John Crawfurd was a Scottish physician, British colonial administrator, diplomat and writer who served as the second and last resident of Singapore.
Crawfurd in the 1850s
Opening pages from the Qur'an manuscript acquired by Crawfurd during his residency in Yogyakarta, which today is part of the British Library collection
The kraton in Yogyakarta, a gate in a photograph from the early 20th century. The palace was made up of pendopo surrounded by a whitewashed wall.
Javanese signs for the five days of the week, engraving by William Home Lizars from Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipelago
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles was a British colonial official who served as the governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824
John Crawfurd
…campaigns of Baron Lake. Crawfurd was sent in 1808 to Penang, where he applied himself to the study of the Malay language and culture. In Penang, he met Stamford Raffles for the first time. In 1811, Crawfurd accompanied Raffles on Lord Minto's Java Invasion, which overcame the Dutch. Raffles was appointed Lieutenant-Governor…
Portrait of Stamford Raffles by George Francis Joseph, c. 1817
The memorial to Olivia Mariamne Raffles, Raffles's first wife, erected by him along the Kanarielaan in the National Botanical Gardens (now the Bogor Botanical Gardens). Raffles re-landscaped these gardens, which were established in 1744 in Buitenzorg (now Bogor), West Java.
Territory of Bencoolen (pink)