lastly, Dozier married Ann Rutherford in 1953 and their marriage would last until Dozier died in 1991. Dozier died in Santa Monica, California, from a stroke, Dozier was survived by his wife, Ann and his two children, Robert Dozier and Deborah Dozier Potter. Dozier was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California, William Dozier at the Internet Movie Database William Dozier at Find a Grave
7.
Olivia de Havilland
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Olivia Mary de Havilland is a retired American actress whose career spanned from 1935 to 1990. She appeared in 49 feature films, and was one of the movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood. Born in Tokyo to British parents, de Havilland and her younger sister Joan moved to California in 1919 and they were brought up by their mother Lilian, a former stage actress who taught them dramatic art, music, and elocution. De Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in Alice in Wonderland. Olivia de Havilland made her debut in Reinhardts A Midsummer Nights Dream in 1935. She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite popular leading men, including Errol Flynn and they became one of Hollywoods most popular romantic on-screen pairings. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic films, such as The Great Garrick. Her natural beauty and refined acting style made her particularly effective in historical dramas, such as Anthony Adverse. In her later career, she was most successful in films, such as Light in the Piazza. In addition to her career, de Havilland continued her work in the theatre. For her contributions to the picture industry, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. After romantic relationships with Howard Hughes, James Stewart, and John Huston, de Havilland married author Marcus Goodrich, with whom she had a son, Benjamin. Following her divorce from Goodrich in 1953, she moved to Paris and married Pierre Galante, in 1962, she published Every Frenchman Has One, an account of her life in France. De Havilland and Joan Fontaine are the siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category. A lifelong rivalry between the two resulted in an estrangement that lasted over three decades. She has lived in Paris since 1956, and celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1,2016, De Havilland was born on July 1,1916, in Tokyo, Japan, to English parents. Her father, Walter de Havilland, served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney and her mother, Lilian Fontaine, was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress. Lilian also sang with the Master of the Kings Music, Sir Walter Parratt, Olivias paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, an aircraft designer and founder of the de Havilland aircraft company
8.
Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
9.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
10.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
11.
RKO Pictures
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RKO Pictures Inc. also known as RKO Radio Pictures and in its later years RKO Teleradio Pictures, was an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the companys sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum, RKO has long been celebrated for its series of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio, cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewtons low-budget horror unit and RKOs many ventures into the now known as film noir have been acclaimed, largely after the fact, by film critics. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history, King Kong and Citizen Kane, RKO Pictures is also a member of Motion Picture Association of America. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948, after years of turmoil and decline under his control, Hughes sold the troubled studio to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was dissolved two years later. In 1981, broadcaster RKO General, the heir, revived it as a production subsidiary. In October 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and its success prompted Hollywood to convert from silent to sound film production en masse. The Radio Corporation of America controlled an advanced optical sound-on-film system, RCA Photophone, the industrys two largest major studios, Paramount and Loews/MGM, with two other studios Universal and First National, were poised to contract with ERPI for sound conversion as well. Next on the agenda was securing a string of exhibition venues like those the leading Hollywood production companies owned, Kennedy began investigating the possibility of such a purchase. Around that time, the large Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit of theaters, built around the medium of live vaudeville, was attempting a transition to the movie business. In mid-1927, the operations of Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Milles Producers Distributing Corporation had united under KAOs control, early in 1928, KAO general manager John J. Murdock, who had assumed the presidency of Pathé, turned to Kennedy as an adviser in consolidating the studio with De Milles company, PDC. This was the relationship Sarnoff and Kennedy sought, on October 23,1928, RCA announced the creation of the Radio-Keith-Orpheum holding company, with Sarnoff as chairman of the board. Kennedy, who withdrew from his positions in the merged companies, kept Pathé separate from RKO. RCA owned the governing stock interest in RKO,22 percent, in the early 1930s, the companys production and distribution arm, presided over by former FBO vice-president Joseph I
12.
The Man Who Found Himself
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The Man Who Found Himself, also known as Wings of Mercy, is an American aviation film based on the unpublished story Wings of Mercy by Alice F. Curtis. The film marked the first starring role for 19-year-old Joan Fontaine, unlike many of the period films that appeared to glorify aviation, it was a complex film, examining the motivations of both doctors and pilots. Young doctor, Jim Stanton has two passionate interests in conflict with each other and he is first a conscientious surgeon, but in his spare time, pursues his love of flying, a dangerous hobby that his well-intentioned father abhors. His father is a doctor who does his best to curtail his sons flying. When Jim flies a married woman on a flight that ends in disaster with his passenger killed, believing that he is innocent and wronged, Jim becomes a hobo and is arrested for vagrancy and put to work on a road crew in Los Angeles. When he runs into an old pal, Dick Miller, he is persuaded to take a job as a mechanic for Roberts Aviation, doris finds out the truth about Jim from an inquisitive newspaper reporter, Nosey Watson. A unique photo-play-style introduction was placed after the end credit, the Man Who Found Himself featured a number of Lockheed Model 10 Electras, a Ford Trimotor, and other aircraft, while a Waco also served as a camera plane for the aerial sequences. Prolific director Lew Landers who had gained a reputation for bringing projects in on time and budget, began the production 12 January 12,1937 and wrapped up principal photography by February 1937. In 1937 alone, Landers also completed Danger Patrol, Living on Love, Border Cafe, You Cant Buy Luck, They Wanted to Marry and Flight From Glory. The Man Who Found Himself received mixed reviews ranging from a comment in The New York Times - The only thing the industry could possibly do now. Is to administer anesthetic to the audience - to flattering mentions of the new star. The Man Who Found Himself at the Internet Movie Database The Man Who Found Himself at the TCM Movie Database
13.
Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English film director and producer, at times referred to as The Master of Suspense. He pioneered many elements of the suspense and psychological thriller genres and he had a successful career in British cinema with both silent films and early talkies and became renowned as Englands best director. Hitchcock moved to Hollywood in 1939, and became a US citizen in 1955 and he also fashioned for himself a recognisable directorial style. Hitchcocks stylistic trademarks include the use of movement that mimics a persons gaze. In addition, he framed shots to maximise anxiety, fear, or empathy and his work often features fugitives on the run alongside icy blonde female characters. Prior to 1980, there had long been talk of Hitchcock being knighted for his contribution to film, Hitchcock later received his knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in the 1980 New Year Honours. Hitchcock directed more than fifty films in a career spanning six decades and is often regarded as one of the most influential directors in cinematic history. His flair was for narrative, cruelly withholding crucial information and engaging the emotions of the audience like no one else, Hitchcocks first thriller, The Lodger, A Story of the London Fog, helped shape the thriller genre in film. His 1929 film, Blackmail, is cited as the first British sound feature film, while Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Northwest. Alfred Joseph Hitchcock was born on 13 August 1899 in Leytonstone and he was the second son and the youngest of three children of William Hitchcock, a greengrocer and poulterer, and Emma Jane Hitchcock. He was named after his fathers brother, Hitchcock was raised as a Roman Catholic, and sent to Salesian College, Battersea, and the Jesuit grammar school St Ignatius College in Stamford Hill, London. His parents were both of half-English and half-Irish ancestry and he often described a lonely and sheltered childhood that was worsened by his obesity. Around age five, Hitchcock recalled that to him for behaving badly. This incident implanted a lifelong fear of policemen in Hitchcock, and such harsh treatment, sources vary on Hitchcocks performance in school. Gene Adair reports that by most accounts, Alfred was only an average, or slightly above-average, however, McGilligan writes that Hitchcock certainly excelled academically. When Hitchcock was 15, his father died, in that same year, he left St. Ignatius to study at the London County Council School of Engineering and Navigation in Poplar, London. After leaving, he became a draftsman and advertising designer with a company called Henleys. Hitchcock joined a regiment of the Royal Engineers in 1917
14.
Rebecca (1940 film)
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Rebecca is a 1940 American psychological thriller-mystery film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was Hitchcocks first American project, and his first film produced under contract with David O. Selznick, the films screenplay was a version by Joan Harrison and Robert E. Sherwood based on Philip MacDonald and Michael Hogans adaptation of Daphne du Mauriers 1938 novel Rebecca. The film is shot in black-and-white, and is a gothic tale, Maxim de Winters first wife Rebecca, who died before the story starts, is never seen. Her reputation and others recollections about her, however, are a constant presence in the lives of Maxim, his new young wife. Rebecca won two Academy Awards, Outstanding Production and Cinematography, out of a total 11 nominations, Olivier, Fontaine and Anderson were all Oscar nominated for their respective roles. However, since 1936, Rebecca is the film that, despite winning Best Picture. Rebecca was the film at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival in 1951. A naïve young woman is in Monte Carlo working as a companion to Edythe Van Hopper when she meets the aristocratic. They fall in love, and within two weeks they are married, the young woman is now the second Mrs. de Winter. Maxim takes his new bride back to Manderley, his country house in Cornwall. As her closest confidant, Mrs. Danvers regularly comments on Rebeccas exceptional grace, when asked what Rebecca was like, Frank Crawley, Maxims best friend and manager of the estate, absent-mindedly tells the new Mrs. de Winter that Rebecca was an exceptional beauty. The new Mrs. de Winter is intimidated by her responsibilities, the continuous reminders of Rebecca overwhelm her, she believes that Maxim is still deeply in love with his first wife. She also discovers that her husband sometimes becomes very angry at her for apparently insignificant actions and she also meets Rebeccas so-called favorite cousin, Jack Favell, who visits the house while Maxim is away. Trying to be the wife, the young Mrs. de Winter convinces Maxim to hold a costume party. She wants to plan her own costume, but Mrs. Danvers suggests she copy the beautiful outfit in the portrait of Lady Caroline de Winter, an ancestor of Maxims. At the party, when the costume is revealed, Maxim is appalled, Rebecca wore the outfit at the ball a year ago. Mrs. de Winter confronts Danvers, who tells her she can never take Rebeccas place, an airborne flare reveals that a ship has hit the rocks. Mrs. de Winter rushes outside, where she hears that during the rescue a sunken boat has been found with Rebeccas body in it, Maxim admits to his new wife that he had earlier misidentified another body as Rebeccas, in order to conceal the truth
15.
Suspicion (1941 film)
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Suspicion is a romantic psychological thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and starring Cary Grant and Joan Fontaine as a married couple. It also stars Sir Cedric Hardwicke, Nigel Bruce, Dame May Whitty, Isabel Jeans, Heather Angel, Suspicion is based on Francis Iless novel Before the Fact. For her role as Lina, Joan Fontaine won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1941 and this is the only Oscar-winning performance in a Hitchcock film. In the film, a shy spinster runs off with a playboy, who turns out to be penniless, a gambler. She comes to suspect that he is also a murderer, in 1938, handsome, irresponsible playboy Johnnie Aysgarth meets dowdy Lina McLaidlaw on a train and charms her into eloping despite the strong disapproval of her wealthy father, General McLaidlaw. She talks him into getting a job, and he goes to work for his cousin, Beaky, Johnnies good-natured but naive friend, tries to reassure Lina that her husband is a lot of fun and a highly entertaining liar. She repeatedly catches Johnnie in ever more significant lies, discovering that he was fired weeks before for embezzling from his cousin Melbeck, Lina writes a letter to Johnnie that she is leaving him, but then tears it up. After this, Johnnie enters the room and shows her a telegram announcing her fathers death, Johnnie is severely disappointed to discover that Lina has inherited no money, only her fathers portrait. He convinces Beaky to finance a hugely speculative land development scheme, Lina is afraid this is a confidence trick or worse, and tries to talk Beaky out of it, but he trusts his friend completely. Johnnie overhears and angrily warns his wife to stay out of his affairs, when Beaky leaves for Paris, Johnnie accompanies him partway. Later, news reaches Lina that Beaky died in Paris, Johnnie lies to her and an investigating police inspector, saying that he stayed in London. This and other details lead Lina to suspect he was responsible for Beakys death, Lina then begins to fear that her husband is plotting to kill her for her life insurance. He has been questioning her friend Isobel Sedbusk, a writer of mystery novels, Johnnie brings Lina a glass of milk before bed, but she is too afraid to drink it. Needing to get away for a while, she says she will stay with her mother for a few days, Johnnie insists on driving her there. He speeds recklessly in a powerful convertible on a dangerous road beside a cliff, Johnnie reaches over, his intent unclear to the terrified woman. When she shrinks from him, he stops the car, in the subsequent confrontation, it emerges that Johnnie was actually intending to commit suicide after taking Lina to her mothers. Now, however, he has decided that suicide is the way out. He was in Liverpool at the time of Beakys death, trying to borrow on Linas life insurance policy to repay Melbeck and her suspicions allayed, Lina tells him that they will face the future together
16.
The Constant Nymph (1943 film)
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The Constant Nymph is a 1943 romantic drama film starring Charles Boyer, Joan Fontaine, Alexis Smith, Brenda Marshall, Charles Coburn, May Whitty, and Peter Lorre. It was adapted by Kathryn Scola from the Margaret Kennedy novel and play by Kennedy and Basil Dean, Lewis Dodd is a composer whose symphony flops in London. Seeking new inspiration, and to escape his critics, he travels to Switzerland to stay at the home of older friend Albert Sanger, Sangers four young daughters—Kate, Toni, Tessa and Paula —have been raised in relative isolation, and swiftly develop crushes on Lewis. The elderly Sanger dies, and per his instructions, Lewis sends to England for Charles Creighton, Sangers wealthy friend, Lewis is inspired by the girls to write some of the first heart-felt music hes composed in years. Kate leaves for school, Toni marries, and Lewis falls in love with Florence, Lewis then quickly asks Florence to marry him, breaking the heart of Tessa, who has been secretly in love with him for a long time. Tessa and Paula are sent to boarding school, while Lewis and Florence marry and move to London, Tessa and Paula run away from school to the Dodd house. Lewis is inspired by Tessa to write music again. Lewis inspired symphony is performed to acclaim, and during the performance Lewis rushes home. Tessa refuses, as hes already married, returning to the theater, Florence tells Lewis she will divorce him, as it is clear that Tessa is not only his great muse but also his true love. Lewis rushes home to tell Tessa, but finds her dead—the conflict with Florence having been too much for her, Fontaine was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, but lost to Jennifer Joness performance in The Song of Bernadette. The will of Margaret Kennedy stated that the film could be only at universities. As a result, the film was unavailable for exhibition for nearly seventy years, the film received its first authorized public screening in decades as part of the 2011 Turner Classic Movies Classic Film Festival. Edmund Gouldings biographer Matthew Kennedy wrote that Joan Fontaine spoke rapturously of The Constant Nymph and she was nominated for a best actress Oscar for it, he stated, and it remains a personal favorite of hers. The film was released on DVD under the Warner Archive Collection label on 22 November 2011, the Constant Nymph was presented on Hollywood Players December 17,1946. Fontaine reprised her role from the film
17.
Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948 film)
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Letter from an Unknown Woman is a 1948 American drama romance film directed by Max Ophüls. It was based on the novella of the name by Stefan Zweig. The film stars Joan Fontaine, Louis Jourdan, Mady Christians, in Vienna in the early twentieth century, Lisa, a teenager living in an apartment building, becomes fascinated by a new tenant, concert pianist Stefan Brand. Stefan is making a name for himself through energetic performances, Lisa becomes obsessed with Stefan, staying up late to listen to him play, and sneaking into his apartment and admiring him from a distance. Despite her actions, they meet once and Stefan takes little notice of her. One day, Lisas mother announces her marriage to a wealthy and respectable gentleman, who lives in Linz, Lisa resists her mothers plans and runs away from the railway station and goes back to the apartment, where she is let in by the porter. She knocks on Stefans door, but no one answers and she decides to wait outside for him to return. Early the next morning, Stefan returns home with a woman, after seeing the two, a distraught Lisa travels to Linz where she joins her mother and new stepfather. In Linz, she is transformed into a woman and courted by a young military officer from a good family. He eventually proposes to Lisa, but she turns him down, confused and heartbroken, he accepts her situation. When they learn about Lisas actions, her mother and stepfather demand to know why she didnt accept the proposal, I told him the truth, replies Lisa. Years later, Lisa is estranged from her parents and works in Vienna as a dress model, every night she waits outside Stefans window, hoping to be noticed. One night he notices her, and although he does not recognize her and they go on a long, romantic date that ends with them making love. Soon after, Stefan leaves for a concert in Milan, promising to contact her soon, Lisa eventually gives birth to their child, never trying to contact Stefan, wanting to be the one woman you had known who asked you for nothing. Ten years later, Lisa is now married to a man named Johann who knows about her past love for Stefan. One day while at the opera, Lisa sees Stefan, who is no longer a top-billed musician, feeling uneasy, she leaves during the performance. He happens to leave at the time, and so they meet while she is waiting for her carriage. Stefan does not remember her, but once again is drawn to her
18.
The Witches (1966 film)
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The Witches is a 1966 British horror film made by Hammer Films. It was adapted by Nigel Kneale from the novel The Devils Own by Norah Lofts and it was directed by Cyril Frankel and starred Joan Fontaine, Alec McCowen, Kay Walsh, Ann Bell, Ingrid Boulting and Gwen Ffrangcon Davies. This was the final film role for Fontaine. The film opens with an English schoolteacher, Gwen Mayfield, packing up her belongings at a school in colonial Africa. The local witch doctors have led a rebellion, and they reach the school before she is able to escape - the shaman wearing a body mask, Gwen screams, and the scene dissolves to the opening credits. The next scene is home in England, where Gwen meets with the apparently Reverend Alan Bax for a job interview. We discover that Gwen suffered a breakdown from whatever she experienced at the hand of the rebels when the school was attacked. Upon moving into the cottage, Gwen asks her maid. Valerie is confused - she knows there is no rectory - until Gwen explains she would like to thank Mr Bax, Oh, you mean the Baxes house. She says, and shows her the way after tea, at the house, Gwen meets Stephanie and mentions she tried to look for the church on the way but couldnt find it. Stephanie explains there isnt any church, and no Reverend Alan Bax -, Alan shows Gwen the old church, now a ruin, as he walks her home. He confesses to her that he is not really a priest - I wanted to enter the Church and he notes that he does not try to persuade anyone or officiate, but sometimes wears the priestly collar for security. Gwen tries to find out more about why the old church was left a ruin but Alan mysteriously turns silent and seems to be unable to move, so she says good night and leaves him to his thoughts. School begins and, initially, the drama is that the other teacher. She was on holiday in France and the boat was held up and she does not live in Heddaby but in the town nearby where her boyfriend lives. Two of Gwens students, Ronnie Dowsett and Linda Rigg, spend a lot of time together and are on their way to becoming boyfriend and girlfiend. But for some reason, the entire town seems to disapprove of their friendship and prospective romantic relationship. Ronnie includes a note for Gwen in the stack of homework stating that Lindas grandmother treats her something crool
19.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
20.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
21.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
22.
University of Tokyo
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The University of Tokyo, abbreviated as Todai, is a research university located in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The university has 10 faculties with a total of around 30,000 students,2,100 of whom are foreign and its five campuses are in Hongō, Komaba, Kashiwa, Shirokane and Nakano. It is the first of Japans National Seven Universities, the university was chartered by the Meiji government in 1877 under its current name by amalgamating older government schools for medicine and Western learning. It was renamed the Imperial University in 1886, and then Tokyo Imperial University in 1897 when the Imperial University system was created, in September 1923, an earthquake and the following fires destroyed about 700,000 volumes of the Imperial University Library. The books lost included the Hoshino Library, a collection of about 10,000 books, the books were the former possessions of Hoshino Hisashi before becoming part of the library of the university and were mainly about Chinese philosophy and history. In 1947, after Japans defeat in World War II, it re-assumed its original name, although the university was founded during the Meiji period, it has earlier roots in the Astronomy Agency, Shoheizaka Study Office, and the Western Books Translation Agency. These institutions were government offices established by the 徳川幕府 Tokugawa shogunate, kikuchi Dairoku, an important figure in Japanese education, served as president of Tokyo Imperial University. For the 1964 Summer Olympics, the university hosted the running portion of the pentathlon event. On 20 January 2012, Todai announced that it would shift the beginning of its academic year from April to September to align its calendar with the international standard, the shift would be phased in over five years. But this unilateral announcement by the president was received badly and the university abandoned the plans, according to the Japan Times, the university had 1,282 professors in February 2012. In 2014, the School of Science at the University of Tokyo introduced an undergraduate transfer program called Global Science Course. Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo 1st in Asia, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Tokyo 27th in the world in 2013 and 1st in the Asia University ranking in 2013. In 2015, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the institution 23rd in the world and it ranks 12th in the world according to the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2016. QS World University Rankings in 2011 ranked the University of Tokyo 25th in the world, in the 2011 QS Asian University Rankings, which employs a different methodology, the University of Tokyo came 4th. Currently, University of Tokyo holds ranks 9th & 11th respectively for Natural Sciences & Engineering, Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings ranked the University of Tokyo 12th in the world also 1st in Asia in 2016. Global University Ranking ranked the University of Tokyo 3rd in the world, Human Resources & Labor Review, a human competitiveness index & analysis published in Chasecareer Network, ranked the university 21st internationally and 1st in Asia in 2010. Mines ParisTech, Professional Ranking World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo 2nd in the world on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies, nature Publishing Index ranked the University of Tokyo 5th in the world in 2011. The main Hongo campus occupies the estate of the Maeda family
23.
Patent attorney
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The term is used differently in different countries, and thus may or may not require the same legal qualifications as a general legal practitioner. The titles patent agent and patent lawyer are also used in some jurisdictions, in some jurisdictions the terms are interchangeable, while in others the latter is used only if the person qualified as a lawyer. On the national level, the requirements are not harmonized, although across the 28 Member States of the European Union respective professional qualifications are recognised to some degree. Registration as a patent attorney in Australia is administered by the Professional Standards Board for Patents, to apply to become an Australian patent attorney, one must, pass the nine topics set out in Schedule 5 to the Patent Regulations 1991. Hold a suitable tertiary educational qualification in a field of technology that contains potentially patentable subject matter, be of good fame, integrity or character, and not have been convicted within the past five years of offences against Patents, Trade Marks and Designs legislation. Once registered, a Patent and Trademark Attorney may be elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Patent, to become a registered patent agent in Canada one must complete a series of four qualifying exams over four days. Up to 12 months of experience will also be recognized for those entitled to practice before the patent office of another country. One may also qualify to sit for the if the individual is a resident of Canada and has been employed for at least 24 months on the examining staff at the Canadian patent office. Each of the four exams is four hours in length, Paper A relates to the drafting of a patent application. Paper B relates to the validity of a patent, Paper C relates to the preparation of a response to an Official Action. Paper D relates to the infringement of a patent, unlike the US system, the Canadian examination format is paper based with a variety of essay-type and short answer questions and is offered at least once a year, typically in April. Results are typically known within 5 months, with a first-time passing rate near 1% and an overall passing rate of 7% in 2012 and trending downwards, the exam is notoriously challenging and most applicants attempt the exam over several years. To pass, candidates must score a minimum of 50 out of 100 on each paper, recent amendments to the pass requirements enable candidates to carry forward marks for a paper if the minimum aggregate mark is not achieved or if the candidate failed one of the papers. Review courses are held each summer and fall by IPIC, the summer course tends to be more general in scope than the fall course, where drafting practice examinations is emphasised. Once certified, a patent agent is given powers under the Canadian Patent Act to represent applicants applying to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office to obtain patent protection. The task of the European Patent Office, which is the organ of the European Patent Organisation, is to grant European patents. The EPO exists by virtue of the European Patent Convention, and is not legally bound to the European Union, to legally represent clients before the EPO, a patent attorney must first be registered to act in that capacity as a professional representative. To be registered, an individual must qualify as a European patent attorney and, to end, must pass a written examination
24.
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
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The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art is a drama school in London, England. It is one of the oldest drama schools in the United Kingdom, RADA is an affiliate school of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. Its higher education awards are validated by Kings College London and its students graduate alongside members of the departments which form the Kings Faculty of Arts & Humanities and it is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, close to the Senate House complex of the University of London. Undergraduate students are eligible for government student loan through the Conservatoire for Dance, RADA also has a significant scholarships and bursaries scheme, offering financial assistance to many students at the Academy. The current director of the academy is Edward Kemp, the president is Sir Kenneth Branagh, the chairman is Sir Stephen Waley-Cohen and its vice-chairman was Alan Rickman until his death in 2016. RADA was founded in 1904 by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, an actor manager, in 1905, RADA moved to 52 Gower Street, and a managing council was set up to oversee the school. Its members included George Bernard Shaw, who donated his royalties from his play Pygmalion to RADA. In 1920, RADA was granted a Royal Charter, and in 1921, the Prince of Wales opened the theatre. The Gower Street buildings were torn down in 1927, and replaced with a new building, financed by George Bernard Shaw, in 1923, John Gielgud studied at RADA for a year. He later became President of the academy, and its first honorary fellow, a number of famous actors took on leading roles at RADA, such as Richard Attenborough, Oliver Neville, Nicholas Barter, and Alan Rickman. Other 1924 saw RADAs first government subsidy, a grant of £500, in 2001, RADA joined forces with the London Contemporary dance School to create the UKs first Conservatoire for Dance and Drama. The Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance joined this Conservatoire in 2005, in 2000 the Academy founded RADA Enterprises Ltd, which includes RADA in Business, providing training in communications and teambuilding that uses drama training techniques in a business context. The profits are fed back into the Academy to fund students training, RADA is based in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The main RADA building is on Gower Street, with a second premises nearby in Chenies Street, the Goodge Street and Euston Square underground stations are both within walking distance. RADA has five theatres and a cinema, there is also a 150-seat cinema. In January 2012, RADA acquired the lease to the adjacent Drill Hall venue in Chenies Street, the Drill Hall is a Grade II listed building with a long performing arts history, and was where Nijinsky rehearsed with Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes in 1911. This venue has a 200-seat space, the Studio Theatre, and a 50-seat space, the RADA library contains around 30,000 items. The collection was started in 1904 with donations from actors and writers of the such as Sir Squire Bancroft, William Archer, Arthur Wing Pinero
25.
Geoffrey de Havilland
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Captain Sir Geoffrey de Havilland OM CBE AFC RDI FRAeS was a British aviation pioneer and aircraft engineer. His Mosquito has been considered the most versatile warplane ever built, born at Magdala House, Terriers, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, de Havilland was the second son of The Reverend Charles de Havilland and his first wife, Alice Jeannette. He was educated at Nuneaton Grammar School, St Edwards School, Oxford, upon graduating from engineering training, de Havilland pursued a career in automotive engineering, building cars and motorcycles. He then spent two years working in the office of Motor Omnibus Construction Company Limited in Walthamstow. While there he designed his first aero engine and had the first prototype made by Iris Motor Company of Willesden and he married in 1909 and almost immediately embarked on the career of designing, building and flying aircraft to which he devoted the rest of his life. He built a biplane, making his first flight in it from a meadow near Newbury in September 1910. A memorial plaque marks the event. Subsequent designs were more successful, in 1912 he established a new British altitude record of 10,500 feet in an aircraft of his design. Geoffrey was the designer and his brother Hereward was the test pilot, in December 1910, de Havilland joined HM Balloon Factory at Farnborough, which was to become the Royal Aircraft Factory. He sold his second aeroplane to his new employer for £400 and it became the F. E.1, the first aircraft to bear an official Royal Aircraft Factory designation. For the next three years de Havilland designed, or participated in the design of, a number of experimental types at the Factory, in January 1914, de Havilland was appointed an inspector of aircraft for the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate. Unhappy at leaving design work, in May he was recruited to become the designer at Airco. He designed many aircraft for Airco, all designated by his initials, large numbers of de Havilland-designed aircraft were used during the First World War, flown by the Royal Flying Corps and later the Royal Air Force. Airco was bought by the BSA Company, but BSA was interested only in using the company factories for car production, in 1933 the company moved to Hatfield Aerodrome, in Hertfordshire. One of his roles was as test pilot for the companys aircraft and he was believed to have said we could have had jets in reference to the ignoring of jet engine possibilities prior to the start of the 1939–45 world war. His companys aircraft, particularly the Mosquito, played a role in that war. In 1944 he bought out his friend and engine designer Frank Halfords engine design consultancy company, Halford had previously designed a number of engines for de Havilland, including the de Havilland Gipsy and de Havilland Gipsy Major. Halfords first gas turbine design entered production as the de Havilland Goblin powering de Havillands first jet, de Havilland controlled the company until it was bought by the Hawker Siddeley Company in 1960
26.
De Havilland Mosquito
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The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito is a British multi-role combat aircraft with a two-man crew which served during and after the Second World War. It was one of few operational front-line aircraft of the era constructed almost entirely of wood and was nicknamed The Wooden Wonder, the Mosquito was also known affectionately as the Mossie to its crews. It was also used by the British Overseas Airways Corporation as a fast transport to carry small high-value cargoes to, a single passenger could be carried in the aircrafts bomb bay, which would be adapted for the purpose. When production of the Mosquito began in 1941, it was one of the fastest operational aircraft in the world, entering widespread service in 1942, the Mosquito was a high-speed, high-altitude photo-reconnaissance aircraft, continuing in this role throughout the war. From mid-1942 to mid-1943, Mosquito bombers flew high-speed, medium or low-altitude missions against factories, railways and other pinpoint targets in Germany, from late 1943, Mosquito bombers were formed into the Light Night Strike Force and used as pathfinders for RAF Bomber Commands heavy-bomber raids. They were also used as bombers, often dropping Blockbuster bombs –4,000 lb cookies – in high-altitude. As a night fighter from mid-1942, the Mosquito intercepted Luftwaffe raids on the United Kingdom, starting in July 1942, Mosquito night-fighter units raided Luftwaffe airfields. As part of 100 Group, it was a fighter and intruder supporting RAF Bomber Commands heavy bombers that reduced bomber losses during 1944 and 1945. Second Tactical Air Force Mosquitos supported the British Army during the 1944 Normandy Campaign, from 1943, Mosquitos with RAF Coastal Command strike squadrons attacked Kriegsmarine U-boats and intercepted transport ship concentrations. The Mosquito flew with the Royal Air Force and other air forces in the European, Mediterranean and Italian theatres. The Mosquito was also operated by the RAF in the South East Asian theatre, during the 1950s, the RAF replaced the Mosquito with the jet-powered English Electric Canberra. By the early-mid-1930s, de Havilland had a reputation for innovative high-speed aircraft with the DH.88 Comet racer, the later DH.91 Albatross airliner pioneered the composite wood construction that the Mosquito used. The 22-passenger Albatross could cruise at 210 miles per hour at 11,000 feet,100 miles per hour better than the Handley Page H. P.42, on 8 September 1936, the British Air Ministry issued Specification P. Aviation firms entered heavy designs with new high-powered engines and multiple turrets, leading to the production of the Avro Manchester. In May 1937, as a comparison to P. 13/36, George Volkert, in 20 pages, Volkert planned an aerodynamically clean medium bomber to carry 3,000 pounds of bombs at a cruising speed of 300 miles per hour. There was support in the RAF and Air Ministry, Captain R N Liptrot, Research Director Aircraft 3, appraised Volkerts design, there were, however, counter-arguments that, although such a design had merit, it would not necessarily be faster than enemy fighters for long. The idea of a small, fast bomber gained support at an earlier stage than sometimes acknowledged though it was likely that the Air Ministry envisaged it using light alloy components. Geoffrey de Havilland also believed a bomber with an aerodynamic design and he thought that adapting the Albatross to meet the RAFs requirements could save time
27.
Guernsey
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Guernsey is a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency. The jurisdiction is not part of the United Kingdom, however, defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government. Taken together with the jurisdictions of Alderney and Sark it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The two Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey together form the geographical grouping known as the Channel Islands, the name Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of word, -ey, is the Old Norse for island, while the original root, guern, is of uncertain origin. Around 6000 BC, rising seas created the English Channel and separated the Norman promontories that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from continental Europe, neolithic farmers then settled on its coast and built the dolmens and menhirs found in the islands today. During their migration to Brittany, Britons occupied the Lenur islands including Sarnia or Lisia and Angia, travelling from the Kingdom of Gwent, Saint Sampson, later the abbot of Dol in Brittany, is credited with the introduction of Christianity to Guernsey. In 933 AD, the Cotentin Peninsula including Avranchin which included the islands, were placed by the French King Ranulf under the control of William I, the island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. During the Middle Ages, the island was a haven for pirates that would use the technique to ground ships close to her waters. This intensified during the Hundred Years War, when, starting in 1339, the Guernsey Militia was operational in 1337 and would help defend the island for a further 600 years. In 1372, the island was invaded by Aragonese mercenaries under the command of Owain Lawgoch, Owain and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading fairies from across the sea. In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by Calvinist reformers from Normandy, during the Marian persecutions, three women, the Guernsey Martyrs, were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs. During the English Civil War, Guernsey sided with the Parliamentarians, the allegiance was not total, however, there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while Castle Cornet was occupied by the Governor, Sir Peter Osborne, and Royalist troops. In December 1651, with honours of war, Castle Cornet surrendered. By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernseys residents were starting to settle in North America, the threat of invasion by Napoleon prompted many defensive structures to be built at the end of that century. The 19th century saw an increase in the prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade. During the First World War, about 3,000 island men served in the British Expeditionary Force, of these, about 1,000 served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry regiment formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916. For most of the Second World War, the Channel Islands were occupied by German troops, before the occupation, 80% of Guernsey children had been evacuated to England to live with relatives or strangers during the war
28.
Channel Islands
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The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are considered the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and although they are not part of the United Kingdom, it is responsible for the defence, the Crown dependencies are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations nor of the European Union. They have a population of about 168,000. The total area of the islands is 198 km2, the two bailiwicks have been administered separately since the late 13th century, each has its own independent laws, elections, and representative bodies. Any institution common to both is the rather than the rule. The Bailiwick of Guernsey is divided into three jurisdictions – Guernsey, Alderney and Sark – each with its own legislature, the term Channel Islands began to be used around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The permanently inhabited islands of the Channel Islands are, Jersey Guernsey Alderney Sark Herm Jethou Brecqhou There are also several uninhabited islets and they are an incorporated part of the commune of Granville. While they are popular with visitors from France, Channel Islanders rarely visit them as there are no transport links from the other islands. Chausey is referred to as an Île normande, Îles Normandes and Archipel Normand have also, historically, been used in Channel Island French to refer to the islands as a whole. The lowest point is the Atlantic Ocean, the earliest evidence of human occupation of the Channel Islands has been dated to 250,000 years ago when they were attached to the landmass of continental Europe. The islands became detached by rising sea levels in the Neolithic period, hoards of Armorican coins have been excavated, providing evidence of trade and contact in the Iron Age period. Evidence for Roman settlement is sparse, although evidently the islands were visited by Roman officials, the Roman name for the Channel Islands was I. Lenuri and is included in the Peutinger Table The traditional Latin names used for the islands derive from the Antonine Itinerary, gallo-Roman culture was adopted to an unknown extent in the islands. In the sixth century, Christian missionaries visited the islands, samson of Dol, Helier, Marculf and Magloire are among saints associated with the islands. In the sixth century, they were included in the diocese of Coutances where they remained until reformation. The islands were inhabited by Britons, who also inhabited Wales, south west England, from the beginning of the ninth century, Norse raiders appeared on the coasts. Norse settlement succeeded initial attacks, and it is from this period that many names of Norse origin appear. In 933, the islands were granted to William I Longsword by Raoul King of Western Francia, in 1066, William II of Normandy invaded and conquered England, becoming William I of England, also known as William the Conqueror
29.
Geisha
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Geisha, geiko, or geigi are traditional Japanese female entertainers who act as hostesses. Their skills include performing arts such as classical music, dance, games, and conversation, traditionally to entertain male customers. Geisha, like all Japanese nouns, has no singular or plural variants. The word consists of two kanji, 芸 meaning art and 者 meaning person or doer, the most literal translation of geisha into English would be artist, performing artist, or artisan. Another name for geisha is geiko, which is used to refer to geisha from western Japan. Apprentice geisha are called maiko, or hangyoku, half-jewel, or by the generic term o-shaku. The white make-up and elaborate kimono and hair of a maiko is the popular image held of geisha, a woman entering the geisha community does not have to begin as a maiko, having the opportunity to begin her career as a full geisha. Either way, however, usually a training is involved before debuting either as a maiko or as a geisha. A woman above 21 is considered too old to be a maiko, on average, Tokyo apprentices are slightly older than their Kyoto counterparts. Historically, geisha often began the earliest stages of their training at a young age. The early shikomi and minarai stages of geisha training lasted years and it is still said that geisha inhabit a separate reality which they call the karyūkai or the flower and willow world. Before they disappeared, the courtesans were the colourful flowers and the geisha the willows because of their subtlety, strength, in the early stages of Japanese history, there were female entertainers, saburuko were mostly wandering girls whose families were displaced from struggles in the late 600s. Some of these saburuko girls sold sexual services, while others with a better education made a living by entertaining at social gatherings. After the imperial court moved the capital to Heian-kyō in 794 the conditions that would form Japanese Geisha culture began to emerge, skilled female performers, such as Shirabyōshi dancers, thrived. Traditional Japan embraced sexual delights and men were not constrained to be faithful to their wives, the ideal wife was a modest mother and manager of the home, by Confucian custom love had secondary importance. For sexual enjoyment and romantic attachment, men did not go to their wives, the highest yūjo class was the Geishas predecessor, called Tayuu, a combination of actress and prostitute, originally playing on stages set in the dry Kamo riverbed in Kyoto. They performed erotic dances and skits, and this new art was dubbed kabuku, meaning to be wild, the dances were called kabuki, and this was the beginning of kabuki theater. These pleasure quarters quickly became glamorous entertainment centers, offering more than sex, the highly accomplished courtesans of these districts entertained their clients by dancing, singing, and playing music
30.
Streptococcus
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Streptococcus is a genus of coccus Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Lactobacillales. Cell division in this genus occurs along an axis in these bacteria, thus they grow in chains or pairs, hence the name—from Greek στρεπτός streptos, meaning easily bent or twisted. Most are oxidase-negative and catalase-negative, and many are facultative anaerobes, in 1984, many bacteria formerly considered Streptococcus were separated out into the genera Enterococcus and Lactococcus. Currently, over 50 species are recognised in this genus, however, many streptococcal species are not pathogenic, and form part of the commensal human microbiota of the mouth, skin, intestine, and upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, streptococci are an ingredient in producing Emmentaler cheese. Species of Streptococcus are classified based on their hemolytic properties, alpha-hemolytic species cause oxidization of iron in hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells, giving it a greenish color on blood agar. Beta-hemolytic species cause complete rupture of red blood cells, on blood agar, this appears as wide areas clear of blood cells surrounding bacterial colonies. Beta-hemolytic streptococci are further classified by Lancefield grouping, a serotype classification, the 20 described serotypes are named Lancefield groups A to V. In the medical setting, the most important groups are the alpha-hemolytic streptococci S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus viridans group, table, Medically relevant streptococci When alpha hemolysis is present, the agar under the colony is dark and greenish. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci display alpha hemolysis and this is sometimes called green hemolysis because of the color change in the agar. Other synonymous terms are incomplete hemolysis and partial hemolysis, alpha hemolysis is caused by hydrogen peroxide produced by the bacterium, oxidizing hemoglobin to green methemoglobin. S. pneumoniae, is a cause of bacterial pneumonia and occasional etiology of otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis. Inflammation is thought to be the cause of how pneumococci cause disease. The viridans streptococci are a group of commensal bacteria, that are either α-hemolytic, producing a green coloration on blood agar plates. Beta hemolysis, sometimes called complete hemolysis, is a complete lysis of red cells in the media around and under the colonies, streptolysin, an exotoxin, is the enzyme produced by the bacteria which causes the complete lysis of red blood cells. SLS affects immune cells, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, and is thought to prevent the host immune system from clearing infection, Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A Streptococcus, displays beta hemolysis. Some weakly beta-hemolytic species cause intense beta hemolysis when grown together with a strain of Staphylococcus and this is called the CAMP test. Clostridium perfringens can be identified presumptively with this test, Listeria monocytogenes is also positive on sheeps blood agar
31.
Saratoga, California
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Saratoga /ˌsærəˈtoʊɡə/ is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is located on the west side of the Santa Clara Valley, directly west of San Jose, the population was 29,926 at the 2010 census. Located on the Western edge of the Silicon Valley, Saratoga is known locally for its suburban feel, wineries. Major attractions of Saratoga include Villa Montalvo, Hakone Gardens, the 2016 Coldwell Banker Home Listing Report listed Saratoga as the most expensive housing market in the United States. In 2010 Bloomberg Businessweek named Saratoga the most expensive suburb in California. In 2008 CNN/Money ranked Saratoga number 4 in its listing of top-earning towns, Saratoga also was ranked by Forbes in 2009 as one of Americas top 20 most-educated small towns. Bloomberg Businessweek also named Saratogas zip code 95070 the 18th richest zip code in America in 2011 and this area was already discovered by the Natives Americans. An early map noted the area as Campbells Gap, in 1851 Martin McCarthy, who had leased the mill, built a toll road down to the Santa Clara Valley, and founded what is now Saratoga as McCarthysville. The toll gate was located at the present day intersection of Big Basin Way and 3rd St. giving the town its first widely used name, in 1867 the town received a post office under the name of McCarthysville. Saratoga in 1906 Industry soon sprang up and at its pinnacle the town had a factory, grist mill, tannery. To commemorate this newfound productivity the town was renamed again in 1863 as Bank Mills, in the 1850s Jud Caldwell discovered springs which were called Pacific Congress Springs because the water had a mineral content similar to Congress Springs, in Saratoga Springs, New York. In 1865 the town received its name, Saratoga, after the city in New York. At the same time a hotel called Congress Hall was constructed at the springs, named after the famous resort Congress Hall at Saratoga Springs. Californias Congress Hall attracted tourists to the area until it burned down in 1903 and these events would eventually lead to Saratoga being listed as a California Historical Landmark in 1950. Saratoga became agricultural, as did much of the rest of the valley, after World War II the town quickly became urbanized, and it incorporated in 1956 mostly to avoid being annexed to San Jose. A slogan during the campaign to incorporate the city of Saratoga was Keep it rural, today the city serves as a bedroom community for upper-middle class Silicon Valley tech workers. Saratoga is a general law city under California law, meaning that the organization and it has a council-manager form of government. The city council is made up of five elected by the public. The council appoints a mayor and vice-mayor from its membership, with the serving in the absence of the mayor
32.
The Women (1939 film)
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The Women is a 1939 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor. Ruth Hussey, Virginia Weidler, Butterfly McQueen, and Hedda Hopper also appeared in smaller roles, fontaine was the last surviving actress with a credited role in the film, she died in 2013. The film continued the plays all-female tradition—the entire cast of more than 130 speaking roles was female, throughout The Women, not a single male is seen — although the males are much talked about, and the central theme is the womens relationships with them. Lesbianism is intimated in the portrayal of one character, Nancy Blake. The attention to detail was such that even in such as portraits, only female figures are represented. The only exceptions are a poster-drawing clearly of a bull in the show segment. On DVD, the black and white fashion show, which is a different take, is available for the first time. The Women follows the lives of Manhattan women, focusing in particular on Mary Haines, after a bit of gossip flies around the salon these wealthy women visit, Marys cousin Sylvia Fowler goes to a salon to get the newest, exclusive nail color, Jungle Red. She learns from a manicurist that Marys husband has been having an affair with a perfume counter girl named Crystal Allen. A notorious gossip, Sylvia delights in sharing the news with Marys friends, while Marys mother urges her to ignore the gossip, Mary begins to have her own suspicions about her husbands increasingly frequent claims that he needs to work late. She decides to travel to Bermuda with her mother to think about the situation, upon her return, Mary heads to a fashion show and learns that Crystal is in attendance, trying on clothes in a dressing room. Mary, at Sylvias insistence, confronts her about the affair, heartbroken and humiliated, Mary leaves quickly. The gossip continues, exacerbated by Sylvia and her friend Edith, Mary chooses to divorce her husband despite his efforts to convince her to stay. As she is packing to leave for Reno, Mary explains the divorce to Little Mary, Mary and her new friends settle in at a Reno ranch, where they get plenty of unsolicited advice from Lucy, the gruffly warm-hearted woman who runs the ranch. The Countess tells tales of her husbands and seems to have found another prospect in Reno. Miriam reveals she has been having an affair with Sylvia Fowlers husband, Peggy, who has discovered that she is pregnant, is urged to call her husband, resolve their misunderstanding, and end the divorce proceedings. Sylvia arrives at the ranch, now that her husband has requested a divorce, when she discovers that Miriam is to become the new Mrs. Fowler, a catfight ensues. Mary succeeds in breaking up the fight, Miriam convinces her that she, too, should forget her pride, get her husband on the phone, and try to patch things up before their divorce becomes legal in a few hours
33.
Cary Grant
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Cary Grant was a British-American actor, known as one of classic Hollywoods definitive leading men. He began a career in Hollywood in the early 1930s, and became known for his accent, debonair demeanor. He became an American citizen in 1942, Born in Horfield, Bristol, Grant became attracted to theatre at a young age, and began performing with a troupe known as The Penders from the age of six. After attending Bishop Road Primary School and Fairfield Grammar School in Bristol, he toured the country as a stage performer and he established a name for himself in vaudeville in the 1920s and toured the United States before moving to Hollywood in the early 1930s. Along with the later Arsenic and Old Lace and I Was a Male War Bride, having established himself as a major Hollywood star, he was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Actor, for Penny Serenade and None but the Lonely Heart. In the 1940s and 1950s, Grant forged a relationship with the director Alfred Hitchcock, appearing in films such as Suspicion, Notorious, To Catch a Thief. Hitchcock admired Grant and considered him to have been the actor that he had ever loved working with. His comic timing and delivery made Grant what Premiere magazine considers to have quite simply. Grant was married five times, three of his marriages were elopements with actresses—Virginia Cherrill, Betsy Drake and Dyan Cannon and he has one daughter with Cannon, Jennifer Grant. After his retirement from acting in 1966, Grant pursued numerous business interests, representing cosmetics firm Fabergé. He was presented with an Honorary Oscar by his friend Frank Sinatra at the 42nd Academy Awards in 1970, in 1999, the American Film Institute named Grant the second greatest male star of Golden Age Hollywood cinema, after Humphrey Bogart. Grant was born Archibald Alec Leach on January 18,1904 at 15 Hughenden Road in the northern Bristol suburb of Horfield and he was the second child of Elias James Leach and Elsie Maria Leach. Elias, the son of a potter, worked as a tailors presser at a factory, while Elsie. Grants elder brother, John William Elias Leach, died of tuberculous meningitis, Grant considered himself to have been partly Jewish. He had an upbringing, his father was an alcoholic. Wanting the best for her son, Elsie taught Grant song and dance when he was four and she would occasionally take him to the cinema where he enjoyed the performances of Charlie Chaplin, Chester Conklin, Fatty Arbuckle, Ford Sterling, Mack Swain and Broncho Billy Anderson. Grant entered education when he was four-and-a-half and was sent to the Bishop Road Primary School, Bristol, another biographer, Geoffrey Wansell, notes that Elsie blamed herself bitterly for the death of Grants older brother John, and never recovered from it. Grant later acknowledged that his experiences with his fiercely independent mother affected his relationships with women later in life
34.
Jane Eyre (1943 film)
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Jane Eyre is an American film adaptation of Charlotte Brontës 1847 novel of the same name, released by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by Kenneth Macgowan and Orson Welles, the film stars Welles and Joan Fontaine. Elizabeth Taylor made an early, uncredited appearance as Helen Burns, the screenplay was written by John Houseman, Aldous Huxley and director Robert Stevenson. The music score was by Bernard Herrmann and the cinematography by George Barnes, orphaned, unloved, and unwanted ten-year-old Jane Eyre lives with her cruel and selfish, uncaring paternal aunt, Mrs. Reed of Gateshead Hall. Based on what Mrs. Reed has told him, Mr. Brocklehurst labels Jane a liar in front of her schoolmates and she is comforted and befriended by another student, Helen Burns. Later, Jane protests when Brocklehurst orders that Helens naturally curling hair be cut, both are punished by being forced to walk circles in a courtyard during a downpour. Dr. Rivers, a physician who periodically checks on the students, brings them inside, but it is too late for Helen. Ten years later, in 1840, 20-year-old Jane turns down Brocklehursts offer of a teaching position and she advertises for and accepts a job as governess for a young girl named Adèle. When she arrives at Thornfield, a gloomy, isolated mansion, she thinks her employer is Mrs. Fairfax. Jane goes for a one night, only to startle a horse into throwing and slightly injuring its rider. When Jane arrives back at Thornfield, she discovers this fact and that night, Jane is awakened by strange laughter. She investigates, and discovers that Mr. Rochesters bed curtains are on fire and she rouses the sleeping man and they extinguish the fire without rousing anyone. Rochester bids her wait while he goes to another wing of the house, when he returns, he tells Jane nothing other than that the matter is under control. The next morning, he leaves Thornfield, a winter and spring go by before he returns with a large group of guests. Jane is greatly saddened when Mrs. Fairfax discloses that everyone expects Rochester to marry Blanche Ingram, however, Rochester confides to Jane his conviction that Miss Ingram is attracted only by his wealth. When a man named Mason of Spanish Town, Jamaica, arrives at Thornfield and that night, a scream awakens everyone. Rochester assures his guests it is just a reaction to a nightmare. Rochester has the doctor take Mason away, Rochester has a private conversation with Blanche, in which he bluntly asserts that she is a gold digger
35.
Dodie Smith
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Dorothy Gladys Dodie Smith was an English childrens novelist and playwright, known best for the novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians. Other works include I Capture the Castle, and The Starlight Barking, the Hundred and One Dalmatians was adapted into a 1961 Disney animated movie version. Her novel I Capture the Castle was adapted into a 2003 movie version, I Capture the Castle was voted number 82 as one of the nations 100 best-loved novels by the British public as part of the BBCs The Big Read. Smith was born on 3 May 1896 in Whitefield, near Bury in Lancashire and her parents were Ernest and Ella Smith. Ernest was a manager, he died in 1898, when Dodie was two years old. Dodie and her mother relocated to Old Trafford to live with her grandparents, William, dodies childhood home, known as Kingston House, was at 609 Stretford Road. It faced the Manchester Ship Canal, and she lived with her mother, maternal grandparents, in her autobiography Look Back with Love, she credits her grandfather William as one of three reasons she became a playwright. He was an avid theatregoer, and they had long talks about Shakespeare, the second reason, her uncle Harold Furber, an amateur actor, read plays with her and introduced her to contemporary drama. Thirdly, her mother had wanted to be an actress, an ambition frustrated except for walk-on parts, Smith wrote her first play at the age of ten, and she began acting in minor roles during her teens at the Manchester Athenaeum Dramatic Society. Presently there is a plaque commemorating the building where Dorothy grew up. The formative years of Dorothys childhood were spent at this house, in 1910 Ella remarried and moved to London with her new husband and the 14-year-old Dodie, who attended school in both Manchester and at St Pauls Girls School. In 1914 Dodie entered the Academy of Dramatic Art and her first role came in Arthur Wing Pineros play Playgoers. Other roles after RADA included a Chinese girl in Mr. Wu, a maid in Ye Gods, and a young mother in Niobe, which was directed by Basil Dean. During her mothers illness while dying of breast cancer, Dodie, in 1923, she accepted a job in Heal and Sons furniture store in London and became the toy buyer. She wrote her first play, Autumn Crocus, in 1931 using the pseudonym C. L and its success, and the discovery of her identity by journalists, inspired the newspaper headline, Shopgirl Writes Play. The show starred Fay Compton and Francis Lederer, Smiths fourth play Call it a Day was acted by the Theatre Guild on 28 January 1936 and ran for 194 performances. It ran in London for 509 performances, the longest run of any of Smiths plays to date and it was compared favourably to George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferbers play Dinner at Eight and Edward Knoblocks Grand Hotel by Joseph Wood Krutch. He also said of the production that it stays pretty consistently on the level of comedy, after the success of Call it a Day, Smith was able to purchase The Barretts, a cottage near the village of Finchingfield, Essex
36.
No More Ladies
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No More Ladies is a 1935 film directed by Edward H. Griffith. The film stars Joan Crawford and Robert Montgomery, and co-stars Charlie Ruggles, Franchot Tone, the screenplay credited to Donald Ogden Stewart and Horace Jackson is based on a stage comedy of the same name by A. E. Thomas. Marcia is a socialite who shares her New York home with her alcoholic grandmother. Marcia is a believer that a couple should be faithful to one another. Marcia meets Jim, who agrees with her on the subject of a couples monogamy, Marcia, however, decides to pursue Sherry, whom Marcia sees as a challenge and seeks to cure him of his philandering nature. After a night at a club where some of Sherrys past flings swirl about him, in spite of this, Marcia and Sherry are married, yet Sherry continues as before. Indeed, even on their honeymoon, Sherry flirts with the gorgeous Sally French, later, when the newly married couple returns home, Sherry goes home with a friends date, Theresa German and doesnt return that night. It is then that Marcia realizes her husband has already ruined their marriage. Sherry admits to spending the night with Theresa and admits his infidelity in a rather abrupt, Marcia decides to teach her husband a lesson by having a party to which she invites Sherrys former flames along with their mates. Marcia announces that she intends to be unfaithful to her husband, by having a fling with Jim, Marcia and Jim escape from the party during a game of charades, and she returns the next morning. Sherry then sees how much his wife loves him and is convinced to reform his former ways, in the end, however, Marcia stayed true to her beliefs and did not go through as she planned. Griffiths illness prevented him from finishing the film, so George Cukor took over as director, Crawford made the film in her tenth year as an MGM contract player, the film was Joan Fontaines big-screen debut. According to Andre Sennwald of The New York Times, the photoplay, if it is less furiously arch than that modern classic of sledgehammer whimsey, it is also somewhat less successful as entertainment. Out of the labors of the brigade of writers who tinkered with the play, there remain a sprinkling of nifties which make for moments of hilarity in an expanse of tedium. Writing for The Spectator, Graham Greene described the film as slickly problem, second rate, according to MGM records the film earned $1,117,000 in the US and Canada and $506,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $166,000. No More Ladies at the Internet Movie Database No More Ladies at the TCM Movie Database No More Ladies at AllMovie
37.
A Million to One (film)
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A Million to One is a 1937 American drama film directed by Lynn Shores and written by John T. Neville. The film stars Bruce Bennett, Joan Fontaine, Reed Howes, Monte Blue, Kenneth Harlan, the film was released on March 3,1937, by Puritan Pictures. Bennett is billed as Herman Brix, which was his name and the one he used as an athlete while competing in football. After his father wins the Olympic decathlon but is disqualified for being judged a paid professional athlete rather than an amateur, Johnny Kent becomes a rising star in the athletic world himself. William Stevens, the runner-up who received the medal after John Kent was stripped of it, has a daughter, Joan. The distraction she causes, combined with a rivalry with Duke Hale in competition both in sports and for the girl, complicates matters as Johnnys quest continues, Bruce Bennett as Johnny Kent Joan Fontaine as Joan Stevens Reed Howes as Duke Hale Monte Blue as John Kent, Sr
38.
Quality Street (1937 film)
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Quality Street is a 1937 period film made by RKO Radio Pictures. It was directed by George Stevens and produced by Pandro S. Berman, set in 19th-century England, the film stars Katharine Hepburn and Franchot Tone. Joan Fontaine makes one of her film appearances. The screenplay was by Allan Scott, Mortimer Offner and Jack Townley, there was also a silent 1927 film version made by MGM, starring Marion Davies and Conrad Nagel and directed by Sidney Franklin. This 1937 version was filmed at the RKO Encino movie ranch, RKO Forty Acres backlot, the film was rarely shown on TV until TCM began airing it. Along with a number of other obscure films Hepburn made in the 1930s, roy Webbs music was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Score. In 1805 England, eligible bachelors are scarce on Quality Street, twenty-year-old Phoebe Throssel becomes very hopeful when one of the few, Dr. Valentine Brown, tells her he has something important to say to her that day. Both she and her older sister Susan believe he will propose, however, he informs her that he has enlisted in the army to fight in the Napoleonic Wars. Phoebe hides her devastation so well that Dr. Brown never suspects she is deeply in love with him and she gives up hope of ever marrying. By contrast, the Throssels servant Patty, though she is a decade older, for the next ten years, the Throssels run a school for young boys and girls. Then, with the wars over, Brown returns as a captain, when he comes to invite the sisters to a ball, he is taken aback by how much Phoebes looks appear to have deteriorated. To lift her spirits, Phoebe sheds her drab everyday clothes and dresses up in a beautiful gown, when Brown returns unexpectedly, Patty thinks quickly and identifies her as Phoebes niece Livy. Taken in completely, Brown invites her to the ball and she accepts, planning to make him eventually fall in love with her, then when he proposes, reject him. At the ball, she is surrounded by admirers, much to Browns annoyance. In the days that follow, she flirts with all the men, finally, at a picnic, Brown draws Livy away to a gazebo when it starts to rain. To her shock, instead of asking for her hand in marriage, he lectures her on her behavior. The next day, the Throssels have to fend off their neighbors, the Willougbys, who suspect that Livy and Phoebe are one, when Brown comes calling, the Willoughbys mention their suspicions. He eventually corners Patty and gets the truth from her, with the help of the sergeant who first recruited him, he puts clothes around a large seat cushion and puts Livy in a carriage to return home, all in sight of the snooping neighbors
39.
Katharine Hepburn
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Katharine Houghton Hepburn was an American actress. Known for her independence and spirited personality, Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years. She appeared in a range of genres, from comedy to literary drama. In 1999, Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema, raised in Connecticut by wealthy, progressive parents, Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College. After four years in the theatre, favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood. Hepburn masterminded her own comeback, buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the rights to The Philadelphia Story. In the 1940s, she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy, the screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies. Hepburn challenged herself in the half of her life, as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions. She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters, such as in The African Queen, three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, The Lion in Winter, and On Golden Pond. In the 1970s, she began appearing in films, which became the focus of her career in later life. She remained active into old age, making her screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87. After a period of inactivity and ill health, Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96, Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to societys expectations of women. She was outspoken, assertive, athletic, and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so and she married once, as a young woman, but thereafter lived independently. A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public, Hepburn was born on May 12,1907 in Hartford, Connecticut, the second of six children. Her parents were Thomas Norval Hepburn, a urologist at Hartford Hospital, and Katharine Martha Houghton, as a child, Hepburn joined her mother on several Votes For Women demonstrations. The Hepburn children were raised to exercise freedom of speech and encouraged to think and her parents were criticized by the community for their progressive views, which stimulated Hepburn to fight against barriers she encountered. Hepburn said she realized from an age that she was the product of two very remarkable parents, and credited her enormously lucky upbringing with providing the foundation for her success. She remained close to her throughout her life
40.
Fred Astaire
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Fred Astaire was an American dancer, singer, actor, choreographer and television presenter. His stage and subsequent film and television careers spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films and several television specials, Astaire was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fifth greatest male star of Classic Hollywood cinema in 100 Years. Gene Kelly, another star in filmed dance, said that the history of dance on film begins with Astaire, later, he asserted that Astaire was the only one of todays dancers who will be remembered. Astaire was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Johanna Ann, Astaires mother was born in the United States to Lutheran German immigrants from East Prussia and Alsace. Astaires father was born in Linz, Austria, to Jewish parents who had converted to Roman Catholicism, Astaires mother dreamed of escaping Omaha by virtue of her childrens talents, after Astaires sister, Adele Astaire, early on revealed herself to be an instinctive dancer and singer. She planned a brother and sister act, which was common in vaudeville at the time, although Astaire refused dance lessons at first, he easily mimicked his older sisters steps and took up piano, accordion, and clarinet. Despite Adele and Freds teasing rivalry, they acknowledged their individual strengths, his durability. Fred and Adeles mother suggested they change their name to Astaire, Family legend attributes the name to an uncle surnamed LAstaire. They were taught dance, speaking, and singing in preparation for developing an act and their first act was called Juvenile Artists Presenting an Electric Musical Toe-Dancing Novelty. Fred wore a top hat and tails in the first half, in an interview, Astaires daughter, Ava Astaire McKenzie, observed that they often put Fred in a top hat to make him look taller. The goofy act debuted in Keyport, New Jersey, in a tryout theater, the local paper wrote, the Astaires are the greatest child act in vaudeville. As a result of their fathers salesmanship, Fred and Adele rapidly landed a contract and played the famed Orpheum Circuit in the Midwest, Western. Soon Adele grew to at least three inches taller than Fred and the pair began to look incongruous. The family decided to take a break from show business to let time take its course and to avoid trouble from the Gerry Society. In 1912, Fred became an Episcopalian, the career of the Astaire siblings resumed with mixed fortunes, though with increasing skill and polish, as they began to incorporate tap dancing into their routines. Astaires dancing was inspired by Bill Bojangles Robinson and John Bubbles Sublett, from vaudeville dancer Aurelio Coccia, they learned the tango, waltz, and other ballroom dances popularized by Vernon and Irene Castle. Some sources state that the Astaire siblings appeared in a 1915 film titled Fanchon, the Cricket, starring Mary Pickford, by age 14, Fred had taken on the musical responsibilities for their act. He first met George Gershwin, who was working as a song plugger for Jerome H. Remicks music publishing company, Fred had already been hunting for new music and dance ideas
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Ginger Rogers
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Ginger Rogers was an American actress, dancer, and singer. She is known for her performances in films and RKOs musical films in which Fred Astaire was partened with her and she appeared on stage, as well as on radio and television, throughout much of the 20th century. Born in Independence, Missouri, and raised in Kansas City, Rogers and her family moved to Fort Worth, Texas, after winning a dance contest that launched a successful vaudeville career, she gained recognition as a Broadway actress for her debut stage role in Girl Crazy. This success led to a contract with Paramount Pictures, which ended after five films, Rogers had her first successful film role as a supporting actress in 42nd Street. Throughout the 1930s, Rogers made 10 films with Astaire, among which were some of her biggest successes, such as Swing Time, after two commercial failures with Astaire, Rogers began to branch out into dramatic films and comedies. Her acting was received by critics and audiences, and she became one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1940s. Her performance in Kitty Foyle won her the Academy Award for Best Actress, Rogers remained successful throughout the 1940s and at one point was Hollywoods highest-paid actress, but her popularity had peaked by the end of the decade. She reunited with Astaire in 1949 in the commercially successful The Barkleys of Broadway, after an unsuccessful period through the 1950s, Rogers made a successful return to Broadway in 1965, playing the lead role in Hello, Dolly. More lead roles on Broadway followed, along with her directorial debut in 1985 on an off-Broadway production of Babes in Arms. Rogers also made acting appearances until 1987. In 1992, Rogers was recognized at the Kennedy Center Honors and she died of a heart attack in 1995, at the age of 83. A Republican and a devout Christian Scientist, Rogers was married five times, with all of her marriages ending in divorce, during her long career, Rogers made 73 films, and her musical films with Fred Astaire are credited with revolutionizing their genre. Rogers was successful during the Golden Age of Hollywood, and is considered an American icon. She ranks number 14 on the AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars list of stars of classic American cinema. Rogers was born Virginia Katherine McMath on July 16,1911, in her mothers rented home at 100 Moore Street, Independence and she was the only living child of William Eddins McMath, an electrical engineer, and his wife, Lela Emogene. She was of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry and her mother did not want her born in a hospital, having lost a previous child there. Her parents had separated shortly after she was born, but her grandparents, Walter and Saphrona Owens, after unsuccessfully trying to become a family again, McMath kidnapped his daughter twice. Rogers said that she never saw her father again
