1.
Guelph
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Guelph is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Known as The Royal City, Guelph is roughly 28 kilometres east of Waterloo and 100 kilometres west of Downtown Toronto, at the intersection of Highway 6 and it is the seat of Wellington County, but is politically independent of it. The population in 2016 was 131,794, the current Guelph began as a settlement in the 1820s, started by John Galt, originally from Scotland, the first Superintendent of the Canada Company. He who based the headquarters, and his home, in the community, the area - much of what became Wellington County - had previously been part of the Halton Block, a Crown Reserve for the Six Nations Iroquois. Galt would later be considered as the founder of Guelph, because of its low crime rates, clean environment and generally high standard of living, Guelph is consistently rated as one of Canadas best places to live. Guelph has been noted as having one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country throughout the Great Recession, for many years, the city ranked at the bottom of Canadas crime severity list. Even after an increase, it had the second lowest crime rate in Canada in 2014, at 43. Before colonization, the area was considered by the indigenous communities to be a neutral zone. On selected dates, members from these communities would meet and trade goods by the Speed River. The street plan was out in a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown. John Galt of the Canada Company established Guelph in 1827 to serve as the headquarters during the development of the Huron Tract. In later years, the town came into its own as a prosperous railway, Guelph was founded by the symbolic felling of a tree on St. Georges Day, April 23,1827, the feast day of the patron saint of England. The directors of the Canada Company had actually wanted the city to be named Goderich, the building later became the first CPR station in the city. A historical plaque commemorates his role with the Canada Company in populating Upper Canadas Huron Tract, in addition to many tradesmen, the community had 15 stores, seven taverns, and some industry, tanneries, breweries, distilleries and a starch factory. The Post Office was receiving mail daily, Guelph was incorporated as a city in 1879. Despite optimism, the growth was very slow until the Grand Trunk Railroad reached it from Toronto in 1856, in that year. A few years later, George Sleeman Sr, the Canadian Communist Party began as an illegal organization in a rural barn near the town of Guelph, Ontario, on May 28 and 29,1921. Guelph was the home of North Americas first cable TV system, fredrick T. Metcalf created MacLean Hunter Television and their first broadcast was Queen Elizabeths Coronation in 1953
2.
Boulogne-sur-Mer
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Boulogne-sur-Mer, often called Boulogne, is a city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais, Boulogne lies on the Côte dOpale, a tourist coast on the English Channel, and is the most-visited location in its region after the Lille conurbation. Boulogne is its departments second-largest city after Calais, and the 60th largest in France and it is also the countrys largest fishing port, specialising in herring. Boulogne was the major Roman port for trade and communication with Britain, the citys 12th-century belfry is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, while another popular attraction is the marine conservation centre Nausicaa. The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia, which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy, both places—and Vindobona —are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with bona possibly meaning foundation, citadel, or granary. The French epithet sur-Mer distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris, in turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, Our Lady of Boulogne. Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel, Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the Boulonnais territory. The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez, the hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural. Boulogne is close to the A16 motorway, metropolitan bus services are operated by Marinéo. The company Flixbus propose a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne, there are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque. The city has railway stations, which the most important is Boulogne-Ville station, boulogne-Tintelleries station is used for regional transit. It is located near the university and the city centre, the former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection for the railway. Boulogne currently has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010. The city is divided into parts, City centre, groups historic and administrative buildings. Fortified town, old-town where are a lot of monuments and also the city hall. It is surrounded by 13th-century ramparts very appreciated today by walkers, gambetta-Sainte-Beuve, tourist area situated in the northwest of the city, on the edge of the beach and the recreational harbour. Capécure, economic and industrial area, situated in the west of the city, saint-Pierre, former neighborhood of the fishermen, destroyed during the World War II and reconstructed after. Chemin Vert, zone borned in the 1950s, knowing today poverty and it is the neighborhood of Franck Ribéry
3.
In Flanders Fields
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In Flanders Fields is a war poem in the form of a rondeau, written during the First World War by Canadian physician Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. He was inspired to write it on May 3,1915, after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, according to legend, fellow soldiers retrieved the poem after McCrae, initially dissatisfied with his work, discarded it. In Flanders Fields was first published on December 8 of that year in the London-based magazine Punch and it is one of the most popular and most quoted poems from the war. As a result of its popularity, parts of the poem were used in propaganda efforts and appeals to recruit soldiers. The poem and poppy are prominent Remembrance Day symbols throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, particularly in Canada, the poem also has wide exposure in the United States, where it is associated with Memorial Day. John McCrae was a poet and physician from Guelph, Ontario and he developed an interest in poetry at a young age and wrote throughout his life. His earliest works were published in the mid-1890s in Canadian magazines, McCraes poetry often focused on death and the peace that followed. At the age of 41, McCrae enrolled with the Canadian Expeditionary Force following the outbreak of the First World War. He had the option of joining the corps because of his training and age. It was his tour of duty in the Canadian military. He had previously fought with a force in the Second Boer War. He considered himself a soldier first, his father was a leader in Guelph and McCrae grew up believing in the duty of fighting for his country. McCrae fought in the battle of Ypres in the Flanders region of Belgium where the German army launched one of the first chemical attacks in the history of war. They attacked the Canadian position with chlorine gas on April 22,1915, but were unable to break through the Canadian line, which held for over two weeks. In a letter written to his mother, McCrae described the battle as a nightmare, For seventeen days and seventeen nights none of us have had our clothes off, nor our boots even, except occasionally. In all that time while I was awake, gunfire and rifle fire never ceased for sixty seconds, and behind it all was the constant background of the sights of the dead, the wounded, the maimed, and a terrible anxiety lest the line should give way. Alexis Helmer, a friend, was killed during the battle on May 2. McCrae performed the service himself, at which time he noted how poppies quickly grew around the graves of those who died at Ypres
4.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
5.
Second Battle of Ypres
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It was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front. For the first time, a colonial force defeated a European power on European soil. The eastern part of the salient was defended by one Canadian, the II Corps and V Corps of the Second Army comprised the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Divisions and the 4th, 27th, 28th, Northumbrian, Lahore and 1st Canadian Divisions. Although poison gas had been used before, at the Battle of Bolimów three months earlier, the gas had liquified in the cold and become inert, German troops carried 5,730 gas cylinders, weighing 90 pounds each, to the front by hand. The cylinders, opened by hand, relied on the wind to carry the gas towards enemy lines. Because of this method of dispersal, a number of German soldiers were injured or killed while carrying out the attack. The French troops in the path of the gas cloud sustained about 6,000 casualties, many died within ten minutes, and many more were blinded. Chlorine gas forms hypochlorous acid when combined with water, destroying moist tissue such as the lungs, the chlorine gas, denser than air, quickly filled the trenches and forced the troops out into heavy enemy fire. Although many French troops ran for their lives, others stood their ground, the German High Command had not foreseen the effectiveness of the new weapon and all available troops had been transferred to Russia, leaving few reserves in the west. General von Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff, had ordered the attack as an effort by the German 4th Army. German troops advanced at 5,00 p. m. but dusk, apprehension about the effect of the gas, Canadian troops defended the flank of the break-in by urinating into cloth and holding them to their faces to counter the effects of the gas. At Kitcheners Wood, the 10th Battalion of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack in the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after 11,00 p. m. on 22 April, both battalions attacked with over 800 men, in waves of two companies each, at 11,46 p. m. Without reconnaissance, the battalions ran into obstacles halfway to their objective, engaged in fire from the wood. The attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at a 75-percent casualty rate, the village of St. Julien was in the rear of the 1st Canadian Division until the poison-gas attack of 22 April, when it became the front line. Julien into the rear of the Canadian front line and he was killed the following day. On the morning of 24 April, the Germans released another gas cloud towards the re-formed Canadian line just west of St. Julien, word was passed to the troops to urinate on their handkerchiefs and place them over their nose and mouth. The countermeasures were insufficient, and German troops took the village, the next day the York and Durham Brigade units of the Northumberland Division counter-attacked, failing to secure their objectives but establishing a new line closer to the village
6.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
7.
Kirkcudbrightshire
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For local government purposes, it forms part of the wider Dumfries and Galloway council area of which it forms a committee area under the name of the Stewartry. The county is referred to as East Galloway, forming the larger Galloway region with Wigtownshire. It included the islands of Hestan and Little Ross. It maintains a regional and distinct political identity. It formed a district in the Dumfries and Galloway region and today the Stewarty is a committee represented by eight councillors. Local administration of the area today is overseen by a Stewartry Area Manager, the current Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright, the Crowns representative in the area, is Lt Col Sir Malcolm Ross. The country west of the Nith was originally peopled by a tribe of Celts called Novantae, there was a Roman temporary marching camp at Shawhead, Irongray Parish. After the retreat of the Romans, the fate of the Novantae is unknown, by the 7th century, much of Galloway became part of the English kingdom of Northumbria. During the next two hundred years the country had no rest from Danish and Saxon incursions and the lawlessness of the Scandinavian rovers. When Malcolm Canmore defeated and slew Macbeth in 1057 he married the kings relative Ingibiorg, a Pictish princess. By the close of the 11th century the boundary between England and Scotland was roughly delimited on what became permanent lines, the feudal system ultimately destroyed the power of the Galloway chiefs, who resisted the innovation to the last. In 1308 the district was cleared of the English and brought under allegiance to the king, later in the 14th century Galloway espoused the cause of Edward Baliol, who surrendered several counties, including Kirkcudbright, to Edward III of England. In 1372 Archibald the Grim, a son of Sir James Douglas the Good, became Lord of Galloway. He appointed a steward to collect his revenues and administer justice, the famous cannon Mons Meg, now in Edinburgh Castle, is said, apparently on limited evidence, to have been constructed in order to aid James III in this siege. After the Battle of Solway Moss the shires of Kirkcudbright and Dumfries fell under English rule for a short period, mcCulloch and Gordon families were of Cardoness Castle, Anwoth Parish and Rev. Rutherford was minister of Anwoth. After the union things mended slowly but surely, curious evidence of growing commercial prosperity being the extent to which smuggling was carried on. No coast could serve the free traders better than the shores of Kirkcudbright, the Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 elicited small sympathy from the inhabitants of the shire. In the 1760s a military road was constructed from Bridge of Sark, the north-western part of the former county is rugged, wild and desolate
8.
William Osler
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Sir William Osler, 1st Baronet, FRS, FRCP was a Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital. Osler created the first residency program for specialty training of physicians and he has frequently been described as the Father of Modern Medicine and one of the greatest diagnosticians ever to wield a stethoscope. Osler was a person of many interests, who in addition to being a physician, was a bibliophile, historian, author, Williams great-grandfather, Edward Osler, was variously described as either a merchant seaman or a pirate. One of Williams uncles, a officer in the Royal Navy, wrote the Life of Lord Exmouth. William Oslers father, Featherstone Lake Osler, the son of a shipowner at Falmouth, in 1831 Featherstone Osler was invited to serve on HMS Beagle as the science officer on Charles Darwins historic voyage to the Galápagos Islands, but he turned it down because his father was dying. In 1833, Featherstone Osler announced he wanted to become a minister of the Church of England, as a teenager, Featherstone Osler was aboard HMS Sappho when it was nearly destroyed by Atlantic storms and left adrift for weeks. Serving in the Navy, he was shipwrecked off Barbados, in 1837 Featherstone Osler officially retired from the Navy and emigrated to Canada, becoming a saddle-bag minister in rural Upper Canada. When Featherstone Osler and his bride, Ellen Free Picton, arrived in Canada, the Oslers had several children, including William, Britton Bath Osler, and Sir Edmund Boyd Osler. William Osler was born in Bond Head, Canada West on July 12,1849 and his mother, who was very religious, prayed that Osler would consecrate to Gods service and, in 1867, her son announced he would follow his fathers footsteps into the ministry. He was educated at Trinity College School and entered Trinity College, in 1868, Osler enrolled in the Toronto School of Medicine, a privately owned institution, not part of the Medical Faculty of the University of Toronto. Osler lived with Bovell for a time, and through Johnson, he was introduced to the writings of Sir Thomas Browne, his Religio Medici, caused a deep impression on him. Osler left the Toronto School of Medicine after being accepted to the MDCM program at McGill University Faculty of Medicine in Montreal, following post-graduate training in Europe, Osler returned to the McGill University Faculty of Medicine as a professor in 1874. Here he created the first formal journal club, when he left Philadelphia in 1889, his farewell address. Aequanimitas, was on the equanimity necessary for physicians, in 1889, he accepted the position as the first Physician-in-Chief of the new Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. Shortly afterwards, in 1893, Osler was instrumental in the creation of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Osler quickly increased his reputation as a clinician, humanitarian, and teacher. He presided over a rapidly expanding domain, in the hospitals first year of operation, when it had 220 beds,788 patients were seen for a total of over 15,000 days of treatment. Sixteen years later, when Osler left for Oxford, over 4,200 patients were seen for a total of nearly 110,000 days of treatment, in 1905, he was appointed to the Regius Chair of Medicine at Oxford, which he held until his death. He was also a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1911, he initiated the Postgraduate Medical Association, of which he was the first President
9.
Royal Military College of Canada
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The Royal Military College of Canada, commonly abbreviated as RMCC or RMC, is the military college of the Canadian Armed Forces, and is a degree-granting university training military officers. RMC was established in 1876 and is the only institution in Canada with degree-granting powers. The Royal Military College of Canada Degrees Act,1959 empowers the college to confer degrees in arts, science, programs are offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels both on campus as well as through the Colleges distance learning programme via the Division of Continuing Studies. Located on Point Frederick, a 41-hectare peninsula in Kingston, Ontario, the college is a blend of older, historic buildings, as well as more academic, athletic. Officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada are trained in what are known as the four pillars of academics, officership, athletics, and bilingualism. RMC provides programs and courses of education and professional development to meet the needs of the Canadian Armed Forces. Those able to gain admission to this institution will belong to a community of peers that encourages alumni prosperity. For most students under the ROTP, education is free and a salary is paid which meets incidentals. The courses are offered both on site and by learning in both official languages, English and French. After graduation, Officers are to two months of service for each subsidized month of education. RMC offers 19 undergraduate programs in Arts, Science and Engineering, RMC offers 34 graduate studies opportunities, including 14 doctorates. All undergraduate students are required to complete the curriculum, which is designed to provide a balanced liberal arts, science. The Core Curriculum consists of Economics, Psychology, Mathematics, English, Calculus, Military history of Canada, Chemistry, Canadian History, Engineering and Management was offered, 1972–1995. Engineering Physics was offered 1975–1995 and Fuels and Materials Engineering were offered 1982–1991, engineers provide support to deployed operations and domestic installations. RMC was the first college in Canada to train engineers, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics and Space Science are offered by the Faculty of Science. The science programs are relevant to occupations in both the Canadian Armed Forces and the civilian sector, students pursuing a Bachelor of Arts gain practical communication and critical thinking skills as well as specialized, hands-on experience in their chosen field. English, French, Economics, Political Science, History, Business Administration, Military theory, Military strategy studies, Military Psychology and Leadership are offered by the Faculty of Arts. Tuition fees at the undergraduate level vary from $2,780 – $3,710 for Canadian undergraduate students, the tuition fees for international students vary from $8,750 – $9,000 for undergraduate students and $6,200 – $6,700 for graduate students
10.
Kingston, Ontario
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Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
11.
Ontario Agricultural College
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Since 1964, it has become affiliated with the University of Guelph, which operates four campuses throughout Ontario. Ontario farmers increasingly demanded more information on the best farming techniques which led to farm magazines, in 1868 the assembly created an agricultural museum, which morphed into the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph in 1874. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, two bronze tablets in the Memorial Chapel remembers alumni who have died during these wars. Subsequently, the Ontario Agricultural College became one of three founding colleges of the University of Guelph in 1964, the OAC opened on May 1,1874 with an enrollment of 28 students. The OAC administration was housed in Moreton Lodge until 1931, when the building was torn down to make way for Johnston Hall, the OACs offices have resided in Johnston Hall ever since. In 1997, the government amalgamated agriculture education across the province under the University of Guelph. In May 2007, they were renamed Campus dAlfred, Kemptville Campus, the OAC offers a wide range of degree and diploma programs based on four main pillars, food, agriculture, environment, and rural communities. 1877 - The one-year diploma program expanded to two years,1880 - Schools name changed to the Ontario Agricultural College. 1887 - BSA degree program begins,1891 - Short courses offered to general public. 1901 - Degree program adds a fourth year,1964 - Formation of the University of Guelph. 1965 - The Bachelor of Landscape Architecture begins,1988 - Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Environmental Science programs begins. 1995 - Experience Agriculture curriculum for B. Sc. program begins,1997 - Agricultural colleges in Kemptville, Ridgetown and Alfred affiliate with OAC and the University of Guelph becoming campuses of the University of Guelph. 2006 - The Faculty of Environmental Sciences is relocated permanently to the OAC.2007 - The Bachelor of Bio-Resource Management - Equine Management program begins,2008 - The Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre opens. The Guelph Centre for Urban Organic Farming opens on campus,2009 - The School of Environmental Sciences is formed by a merger of the departments of Environmental Biology and Land Resource Sciences, and the Faculty of Environmental Sciences. 2014 - The Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation opens, Charles Zavitz - Pioneer in bringing soybeans to Ontario. Jack Winch - Worked on cover crops suitable for reclamation in areas such as old quarries, gary R. Johnston - Headed the breeding program that produced the popular Yukon Gold potato variety. Lloyd Edgington - Played a major role in introducing systemic fungicides Henry Hoshel Dean - Modernized butter and cheese-making, isabella Preston - One of Canadas most successful breeders of ornamental plants. John Kenneth Galbraith - Famous economist having written many books focusing on the power of large corporations
12.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
