1.
Cambridge, Maryland
–
Cambridge is a city in Dorchester County, Maryland, United States. The population was 12,326 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Dorchester County and the countys largest municipality. Cambridge is the fourth most populous city in Marylands Eastern Shore region, after Salisbury, settled by English colonists in 1684, Cambridge is one of the oldest colonial cities in Maryland. At the time of English colonization, the Algonquian-speaking Choptank Indians were already living along the river of the same name, during the colonial years, the English colonists developed farming on the Eastern Shore. The largest plantations were devoted first to tobacco, and then mixed farming, planters bought enslaved Africans to farm tobacco and mixed farming. The town was a center for the area. The town pier was the center for trading for the region. It was incorporated officially in 1793, and occupies part of the former Choptank Indian Reservation, Cambridge was named after the town and county in England. The town became a stop on the railroad, which had an extensive network of safe houses for slaves escaping to the north. Cambridge developed food processing industries in the late 19th century, canning oysters, tomatoes, industrial growth in Cambridge was led by the Phillips Packing Company, which eventually grew to become the areas largest employer. The company won contracts with the Department of Defense during the First, at its peak, it employed as many as 10,000 workers. Changing tastes brought about a decline in business leading Phillips to downsize its operations, by the early 1960s the company ceased operations altogether. This led to unemployment and added to the citys growing social problems. During the period from 1962 until 1967, Cambridge was a center of protests during the Civil Rights Movement as African Americans sought equal access to employment and they also sought to end racial segregation of schools and other public accommodations. Riots erupted in Cambridge in 1963 and 1967, and the Maryland National Guard were deployed to the city to assist local authorities with peace-keeping efforts, the leader of the movement was Gloria Richardson. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, public segregation in Cambridge officially ended, in 2002, the citys economy was boosted by jobs and tourism associated with the opening of the 400-room Hyatt Regency Chesapeake Bay resort. This resort includes a course, spa, and marina. The resort was the site of the 2007 US House Republican Conference, Cambridge was designated a Maryland Main Street community on July 1,2003
Cambridge, Maryland
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Cambridge Municipal Building
Cambridge, Maryland
–
Location of Cambridge, Maryland
2.
Novelist
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A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
Novelist
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William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
Novelist
–
Novelist
James Patterson, one of the most monetarily successful contemporary novelists, who made $70 million in 2010
Novelist
–
The
Scott Monument on Edinburgh's
Princes Street.
3.
University Professor
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Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
University Professor
–
A science professor lecturing to university students.
University Professor
–
The Ancient Greek philosopher
Socrates was one of the earliest recorded professors.
4.
Postmodernism
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Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid to late 20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked a departure from modernism. Accordingly, postmodern thought is characterized by tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence. The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity, and to a host of movements within that era that reacted against tendencies in modernism. Postmodernism includes skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction, feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard. The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s, John Watkins Chapman suggested a Postmodern style of painting as a way to depart from French Impressionism. In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to new forms of art. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a new literary form, however, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee, Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post modern world happened between 1937 and 1957, post-structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking through structuralism, contrary to the original form, postmodernist describes part of a movement, Postmodern places it in the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history. Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of subjectivity and objectivity, instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the hermeneutic circle. He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an atemporal, in this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Instead, Foucault focused on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence and his writings have had a major influence on the larger body of postmodern academic literature. These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization, Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates scientific methods. For Baudrillard, “simulation is no longer that of a territory and it is the generation by models of a real without origin or a reality, a hyperreal. In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the assumptions and his terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement, innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner used science and technology studies as a part of his analysis
Postmodernism
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Portland Building, an example of
Postmodern architecture
Postmodernism
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Detail of the postmodern
Abteiberg Museum in
Germany.
Postmodernism
–
Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006
Nobel Prize in Literature.
Postmodernism
–
Composer
Henryk Górecki.
5.
Postmodern literature
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Postmodern works are seen as a response against dogmatic following of Enlightenment thinking and Modernist approaches to literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, tends to resist definition or classification as a movement, Postmodern works also tend to celebrate chance over craft, and further employ metafiction to undermine the texts authority or authenticity. In the 1910s, artists associated with Dadaism celebrated chance, parody, playfulness, tristan Tzara claimed in How to Make a Dadaist Poem that to create a Dadaist poem one had only to put random words in a hat and pull them out one by one. Another way Dadaism influenced postmodern literature was in the development of collage, artists associated with Surrealism, which developed from Dadaism, continued experimentations with chance and parody while celebrating the flow of the subconscious mind. André Breton, the founder of Surrealism, suggested that automatism and he used automatism to create his novel Nadja and used photographs to replace description as a parody of the overly-descriptive novelists he often criticized. Surrealist René Magrittes experiments with signification are used as examples by Jacques Derrida, Foucault also uses examples from Jorge Luis Borges, an important direct influence on many postmodernist fiction writers. He is occasionally listed as a postmodernist, although he started writing in the 1920s, the influence of his experiments with metafiction and magic realism was not fully realized in the Anglo-American world until the postmodern period. Ultimately, this is seen as the highest stratification of criticism among scholars, other early 20th-century novels such as Raymond Roussels Impressions dAfrique and Locus Solus, and Giorgio de Chiricos Hebdomeros have also been identified as important postmodern precursor. Both modern and postmodern literature represent a break from 19th century realism, in addition, both modern and postmodern literature explore fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction. The Waste Land is often cited as a means of distinguishing modern and postmodern literature, the poem is fragmentary and employs pastiche like much postmodern literature, but the speaker in The Waste Land says, these fragments I have shored against my ruins. Postmodernists, however, often demonstrate that this chaos is insurmountable, the artist is impotent, gertrude Steins playful experiment with metafiction and genre in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas has been interpreted as postmodern, as with all stylistic eras, no definite dates exist for the rise and fall of postmodernisms popularity. 1941, the year in which Irish novelist James Joyce and English novelist Virginia Woolf both died, is used as a rough boundary for postmodernisms start. Irish novelist Flann OBrien completed The Third Policeman in 1939 and it was rejected for publication and remained supposedly lost until published posthumously in 1967. A revised version called The Dalkey Archive was published before the original in 1964, notwithstanding its dilatory appearance, the literary theorist Keith Hopper regards The Third Policeman as one of the first of that genre they call the postmodern novel. The prefix post, however, does not necessarily imply a new era, rather, it could also indicate a reaction against modernism in the wake of the Second World War. It could also imply a reaction to significant post-war events, the beginning of the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement, postcolonialism, some further argue that the beginning of postmodern literature could be marked by significant publications or literary events. For others the beginning is marked by moments in critical theory, Jacques Derridas Structure, Sign, though postmodernist literature does not include everything written in the postmodern period, several post-war developments in literature have significant similarities
Postmodern literature
–
American author and publisher
Dave Eggers is one of several contemporary authors who represent the latest movement in post-modern literature which some have deemed post-postmodernism
6.
Juilliard School
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The Juilliard School located in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It is informally referred to as Juilliard, the school trains about 850 undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the leading music schools. In 2016, QS Quacquarelli Symonds ranked it as the worlds best institution for Performing Arts in their global ranking of the discipline. The Institute opened in the former Lenox Mansion, Fifth Avenue and 12th Street and it moved in 1910 to 120 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, onto a property purchased from Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. In 1920, the Juilliard Foundation was created, named after textile merchant Augustus D. Juilliard, in 1924, the foundation purchased the Vanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E. 52nd Street and established the Juilliard Graduate School. In 1926, the Juilliard School of Music was created through a merger of the Institute of Musical Art, the two schools shared a common Board of Directors and President but retained their distinct identities. The conductor and music-educator Frank Damrosch continued as the Institutes dean, in 1937, Hutcheson succeeded Erskine as president of the two institutions, a job he held until 1945. In 1946, the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School completely merged to form a single institution, the president of the school at that time was William Schuman, the first winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Music. Schuman established the Juilliard String Quartet in 1946 and the Dance Division in 1951, William Schuman graduated from Columbias Teachers College and attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932,1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value in counterpoint. L&M was Schumans reaction against more formal theory and ear training, the general mandate was to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music. The quality and degree of each students education in harmony, music history or ear training was dependent on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate, William Schuman resigned as president of Juilliard after being elected president of Lincoln Center in 1962. Peter Mennin, another composer with experience at the Peabody Conservatory, was elected as his successor. Mennin made significant changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, in 1968, Mennin hired John Houseman to manage a new Drama Division, and in 1969 oversaw Juilliards relocation from Claremont Avenue to Lincoln Center. Polisis many accomplishments include philanthropic successes, broadening of the curriculum, in 2001, the school established a jazz performance training program. In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded the National Medal of Arts, in 2006, Juilliard received a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropist Bruce Kovner. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations,2, and manuscripts of Brahmss Symphony No.2 and Piano Concerto No.2
Juilliard School
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Alice Tully Hall in the Juilliard School building
Juilliard School
–
The Juilliard School
Juilliard School
–
Morse Hall, one of the performing spaces inside the Juilliard School
7.
Johns Hopkins University
–
The Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist and his $7 million bequest—of which half financed the establishment of The Johns Hopkins Hospital—was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States at that time. Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institutions first president on February 22,1876, led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U. S. by integrating teaching and research. Adopting the concept of a school from Germanys ancient Heidelberg University. Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington, D. C. with international centers in Italy, China, and Singapore. The two undergraduate divisions, the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering, are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimores Charles Village neighborhood. The medical school, the school, and the Bloomberg School of Public Health are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore. Johns Hopkins was a member of the American Association of Universities. It is also ranked #12 in UniRanks compilation of leading university rankings. Over the course of almost 140 years. Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men’s lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles, on his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland. At that time this fortune, generated primarily from the Baltimore, the first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins is the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins. They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins, Samuel named one of his sons for his father and that son would become the universitys benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the Master of Ceremonies introduced him as President of John Hopkins. Eisenhower retorted that he was glad to be here in Pittburgh, the original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany. Building on the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt, it dedicated to research. Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the discovery of new knowledge. The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents – Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, Noah Porter of Yale College and they each vouched for Daniel Coit Gilman to lead the new University and he became the universitys first president
Johns Hopkins University
–
Johns Hopkins
Johns Hopkins University
–
The Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University
–
Daniel Coit Gilman
Johns Hopkins University
–
Hopkins Hall circa 1885, on the original downtown Baltimore campus
8.
The Shirt of Nessus
–
In Greek mythology, the Shirt of Nessus, Tunic of Nessus, Nessus-robe, or Nessus shirt was the poisoned shirt that killed Heracles. It was once a reference in literature. In folkloristics, it is considered an instance of the poison dress motif, metaphorically, it represents a source of misfortune from which there is no escape, a fatal present, anything that wounds the susceptibilities or a destructive or expiatory force or influence. Her plan was to pretend to defect and entice the Bishop with information about the cities defenses while giving him a shirt soaked in poison. Before her plan could be carried out she was betrayed by another defector who warned the bishop and Feyken was tortured, everyone who joined our circle put on the Robe of Nessus. In Act 4.12 of Shakespeares play Antony and Cleopatra, Mark Antony is in a rage after losing the Battle of Actium and exclaims, The shirt of Nessus is upon me. In section IV of his poem Little Gidding, the poem of Four Quartets, Eliot alludes to the Nessus myth. Love is the unfamiliar Name Behind the hands that wove The intolerable shirt of flame Which human power cannot remove, the Shirt of Nessus is also the title of the masters thesis of noted American postmodern novelist John Barth. Written for the Writing Seminars program at Johns Hopkins University, which Barth himself later ran, The Shirt of Nessus is not a dissertation and it can be considered Barths first full-length fictional work, and it also is likely to remain his most elusive. Barth, not unlike a number of other authors, has revealed himself to be embarrassed by his early unpublished work—in his case. The Shirt of Nessus is briefly referenced in both of Barths nonfiction collections, The Friday Book and Further Fridays, but little is known of its actual content. It is the opinion of some notable JHU faculty members who occasionally talk to Barth that he may have been the mastermind behind these disappearances himself. While that remains speculation, when the collections division notified Barth in 2002. Update, Novelist and scholar David Morell, in the updated, e-book edition of his study of Barth John Barth, An Introduction, notes that he long ago obtained a photocopy of Barths The Shirt of Nessus. In the Introduction to Bending the Bow, Pound sought coherence in The Cantos and comes in Canto 116 to lament and I cannot make it cohere. But the SPLENDOUR, IT ALL COHERES of the poets Herakles in The Women of Trachis is a key or recognition of a meaning that turns in the lock of the Nessus shirt. Except for one problem, one ill-fitting garment…The shirt, the borrowed shirt, the last line reveals the Greek shirt is a shirt by Nessus. In Robertson Daviess novel Fifth Business, Dunstan buys an expensive silk shirt at a cost beyond his means and he purchases it out of envy for his rival, Boy Staunton, who is living a life of wealth while attending the same university
The Shirt of Nessus
–
Lichas bringing the garment of Nessus to Hercules, woodcut by
Hans Sebald Beham, circa 1542-1548.
9.
The Pennsylvania State University
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The Pennsylvania State University is a public, land-grant, research-intensive university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania. Founded in 1855, the university has a threefold mission of teaching, research. Its instructional mission includes undergraduate, graduate, professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and its University Park campus, the flagship campus, lies within the Borough of State College and College Township. It has two law schools, Penn State Law, on the schools University Park campus, and Dickinson Law, the College of Medicine is located in Hershey. Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special-mission campuses located across the state, Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students and it has the worlds largest dues-paying alumni association. The universitys total enrollment in 2015–16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses, the university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses and administers $3.62 billion in endowment and similar funds. The universitys research expenditures totaled $836 million during the 2016 fiscal year, annually, the university hosts the Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon, which is the worlds largest student-run philanthropy. This event is held at the Bryce Jordan Center on the University Park campus, in 2014, THON raised a program record of $13.3 million. The universitys athletics teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Penn State Nittany Lions. They compete in the Big Ten Conference for most sports, centre County, Pennsylvania, became the home of the new school when James Irvin of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, donated 200 acres of land – the first of 10,101 acres the school would eventually acquire. George W. Atherton became president of the school in 1882, shortly after he introduced engineering studies, Penn State became one of the ten largest engineering schools in the nation. Atherton also expanded the arts and agriculture programs, for which the school began receiving regular appropriations from the state in 1887. A major road in State College has been named in Athertons honor, additionally, Penn States Atherton Hall, a well-furnished and centrally located residence hall, is named not after George Atherton himself, but after his wife, Frances Washburn Atherton. His grave is in front of Schwab Auditorium near Old Main, in the years that followed, Penn State grew significantly, becoming the states largest grantor of baccalaureate degrees and reaching an enrollment of 5,000 in 1936. In 1953, President Milton S. Eisenhower, brother of then-U. S, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, sought and won permission to elevate the school to university status as The Pennsylvania State University. Under his successor Eric A. Walker, the university acquired hundreds of acres of surrounding land, and enrollment nearly tripled. In addition, in 1967, the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, in the 1970s, the university became a state-related institution
The Pennsylvania State University
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Old Main c. 1855
The Pennsylvania State University
–
The Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University
–
Students sit outside of Pennsylvania State College (c.1922)
The Pennsylvania State University
–
Beaver Stadium
10.
Jorge Luis Borges
–
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo KBE was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, and a key figure in Spanish-language literature. Borges works have contributed to literature and the fantasy genre. However, some critics consider Borges to be a predecessor and not actually a magical realist and his late poems dialogue with such cultural figures as Spinoza, Camões, and Virgil. In 1914, Borges family moved to Switzerland, where he studied at the Collège de Genève, the family travelled widely in Europe, including Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and he also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955, he was appointed director of the National Public Library and he became completely blind by the age of 55, as he never learned braille, he became unable to read. Scholars have suggested that his progressive blindness helped him to create innovative literary symbols through imagination, in 1961, he came to international attention when he received the first Formentor prize, which he shared with Samuel Beckett. In 1971, he won the Jerusalem Prize and his work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages and he dedicated his final work, The Conspirators, to the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Writer and essayist J. M. Coetzee said of him, He, more than anyone, renovated the language of fiction, Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo was born into an educated middle-class family on 24 August 1899. They were in comfortable circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires so the family resided in Palermo, Borgess mother, Leonor Acevedo Suárez, came from a traditional Uruguayan family of criollo origin. Her family had been involved in the European settling of South America and the Argentine War of Independence. His 1929 book, Cuaderno San Martín, includes the poem Isidoro Acevedo, commemorating his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army. A descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, de Acevedo Laprida fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, de Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born. Borgess own father, Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam was a lawyer, Borges Haslam was born in Entre Rios of Spanish, Portuguese, and English descent, the son of Francisco Borges Lafinur, a colonel, and Frances Ann Haslam, an Englishwoman. Borges Haslam grew up speaking English at home, the family frequently traveled to Europe. Borges Haslam wed Leonor Acevedo Suarez and was father of the painter Norah Borges. At age nine, Jorge Luis Borges translated Oscar Wildes The Happy Prince into Spanish and it was published in a local journal, but his friends thought the real author was his father
Jorge Luis Borges
–
Borges in 1951, by
Grete Stern
Jorge Luis Borges
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Jorge Luis Borges in 1921
Jorge Luis Borges
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Adolfo Bioy Casares,
Victoria Ocampo and Borges in 1935
Jorge Luis Borges
–
Jorge Luis Borges in the 1940s
11.
Lost in the Funhouse
–
Lost in the Funhouse is a short story collection by American author John Barth. The postmodern stories are extremely self-conscious and self-reflexive and are considered to exemplify metafiction, though Barths reputation rests mainly on his long novels, the stories Night-Sea Journey, Lost in the Funhouse, Title and Life-Story from Lost in the Funhouse are widely anthologized. Lost in the Funhouse took these ideas to an extreme, for which it was praised and condemned by critics. Each story can be considered complete in itself, and in several of them were published separately before being collected. Barth insists, however, on the nature of the stories. Barth shows his pessimism in the stories, and says he identifies with Anonymiad, when Barth began attending Johns Hopkins University in 1947, he enrolled in one of only two creative writing courses available in the US at the time. He went on to one of the first full-time professors of creative writing. The stories in Lost in the Funhouse display a professorial concern with fictional form, Barth cited a number of contemporary writers, such as Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, and especially Jorge Luis Borges, as important examples of this. The essay later came to be seen by some as a description of postmodernism. Barth has described the stories of Lost in the Funhouse as mainly late modernist and postmodernist, Jorge Luis Borges was a primary influence, as acknowledged by Barth a number of times, most notably in The Literature of Exhaustion. Written between 1966 and 1968, several of the stories had already published separately. Lost in the Funhouse came out in 1968, and was followed in 1972 by Chimera, the book opens with Frame-Tale, a story in which ONCE UPON A TIME THERE and WAS A STORY THAT BEGAN are printed vertically, one on each side of the page. This is intended to be cut out by the reader, and this results in a regressus ad infinitum, a loop with no beginning or end. Night-Sea Journey follows, the story of a human spermatozoon on its way to fertilize an egg. The tale allegorically recapitulates the story of life in condensed form. In Menalaiad, Barth leads the reader in and out of seven metaleptic layers, menalaus despairs as his story progresses through layer after layer of quotation marks, as one story is framed by another and then another. Autobiography, which is meant for monophonic tape and visible but silent author, three of the stories - Ambrose, His Mark, Water-Message, and the title story, Lost in the Funhouse - concern a young boy named Ambrose and members of his family. The first story is told in first person, leading up to describing how Ambrose received his name, the second is told in third-person, written in a deliberately archaic style
Lost in the Funhouse
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First edition
Lost in the Funhouse
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Lost in the Funhouse opens with a "story" which can be cut and pasted to form an endless
Möbius strip
Lost in the Funhouse
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The first-person protagonist of "Night-Sea Journey" is a spermatozoon
Lost in the Funhouse
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Menelaus anguishes over why
Helen would choose him in the extremely
metaleptic "Menalaiad"
12.
Boston University
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Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
Boston University
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688 Boylston Street, the early home of the College of Liberal Arts, the precursor to the College of Arts & Sciences
Boston University
Boston University
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Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone at Boston University
Boston University
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Helen Magill White, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from an American university
13.
The Floating Opera
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The Floating Opera is a novel by American writer John Barth, first published in 1956 and significantly revised in 1967. Barths first published work, the existentialist and nihilist story is an account of a day protagonist Todd Andrews contemplated suicide. Critics and Barth himself often pair The Floating Opera with Barths next novel, The End of the Road, both were written in 1955, and are available together in a one-volume edition. Both are philosophical novels, The End of the Road continues with the conclusions made about absolute values by the protagonist of The Floating Opera, and takes these ideas to the end of the road. Barth wrote both novels in a mode, in contrast to Barths better-known metafictional, fabulist, and postmodern works from the 1960s and later, such as Lost in the Funhouse. While teaching at Penn State, Barth embarked on a cycle of 100 stories he called Dorchester Tales and he completed both The Floating Opera and The End of the Road in 1955. Sales were not strong enough to encourage the publisher to pick up Barths next offering, the End of the Road was published by Doubleday in 1958, it received only marginally more attention than The Floating Opera. Barth made a number of changes to the text for an edition from Anchor Books in 1967. Anchor collected Barths first two novels in an edition in 1988. The Floating Opera can be viewed with The End of the Road as forming the early and this phase was realistic in a modernist sense, it lacked the fantastic elements that manifested themselves in Barths experimental phase that began with The Sot-Weed Factor. As The Floating Opera closes, its protagonist, Todd Andrews, concludes that life has no absolute values but that there are values that are no less real. Barth also sees the book as the second of a trilogy of novels that concludes with The Sot-Weed Factor. New York Times reviewer Orville Prescott called the odd book dull, labored, and flat, he found the humor funny, as The Floating Opera and The End of the Road make little display of the metafictional formal prowess of Barths later works, critics often overlook them. Some consider these first two novels little more than works, while others see them in light of the later works. In Praise of John Barths Floating Opera
The Floating Opera
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First edition
14.
The End of the Road
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The End of the Road is the second novel by American writer John Barth, published first in 1958, and then in a revised edition in 1967. The irony-laden black comedys protagonist Jacob Horner suffers from a nihilistic paralysis he calls cosmopsis—an inability to choose a course of action from all possibilities, as part of a schedule of unorthodox therapies, Horners nameless Doctor has him take a teaching job at a local teachers college. There Horner befriends the super-rational Joe Morgan and his wife Rennie, the trio become entangled in a love triangle, with tragic results. The story deals with issues controversial at the time, such as sexuality, racial segregation, Barth and his critics often pair the novel with its predecessor, The Floating Opera, both were written in 1955, and are available together in a one-volume edition. Both are philosophical novels, The End of the Road continues with the conclusions about absolute values made by the protagonist of The Floating Opera, and takes these ideas to the end of the road. Barth wrote both novels in a mode, in contrast to Barths better-known metafictional, fabulist, and postmodern works from the 1960s and later, such as Lost in the Funhouse. Language is presented as a distortion of experience, yet nevertheless unavoidable, in his later novels Barth forefronted the artifice in his writing, beginning with The Sot-Weed Factor, a work Barth conceived as the last of a loose trilogy of novels. A1970 film loosely based on the novel stars James Earl Jones, Stacy Keach and it was rated X, in part because of a graphic abortion scene. While teaching at Penn State, Barth embarked on a cycle of 100 stories he called Dorchester Tales and he completed both The Floating Opera and The End of the Road in 1955. Doubleday published The End of the Road in 1958, it received only marginally more attention than The Floating Opera, a revised edition in 1967 restored material cut from the first edition, and had a new introduction by Barth. The story narrates the first-person confession Jacob Horner in the form of a therapeutic psychodrama, Horner writes on October 4,1955, of events in 1951–53. Barth spent most of his life teaching at universities. As in many of Barths novels, the setting and characters of The End of the Road have an academic background, the novel tackles controversial contemporary issues such as abortion and racial segregation. The End of the Road can be viewed with The Floating Opera as forming the early and this phase was realistic in a modernist sense, it lacked the fantastic elements that manifested themselves in Barths experimental phase that began with The Sot-Weed Factor. Both novels, while displaying a distinctive style, followed conventions readers expected from a novel, as The Floating Opera closes, its protagonist, Todd Andrews, concludes that life has no absolute values but that there are relative values that are no less real, for. Barth also sees the book as the second of a trilogy of novels that concludes with The Sot-Weed Factor. In a sense, I am Jacob Horner, Jacob Jake Horner suffers from cosmopsis—an inability to choose from among all possible choices he can imagine. As part of his schedule of therapies, Jake takes a job teaching at Wicomico State Teachers College, Joe and Jake enjoy intellectual sparring in a duel of articulations
The End of the Road
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First edition cover by
Robert Watson
The End of the Road
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Jake Horner frequently consults the tortured face of a
Laocoön bust.
The End of the Road
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Horse imagery permeates the text. Joe Morgan's surname invokes a breed of horse, the
Morgan (pictured).
The End of the Road
–
The End of the Road was an inspiration for the 1997 novel
As She Climbed Across the Table by
Jonathan Lethem (pictured).
15.
The Sot-Weed Factor
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The Sot-Weed Factor is a 1960 novel by the American writer John Barth. The novel marks the beginning of Barths literary postmodernism, the Sot-Weed Factor takes its title from the poem The Sotweed Factor, or A Voyage to Maryland, A Satyr by the English-born poet Ebenezer Cooke, of whom few biographical details are known. He undergoes adventures on his journey to and within Maryland while striving to preserve his virginity, the novel is a satirical epic of the colonization of Maryland based on the life of an actual poet, Ebenezer Cooke, who wrote a poem of the same title. The Sot-Weed Factor is what Northrop Frye called a large, loosely structured work, with digressions, distractions, stories within stories. The fictional Ebenezer Cooke is a Candide-like innocent who sets out to write an epic, becomes disillusioned. The novel is set in the 1680s and 90s in London and on the shore of the colony of Maryland. It tells the story of an English poet named Ebenezer Cooke who is given the title Poet Laureate of Maryland by Charles Calvert and he undergoes many adventures on his journey to Maryland and while in Maryland, all the while striving to preserve his innocence. Ebenezer Cooke is the son of Andrew Cooke, an English merchant who owns a plantation at the settlement of Malden in the colony of Maryland. Along with his twin sister Anna, Ebenezer is tutored privately by a man named Henry Burlingame III. Later, while Ebenezer is studying at Cambridge University, he is reunited with Henry who reveals his past life as an orphan, travelling musician and seaman. Henry recounts a tale of saving a mother and daughter from pirates, and then persuades Ebenezer to travel to London, where Ebenezer decides that his true vocation is to be a poet. While ill, Andrew Cooke grants power of attorney to Ebenezer and reveals that, after the death of their mother, Ebenezer, in London, Ebenezer declares his love for the prostitute Joan Toast, but refuses to pay her fee, and confesses to being a virgin. Joans pimp and lover, John McEvoy, subsequently informs Andrew that Ebenezer has been leading a life, so Andrew sends Ebenezer. From devotion to Joan, Ebenezer swears to remain a virgin, before his departure, Ebenezer visits Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who is the Governor of Maryland, and offers his services as a Poet Laureate of the colony. Calvert is bemused, but grants the commission, Ebenezer decides to write an epic poem entitled The Sot-Weed Factor. On the coach to Plymouth, Ebenzer encounters one Peter Sayer and he has also obtained part of a journal which reveals that his grandfather, Henry Burlingame I, took part in an expedition led by Captain John Smith that was attacked by Indians. In order to save his own life, and that of Burlingame, Smith undergoes a trial with Pocahontas. At this point, the journal breaks off, and Henry explains that he is searching for the sections of the document
The Sot-Weed Factor
–
First edition
16.
Giles Goat-Boy
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Giles Goat-Boy is the fourth novel by American writer John Barth. It is metafictional comic novel in which the world is portrayed as a university campus in an allegory of the Cold War. Its title character is a boy raised as a goat, who comes to believe he is the Grand Tutor. The book was a bestseller for the previously obscure Barth. It marks Barths leap into American postmodern Fabulism, an allegory of the Cold War, Giles Goat-Boy is one of Barths most complex novels, it is considered by many to be Barths best work, while denigrated by others. It marks Barths full emergence as a metafictional writer, the humor and many events of the book are frequently in extreme poor taste, employing a number of potentially offensive representations of blacks, Jews and women. Even events such as the Holocaust are treated as material for frivolously absurd humor, George Giles is a boy raised as a goat who rises in life to be Grand Tutor of New Tammany College. He strives for herohood, in accordance with the myth as theorized by Lord Raglan. The novel abounds in mythological and Christian allegories, as well as in allusions to the Cold War, 1960s academia, rather than discovering it, George chooses his identity, much like Ebeneezer Cooke does in The Sotweed Factor. The principle behind the renaming of key roles in the novel as roman à clef is that the Earth is a University. As the founder of the method, Socrates becomes Maios, Plato becomes Scapulas, Aristotle, as the coiner of the term entelekheia. The heroes of epic poems tend to be named after the Greek for son of, Odysseus becomes Laertides, Aeneas becomes Anchisides, the subtitle The Revised New Syllabus means, in the novels Universe=University allegory, a parodic rewriting of the New Testament. Among the parodic variations, a computer replaces the Holy Spirit, a hypertext encyclopedia also figures in the novel, years before the invention of hypertext and three decades before the Web became part of society at large. The character Max Spielman is a parody of Ernst Haeckel, whose insight ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny is rephrased as ontogeny recapitulates cosmogeny, the riddle of the universe is rephrased as the riddle of the sphincters. The text is discovered by the author, the novel contains a forty-page parody in small type of the full text of Oedipus Rex called Taliped Decanus. The digressive play-within-a-book is grossly disproportionate to the length of the book, Barth has worked most of his adult life as a university professor, and has also set The End of the Road on a university campus. Barth tells how a reviewer of The Sot-Weed Factor saw in that book a parody of the pattern of the Wandering Hero Myth and this led to his deconstructing the idea of the Ur-Myth in Giles Goat-Boy. Barth would delve further into the Hero in his essay Myth and Tragedy, in the 1987 preface to the novel Barth declared that his first three novels formed a loose trilogy of novels, after completing which he felt ready to move into new territory
Giles Goat-Boy
–
First edition
Giles Goat-Boy
–
New Tammany College bears resemblance to
Penn State.
17.
Joseph Campbell
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Joseph John Campbell was an American mythologist, writer and lecturer, best known for his work in comparative mythology and comparative religion. His work covers many aspects of the human experience, Campbells magnum opus is his book titled The Hero with a Thousand Faces in which he discusses his theory of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world mythologies. Since publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Campbells theory has been applied by a wide variety of modern writers. His philosophy has been summarized by his own often repeated phrase, Joseph Campbell was born in White Plains, New York, the son of Josephine and Charles William Campbell. He was from an upper-middle-class Irish Catholic family, during his childhood, he moved with his family to nearby New Rochelle, New York. In 1919 a fire destroyed the home in New Rochelle. In 1921 Campbell graduated from the Canterbury School in New Milford, while at Dartmouth College he studied biology and mathematics, but decided that he preferred the humanities. He transferred to Columbia University, where he received a BA in English literature in 1925, at Dartmouth he had joined Delta Tau Delta. An accomplished athlete, he received awards in track and field events, in 1924 Campbell traveled to Europe with his family. In 1927 Campbell received a fellowship from Columbia University to study in Europe, Campbell studied Old French, Provençal and Sanskrit at the University of Paris in France and the University of Munich in Germany. He learned to read and speak French and German, on his return to Columbia University in 1929, Campbell expressed a desire to pursue the study of Sanskrit and Modern Art in addition to Medieval literature. Lacking faculty approval, Campbell withdrew from graduate studies, later in life he said while laughing but not in jest that it is a sign of incompetence to have a PhD in the liberal arts, the discipline covering his work. With the arrival of the Great Depression a few later, Campbell spent the next five years living in a rented shack on some land in Woodstock. There, he contemplated the next course of his life engaged in intensive. He later said that he would divide the day into four four-hour periods, I would get nine hours of sheer reading done a day. And this went on for five years straight, Campbell traveled to California for a year, continuing his independent studies and becoming close friends with the budding writer John Steinbeck and his wife Carol. On the Monterey Peninsula, Campbell, like John Steinbeck, fell under the spell of marine biologist Ed Ricketts, Campbell began writing a novel centered on Ricketts as a hero but, unlike Steinbeck, did not complete his book. Bruce Robison writes that Campbell would refer to days as a time when everything in his life was taking shape
Joseph Campbell
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Joseph Campbell, c. 1984.
Joseph Campbell
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Campbell and
Jean Erdman c. 1939
18.
The Hero with a Thousand Faces
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The Hero with a Thousand Faces is a work of comparative mythology by American mythologist Joseph Campbell. In this book, Campbell discusses his theory of the journey of the hero found in world mythologies. Since publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Campbells theory has been applied by a wide variety of modern writers. The best known is perhaps George Lucas, who has acknowledged Campbells influence on the Star Wars films, in 2011, Time placed the book in its list of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since the magazine was founded in 1923. Campbell explores the theory that important myths from around the world which have survived for thousands of all share a fundamental structure. In laying out the monomyth, Campbell describes a number of stages or steps along this journey, the hero starts in the ordinary world, and receives a call to enter an unusual world of strange powers and events. If the hero accepts the call to enter this world, the hero must face tasks and trials. At its most intense, the hero must survive a severe challenge, if the hero survives, the hero may achieve a great gift, which often results in the discovery of important self-knowledge. The hero must then decide whether to return with this boon, if the hero is successful in returning, the boon or gift may be used to improve the world. These stages may be organized in a number of ways, including division into three sections, Departure, Initiation and Return, the alleged similarities between these shared hero legends is one of the basic arguments of the Christ myth theory. While Campbell offers a discussion of the journey by using the Freudian concepts popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Similarly, Campbell uses a mixture of Jungian archetypes, unconscious forces, Campbell used the work of early 20th century theorists to develop his model of the hero, including Freud, Carl Jung, and Arnold Van Gennep. Campbell also looked to the work of ethnographers James Frazer and Franz Boas, Campbell called this journey of the hero the monomyth. Campbell was a scholar of James Joyce, and Campbell borrowed the term monomyth from Joyces Finnegans Wake. In addition, Joyces Ulysses was also influential in the structuring of The Hero with a Thousand Faces. The book was published by the Bollingen Foundation through Pantheon Press as the seventeenth title in the Bollingen Series. This series was taken over by Princeton University Press, who published The Hero through 2006, originally issued in 1949 and revised by Campbell in 1968, The Hero with a Thousand Faces has been reprinted a number of times. Reprints issued after the release of Star Wars in 1977 used the image of Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker on the cover
The Hero with a Thousand Faces
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First edition
The Hero with a Thousand Faces
–
Cover of reprints of the book, featuring
Mark Hamill as
Luke Skywalker
19.
Chimera (John Barth novel)
–
Chimera is a 1972 fantasy novel written by American writer John Barth, composed of three loosely connected novellas. The novellas are Dunyazadiad, Perseid and Bellerophoniad, whose titles refer eponymously to the mythical characters Dunyazad, Perseus, the book is an example of postmodernism, which can be seen in its metafictional content and its incorporation of stylistic elements that go beyond the traditional novel genre. It shared the U. S. National Book Award for Fiction with Augustus by John Edward Williams, the Dunyazadiad is a retelling of the framing story of Scheherazade, the famed storyteller of the One Thousand and One Nights. The story is told from the point of view of Scheherazades younger sister Dunyazade, the author appears from the future and expresses his admiration for Scheherazade and the 1001 Nights as a work of fiction, of which Barths Scheherazade has no knowledge. Taking the author for a genie, Scheherazade agrees, the second novella entitled Perseid follows the middle aged Greek hero Perseus in his struggle to obtain immortality. The final novella, Bellerophoniad, chronicles the story of Bellerophon, while somewhat rooted in the myth as told by the Greek and Roman poets, Barths version of the story is not a direct retelling, but instead a re-imagining. Much like the Perseid, the Bellerophoniad surrounds a middle aged mythic hero who struggles with coming to terms with his past accomplishments and a desire to secure his future glory. It is, for the most part, told from the point of view of Bellerophon, with various interjections by unknown narrators, one of which is presumed to be the author Barth. Dunyazadiad Scheherazade, Also referred to as Sherry, she is the key storyteller from One Thousand and One Nights and she is nevertheless not the principal narrator of the Dunyazadiad. Dunyazad, Also referred to as Doony, Dunyazad is the sister of Scheherazade, Doony narrates the first and longest of the three chapters in the novella. Shahryar and Shah Zaman, The King and his brother, the Genie, Actually a writer - likely a representation of Barth - who magically transports through time and space from 20th century America to Sherry and Doonys room. Scheherazade is his favorite author/narrator and he falls intellectually in love with her, with the help of the Genie, Sherry and Doony devise the plan to tell the King stories every night to forestall sex and execution. This plan involves the Genie reading a section of One Thousand and One Nights every day and then reporting back to Sherry, Perseid Perseus, The hero of Greek Mythology who beheaded the Medusa. He narrates his own story to Calyxa with the aid of elaborate temple murals. In the novella, he suffers through a crisis and struggles to understand his relevance now that he is no longer a heroic young man. He repeatedly struggles with impotence through his story, andromeda, Perseuss wife whos grown dissatisfied with marriage and Perseuss obsession with his past triumphs. Calyxa, A nymph and priestess charged with the task of caring for certain gods and heroes temples, a very devoted individual, Calyxa appears obsessed with Perseuss stories and craves his sexual attention, despite his impotence. Medusa, Beheading Medusa had been Perseuss major heroic accomplishment, but now the figure troubles Perseus because of his lost glory, Bellerophoniad Bellerophon, The Greek mythic hero who first tamed Pegasus and slayed the Chimera, becoming the King of Lycia
Chimera (John Barth novel)
–
First edition dustcover (
Random House)
20.
LETTERS (novel)
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LETTERS is an epistolary novel by the American writer John Barth, published in 1979. It consists of a series of letters in which Barth and the characters of his other books interact, in addition to the Author and Germaine Pitt, the correspondents are, Todd Andrews, Jacob Horner, A. B. Cook, Jerome Bray and Ambrose Mensch. The book is subtitled An old time epistolary novel by seven fictitious drolls & dreamers each of which imagines himself factual, in addition, the marked dates spell out the word LETTERS. The Paradigmatic Mind, John Barths LETTERS, twentieth Century Literature, Vol.33, No.1
LETTERS (novel)
–
First edition
21.
Parody
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A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
Parody
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Comedian
Charlie Chaplin impersonating
Hitler for comic effect in the satirical film
The Great Dictator (1940)
Parody
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Screenshot of a scene in
Jurassic Park (1993) featuring a
Tyrannosaurus rex (left), parodied by Rex the Dinosaur in
Toy Story 2 (1999).
Parody
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Satirical political cartoon that appeared in
Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-
World War I song "
I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
Parody
–
Reggie Brown, a voice actor and
Barack Obama impersonator
22.
The Atlantic
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The Atlantic is an American magazine, founded in 1857 as The Atlantic Monthly in Boston, Massachusetts. Since 2006, the magazine is based in Washington, D. C, created as a literary and cultural commentary magazine, it has grown to achieve a national reputation as a high-quality review organ with a moderate worldview. The magazine has recognized and published new writers and poets. It has published leading writers commentary on abolition, education, the periodical has won more National Magazine Awards than any other monthly magazine. The first issue of the magazine was published on November 1,1857, the magazines initiator and founder was Francis H. Underwood, an assistant to the publisher, who received less recognition than his partners because he was neither a humbug nor a Harvard man. After experiencing financial hardship and a series of changes, the magazine was reformatted as a general editorial magazine. Focusing on foreign affairs, politics, and the cultural trends, it is now primarily aimed at a target audience of serious national readers. In 2010, The Atlantic posted its first profit in a decade, in profiling the publication at the time, The New York Times noted the accomplishment was the result of a cultural transfusion, a dose of counterintuition and a lot of digital advertising revenue. The magazine, subscribed to by over 425,000 readers, the Atlantic features articles in the fields of the arts, the economy, foreign affairs, political science, and technology. The Atlantics president is Bob Cohn, in April 2005, The Atlantics editors decided to cease publishing fiction in regular issues in favor of a newsstand-only annual fiction issue edited by longtime staffer C. Michael Curtis. They have since re-instituted the practice, on January 22,2008, TheAtlantic. com dropped its subscriber wall and allowed users to freely browse its site, including all past archives. TheAtlantic. com covers politics, business, entertainment, technology, health, international affairs, and more. In December 2011, a new Health Channel launched on TheAtlantic. com, incorporating coverage of food, as well as related to the mind, body, sex, family. TheAtlantic. com has expanded to visual storytelling with the addition of the In Focus photo blog, curated by Alan Taylor. A leading literary magazine, The Atlantic has published significant works. It was the first to publish pieces by the abolitionists Julia Ward Howe, for example, Emily Dickinson, after reading an article in The Atlantic by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, asked him to become her mentor. In 2005, the magazine won a National Magazine Award for fiction, the magazine also published many of the works of Mark Twain, including one that was lost until 2001. Editors have recognized major cultural changes and movements, for example, the magazine has also published speculative articles that inspired the development of new technologies
The Atlantic
–
First publication of "Battle Hymn of the Republic"
The Atlantic
–
Cover of The Atlantic
23.
The death of the novel
–
The death of the novel is the common name for the theoretical discussion of the declining importance of the novel as literary form. Many 20th century authors entered into the debate, often sharing their ideas in their own fiction and non-fiction writings, the novel was well-defined by the 19th century. In the 20th century, however, many began to rebel against the traditional structures imposed by this form. This reaction against the novel caused some literary theorists to question the relevancy of the novel and even to predict its death. Some of the earliest proponents of the death of the novel were José Ortega y Gasset, in the 1950s and 1960s, contributors to the discussion included Gore Vidal, Roland Barthes, and John Barth. Ronald Sukenick wrote the story The Death of the Novel in 1969, in 1954, Wolfgang Kayser argued that the death of the narrator would lead to the death of the novel - a view that has since been contested by many people. Tom Wolfe in the 1970s predicted that the New Journalism would displace the novel, italo Calvino is considered to have turned round the question is the novel dead. As is it possible to tell stories that are not novels, pippin connects the death of the novel with the rise of nihilism in European culture. Saul Bellow, discussing Ravelstein which was loosely a portrait of Allan Bloom, on the other hand, David Foster Wallace connected the death of the novel with the mortality of the post-war generation of American novelists. He has even questioned the longevity of the bookshelf, let alone the book, technological change is often identified as a major possible cause. Anxieties about the disappearance of the book, as well as the novel, have been throughout the 20th century. Henry Kannberg sees the post-Gutenberg age as being one where the morphology of literature may transform as a result of hyper-literacy. He argues that there may be a rebirth of the novel, similar observations were made by Marcus du Sautoy who argued that technology allows for changes to books and novel-writing that are only just beginning to be explored. For Salman Rushdie, the notion of the death of the novel is one that has tended to exhibit certain First World assumptions based on imperialistic nostalgia. Death of the Novel, Andrew Marr, The Observer, May 27,2001 The Death of the Novel, Michael Bryson, The Danforth Review,2001 Is the Novel Dead
The death of the novel
–
Winslow Homer, "The New Novel", 1877
The death of the novel
–
Contents
24.
Roland Barthes
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Roland Gérard Barthes was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician. Roland Barthes was born on 12 November 1915 in the town of Cherbourg in Normandy and his father, naval officer Louis Barthes, was killed in a battle during World War I in the North Sea before Barthes first birthday. His mother, Henriette Barthes, and his aunt and grandmother raised him in the village of Urt, when Barthes was eleven, his family moved to Paris, though his attachment to his provincial roots would remain strong throughout his life. Barthes showed great promise as a student and spent the period from 1935 to 1939 at the Sorbonne and he was plagued by ill health throughout this period, suffering from tuberculosis, which often had to be treated in the isolation of sanatoria. His repeated physical breakdowns disrupted his career, affecting his studies. They also exempted him from service during World War II. His life from 1939 to 1948 was largely spent obtaining a license in grammar and philology, publishing his first papers, taking part in a medical study and he received a diplôme détudes supérieures from the University of Paris in 1941 for his work in Greek tragedy. In 1948, he returned to academic work, gaining numerous short-term positions at institutes in France, Romania. During this time, he contributed to the leftist Parisian paper Combat, out of which grew his first full-length work, in 1952, Barthes settled at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, where he studied lexicology and sociology. During his seven-year period there, he began to write a series of bi-monthly essays for the magazine Les Lettres Nouvelles. Knowing little English, Barthes taught at Middlebury College in 1957 and befriended the future English translator of much of his work, Richard Howard, that summer in New York City. Barthes spent the early 1960s exploring the fields of semiology and structuralism, chairing various faculty positions around France, many of his works challenged traditional academic views of literary criticism and of renowned figures of literature. By the late 1960s, Barthes had established a reputation for himself and he traveled to the US and Japan, delivering a presentation at Johns Hopkins University. Barthes continued to contribute with Philippe Sollers to the literary magazine Tel Quel. In 1970, Barthes produced what many consider to be his most prodigious work, throughout the 1970s, Barthes continued to develop his literary criticism, he developed new ideals of textuality and novelistic neutrality. In 1971, he served as visiting professor at the University of Geneva, in 1975 he wrote an autobiography titled Roland Barthes and in 1977 he was elected to the chair of Sémiologie Littéraire at the Collège de France. In the same year, his mother, Henriette Barthes, to whom he had been devoted, died, aged 85 and they had lived together for 60 years. The loss of the woman who had raised and cared for him was a blow to Barthes
Roland Barthes
–
Roland Gérard Barthes
25.
National Institute of Arts and Letters
–
The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
National Institute of Arts and Letters
–
Audubon Terrace, the campus that the academy shares.
National Institute of Arts and Letters
–
The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member
Adolph Alexander Weinman and are dedicated to the memory of
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and to the women writers of the United States.
26.
Brandeis University
–
Brandeis University /ˈbrændaɪs/ is an American private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts,9 miles west of Boston. Founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community, the university is named after Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish Justice of the U. S Supreme Court. In 2015, it had an enrollment of 5,532 students on its suburban campus spanning over 235 acres. The institution offers more than 43 majors and 46 minors, the university has a strong liberal arts focus and a quarter of its students come from outside the United States. Brandeis was tied for 34th among national universities in the United States in the U. S. News & World Report rankings, Forbes listed Brandeis as 36th nationally for research and 37th for entrepreneurship. Times ranks it 185th globally while USA Today ranks it among the top 10 in the country for economics, the university is also home to the Heller School, ranked as one of the top 10 policy schools in the United States. Middlesex University was a school located in Waltham, Massachusetts. The founder, Dr. John Hall Smith, died in 1944, Smiths will stipulated that the school should go to any group willing to use it to establish a non-sectarian university. Within two years, Middlesex University was on the brink of financial collapse, ruggles Smith, was desperate for a way to save something of Middlesex University. He learned of a New York committee headed by Dr. Israel Goldstein that was seeking a campus to establish a Jewish-sponsored secular university. Goldstein agreed to accept Smiths offer, proceeding to recruit George Alpert, Alpert had worked his way through Boston University School of Law and co-founded the firm of Alpert and Alpert. Alperts firm had an association with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was influential in Bostons Jewish community and his Judaism tended to be social rather than spiritual. He was involved in assisting children displaced from Germany, Alpert was to be chairman of Brandeis from 1946 to 1954, and a trustee from 1946 until his death. By February 5,1946, Goldstein had recruited Albert Einstein, Einstein believed the university would attract the best young people in all fields, satisfying a real need. In March 1946, Goldstein said the foundation had raised ten-million dollars that it would use to open the school by the following year, the foundation purchased Middlesex Universitys land and buildings for two-million dollars. The charter of this operation was transferred to the Foundation along with the campus, the founding organization was announced in August and named The Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc. The new school would be a Jewish-sponsored secular university open to students and faculty of all races and religions
Brandeis University
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Usen Castle, an iconic building on campus
Brandeis University
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Brandeis University
Brandeis University
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Chapels Pond
Brandeis University
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Ollie the Owl, Additional Spirit Mark
27.
Rockefeller Foundation
–
The Rockefeller Foundation is a private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. It was established by the six-generation Rockefeller family, the Foundation was started by Standard Oil owner John D. Rockefeller, along with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. Its stated mission is promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, as of 2015, the Foundation was ranked as the 39th largest U. S. foundation by total giving. By year-end 2008 assets were tallied at $3.1 billion from $4.6 billion in 2007, on January 5,2017, the Board of Trustees announced the unanimous selection of Dr. Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation. Shah became the youngest person, at 43, and first-ever Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation. He assumed the position March 1, succeeding Dr. Judith Rodin who served as president for twelve years and announced her retirement, at age 71. Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005, a former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first woman to head the foundation. It was in that year he gave the first $100,000 to fund the University of Chicago, over the next two decades, $35 million dollars were gifted to the institution by Rockefeller. It was also in 1906 that the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its program was limited to working women, Rockefellers would thus not be the first foundation in America, but it brought to it unprecedented international scale and scope. On May 14,1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation - two years after the Carnegie Corporation - with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment, a part of Seniors fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. On December 5, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D. C. At the beginning the foundation was global in its approach and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education. In 1913 the foundation set up the International Health Commission, the first appropriation of funds for work outside the US and its early field research on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the basic techniques to control these diseases and established the pattern of modern public health services. In 1913 it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. Also in 1914, the set up a new Department of Industrial Relations. The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, during its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by John D. Rockefeller Jr. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, John D. Rockefeller Jr. became the foundation chairman in 1917
Rockefeller Foundation
–
Original Rockefeller logo, no longer in use
Rockefeller Foundation
–
Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory Field Assistant,
Nariva Swamp,
Trinidad. 1959
28.
John Edward Williams
–
John Edward Williams was an American author, editor and professor. He was best known for his novels Stoner and Augustus, the latter won a U. S. National Book Award. Williams was raised in northeast Texas and his grandparents were farmers, his stepfather was a janitor in a post office. Despite a talent for writing and acting, Williams flunked out of a junior college after his first year. During his enlistment, he wrote a draft of his first novel, at the end of the war Williams moved to Denver, Colorado and enrolled in the University of Denver, receiving Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees. Upon completing his MA, Williams enrolled at the University of Missouri, teaching and working on his Ph. D. in English Literature, in the fall of 1955 Williams returned to the University of Denver as Assistant Professor, becoming director of the creative writing program. His second novel, Butchers Crossing depicts frontier life in 1870s Kansas and he edited and wrote the introduction for the anthology English Renaissance Poetry, A Collection of Shorter Poems from Skelton to Jonson in 1963. His second book of poems, The Necessary Lie, was issued by Verb Publications and he was the founding editor of the University of Denver Quarterly, which was first issued in 1965. He remained as editor until 1970, Williams third novel, Stoner, the fictional tale of a University of Missouri English professor, was published by Viking Press in 1965. His fourth novel, Augustus, a rendering of the violent times of Augustus Caesar in Rome and it shared the National Book Award for Fiction with Chimera by John Barth, the first time that award was split. Williams retired from the University of Denver in 1985 and died of respiratory failure in 1994, at home in Fayetteville, Arkansas, survived by his wife and descendants. A fifth novel, The Sleep of Reason, was unfinished at the time of his death, Williams loved the study of literature. In a 1985 interview he was asked, And literature is written to be entertaining, to which he replied emphatically, Absolutely. My God, to read without joy is stupid, dickstein called Stoner something rarer than a great novel — it is a perfect novel, so well told and beautifully written, so deeply moving, it takes your breath away. The clarity of the prose is in itself an unadulterated joy, steve Almond praises Stoner in The New York Times Magazine, writing, I had never encountered a work so ruthless in its devotion to human truths and so tender in its execution. G. Defeats and Victories Not Recorded in the Annals of History, Commentary Magazine
John Edward Williams
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John Williams
29.
Augustus (Williams novel)
–
Augustus is an epistolary, historical fiction by John Williams published by Viking Press in 1972. It tells the story of Augustus, emperor of Rome, from his youth through old age, the book is divided into two parts, the beginning chronicling his rise to power, the latter describing his rule thereafter, and the familial problems faced choosing a successor. Born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, the young future-emperor was adopted by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, after demonstrating promising wit, after defeating the other two triumvirs, and obtaining sole power over the Roman State, Augustus, began taking measures to secure and increase his power. As a result, Augustus gave orders to exterminate Cleopatras teenage son, allegedly commenting that, in light of such orders, Cleopatra and Marc Antony—lovers at the time—committed suicide. The later part of the novel focuses more on Augustus rule, the major theme Augustus addresses is the ability of circumstances to change the personality and behavior of a person. Other themes Williams writes on in his novel include coming of age, Augustus is the last work Williams published before his death in 1994. Though Augustus garnered little public recognition while Williams was alive, the reception of the work was generally positive. Augustus is different from Williams other works in that it is his piece in which the main character does not share his last name. In addition, it is his first novel takes place outside of the United States. Augustus was received with general positivity from critics across the country, Augustus garnered so much critical respect that it won the National Book Award in 1973. Williams and Augustus shared the 1973 U. S. National Book Award for Fiction with John Barth andChimera, both the Los Angeles Review of Books and the New York Review of Books offered positive criticism, particularly about the fusion of biography and fiction. Critics overwhelmingly praised the narrative of Augustus while critiquing the lack of time speaking Williams gives the title character, overall, most critics praised Williams for forgoing his own personal voice to relay characters that are historical with personalities Williams imagines for himself and his audience
Augustus (Williams novel)
–
First edition
30.
American Academy of Arts and Letters
–
The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 250-member honor society, its goal is to foster, assist, and sustain excellence in American literature, music, and art. The Academys galleries are open to the public on a published schedule, opened in 2014, a permanent exhibit is the recreated studio of composer Charles Ives. The auditorium is sought out by musicians wishing to live because the acoustics are considered among the worlds finest. The Academy was created in 1904 by the membership of the National Institute of Arts, the first seven academicians were elected from ballots cast by the entire membership. In 1908 poet Julia Ward Howe was elected, and thus became the first female academician, in 1976 the two groups combined under the name American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1992 members adopted the current organizational title, the oldest organization associated with the group was founded in 1865 at Boston. The American Social Science Association produced the National Institute of Arts, the qualification for membership in this body was to have made notable achievements in art, music, or literature. The membership was at first limited to 150, in 1904 the membership was increased by the Institutes introducing a two-tiered structure,50 elite members and 200 regular members. The people in the group were gradually elected over the next several years. The larger group was called the Institute, while the group was called the Academy. The strict two-tiered system persisted for 72 years, in 1976 members created an organization called the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. The combined Academy/Institute structure had a maximum of 250 living United States citizens as members, plus up to 75 foreign composers, artists and it also established the annual Witter Bynner Poetry Prize in 1980 to support the work of a young poet. The two-tiered system persisted until 1993, when it was completely abandoned, the Academy holds a Congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, which means that it is one of the comparatively rare Title 36 corporations in the United States. The 1916 statute of incorporation established this institution amongst a number of other patriotic. The federal incorporation was originally construed primarily as an honor, the special recognition neither implies nor accords Congress any special control over the Academy, which remains free to function independently. Active sponsors of Congressional action were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, the process which led to the creation of this federal charter was accompanied by controversy, and the first attempt to gain the charter in 1910 failed. Sen. Lodge re-introduced legislation which passed the Senate in 1913, the Academy was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York in 1914, which factors in decision-making which resulted in Congressional approval in 1916. The Academy occupies three buildings on the west end of the Audubon Terrace complex created by Archer M. Huntington, the heir to the Southern Pacific Railroad fortune and a noted philanthropist
American Academy of Arts and Letters
–
Audubon Terrace, the campus that the academy shares.
American Academy of Arts and Letters
–
The bronze entrance doors to the administration building on West 155th Street were designed by Academy member
Adolph Alexander Weinman and are dedicated to the memory of
Mary E. Wilkins Freeman and to the women writers of the United States.
31.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
–
Dædalus, the Academys quarterly journal, is widely regarded as one of the worlds leading intellectual journals. The Academy is headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Academy was established by the Massachusetts legislature on May 4th,1780. Its purpose, as described in its charter, is to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people. The sixty-two incorporating fellows represented varying interests and high standing in the political, professional, the first class of new members, chosen by the Academy in 1781, included Benjamin Franklin and George Washington as well as several foreign honorary members. The initial volume of Academy Memoirs appeared in 1785, and the Proceedings followed in 1846, in the 1950s the Academy launched its journal Daedalus, reflecting its commitment to a broader intellectual and socially-oriented program. The Academy has sponsored a number of awards throughout its history and its first award, established in 1796 by Benjamin Thompson, honored distinguished work on heat and light and provided support for research activities. Additional prizes recognized important contributions in the sciences, social sciences, since the second half of the twentieth century, policy research has become a central focus of the Academy. In the late 1950s, arms control emerged as a concern of the Academy. The Academy also served as the catalyst in establishing the National Humanities Center in North Carolina, in 2002, the Academy established a visiting scholars program in association with Harvard University. More than 60 academic institutions from across the country have become Affiliates of the Academy to support this program, robert Oppenheimer, Willa Cather, T. S. Eliot, Edward R. Murrow, Jonas Salk, Eudora Welty, and Duke Ellington. Astronomer Maria Mitchell was the first woman to be elected to the Academy, the current membership encompasses over 4,900 Fellows and 600 Foreign Honorary Members on the roster, including more than 250 Nobel laureates and more than 60 Pulitzer Prize winners. The current membership is divided into five classes and twenty-four sections, Class I – Mathematical and Physical Sciences Section 1. Applied Mathematics and Statistics Section 2, astronomy and Earth Science Section 5. Engineering Sciences and Technologies Section 6, computer Sciences Class II – Biological Sciences Section 1. Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology Section 2, cellular and Developmental Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Section 3. Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Section 4, evolutionary and Population Biology and Ecology Section 5. Medical Sciences, Clinical Medicine, and Public Health Class III – Social Sciences Section 1, Social and Developmental Psychology and Education Section 2. Political Science, International Relations, and Public Policy Section 4, archaeology, Anthropology, Sociology, Geography and Demography Class IV – Arts and Humanities Section 1
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
–
The House of the Academy,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
32.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
–
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, known professionally as F. Scott Fitzgerald, was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. While he achieved limited success in his lifetime, he is now regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the Lost Generation of the 1920s and he finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby, and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon, was published posthumously, Fitzgerald also wrote numerous short stories, many of which treat themes of youth and promise, and age and despair. He was also named after his sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald. Well, three months before I was born, he wrote as an adult, my mother lost her two children. I think I started then to be a writer and his mother was Mary Molly McQuillan Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business. Fitzgerald was the first cousin once removed of Mary Surratt, hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, Edward Fitzgerald had earlier worked as a wicker furniture salesman, he joined Procter & Gamble when the business failed. His parents, both Catholic, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent and then Nardin Academy and his formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence with a keen early interest in literature. His doting mother ensured that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing and her inheritance and donations from an aunt allowed the family to live a comfortable lifestyle. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half. In 1908, his father was fired from Procter & Gamble, and the returned to Minnesota. When he was 13, he saw his first piece of writing appear in print—a detective story published in the school newspaper. In 1911, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Newman School, Fitzgerald played on the 1912 Newman football team. At Newman, he met Father Sigourney Fay, who noticed his incipient talent with the written word, after graduating from the Newman School in 1913, Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue his artistic development at Princeton University. He tried out for the football team, but was cut the first day of practice. He firmly dedicated himself at Princeton to honing his craft as a writer and he wrote for the Princeton Triangle Club, the Nassau Lit, and the Princeton Tiger. He also was involved in the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which ran the Nassau Lit and his absorption in the Triangle—a kind of musical-comedy society—led to his submission of a novel to Charles Scribners Sons where the editor praised the writing but ultimately rejected the book
F. Scott Fitzgerald
–
Photograph of F. Scott Fitzgerald c. 1921, appearing in "The World's Work" (June 1921 issue)
F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Zelda Sayre in 1917
F. Scott Fitzgerald
–
Cover of the first volume in the series
33.
Enoch Pratt
–
Enoch Pratt was an American businessman in Baltimore, Maryland. Pratt was also a committed active Unitarian, and a philanthropist, born and raised in Massachusetts, he moved south to the Chesapeake Bay area and became devoted to the civic interests of the city of Baltimore. Born in Middleborough, Massachusetts, Enoch Pratt was the second of eight born to Isaac. A successful businessman, Isaac Pratt managed several businesses, including a sawmill, general store, the young Enoch was educated at the former Bridgewater Academy in the neighboring town of Bridgewater, Massachusettss Town Common. After graduating, at the age of 15, Enoch Pratt began his first job in business as a clerk in a Boston hardware. In 1831, Pratt moved to Baltimore with $150 to launch his own wholesale iron hardware business, Enoch Pratt & Brothers at 23-25 South Charles Street, between East Baltimore and German Streets. The business proved successful, and six years later, Pratt married Maria Louisa Hyde, the daughter of Samuel G. and Catherine Hyde and their marriage was happy, but they were unable to have children. He also served as president of the National Farmers’ and Planters’ Bank of Baltimore, in 1851, Pratt and his partner invested in western Maryland coal mines and iron yards in the expanding and developing industrial and commercial Baltimore neighborhood of Canton. They made their own merchandise, thereby ending their dependence on northern manufacturers, from 1860 until his death in 1896, he was the president of the National Farmers and Planters Bank of Baltimore. Pratt also became president of the Baltimore Clearing House and the Maryland Bankers Association and he was also a director for three other railroads, including the famous Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He was a contemporary and associate of philanthropist Thomas Kelso, founder and endower of the Kelso Home and they served together on the board of the P. W. & B. He paid off several of the large debts, bought a new organ. Pratt gave much of his time and wealth to Baltimore’s cultural, a decade later, nine years after his death, the east wing of the Institute with its noted gallery of cast-iron balconies for the book stacks, ceiling skylight and impressive architecture by Edmund G. In 1865, he donated a school and public library. Pratt is best known for his establishment of the Enoch Pratt Free Library in Baltimore, Pratt was impressed by the trustees frugal handling of the original founders - Moses Sheppard, endowment from 1857. “They are the only Board of Trustees in Baltimore, ” said Pratt, Paul Street and East Saratoga Street, across from and down the hill from Old St. Pauls Episcopal Church on North Charles Street. Later facing the first urban plan of downtown Baltimore when five square blocks along St. Paul Streets. Today the site is occupied by a glass skyscraper from the mid-1950s for the Commercial Credit Corporation and it was an important cultural and literary site of Baltimore as the previous place before Cathedral and West Mulberry Streets where citizens went to get books or do research for seventy years
Enoch Pratt
–
Enoch Pratt
Enoch Pratt
–
The interior of the
Enoch Pratt Free Library
34.
LETTERS
–
LETTERS is an epistolary novel by the American writer John Barth, published in 1979. It consists of a series of letters in which Barth and the characters of his other books interact, in addition to the Author and Germaine Pitt, the correspondents are, Todd Andrews, Jacob Horner, A. B. Cook, Jerome Bray and Ambrose Mensch. The book is subtitled An old time epistolary novel by seven fictitious drolls & dreamers each of which imagines himself factual, in addition, the marked dates spell out the word LETTERS. The Paradigmatic Mind, John Barths LETTERS, twentieth Century Literature, Vol.33, No.1
LETTERS
–
First edition
35.
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
–
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor is a novel by American writer John Barth, published in 1991. It is a metafictional story of a man who jumps overboard a modern replica of a medieval Arab ship and is rescued by sailors from the world of Sinbad the Sailor. Eventually he makes his way to Baghdad, the City of Peace, the novel makes use of a challenging double-stranded narrative and a rich prose style. Romance Realism, Montage, Textualites of The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor, John Barth And Postmodernism, Spatiality, Travel, Montage
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
–
First edition
36.
Every Third Thought
–
Every Third Thought, A Novel in Five Seasons is a novel by American writer John Barth, published in 2011. The book is narrated by retired creative writing professor George Newett, the couple are living in a cramped rental while deciding what to do after the destruction of their Heron Bay Estates home, as depicted in Barths previous book, The Development. As the book opens, the two are planning a trip to Shakespeares birthplace, the novels title is taken from the final scene of Shakespeares final play, The Tempest. At the end of a speech in which he promises to renounce magic, Prospero says, And thence retire me to my Milan, the line is about considering ones mortality near lifes end, and Barths title invokes this theme
Every Third Thought
–
First edition
37.
Peter Lang (publisher)
–
Peter Lang is an academic publisher specializing in the humanities and social sciences. It has its headquarters in Pieterlen and Bern, Switzerland, with offices in Brussels, Frankfurt am Main, New York City, Dublin, Oxford, Vienna, and Warsaw. Peter Lang publishes over 1,800 academic titles annually, both in print and digital formats, with a backlist of over 55,000 books and it has its complete online journals collection available on Ingentaconnect and distributes its digital textbooks globally through Kortext. Peter Lang publishes monographs, edited volumes and doctoral dissertations, in the SENSE ranking of academic publishers it is categorized as a level C publisher. The company specializes in the following subject areas, The company was founded in Frankfurt am Main in 1970 by Swiss editor Peter Lang. It started as a publisher specialising in PhD theses and similar academic works
Peter Lang (publisher)
–
Peter Lang
38.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
39.
Peter Lang Publishing
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Peter Lang is an academic publisher specializing in the humanities and social sciences. It has its headquarters in Pieterlen and Bern, Switzerland, with offices in Brussels, Frankfurt am Main, New York City, Dublin, Oxford, Vienna, and Warsaw. Peter Lang publishes over 1,800 academic titles annually, both in print and digital formats, with a backlist of over 55,000 books and it has its complete online journals collection available on Ingentaconnect and distributes its digital textbooks globally through Kortext. Peter Lang publishes monographs, edited volumes and doctoral dissertations, in the SENSE ranking of academic publishers it is categorized as a level C publisher. The company specializes in the following subject areas, The company was founded in Frankfurt am Main in 1970 by Swiss editor Peter Lang. It started as a publisher specialising in PhD theses and similar academic works
Peter Lang Publishing
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Peter Lang
40.
End of the Road (1970 film)
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End of the Road is a 1970 film directed, co-written, and edited by Aram Avakian and adapted from a 1958 novel by John Barth, and stars Stacy Keach, James Earl Jones and Harris Yulin. The film was given an X rating for an abortion scene, the film won the Golden Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival. A nine-page Life Magazine article was published on Aram Avakian and End of the Road on November 7,1969, Avakian was also interviewed at length in Playboy and Esquire. End of the Road is a ground-breaking early indie picture, many of the cast and crew went on to distinguished careers. The film gained a following at art movie houses across the U. S. where audiences would speak aloud the lines while they watched the midnight screenings. In 2012 it was released again from a new original print struck from a pristine negative by Warner Brothers. The director Steven Soderbergh rediscovered the film, spearheaded its revival, after a catatonic episode on a railway station platform, Jacob Horner is taken to The Farm, a bizarre insane asylum run by Doctor D. After being cured, Jacob takes a job as an English lecturer and begins an affair with Rennie
End of the Road (1970 film)
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End of the Road
41.
The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)
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The Man with the Golden Arm is a novel by Nelson Algren, published by Doubleday in November 1949. One of the novels of post-World War II American letters. It won the National Book Award in 1950, the novel details the trials and hardships of illicit card dealer Frankie Machine, along with an assortment of colorful characters, on Chicagos Near Northwest Side. A veteran of World War II, Frankie struggles to stabilize his personal life while trying to make ends meet, much of the story takes place during the immediate postwar period along Division Street and Milwaukee Avenue in the old Polish Downtown. The events of the novel take place between 1946 and 1948, primarily on the Near Northwest Side of Chicago, the title character is Francis Majcinek, known as Frankie Machine, a young man who is a gifted card dealer and an amateur drummer. While serving in World War II, Frankie is treated for shrapnel in his liver and he develops an addiction to the drug, although initially in the story he believes he can control his habit. Frankie lives in an apartment on Division Street with his wife. Sophie has been using a wheelchair since an accident caused by Frankie. She spends most of her looking out the window and watching the nearby elevated rail line. She takes out her frustrations by fighting with her husband, the turmoil in their relationship only spurs on his addiction. He works nights dealing in backroom card games operated by Zero Schwiefka and he aspires to join the Musicians Union and work with jazz drummer Gene Krupa, but this dream never materializes. Often referring to his drug habit as the monkey on his back, Frankie initially tries to keep Sparrow. He sends Sparrow away whenever he visits Nifty Louie Fomorowski, his supplier, one night, while fighting in a back stairwell, Frankie inadvertently kills Nifty Louie. He and Sparrow attempt to cover up his role in the murder, meanwhile, Frankie begins an affair with a childhood friend, Molly-O Novotny, after her abusive husband is arrested. Molly helps Frankie fight his addiction, but they become separated when Frankie is imprisoned for shoplifting. Without Molly, he begins using drugs again when he is released, Nifty Louie owed money to politically connected men, and finding his killer becomes a priority for the police department. Sparrow is held for questioning by the police, and he is moved from station to station to circumvent Habeas corpus requirements, eventually he breaks down and reveals what he knows, and Frankie is forced to flee. While on the run, Frankie manages to find Molly at a club near Lake Street
The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)
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First edition
42.
Nelson Algren
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Nelson Algren was an American writer. He may be best known for The Man with the Golden Arm, according to Harold Augenbraum, in the late 1940s and early 1950s he was one of the best known literary writers in America. The lover of French writer Simone de Beauvoir, he was featured in her novel The Mandarins, set in Paris and he is considered a bard of the down-and-outer, based on this book and his novel A Walk on the Wild Side. The latter was adapted as a play of the same name, Algren was born Nelson Ahlgren Abraham in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Goldie and Gerson Abraham. At the age of three, he moved with his parents to Chicago, Illinois, where lived in a working-class. His father was the son of a Swedish convert to Judaism, when he was young, Algrens family lived at 7139 S. South Park Avenue in the Greater Grand Crossing section of the South Side, when he was eight, his family moved from the far South Side to an apartment at 4834 N. Troy Street, in the North Side neighborhood of Albany Park. His father worked as an auto mechanic nearby on North Kedzie Avenue and they were fans of the North Side Chicago Cubs. This teasing increased when White Sox players were implicated in the 1920 Black Sox Scandal, despite living most of his life on the North Side, Algren never changed his affiliation and remained a White Sox fan. During his time at the University of Illinois, he wrote for the Daily Illini student newspaper, Algren wrote his first story, So Help Me, in 1933, while he was in Texas working at a gas station. Before returning to Chicago, he was stealing a typewriter from an empty classroom at Sul Ross State University in Alpine. He boarded a train for his getaway but was apprehended and returned to Alpine and he was held in jail for nearly five months and faced a possible additional three years in prison. He was released, but the incident made an impression on him. It deepened his identification with outsiders, has-beens, and the failures who later populated his fictional world. In 1935 Algren won the first of his three O. Henry Awards for his story, The Brothers House. The story was first published in Story Magazine and was reprinted in an anthology of O. Henry Award winners and his first novel, Somebody in Boots, was published in 1935. Algren later dismissed the book as primitive and politically naive, claiming he infused it with Marxist ideas he little understood, the book was not a success and went out of print. Algren later said that was for the best, after he reworked the material into his 1956 novel A Walk on the Wild Side and his second novel, Never Come Morning, portrayed the dead-end life of a doomed young Polish-American criminal
Nelson Algren
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Nelson Algren, 1956
Nelson Algren
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Dunes cottage where Algren and de Beauvoir summered in
Miller Beach, Indiana.
43.
William Faulkner
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William Cuthbert Faulkner was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and he is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally, two of his works, A Fable and his last novel The Reivers, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Absalom, Absalom. is often included on similar lists, Faulkner was born William Cuthbert Falkner in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler. He had three brothers, Murry Charles Jack Falkner, author John Faulkner, and Dean Swift Falkner. Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had little confidence in Murrys ability to run a business and sold it for $75,000. Following the sale of the business, Murry became disappointed and planned a new start for his family by moving to Texas. Maud, however, disagreed with this proposition, and it was decided that they would move to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murrys father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work. Thus, four days prior to Williams fifth birthday on September 21,1902, the Falkner family settled in Oxford and his family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Callie Barr crucially influenced the development of Faulkners artistic imagination. Both his mother and grandmother were avid readers and also painters and photographers, while Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before sending them to school and exposed them to classics such as Charles Dickens. Faulkners lifelong education by Callie Barr is central to his novels preoccupations with the politics of sexuality, as a schoolchild, Faulkner had much success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and continued doing well through the third, however, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Faulkner became a much more quiet and withdrawn child. He began to play hooky occasionally and became indifferent to his schoolwork. The decline of his performance in school continued, and Faulkner wound up repeating the eleventh, and then final grade, Faulkner also spent much of his boyhood listening to stories told to him by his elders. These included war stories shared by the old men of Oxford and stories told by Barr of the Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Faulkners grandfather would tell him of the exploits of Williams great-grandfather, after whom he was named, William Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer. Telling stories about William Clark Falkner, whom the family called Old Colonel, had become something of a family pastime when Faulkner was a boy
William Faulkner
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Faulkner in 1954
William Faulkner
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William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
44.
From Here to Eternity (novel)
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From Here to Eternity is the debut novel of American author James Jones, published by Scribners in 1951. Set in 1941, the focuses on several members of a U. S. Army infantry company stationed in Hawaii in the months leading up to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It is loosely based on Jones experiences in the pre-World War II Hawaiian Divisions 27th Infantry, from Here to Eternity won the National Book Award and was named one of the 100 Best Novels of the 20th century by the Modern Library Board. In February 1941, Private Robert E. Lee Prewitt, nicknamed Prew, reports to his new posting at G Company, Prew is a career soldier with six years service, an excellent bugler, and a former boxer. G Companys commanding officer is Captain Dana Dynamite Holmes, the boxing coach. Holmes thinks that winning a boxing championship will greatly help his chances for promotion and concentrates on building a strong team, however, Prew swore off boxing after accidentally blinding his sparring partner and even transferred out of a past regiment to get away from boxing. Prew refuses to box for Holmes team, resulting in his being given The Treatment by his platoon guide Sergeant Galovitch, despite the abuse, Prew stubbornly refuses to change his mind about boxing. Warden is both efficient at his job and understanding with the men under him and he comes to respect Prew, and at one point even stays out late getting drunk with him and then makes sure he gets home safely without being disciplined. Warden has also heard that Holmes beautiful wife, Karen, has slept with a number of men in his unit. Warden finds out that Karens promiscuous behavior is due to her husbands cheating and giving her gonorrhea a few years after their marriage, forcing her to have a hysterectomy as part of the cure. Karen and Warden fall passionately in love, and Warden continues to see her in secret despite the risk to his career, Holmes realizes that his wife is having an affair but does not suspect that it is with Warden. Over time, the strain of keeping the relationship also begins to put a damper on their feelings. Prew befriends a new recruit, Private Angelo Maggio, whose temper. Returning from a night on the town, Prew and Maggio encounter military policemen. As a result, Maggio is sentenced to a term in the stockade, at a local brothel catering to servicemen, Prew meets a beautiful prostitute, Lorene, whose real name turns out to be Alma Schmidt. Over time, she and Prew fall in love, but she refuses to him because she does not think he is respectable enough. Just before the companys big boxing match, Prew gets into a fight with Private First Class Isaac Bloom, one of the boxers, however, Bloom boxes and wins his match with a quick knockout. Later, Sergeant Galovitch attacks Prew with a knife while Prew is unarmed, Prew knocks out Sergeant Galovitch but refuses to testify that Galovitch had a knife, as a result, Prew is sentenced to three months in the Stockade
From Here to Eternity (novel)
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First edition
45.
James Jones (author)
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James Jones was an American novelist known for his explorations of World War II and its aftermath. He won the 1952 National Book Award for his first published novel, From Here to Eternity, James Ramon Jones was born and raised in Robinson, Illinois, the son of Ramon and Ada M. Jones. He returned to the US and was discharged in July 1944 and he also worked as a journalist covering the Vietnam War. His wartime experiences inspired some of his most famous works, the war trilogy. He witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to his first published novel, From Here to Eternity. The Thin Red Line reflected his experiences on Guadalcanal and Whistle was based on his hospital stay in Memphis, Tennessee. Jones was the father of two children including Kaylie Jones, an author best known for A Soldiers Daughter Never Cries, Kaylie Jones novel was made into a film starring Kris Kristofferson, Barbara Hershey and Leelee Sobieski in 1998. In 2011, Ms. Jones was instrumental in publishing an edition of James Jones From Here to Eternity. Jones assisted in the 1950 formation of the Handy Writers Colony in Marshall, Illinois, by his then-lover Lowney Handy and it was funded partly by Harry and, after the financial success of From Here To Eternity, partly by Jones. Jones died in Southampton, New York, of heart failure and is buried in Poxabogue-Evergreen Cemetery, Bridgehampton. His papers are now held at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin and his widow, Gloria, died on June 9,2006. Many of James Joness books are available in digital format including excerpts from They Shall Inherit the Laughter. Jones called his first novel They Shall Inherit the Laughter and it was a thinly disguised autobiographical novel of his experiences in Robinson immediately after World War II. After several rejections—with various complaints and claims about the work being too shrill and lacking perspective—he abandoned it, charles Scribners Sons published Eternity in 1951, and it won the annual U. S. National Book Award for Fiction. The Modern Library Board later named it one of the 100 best novels of the 20th century and his second published novel, Some Came Running, had its roots in the abandoned first effort. In contrast to Eternity, it was savaged by critics, Some Came Running was immediately adapted as a film starring Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Shirley MacLaine, which was critically acclaimed and nominated for several Oscars. His novella The Pistol was drawn from his experience, not unlike From Here to Eternity. Jones did not live enough to finish his last novel, Whistle
James Jones (author)
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James Jones
46.
Invisible Man
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Invisible Man is a novel by Ralph Ellison about an African American man whose color renders him invisible, published by Random House in 1952. Washington, as well as issues of individuality and personal identity, Invisible Man won the U. S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1953. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Invisible Man nineteenth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century, malcolm Bradbury and Richard Ruland recognize an existential vision with a Kafka-like absurdity. According to The New York Times, U. S. president Barack Obama modeled his memoir Dreams from My Father on Ellisons novel. In a letter to Wright August 18,1945, Ellison poured out his anger toward party leaders for betraying African American, if they want to play ball with the bourgeoisie they neednt think they can get away with it. Maybe we cant smash the atom, but we can, with a few well chosen, well written words, in the wake of this disillusion, Ellison began writing Invisible Man, a novel that was, in part, his response to the partys betrayal. The book took five years to complete one year off for what Ellison termed an ill-conceived short novel. Invisible Man was published as a whole in 1952, in his speech accepting the 1953 National Book Award, Ellison said that he considered the novels chief significance to be its experimental attitude. What Ellison finally settled on was a style based heavily upon modern symbolism and it was the kind of symbolism that Ellison first encountered in the poem, The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. When asked later what he had learned from the poem, Ellison responded, imagery, Ellison always believed that he would be a musician first and a writer second, and yet even so he had acknowledged that writing provided him a growing satisfaction. It was a process, according to Ellison, a refusal of his right hand to let his left hand know what it was doing. Invisible Man is narrated in the first person by the protagonist, Ellison conceived his narrator as a spokesman for African Americans of the time, So my task was one of revealing the human universals hidden within the plight of one who was both black and American. Ellison struggled to find a style appropriate to his vision, to this end, he modeled his narrator after the nameless narrator of Dostoevskys Notes From Underground, which similarly applies irony and paradox toward far-reaching social criticism. Ellison biographer Arnold Rampersad, however, feels that the character of the narrator no one else in previous fiction so much as he resembles Ishmael of Moby-Dick. And the congregation answers, That blackness is most black, brother, the story is told from the narrators present, looking back into his past. Thus, the narrator has hindsight in how his story is told, in this secret place, the narrator creates surroundings that are symbolically illuminated with 1,369 lights from the electric company Monopolated Light & Power. He says, My hole is warm and full of light, I doubt if there is a brighter spot in all New York than this hole of mine, and I do not exclude Broadway. The protagonist explains that light is a necessity for him since the truth is the light and light is the truth
Invisible Man
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First edition (
Random House, 1952)
