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Perth Amboy, New Jersey
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Perth Amboy is a city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The City of Perth Amboy is part of the New York metropolitan area, Perth Amboy is known as the City by the Bay, referring to Raritan Bay. The Lenape Native Americans called the point on which the city is built Ompoge meaning level ground, when settled in 1684 the new city was dubbed New Perth in honor of James Drummond, Earl of Perth, one of the associates of a company of Scottish proprietaries. The Algonquian language name persisted, corrupted to Ambo, or Point Amboy, Perth Amboy Township was formed on October 31,1693, and was enlarged during the 1720s to encompass Perth Amboy city. Perth Amboy Township was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial 104 townships through the Township Act of 1798 on February 21,1798, the township was replaced by Perth Amboy city on April 8,1844. Perth Amboy served as a capital of the Province of New Jersey from 1686 until 1776. In 1684, Perth Amboy became the capital of East Jersey and remained the capital until the union of East and West Jersey in 1702, a few of the buildings from this early period can still be seen today. Most notably, the Proprietary House, the home of William Franklin, St. Peters Church was founded in 1718 by the first Episcopal congregation in the state. Perth Amboy City Hall, first built as a courthouse in 1714, the Kearny Cottage, moved from its original location, is a remaining example of 18th Century vernacular architecture. This ferry became less important when the Outerbridge Crossing opened in 1928, in 1998, the Perth Amboy Ferry Slip was restored to its 1904 appearance. A replica of the office has been constructed and is used as a small museum. By the middle of the 19th century, immigration and industrialization transformed Perth Amboy, factories such as A. Hall and Sons Terra Cotta, Guggenheim and Sons and the Copper Works Smelting Company fueled a thriving downtown and employed many area residents. Growth was further stimulated by becoming the terminal for the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Perth Amboy developed tightly knit and insular ethnic neighborhoods such as Budapest, Dublin, immigrants from Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Russia, and Austria quickly dominated the factory jobs. In 1903, the Perth Amboy Public Library became the first Carnegie library in the state, made possible through grants from Andrew Carnegie, in 1914, Perth Amboy had a baseball team called the Pacers, they only played for one season. In late August 1923 a violent riot by an estimated 6,000 persons shook Perth Amboy when the Ku Klux Klan attempted to organize a meeting in the city. The city was also a town in the 19th century and early 20th century. Since the early 1990s Perth Amboy has seen redevelopment, small businesses have started to open up, helped by the citys designation as an Urban Enterprise Zone
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St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)
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St. Joseph High School, also known as St. Joes, is an independent, all-boys Roman Catholic college preparatory school located on a 70-acre site in Metuchen and Edison, New Jersey. It draws students from a geographic area encompassing over forty school districts and over seventy grammar schools in Middlesex, Somerset. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Metuchen, the school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1968. St. Joseph is operated by the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, from 1901 to 1961, St. Josephs served as a center for training and educating Brothers prior to their apostolate. The main school building was dedicated in the spring of 1963, there are both lay and religious teachers. As of the 2013-14 school year, the school had an enrollment of 705 students and 53.3 faculty members, Brothers Stanislaus Florent and Philip Lindner moved into a three-story roadhouse in 1902 with the intention of setting up a training center for novices. Their funds were limited and finding willing recruits for the novitiate proved to be difficult as few people had heard of the Brothers of the Sacred Heart, however, by the start of the first session in November 1902 there were ten postulants. The arrival of the additional personnel fueled support for the construction of a new building that could serve as both a dormitory and classroom, however, in June 1903, a fire destroyed St Stanislaus College and with it the hopes for the new building. The Brothers could afford to make only patchwork repairs and they had to assume the roles of blacksmiths and carpenters in order to repair damaged farm equipment and they also had to instigate cost-cutting measures, one of which involved the heating of the various buildings. Coal was used only to heat the building, while stoves in the other buildings were fueled by railroad ties. The novices had to transport and handsaw the ties during their leisure time, the greatest asset to the novitiate was the farm. The community could afford only things such as meat, bread, coffee, the rest had to be grown. The novices and postulants worked on the farm both in their time and on scheduled work rotations. A common recreational activity of the residents was fishing on nearby Woodburn Pond, the arrival of sixteen novices from France caused overcrowding. Due to the budget constraints, they were forced to improve on their facilities in piecemeal fashion. The first true expansion of the novitiate occurred in 1907 when the house was renovated. It was determined that a new chapel was needed in order to handle the number of inhabitants, a new building would have been too expensive and so it was decided to add a new wing. Three years later, the house underwent another refurbishment
3.
Sayreville War Memorial High School
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The school colors are blue and gray, and the sports teams are the Sayreville Bombers, marking the legacy of the towns World War I ammunition plants and many World War II veterans. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,670 students and 129.0 classroom teachers, there were 427 students eligible for free lunch and 200 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school had been ranked 241st in the state of 328 schools in 2012, the magazine ranked the school 213th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 217th in the magazines September 2006 issue, sports consist of tennis, bowling, softball, field hockey, soccer, basketball, swimming, football, cross country, track and field, baseball and wrestling. The football team was reclassified into Central Jersey, Group V for the 2013 and 2014 seasons, the boys basketball team won the Group I state championship in 1951 and 1952. The boys track won the Group IV state indoor relay championship in 1968. The field hockey won the Central Jersey Group IV state sectional championship in 1975. Prior to the creation of the system, the team had unbeaten seasons in 1941,1946 and 1949. The wrestling team won the North II Group III state sectional championship in 2008, the athletic director resigned, the head coach was transferred to an elementary school, and the seven students remained suspended for the duration of the 2014–2015 school year. By August 2015, six of them were sentenced to probation, the seventh criminal case was settled in February 2016. According to junior varsity players, the thing had been done to them by upperclassmen when they were freshmen. Its been going on for a long time
4.
Tony Bongiovi
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Tony Bongiovi is an American record producer and recording engineer. He has produced records by Gloria Gaynor, Talking Heads, Aerosmith, early in his career, as an engineer, he worked the console for a number of sessions with Jimi Hendrix, as well as some of Hendrixs posthumous releases under producer Alan Douglas. In 1977, Bongiovi and his partner Bob Walters built The Power Station recording studio and he is the Managing Director and co-founder of Bongiovi Acoustics. He is a cousin of Bon Jovi lead singer Jon Bon Jovi,1975, Never Can Say Goodbye - Gloria Gaynor 1975, Crash Landing - Jimi Hendrix 1975, Midnight Lightning - Jimi Hendrix 1975, Are You Ready For Freddy
5.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
6.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
7.
Glam metal
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Glam metal is a subgenre of heavy metal which features pop-influenced hooks and guitar riffs, and borrows from the fashion of 1970s glam rock. Glam metal can be traced back to acts like Alice Cooper, Boston, Cheap Trick, Kiss, The New York Dolls. It was popular throughout the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, bringing to prominence bands including Poison, Skid Row, Cinderella, Glam metal was associated with flashy clothing and makeup. Poison, for example, had long shaggy or backcombed hair, accessories, metal studs, leather, Glam metal lost mainstream interest in the early 1990s as the perceived excesses of glam metal created a backlash against the genre. A factor in the decline of metal was the rise of grunge in the early 1990s, which had a stripped-down aesthetic. Musically, glam metal combines a traditional metal sound with elements of hard rock and punk rock, adding pop-influenced catchy hooks. Like other heavy metal songs of the 1980s, they often feature shred guitar solos and they also include extensive use of harmonies, particularly in the characteristic power ballads – slow, emotional songs that gradually build to a strong finale. These were among the most commercially successful singles in the genre, lyrical themes often deal with love and lust, with songs often directed at a particular woman. Aesthetically glam metal draws heavily on the rock or glitter rock of the 1970s, often with very long backcombed hair, use of make-up, gaudy clothing. The visual aspects of glam metal appealed to television producers, particularly MTV. Glam metal performers became infamous for their debauched lifestyles of drugs, strippers and late-night parties, sociologist Deena Weinstein points to the large number of terms used to describe more commercial forms of heavy metal, which she groups together as lite metal. Use of the derogatory term hair metal started in the early 1990s, Music journalist Stephen Davis claims the influences of the style can be traced back to acts like Aerosmith, Kiss, Boston, Cheap Trick, and The New York Dolls. Kiss and to a lesser extent Alice Cooper, were influences on the genre. Finnish band Hanoi Rocks, heavily influenced themselves by the New York Dolls, have been credited with setting a blueprint for the look of hair metal. Van Halen has been seen as influential on the movement, emerging in 1978 from the Los Angeles music scene on Sunset Strip. He popularized a technique of two‐handed hammer‐ons and pull‐offs called tapping. This sound, and lead singer David Lee Roths stage antics, would be influential on glam metal. In the early 1980s, a number of bands from across the United States began to move towards what would become the glam metal sound
8.
Arena rock
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Arena rock is a style of rock music that originated in the mid 1970s. In the mid-1970s, increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues, smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances. The use of commercial sponsorship for the tours and concerts of this era began to lead to the music being branded, usually pejoratively. The popularity of stadium rock resulted in a number of reactions, including the pub rock and punk rock movements in the 1970s. In the 1980s, arena rock became dominated by metal bands, following the lead of Aerosmith and including Mötley Crüe, Quiet Riot, W. A. S. P. Their popularity was challenged by the rock bands who began to breakthrough to the mainstream, particularly after the success of Nirvana. Boston Foreigner Peter Frampton Kiss Journey Queen REO Speedwagon Styx Cock rock Glam metal Sources Joyner, continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. This Aint the Summer of Love, Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk
9.
Country rock
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Country rock is subgenre of popular music, formed from the fusion of rock and country. It was developed by musicians who began to record country-flavored records in the late-1960s and early-1970s. These musicians recorded rock records using country themes, vocal styles, country rock began with Bob Dylan and The Byrds, reaching its greatest popularity in the 1970s with artists such as Emmylou Harris, the Eagles, Michael Nesmith, Poco and Pure Prairie League. Country rock also influenced artists in genres, including The Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Rolling Stones. It also played a part in the development of Southern rock, john Einarson states, From a variety of perspectives and motivations, these musicians either played rock & roll attitude, or added a country feel to rock, or folk, or bluegrass, there was no formula. Dylans lead was followed by The Byrds, who were joined by Gram Parsons in 1968. Parsons had mixed country with rock, blues and folk to create what he called Cosmic American Music. Earlier in the year Parsons had released Safe at Home with the International Submarine Band, the result of Parsons brief tenure in the Byrds was Sweetheart of the Rodeo, generally considered one of the finest and most influential recordings in the genre. Country rock was a popular style in the California music scene of the late 1960s. Some folk-rockers followed the Byrds into the genre, among them the Beau Brummels, one of the few acts to successfully move from the country side towards rock were the bluegrass band The Dillards. Former members of Ronstadts backing band went on to form the Eagles, however, the principal country influence in the Eagles came from Bernie Leadon of the Flying Burrito Brothers, and little country influence was left in the band after he left in late 1975. The genre declined in popularity in the late 1970s, but some established artists, List of country rock albums List of country rock musicians
10.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
11.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
12.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
13.
Bon Jovi
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Bon Jovi is an American rock band from Sayreville, New Jersey. Formed in 1983, Bon Jovi consists of singer and namesake Jon Bon Jovi, pianist and keyboardist David Bryan, drummer Tico Torres, lead guitarist Phil X. Phil X and McDonald both became members in 2016. In 1986, Bon Jovi achieved widespread global recognition with their third album, the bands fourth album, New Jersey was equally successful in 1988. In 1992, the returned with the album Keep the Faith. Their 2000 single Its My Life, which followed a second hiatus, Bon Jovi have been known to use different styles in their music, which has included country for their 2007 album Lost Highway. Thus far, Bon Jovi has released 13 studio albums, plus six compilations, the band has sold more than 130 million records worldwide and performed more than 2,700 concerts in over 50 countries for more than 34 million fans. Bon Jovi was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2006, Jon Bon Jovi began playing piano and guitar in 1975, at the age of 13, with his first band Raze. At 16, Bon Jovi met David Bryan and formed a band called Atlantic City Expressway, still in his teens, Bon Jovi played in the band John Bongiovi and the Wild Ones, playing local clubs like The Fast Lane, and opening for known acts in the area. By 1980, he formed band, The Rest, and opened up for New Jersey acts such as Southside Johnny. Bon Jovi made several demos—including one produced by Billy Squier—and sent them to record companies and his first professional recording was as lead vocals in R2-D2 We Wish You a Merry Christmas, which was part of the Christmas in the Stars album which his cousin co-produced. In 1983, a then-unknown Bon Jovi visited a local radio station WAPP103. 5FM The Apple in Lake Success, New York, and wrote and sang the jingles for the station. He spoke with DJ Chip Hobart and to the director, John Lassman. Bon Jovi was reluctant, but eventually gave them the song, WAPP worked with WOR-TV in nearby Secaucus, NJ on a music video show, Rock 9 Videos, for a short time in 1984. The studio musicians who helped record Runaway—known as The All Star Review—were guitarist Tim Pierce, keyboardist Roy Bittan, drummer Frankie LaRocka, the song began to get airplay in the New York area, then other sister stations in major markets picked up the song. In March 1983, Bon Jovi called David Bryan, who in turn called bassist Alec John Such, tapped to play lead guitar was Bon Jovis neighbor, Dave Sabo —though he never officially joined the band. He and Jon promised each other that made it first. Sabo later went on to form the group Skid Row, Jon saw and was impressed with hometown guitarist Richie Sambora
14.
Moonlight and Valentino
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Moonlight and Valentino is a 1995 comedy-drama film directed by David Anspaugh. The screenplay by Ellen Simon is based on her play of the same title. Rebecca Lott is a poetry teacher who is widowed when her husband is killed while jogging. Romance finds its way back into Rebeccas life when a handsome younger man hired to paint the house takes an interest in her. Wong Wayne Lam as Mr. Wongs Son Ken Wong as Mr, but its situations are so awkwardly contrived that you can almost hear the machinery creaking. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the film as very sincere, very heartfelt, watching it, I felt trapped in an advice column from one of the womens magazines. I have no doubt many of the statements in the film are true. What bothered me was that the story never found a way to make them dramatic, the movie is slow, plotless and relentless - one of those deals where you find yourself tapping your watch, to be sure it hasnt stopped. To emulate her famous father in his years, eschewing one-liners in favor of humor that stems directly from the intensely dramatic interactions. But tales psychological bent drives Simon periodically to resort to a clinical, cathartic treatment, with artificially induced conflicts. Nonetheless, all shortcomings are more than compensated for by the quartet of thesps. These four actresses ignite the screen with so much power and charisma that one yearns for more ensemble scenes, peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle described it as fitful, tritely amusing and filled with little but empty gestures, contrivance and jokes that fizzle. In The Washington Post, Desson Howe said the film skitters somewhere between mildly diverting and lukewarm, the kind of movie in which everyone takes a turn being terminally adorable. Moonlight and Valentino at the Internet Movie Database Moonlight and Valentino at Rotten Tomatoes
15.
U-571 (film)
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U-571 is a 2000 war film directed by Jonathan Mostow, and starring Matthew McConaughey, Bill Paxton, Harvey Keitel, Thomas Kretschmann, Jon Bon Jovi, Jack Noseworthy, Will Estes and Tom Guiry. In the film, a World War II German submarine is boarded in 1942 by disguised United States Navy submariners seeking to capture her Enigma cipher machine, the film was financially successful and generally well-received by critics in the United States and won an Academy Award for sound editing. The anger over the inaccuracies even reached the British Parliament, where Prime Minister Tony Blair stated that the film was an affront to British sailors, the film was also criticized for German U-boat crews were portrayed in a negative light. U-571 was filmed in the Mediterranean, near Rome and Malta, footage, sets and models from the movie have been reused for other productions, including Submerged, depicting the loss of USS Sailfish, and the fictional Ghostboat. A non-diving replica of the US submarine S-33 is located in Grand Harbour, after sinking a merchant ship from an Allied convoy, German U-boat U-571 has her engines badly damaged by depth charges from a British destroyer. As the crew of S-33 receive their assignment, the executive officer Lieutenant Tyler is unhappy about his promotion being blocked by commanding officer Lieutenant Commander Dahlgren. During a storm, S-33s boarding party surprises and overwhelms the crew of U-571, after securing U-571, the American S-33 is torpedoed by the German resupply sub that was sent to aid U-571. Lieutenant Commander Dahlgren is blown off the deck of S-33 and seriously wounded, while struggling to stay afloat he refuses rescue, Lieutenant Tyler takes command of U-571 and dives below the surface where they engage and sink the resupply sub in an underwater battle. After making repairs and restoring power Tyler decides to route the disabled submarine to Lands End in Cornwall, the sub dives underneath the German destroyer, which then begins to drop depth charges to sink U-571. U-571s original master Kapitänleutnant Wassner escapes captivity and kills one of Tylers crew, the crew then realizes that Kapitänleutnant Wassner, despite being shackled, is using Morse Code tapping to signal to the destroyer that the submarine was captured and knock him out. U-571, hiding at below 600 feet, is damaged by the water pressure. Control of the main ballast tanks is lost and the ship ascends uncontrollably, Tyler orders crewman Trigger to submerse himself in the bilge underwater to repressurize the torpedo tubes. Trigger uses an air hose to enter the flooded compartment and he closes the air valve to the torpedo tubes, but a second leak and broken valve are found, which Trigger cant reach. U-571 surfaces heavily damaged and begins to flood, unable to fire its last torpedo from its stern tubes. The destroyer gives chase and fires upon U-571 with its main guns, unable to turn back, he reaches for the valve and closes it before he dies. The second the pressure is available, Tyler orders Tank to fire the final torpedo, the German destroyer is unable to take evasive action and is sunk. As the crew sigh in relief, Tank reports Triggers death, U-571 has taken severe damage and will not remain afloat for long. The crew abandons the submarine with the Enigma in their possession, the crew watch U-571 as she slips beneath the waves
16.
Ally McBeal
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Ally McBeal is an American legal comedy-drama television series, originally aired on Fox from September 8,1997 to May 20,2002. The series, set in the fictional Boston law firm Cage and Fish, on her first day Ally is horrified to find that she will be working alongside her ex-boyfriend Billy Thomas —whom she has never gotten over. To make things worse, Billy is now married to fellow lawyer Georgia, the triangle among the three forms the basis for the main plot for the shows first three seasons. For example, bitter divorce litigation of a client might provide a backdrop for Allys decision to break up with a boyfriend, legal arguments were also frequently used to explore multiple sides of various social issues. Cage & Fish, the law firm where most of the characters work, is depicted as a highly sexualized environment symbolized by its unisex restroom. The show used vivid, dramatic fantasy sequences for Allys and other characters wishful thinking, the series also featured regular visits to a local bar where singer Vonda Shepard regularly performed. Notes In Australia, Ally McBeal was aired by the Seven Network from 1997 to 2002, in 2010, it was aired repeatedly by Network Ten. Seymore Walsh, a stern judge often exasperated by the eccentricities of the Cage & Fish lawyers, whats unusual about this continuing storyline is that Ally McBeal and The Practice aired on different networks. Bobby Donnell, the character of The Practice played by Dylan McDermott, was featured heavily in both this crossover and another Ally McBeal episode, These are the Days. Regular Practice cast members Lara Flynn Boyle and Michael Badalucco each had a cameo in Ally McBeal, upon premiering in 1997, the show was an instant hit, averaging around 11 million viewers per episode. The shows second season saw an increase in ratings and soon became a top 20 show, however, Downeys character was written out after the end of the season due to the actors troubles with drug addiction. The first two seasons, as well as the fourth, remain the most critically acclaimed and saw the most awards success at the Emmys, SAG Awards, in 2007 Ally McBeal placed #48 on Entertainment Weeklys 2007 New TV Classics list. Ally McBeal was a heavily music-oriented show, Vonda Shepard, a virtually unknown musician at the time, was featured continually on the show. Her song Searchin My Soul became the theme song. Many of the songs Shepard performed were established hits with lyrics that paralleled the events of the episode, including Both Sides Now, Hooked on a Feeling and Tell Him. Besides recording background music for the show, Shepard frequently appeared at the ends of episodes as a performing at a local piano bar frequented by the main characters. On rare occasions, her character would have conventional dialogue, a portion of Searchin My Soul was played at the beginning of each episode, but remarkably the song was never played in its entirety. Several of the characters had a musical leitmotif that played when they appeared, two compilation albums from the show featuring Shepard were also released in 2000 and 2001
17.
Songwriters Hall of Fame
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It not only celebrates these established songwriters, but is also involved on the development of new songwriting talent through workshops, showcases and scholarships. There are many programs designed to teach and discover new songwriters, the Hall of Fame only existed as an online virtual collection until 2010, when it was first put on display as a physical gallery inside The Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. With an under-construction basement installation at the Brill Building in New York, the Hall doesnt have a permanent place, through 2010,383 individuals had been inducted into the SHOF. The British rock band Queen was the first band to be inducted in 2003, the American singer Lady Gaga was the first artist ever to win the award. 2015 – Lady Gaga The Hal David Starlight Award honors young artists who have made an impression on the music industry. It goes to writers already inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for having established a history of outstanding creative works and he was later director of ASCAP, and a founder of the Songwriters Hall of Fame which, in 1983, named the Abe Olman Publisher Award. In his honor, the Abe Olman Scholarship is given out each year by his family in the interest of encouraging and supporting the careers of young songwriters, the Holly Prize is administered and juried by the SongHall
18.
People (magazine)
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People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine, People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and it was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Ages annual A-list and #3 on Adweeks Brand Blazers list in October 2006, the magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles. Peoples website, People. com, focuses on celebrity news, in February 2015, the website broke a new record,72 million unique visitors. People is perhaps best known for its special issues naming the Worlds Most Beautiful, Best & Worst Dressed. The magazines headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles, for economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006. In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc. s chief executive officer at the time, the founding managing editor of People was Richard B. Stolley, an assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. Peoples first publisher was Richard J. Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran, Stolley characterized the magazine as getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues, stolleys almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4,1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the movie The Great Gatsby and that issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U. S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action, the magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents, the core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo, Sam Angeloff and Robert Emmett Ginna, writers James Watters and Ronald B
19.
VH1
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VH1 is an American cable television network based in New York City that is owned by the Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of Viacom Media Networks. The channel was first launched on January 1,1985 in the old space of Turner Broadcasting Systems short-lived Cable Music Channel and it was originally created by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, at the time a division of Warner Communications and the original owner of MTV. As of February 2015, approximately 92.6 million US households receive VH1, also frequently featured in the networks early years were videos for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1,1985 with the performance of The Star-Spangled Banner by Marvin Gaye. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as a version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus, Frankie Crocker, Scott Shannon, Jon Bauman, Bobby Rivers, later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM, a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele. Rosie ODonnell later joined the outlets veejay lineup, ODonnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus, in true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a grape for her oval-shaped head. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host, new-Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning 2-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch, once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTVs famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags and it was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the director was included at the bottom of the credits. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host, occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of videos by a particular artist or band, theme. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos, also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET
20.
Hit Parader
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Hit Parader was an American music magazine that operated between 1942 and 2008. A monthly publication, it was a popular music title until the 1980s. The magazine reached its peak during the 1980s as heavy metal music achieved high levels of popularity, Hit Parader was launched in 1942 by Charlton Publications, based in Derby, Connecticut. Along with Billboard, Down Beat and Song Hits, it was among the first, consistent with its title – which referred to the pre-music charts hit parade – Hit Parader began as a popular-song lyric newspaper. It continued to reproduce the words to contemporary songs until that practise became financially prohibitive in the mid 1970s, for much of the 1960s, Jim Delehant worked as a staff writer and editor for the magazine. According to his recollection, it covered an extremely boring music scene before the emergence of groups such as the Beatles. In addition to Delehants contributions, Hit Parader subsequently published articles by music journalists Ellen Sander, Keith Altham, over the following decade, its contributors included Nick Logan, Barbara Charone, Lenny Kaye, Jonh Ingham and Alan Betrock. The magazine typically featured song lyrics, album reviews, interviews, fan mail, bits of trivia on popular rock acts, in 1984, the magazine began to focus mainly on the hard rock and heavy metal genres. Over the ensuing decade, it became a heavy metal publication, providing extensive coverage of the eras popular acts, including Motley Crue, Quiet Riot, Def Leppard, Ratt. Charlton sold off Hit Parader before the company went under in 1991, rather than an exclusive, the interview turned out to be a transcript from a Howard Stern radio-show telephone interview with the two musicians. Rose and Bach both claimed that Hit Parader editor Andy Secher was misleading his readers with such tactics, ive never taken any of this that seriously. Hit Parader isnt the New York Times … its a frikkin fanzine, the magazine closed down following the publication of its December 2008 issue. During its years of operation, Hit Parader also published issues dedicated to Top 100 lists, such as Top 100 Metal Bands, Top 100 Guitarists, Top 100 Vocalists and Top 100 Bassists & Drummers
21.
Arena Football League
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The Arena Football League is a professional indoor American football league in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, an executive of the United States Football League. From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008, internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010, the Arena Football League has its headquarters in Las Vegas. The leagues average attendance since returning in 2010 has been approximately 9,500. After the 2016 season, continuing a pattern of contraction over recent seasons. Jim Foster, a manager with the National Football League. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9 x 12 envelope, with sketches of the field and he presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist. He reached an agreement with NBC for a test game, plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL and he eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football. The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, April 27,1986 at the Rockford MetroCentre, interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, showcase, game. The second game was held on February 27,1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game, a highlights package aired on SportsCenter. Following the successes of his games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams, the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, Foster appointed legendary Darrel Mouse Davis, godfather of the run and shoot and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations
22.
Philadelphia Soul
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The Philadelphia Soul are a professional arena football team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They compete in the Arena Football League, the Soul have made four ArenaBowl appearances, winning their first appearance and losing their next two appearances. The Soul won their fourth appearance, against the Arizona Rattlers in 2016, the club was established in 2004 when a group, led by Jon Bon Jovi, secured the rights to an AFL franchise in Philadelphia. The AFL folded before the proposed 2009 season was to begin, after two seasons of inactivity in 2009 and 2010, the Soul returned in 2011 headed by Ron Jaworski. The team was owned by co-majority owners Jon Bon Jovi and Craig Spencer along with minority owners Richie Sambora, Ron Jaws Jaworski and Leo Carlin, Jr. The Soul began play in February 2004, and played its games at the Wells Fargo Center, home of the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL. The Soul played in the Eastern Division of the National Conference of the AFL, the name Soul referred to the Philadelphia soul music genre, a play on Bon Jovis career as a musician. The official mascot of the Soul was the Blues Brother-like Soul Man, in 2005, the Soul began the season by beating the Austin Wranglers 66–35. However, after five games, the Soul had two wins and three losses, which led to the firing of head coach Michael Trigg, critics say that the Soul erred that off-season when they made Tony Graziani the highest-paid player in Arena League history. The move left them with little money under the cap to improve their defense. The elimination came even after NBC scheduled 14 games of the Soul to be shown on national or regional television, in 2006, the Soul began 2–0. They went 2–0 against division rival Dallas Desperados, and finished the season at 9–7, in their wild card playoff game, the Soul defeated the Austin Wranglers in Austin, 52–35. The score was 21–21 at halftime, but the #5 seed Soul outscored the #4 Wranglers 21–7 in the third quarter, the Soul started 4–0 in 2007 before losing to the Georgia Force, 57–49. Afterwards, they lost on a Monday night contest to their division rival, in the game, Tony Graziani left the game early with a separated left shoulder from a sack by OL/DL Rickie Simpkins. He would miss the four weeks, all losses, dropping the team to 4–6. Graziani returned in week 12 against the New Orleans VooDoo and led the team to its highest scoring output in its franchise history. In the playoffs, they defeated the Orlando Predators 41–26, then traveled to Atlanta to take on the Georgia Force in the Divisional Round, in 2008, the Soul signed WR Chris Jackson in the off-season. He was united with a teammate in Tony Graziani
23.
Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
24.
United States presidential election, 2000
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The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7,2000, Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and, despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, although foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior. This was the closest presidential election in the history, with a. 009% margin,537 votes. The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day, after which Gore requested recounts in four counties, including populous South Florida, litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts, ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Nationwide, this was the presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent. After the election, recounts conducted by news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote. Based on the review of these ballots, their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used, but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios. The Green Party gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader. Nader was vilified by some Democrats, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, Naders impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial. Until 2016, this was the last time a Republican candidate won a vote in the region of New England. As of 2017, this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire, traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Bill Clinton, a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment. In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at 12,00 noon EST on January 20,2001, Democratic candidates Al Gore, Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley, former U. S. Senator from New Jersey Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front-runner for the nomination, of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, the closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination, none of Bradleys delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention
25.
John Kerry
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John Forbes Kerry is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and he was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing narrowly to Republican incumbent George W. Bush. Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and he graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and he appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes. After receiving a J. D. from Boston College Law School and he served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair, Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990,1996,2002, and 2008. In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War and he and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U. S. Senate, John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11,1943, in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He is the second of four born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes. His father was raised Catholic and his mother was Episcopalian and he was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their fathers faith, John Kerry served as an altar boy, Kerry grew up a military brat until his father was discharged from the Army Air Corps, causing the family to settle in Washington, D. C. in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the Department of the Navys Office of General Counsel and his extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the Forbes and Dudley–Winthrop families. Kerrys parents themselves were upper-middle class, and a great aunt paid for him to attend elite boarding schools. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and later St. Pauls, Concord, New Hampshire, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Pauls to debate the issues of the day, the Society still exists there. In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966
26.
United States presidential election, 2004
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The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2,2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush won re-election, defeating Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, Senator from Massachusetts and eventual United States Secretary of State. Bush and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty, Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont, was initially the frontrunner for the Democratic Partys nomination, but Kerry won nearly all of the primaries and caucuses. Kerry chose Senator John Edwards of North Carolina, who had himself sought that partys 2004 presidential nomination, foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bushs conduct of the War on Terrorism and the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, as of 2016, this was also the most recent election in which the Republican candidate won the popular vote. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerrys 251, as of 2016, this marks the last election in which Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Virginia voted for the Republican candidate. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, Bushs approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, by December, the Taliban had been removed, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow. The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddams regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of weapons of mass destruction, and the failure to account for them. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20,2003, along with a coalition of the willing that consisted of troops from the United Kingdom. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its forces, however, the U. S. Bushs approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll, however, Bushs high approval ratings did not last. Bushs popularity rose as a president, and he was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on a platform in New Hampshire. On March 10,2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and he accepted the nomination on September 2,2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes, defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society, Senator from North Carolina Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont Wesley Clark, retired U. S
27.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
28.
United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
29.
Monmouth University
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Monmouth University is a private university located in West Long Branch, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1933 as Monmouth Junior College, it became Monmouth College in 1956, there are about 4,400 full-time and 260 part-time undergraduate and 1,750 graduate students, as well as 302 full-time faculty members. About 80% of faculty members hold Ph. D. s or other degrees in their field of study. The universitys student-to-faculty ratio is about 14,1, because of the universitys relatively small student population, class sizes are capped between 20 and 35 and no classes are taught by teaching assistants. Forty-four percent of students live on-campus, most of Monmouths student body is drawn from the northeastern United States, although students from 29 states and 28 foreign countries add to the schools diversity. Monmouth College was founded in 1933 as a junior college, on January 18,1956, Monmouth received accreditation to grant four-year Bachelors degrees, and in March 1995, it received its university charter from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. The centerpiece of the Monmouth University campus is Wilson Hall, originally, it was the site of the Shadow Lawn mansion, constructed in 1903 and housed 52 rooms. United States President Woodrow Wilson stayed in the mansion during his campaign in summer of 1916, after Shadow Lawn was destroyed by a fire in 1927, the building that would become Wilson Hall was built as a residence for Mr & Mrs. Hubert Templeton Parson. Mr. Parson was the head of F. W. Woolworth Company. The building was designed by Horace Trumbauer and Julian Abele, Abele is regarded as the first professional African American architect. Wilson Hall became municipal property during the Great Depression and until Monmouth University acquired ownership, it was home to Highland Manor Junior College, today, it is a National Historic Landmark. Some classrooms and the offices are inside of the building. In 1980, Wilson Hall was used as Daddy Warbucks mansion in the version of Annie. Wilson Hall was named to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28,1978 under the name Shadow Lawn and it was named a National Historic Landmark on February 4,1985. Wilson Hall has also been a host of the classic movie Annie, some of the scenes in this movie were filmed inside and outside of the building along with the rest of the Monmouth University Campus. In 1903, Murry Guggenheim, son of Meyer Guggenheim, bought property in West Long Branch to build a residence for himself and his wife. The original structure of the Beaux-Arts mansion, designed by Carrère and Hastings is now the Murry and it was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 28,1978. The Guggenheim estate also included a stable and carriage house across the road on Cedar Avenue and this has been converted into the Lauren K. Woods Theatre
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United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
31.
Playboy Bunny
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A Playboy Bunny is a waitress at a Playboy Club. More recent Playboy Clubs have also featured Bunnies, in cases with redesigned costumes based on the original bunny suit. Name According to Hugh Hefner, the Bunny was inspired by Bunnys Tavern in Urbana, Bunnys Tavern was named for its original owner, Bernard Bunny Fitzsimmons, who opened for business in 1936. Serving daily food specials for a mere thirty-five cents, as well as ten-cent draft beers, Bunnys catered to locals, one of those students was Hugh Hefner. Hefner formally acknowledged the origin of the Playboy Bunny in a letter to Bunnys Tavern, the Bunnys Tavern usage of the outfit is considered a variant of Showgirl. Costume The costume itself was conceived by Playboys director of promotions, Victor Lownes, designed by Zelda Wynn Valdes, originally the ears were taller and the ensemble lacked the trademark bow tie, collar, and cuffs. First unveiled publicly in an episode of Playboys Penthouse, it made its formal debut at the opening of the first Playboy Club in Chicago on the evening of February 29,1960. The Playboy Bunnies were waitresses who served drinks at Playboy Clubs, there were different types of Bunnies, including the Door Bunny, Cigarette Bunny, Floor Bunny, Playmate Bunny and the Jet Bunnies. To become a Bunny, women were first carefully chosen and selected from auditions, then they underwent thorough and strict training before officially becoming a Bunny. Bunnies were required to be able to identify 143 brands of liquor, most dating or mingling with customers was forbidden. Customers were also not allowed to touch the Bunnies, and demerits were given if a Bunnys appearance was not properly organized, a Bunny also had to master the required maneuvers to work. These included the Bunny Stance, a posture that was required in front of patrons, the Bunny must stand with legs together, back arched and hips tucked under. When the Bunny is resting or while waiting to be of service and she must sit on the back of a chair, sofa, or railing without sitting too close to a patron. This maneuver allowed the Bunny to serve drinks while keeping her low-cut costume in place, strict regulations were enforced by special workers in the guise of patrons. The Playboy Bunny outfit was the first service uniform registered with the United States Patent, the costume was made from rayon-satin constructed on a strapless merry widow corset teddy. Satin bunny ears, cotton tails, collars with bow ties, cuffs with cuff links, black sheer to waist pantyhose, a name tag on a satin rosette was pinned over the right hip bone. The uniforms were made for each Bunny at the club they worked in. Whenever the club was open there was a seamstress on duty
32.
Sciacca
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Sciacca, also Schiacca, is a town and comune in the province of Agrigento on the southwestern coast of Sicily. It has noteworthy views of the Mediterranean Sea, strabo mentions the waters, and they are again noticed in the Itineraries under the name of Aquae Labodes or Labrodes. The city walls, the bastions and the Old Castle owe their existence to Roger the Great Count. A royal city which had remained faithful to Manfred of Sicily during the Angevine invasion, by 1268 A. D. it was besieged by Charles I of Anjou, after the Sicilian Vespers, it established itself as a free commune. During the Aragonese-Angevine wars it was besieged numerous times, after which the Peralta family took possession of it, in the following centuries the town was at the center of bloody feuds between rival baronial families, which nearly halved its population. In 1647 the impoverished town was the seat of an anti-Spanish rebellion, during World War II the Italian Regia Aeronautica had a base near Sciacca. The municipality borders Caltabellotta, Menfi, Ribera and Sambuca di Sicilia, Sciacca still retains much of its medieval layout, which divided the town into quarters, each laid out on a strip of rock descending toward the sea. Sciacca has several points of interest, including, the Cathedral of Maria SS. del Soccorso the Castle of the Counts Luna, of the Old Castle scarce remains can be still seen. The highlight of the festival is the parade of bizarre figures mounted on floats, Sciacca is also the hometown of the Mediterranean Scene. The economy of Sciacca is mainly based on agriculture, fishing and related food processing industry, salvador de Bahia, since 2001 Kırşehir, since 2011 Mustafakemalpaşa, since 2011 Tommaso Fazello, was born in Sciacca
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Slovaks
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The Slovaks or Slovak people are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Slovak language. Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia, there are Slovak minorities in Czech Republic, Croatia, Poland, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The name Slovak is derived from *Slověninъ, plural *Slověně, the old name of the Slavs, in the Slovak language, only the masculine noun Slověninъ, Slověn changed to Slovän, Slovan and finally to Slovák around 1400. The older form Sloven is preserved in all words in the Slovak language – the adjective Slovak is still slovenský, the feminine noun Slovak is still Slovenka. In 1029 St. Emeric, ruler of the Nitrian principality is called Henricus dux Sclavonie, in 1113 Nestor calls the territory of Slovakia - Slověnskaja zemlja. The first written mention about usage of the new form Slovak in the territory of present-day Slovakia is from Bardejov – Nicoulaus Cossibor hauptman, Nicolaus Czech et Slowak, the mentions in Czech sources are older –1375 and 1385. The change is not related to ethnogenesis of Slovaks, but exclusively to linguistic changes in the West Slavic languages, the word Slovak was also used later as a common name for all Slavs in Czech, Polish and also Slovak language in parallel with other forms. The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the original name, for Slovenes, the adjective is still slovenski and the feminine noun Slovene is still also Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The Slovak name for their language is slovenčina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenščina, the Slovak term for the Slovene language is slovinčina, and the Slovenes call Slovak slovaščina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo word, talk, thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean people who speak, i. e. people who understand each other. In Hungarian Slovak is Tót, an exonym and it was originally used to refer to all Slavs including Slovenes and Croats, but eventually came to refer primarily to Slovaks. Many place names in Hungary such as Tótszentgyörgy, Tótszentmárton, tóth is a common Hungarian surname. The Slovaks have also historically been referred to as Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny, Sclavus, Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi, Winde, Wende. The final three terms are variations of the Germanic term Wends, which was used to refer to any Slavs living close to Germanic settlements. The early Slavs came to the territory of Slovakia in several waves from the 5th and 6th centuries and were organized on a tribal level, original tribal names are not known due to the lack of written sources before their integration into higher political units. In the 7th century, Slavs founded larger tribal union, Samos empire, regardless of Samos empire, the integration process continued in other territories with various intensities. The final fall of the Avar Khaganate allowed new political entities to arise, the first such political unit documented by written sources is the Principality of Nitra, one of the foundations of later common ethnic consciousness. At this stage in history it is not yet possible to assume a common identity of all Slovak ancestors in the territory of eastern Slovakia, the Principality of Nitra become a part of Great Moravia, a common state of Moravians and Slovaks
34.
German Americans
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The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
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Russian Americans
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Russian Americans are Americans who trace their ancestry to Russia, the Russian Empire, and the former Soviet Union. Some Ukrainian Americans, Belarusian Americans, Russian Jewish Americans, Russian German Americans, the Russian American population is reported to be 3.13 million. Many Russian Americans do not speak Russian, having been born in the United States, in 2007, however, Russian was the primary spoken language of 851,174 Americans at home, according to the U. S. Census. According to the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard,750,000 Russian Americans were ethnic Russians in 1990, the New York City metropolitan area continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for Russian immigrants legally admitted into the United States. Brighton Beach, Brooklyn continues to be the most important demographic, within Bergen County, the increasing size of the Russian immigrant presence in its hub of Fair Lawn prompted a 2014 April Fools satire titled, Putin Moves Against Fair Lawn. Sometimes Carpatho-Rusyns and Ukrainians who emigrated from Carpathian Ruthenia in the 19th century, more recent emigres would often refer to this group as the starozhili, which translates to mean old residents. This group became the pillar of the Russian Orthodox Church in America, today, most of this group has become assimilated into the local society, with ethnic traditions continuing to survive primarily around the church. The territory that today is the U. S. state of Alaska was settled by Russians and controlled by the Russian Empire. The southernmost such post of the Russian American Company was Fort Ross, established in 1812 by Ivan Kuskov, some 50 miles north of San Francisco, as an agricultural supply base for Russian America. It was part of the Russian-America Company, and consisted of four outposts, including Bodega Bay, the Russian River, there was never an established agreement made with the government of New Spain which produced great tension between the two countries. Spain claimed the land yet had never established a colony there, but due to the well armed Russian Fort, Spain could not remove the Russians living there. Without the Russians hospitality the Spanish colony would have been abandoned due to their supplies being lost when Spanish supply ships sank in a storm off the South American coast. After the Independence of Mexico, tensions were reduced and trade was established with the new government of Mexican California, Russian America was not a profitable colony, due to high transportation costs and declining animal population. After it was purchased by the United States in 1867, the majority of the Russian settlers went back to Russia, included in these were the first miners and merchants of the California gold rush. The first massive wave of immigration from all areas of Europe to the United States took place in the late 19th century, finally in 1908–1910, the Old Believers, prosecuted as schismatics, arrived and settled in small groups in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and New York. Immigrants of this wave include Irving Berlin, legend of American songwriting and André Tchelistcheff, World War I dealt a heavy blow to Russia. Between 1914 and 1918, starvation and poverty increased in all parts of Russian society, and soon many Russians questioned the War’s purpose, Jews were accused of disloyalty and expelled from areas in and near war zones. Furthermore, much of the fighting between Russia, and Austria and Germany took place in Western Russia in the Jewish Pale, World War I uprooted half a million Russian Jews
36.
Frank Sinatra
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Francis Albert Sinatra was an American singer, actor, and producer who was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century. He is one of the music artists of all time. Born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to Italian immigrants, Sinatra began his career in the swing era with bandleaders Harry James. Sinatra found success as a solo artist after he signed with Columbia Records in 1943 and he released his debut album, The Voice of Frank Sinatra, in 1946. Sinatras professional career had stalled by the early 1950s, and he turned to Las Vegas and his career was reborn in 1953 with the success of From Here to Eternity, with his performance subsequently winning an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Sinatra released several critically lauded albums, including In the Wee Small Hours, Come Fly with Me, Only the Lonely and Nice n Easy. Sinatra left Capitol in 1960 to start his own label, Reprise Records. It was followed by 1968s collaboration with Duke Ellington, using his Las Vegas shows as a home base, he toured both within the United States and internationally until a short time before his death in 1998. Sinatra forged a successful career as a film actor. After winning an Academy Award for From Here to Eternity, he starred in The Man with the Golden Arm and he appeared in various musicals such as On the Town, Guys and Dolls, High Society, and Pal Joey, winning another Golden Globe for the latter. Toward the end of his career, he associated with playing detectives. Sinatra would later receive the Golden Globe Cecil B, on television, The Frank Sinatra Show began on ABC in 1950, and he continued to make appearances on television throughout the 1950s and 1960s. While Sinatra never formally learned how to read music, he had a natural, intuitive understanding of it, a perfectionist, renowned for his impeccable dress sense and cleanliness, he always insisted on recording live with his band. His bright blue eyes earned him the popular nickname Ol Blue Eyes, Sinatra led a colorful personal life, and was often involved in turbulent affairs with women, such as with his second wife Ava Gardner. He went on to marry Mia Farrow in 1966 and Barbara Marx in 1976, Sinatra had several violent confrontations, usually with journalists he felt had crossed him, or work bosses with whom he had disagreements. He was honored at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1983, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Ronald Reagan in 1985, Sinatra was also the recipient of eleven Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. After his death, American music critic Robert Christgau called him the greatest singer of the 20th century, Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12,1915, in an upstairs tenement at 415 Monroe Street in Hoboken, New Jersey. He was the child of Italian immigrants Antonino Martino Marty Sinatra
37.
Erie, Pennsylvania
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Erie /ˈɪəri/ is a city in and the county seat of Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. Named for the lake and the Native American tribe that resided along its shore, Erie is the fourth-largest city in Pennsylvania. With a population of 101,786 at the 2010 census, the estimated population in 2016 had decreased to 100,055. The Erie metropolitan area, equivalent to all of Erie County, Erie is situated between Buffalo, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. Eries manufacturing sector remains prominent in the economy, though health care, higher education, technology, service industries. Erie is known as the Flagship City because of its status as the port of Oliver Hazard Perrys flagship Niagara. The city has also called the Gem City because of the sparkling lake. Cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the shoreline and bluffs in this area for thousands of years, the historic Iroquoian-speaking Erie Nation occupied this area before being defeated by the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 17th century during the Beaver Wars. The Iroquois tribes had developed and five nations formed a league in the 1500s. The Erie area became controlled by the Seneca, keeper of the door of the Iroquois. The name of the fort refers to the peninsula that juts into Lake Erie, the French term presque-isle means peninsula. When the fort was abandoned by the French in 1760 during the French and Indian War, the British established a garrison at the fort at Presque Isle that same year, three years before the end of the French and Indian War.25 in Continental currency. The Iroquois released the land to Pennsylvania in January 1789 for payments of $2,000 from Pennsylvania, the Seneca Nation separately settled land claims against Pennsylvania in February 1791 for the sum of $800. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania commissioned the surveying of land near Presque Isle through an act passed on April 18,1795, initial settlement of the area began that year. Lt. Colonel Seth Reed and his moved to the Erie area from Geneva, New York, they were Yankees from Uxbridge. They became the first European-American settlers of Erie, settling at what became known as Presque Isle, president James Madison began the construction of a naval fleet during the War of 1812 to gain control of the Great Lakes from the British. Daniel Dobbins of Erie and Noah Brown of Boston were notable shipbuilders who led construction of four schooner−rigged gunboats, commodore Oliver Hazard Perry arrived from Rhode Island and led the squadron to success in the historic Battle of Lake Erie. Erie was an important shipbuilding, fishing, and railroad hub during the mid-19th century, the city was the site where three sets of track gauges met
38.
Metuchen, New Jersey
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Metuchen was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 20,1900, from portions of Raritan Township. Until 1870, what is now Metuchen was part of Woodbridge Township, because the settlers in the western part of the township were so far removed from the village of Woodbridge, they early developed a separate identity. The name Metuchen first appeared in 1688/1689, and its name was derived from the name of a Native American chief, in 1701, an overseer of roads was appointed for Metuchen district. In 1705, Main Street was laid out at the time as the road from Metuchen to Woodbridge. Sometime between 1717 and 1730, a house was constructed for weekday meetings conducted by the pastor of the Woodbridge Presbyterian Church. In 1756, Metuchen Presbyterians succeeded in forming their own congregation, in 1770, the congregations merged, with Metuchen getting 2/5 of the pastors services and Woodbridge 3/5s, by 1772 Metuchen had grown sufficiently to warrant 50% of his time. In 1793, the two churches again separated, from the late 18th to the early 19th century Metuchen grew little. A map of 1799 shows ten buildings in the center of town along Main Street, by 1834, a Presbyterian church, a store, two taverns and about a dozen dwellings could be found. The opening of the Middlesex and Essex Turnpike in 1806, not until the beginning of the railroad era did commercial and residential development surge. In 1836, the New Jersey Railroad was completed to New Brunswick, the construction of a station at Main Street made it inevitable that this would develop as the principal street. A business section soon began to appear between Middlesex Avenue and the tracks, and commercial and service establishments gradually began to assume a more modern aspect. The second half of the 19th century was a period of social, cultural, between 1859 and 1866 the Reformed Church was organized, the first Catholic mass was celebrated and St. Lukes Episcopal Church was founded. In 1870 both the Building and Loan Association and the opened, the same year that Raritan Township was incorporated. As the largest village in the new township, Metuchen naturally became its commercial and cultural center, in 1873, the town hosted Howard Newton Fuller and the Rutgers College Glee Club in the first ever performance of their alma mater. In 1879, the literary and debating society was formed, by 1882, Metuchen School #15 had an enrollment of 256 pupils, and by 1885 the New Jersey Gazette listed 37 businesses. The decade of the 1890s was a period of expansion for public utilities, in 1894, telegraph service was begun and in 1897 telephone service begun by the N. Y. and N. J. In the same year the Midland Water Company commenced operation and supplied hydrants for newly formed volunteer fire companies, in 1899, a new street lighting system was installed. At about the time a bicycling organization was formed, the Metuchen Wheelmen
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Sayreville, New Jersey
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Sayreville is a borough located on the Raritan River, near Raritan Bay in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. Sayreville was originally incorporated as a township on April 6,1876, on April 2,1919, the borough was reincorporated as the Borough of Sayreville and ratified by a referendum held on April 29,1919. Native Americans were the first settlers of Sayreville, tribes of the Navesink lived along the South River where Jernee Mill Road is located today. This was noted on a 1656 New Netherland map by Adriaen van der Donck, during the 20th century, amateur archaeologists found thousands of Indian artifacts at the location shown on the map. Predating the incorporation of Sayreville, the Morgan Inn was established in 1703 in what is now the Morgan section of Sayreville, charles Morgan III and his descendants, including Major General James Morgan and Lieutenant Nicholas Morgan, played significant roles in the Revolutionary War. The Morgan family lived in the area for over 200 years and many members, including Evertsons, are buried in the privately owned Morgan Cemetery. The Morgans were said to be related to the pirate, Captain Henry Morgan. It was from an episode during the Revolutionary War that the Morgan Inn gained its new name, according to local legends, a local British loyalist, Abe Mussey, was captured by Continental Army troops in 1777 while signaling to British ships in Raritan Bay. He was tried as a spy at the Inn, convicted in a one-day trial, musseys execution was carried out using a tree near the Inns entrance. Mussey was reported to be buried behind the Inn in an unmarked grave, the Inn was destroyed by fire in 1976, but its ruins remain on the National Register of Historic Places. It was one of the companies that took advantage of the extensive clay deposits that supported the brick industry from the early 19th century until 1970. From its inception, Sayre & Fisher quickly grew into one of the largest brick-making companies in the world. Production grew from 54 million bricks annually in 1878, to 178 million bricks a year in 1913, in 1898, DuPont began production of gunpowder at its plant on Deerfield Road, and later off Washington Road. The company later built facilities in Sayreville for the production of paint. At one time the Raritan River Railroad passed through Sayreville and had several spurs to service Sayre & Fisher and other local industries, a train running on the line was featured in The Juggernaut, a 1914 episode of the silent movie serial The Perils of Pauline. The episode was staged on the line, including the construction of a bridge over Ducks Nest Pond in Sayreville, the fishing pond is located in the back of Bailey Park, near the DuPont and Hercules factories. In 1918 during World War I, Sayreville was heavily damaged by TNT explosions at the Gillespie Shell Loading Plant, Sayrevilles clay deposits have earned scientific notice as one of the worlds major sources of museum-quality fossils found in amber. This prehistoric tree resin managed to encase over a species of insects and plants from approximately 90 million years ago
40.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
41.
Avatar Studios
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Avatar Studios, formerly known as The Power Station, is a recording studio at 441 West 53rd Street in Manhattan, New York City. The building was originally a Consolidated Edison power plant, in 1977, it was rebuilt as a recording studio by producer Tony Bongiovi and his partner Bob Walters and gained renown as one of the finest acoustic environments for recording in the world. It has won several industry awards over the years, including a Les Paul Award for Special Lifetime Achievement in 1991. The complex was renamed Avatar Studios in May 1996, the software Superior Drummer 2.0 also made use of the studio for sampling. Official website Avatar Studios 30 Year Anniversary Party
42.
David Bryan
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David Bryan Rashbaum, best known as David Bryan is the keyboardist for the rock band Bon Jovi, with which he has also co-written songs and performed backing vocals. He is the writer of the successful Broadway musical Memphis, David Bryan Rashbaum was born in Perth Amboy, New Jersey and raised in Edison, New Jersey. His father, Eddie Rashbaum, played the trumpet and he attended elementary school at Clara Barton, where he played many instruments including violin, viola, trumpet and clarinet. He also attended Herbert Hoover Middle School, then J. P. Stevens High School, Bryan began to learn piano at age seven, and played keyboards for a band called Transition with bass player Steve Sileo and lead singer Mike Ziegel. He studied with Emery Hack, a professor at Juilliard, for thirteen years, Bryan was accepted into Rutgers University, but dropped out to attend Juilliard, a school devoted to the performing arts in New York City. Bryan was the first Bon Jovi member to receive a call when Jon Bon Jovi learned that he had received a recording contract and he shortened his full name to his first and middle names because he got tired of spelling his full name over and over again. He co-wrote the musical Memphis with Joe DiPietro, which had its debut in 2002. In 2008, Memphis was performed at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, the show was also performed in January 2009 in Seattle, Washington, at the 5th Avenue Theatre, prior to moving to Broadway later in 2009. Memphis, which ran on Broadway from October 18,2009 to August 5,2012, was nominated for 8 Tony awards for the 2010 season and won 4 including Best Musical, Bryan also co-wrote the musical The Toxic Avenger, again collaborating with Joe DiPietro. The musical made its premiere at New World Stages on April 6,2009. He is also working on a new musical with DiPietro titled Chasing The Song, Bryan describes it as Its a fictional story about factual America. Director Christopher Ashley and choreographer Sergio Trujillo are now involved, according to Playbill, A fall or early winter workshop of the musical is currently being planned. Bryan married his school sweetheart April McLean on August 25,1990. They have two daughters and a son, twins Gabrielle Luna Bryan and Colton Moon Bryan, and Tiger Lily Bryan, David married Lexi Quaas on August 7,2010 in Colts Neck, New Jersey. In the late 1990s, prior to Bon Jovi coming together to record Crush, after a year of rehabilitation and therapy, Bryan regained motion in his finger and went back to playing the keyboard. He described the pain as It ate out my stomach lining, my intestines and it was in my bloodstream, I was poisoned. I was 145 pounds, and I was really ill in the hospital for two weeks, then bedridden at home, for a month. He recovered and, in 1992, he and the band did Keep The Faith showing that the band is still together since New Jersey, Bryan is very active in VH-1s Save the Music program, as well as Only Make Believe
43.
Christmas in the Stars
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Christmas in the Stars, Star Wars Christmas Album is a record album produced in 1980 by RSO Records. It features recordings of Star Wars-themed Christmas songs and stories about a factory where the robots make toys year-round for S. Claus. Much of the album is sung and narrated by British actor Anthony Daniels, sound designer Ben Burtt also provided sound effects for R2-D2 and Chewbacca. The album was produced by Meco Monardo, with the hope that this would be the first in a series of annual Star Wars Christmas albums. The majority of the original songs were written by Maury Yeston. The album is notable for featuring the first professional recording of Jon Bon Jovi and his cousin Tony Bongiovi co-produced the album and ran the recording studio at which it was recorded, where Jon was working sweeping floors at the time. After the first printing of 150,000 copies, Meco was asked to allow George Lucas name to be credited beside his under Concept by, due to the success of the album, the studios were ready to do a second printing, which would give Lucas credit. But before the second record printing could be done, RSO Records shut down due to an unrelated lawsuit and this original printing featured cover art by the Star Wars films production artist, Ralph McQuarrie. The cassette version is now hard to come by. Also in 1980, RSO released a 45 of What Can You Get a Wookiee for Christmas b/w R2-D2 We Wish You a Merry Christmas with a picture sleeve. In late 1983, a second 45 from the album was released by Polygram on the RSO label, R2D2s Sleigh Ride b/w Christmas in the Stars, also with a picture sleeve. In November 1990, Polydor Records Japan released a 3-inch CD single featuring the songs R2-D2 We Wish You a Merry Christmas and Christmas in the Stars. The album made its CD debut in 1994 as an unheralded budget-label release by JFC/Polygram Special Markets with all artwork, the only credit on the package was Meco and it featured a generic cover photo of Christmas boxes and decorations. In October 1996, during the popularity of the Star Wars, Shadows of the Empire project, official StarWars. com database entry for the album An interview with album creator, Meco, with his thoughts on the album. The 1996 CD release on Amazon. com
44.
R2-D2
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R2-D2 is a fictional robot character in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas, who appears in the original trilogy, the prequel trilogy, the sequel trilogy, and Rogue One. A small astromech droid, R2-D2 is a character and appears in all Star Wars films to date. Throughout the course of the films, he joins or supports Padmé Amidala, Anakin Skywalker, Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, in the sequel trilogy, Baker was credited as consultant for the The Force Awakens, however Jimmy Vee also co-performed the character in some scenes. Vee later took over the beginning in The Last Jedi. R2-D2s sounds and vocal effects were created by Ben Burtt, R2-D2 was designed in artwork by Ralph McQuarrie, co-developed by John Stears and built by Tony Dyson. Lucas and artist Ralph McQuarrie also drew inspiration from the robots Huey, Dewey, the name is said to derive from when Lucas was making one of his earlier films, American Graffiti. Sound editor Walter Murch states that he is responsible for the utterance which sparked the name for the droid, Murch asked for Reel 2, Dialog Track 2, in the abbreviated form R-2-D-2. R2-D2 stands for Second Generation Robotic Droid Series-2, according to a Star Wars encyclopedia published after the release of the film Star Wars. Tony Dyson, owner of the special effects studio The White Horse Toy Company, was commissioned to fabricate the design, two were used by Baker, and two were stunt double models made for the scene where the droid was shot from the swamp onto the shore on Dagobah. In Star Wars, both R2-D2 and C-3PO are introduced on board the Tantive IV, along with Princess Leia of Alderaan, Leia inserts into R2-D2 an information disc containing the plans for the Death Star battle station, and encodes a distress message on the droids holographic projector. The droids then escape in a pod that crashes on Tatooine near Obi-Wan Kenobis desert abode, R2-D2 and C-3PO are then abducted by Jawas and bought by Owen Lars, step-uncle of Luke Skywalker. That night, R2-D2 leaves the farm to seek out Obi-Wan, soon, by way of fate, Luke is forced to leave Tatooine with Obi-Wan, Han Solo, and Chewbacca, and they attempt to deliver R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance. Along the way, they are pulled in by the Death Stars tractor beam, R2-D2 delivers the plans to the Rebel Alliance, and serves as Lukes astromech droid during the attack on the station. R2-D2 is severely damaged during the battle, but is restored before the ceremony at the end of the film. In The Empire Strikes Back, R2-D2 accompanies Luke to Dagobah, and later to Cloud City and he also manages to fix the Millennium Falcons hyperdrive, resulting in a last-minute escape from Imperial forces. In Return of the Jedi, R2-D2 plays a role in rescuing Luke, Leia. He later joins the Rebel strike team on Endor and he is badly damaged during the fight between the Imperial troops and the Rebels, but is repaired in time for the celebration marking the second Death Stars destruction and the end of the Empire. The sole survivor of the four, R2-D2 becomes part of Qui-Gon Jinns party on Tatooine and meets C-3PO, later still, he serves as the astromech droid for Anakins starfighter during the Battle of Naboo
