1.
Lima Allen County Airport
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Lima Allen County Airport is a public use airport located five nautical miles southeast of the central business district of Lima, a city in Allen County, Ohio, United States. It is owned by the Allen County Regional Airport Authority, the current airport site is located near the corner of Hanthorn Road and SR117 east of Lima. It moved to site in 1963, prior to then. Local television station WTLW has its studios located in a hangar at the old airport site. Lima Allen County Airport covers an area of 696 acres at an elevation of 975 feet above sea level. It has two runways, 10/28 is 6,000 by 150 feet with a surface, 14/32 is 3,994 by 150 feet with an asphalt. Runway 14/32 closed in the winter, for the 12-month period ending June 1,2007, the airport had 32,500 aircraft operations, an average of 89 per day, 80% general aviation,18. 5% air taxi, and 1. 5% military. At that time there were 28 aircraft based at airport, 71% single-engine, 25% multi-engine
2.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
3.
Lima Airport Partners
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Lima Airport Partners S. R. L. is a Limited liability company that operates Perus main airport, the Jorge Chávez International Airport in Callao, near Lima. It was founded in February 2001 and holds a 30-year concession to operate the airport, the company is 70. 01% owned by Fraport AG of Germany. In September 2003, Cosapi S. A. sold its LAP shares to Alterra Holdings, consequently, the distribution of shares turned 57. 25% for Alterra Lima Holdings, Ltd. and 42. 75% for Fraport AG. In August 2007, Fraport AG Frankfurt Airport Services Worldwide acquired 57. 25% of Alterra Lima Holdings, therefore, the share distribution turned,70. 01%, Fraport AG19. 99%, International Finance Corporation 10. Fraport AG Jorge Chávez International Airport Aeropuertos del Perú CORPAC Official web site Official web site
4.
Lima
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Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the coastal part of the country. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms an urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population of almost 10 million, Lima is the most populous area of Peru. Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18,1535 and it became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru, around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area. Lima is home to one of the oldest higher-learning institutions in the New World, the National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12,1551 during the Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas. In October 2013 Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games and it also hosted the December 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the Miss Universe 1982 pageant. In October 2015 Lima hosted the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group, according to early Spanish articles the Lima area was once called Itchyma, after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century and this oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted, the chronicles show Límac replacing Ychma as the common name for the area. Modern scholars speculate that the word Lima originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq, linguistic evidence seems to support this theory as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. Non-Peruvian Spanish speakers may mistakenly define the city name as the direct Spanish translation of lime, the city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. This name quickly fell into disuse and Lima became the name of choice, on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru. The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac and many people assume that this is because its original Inca name is Talking River. However, the inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua, later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river, however, historically, the Flag of Lima has been known as the «Banner of Perus Kings City»
5.
Peru
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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
6.
Callao
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El Callao is the chief seaport of Peru. The city is also called Provincia Constitucional, the province of the Callao Region. The Historic Centre of Callao is located 15 km west of Historic Centre of Lima, the countrys capital, Callao borders Lima Province on the north, east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. El Callao was founded by Spanish colonists in 1537, just two years after Lima and it soon became the main port for Spanish commerce in the Pacific. The origin of its name is unknown, both Indian and Spanish sources are credited, but it is certain that it was known by name since 1550. Other sources point to the similarity with the Portuguese word calhau, on 20 August 1836, during the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, President Andrés de Santa Cruz mandated the creation of the Callao Littoral Province, which had political autonomy in its internal affairs. During the government of President Ramón Castilla, Callao was given the name of Constitutional Province, on 22 April 1857, before that, all of the other Peruvian provinces had been given their names by law, while Callao was given it by constitutional mandate. Callao was never part of the Lima Department nor of any other departments, the provinces first mayor was Col. Manuel Cipriano Dulanto. By 1949, Callao was known as one of the biggest centers of coca-based products, on 28 October 1746, a tsunami caused by the 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake destroyed the entire port of Callao. On 22 January 22,1826, besieged by nationalist forces backed by Simón Bolívar, on 2 May 1866, during the Battle of Callao, the Spanish fleet tried to reconquer independent Peru. Kon-Tiki left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28,1947, on 19 June 1986, dozens of Sendero Luminoso terrorists tried to escape but encountered the governments naval forces on El Frontón, resulting in the so-called Peruvian prison massacres. Callao is built on and around a peninsula, the district of La Punta, a historical fortress, the Castillo de Real Felipe, stands on the promontory overlooking the harbor. A large naval base is sited in Callao and its prison holds Abimael Guzmán, the leader of the Shining Path terrorist organization, and Vladimiro Montesinos, the ex-director of internal security during the Fujimori regime. Jorge Chávez International Airport is located in Callao, on a bluff overlooking the harbor sits Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado, the military high school. The city also has a university, the National University of Callao, the main Naval Hospital, Centro Medico Naval is located on Avenida Venezuela in Bellavista. It contains the U. S. Navy command Naval Medical Research Unit Six, residents of Callao are known as chalacos. Callaos professional football teams are Sport Boys and Atlético Chalaco, Callao has several islands, San Lorenzo, El Frontón, the Cavinzas Islands, and the Palomino Islands, where numerous sea lions and sea birds live in a virtually untouched ecosystem. There are proposed plans to build a naval, terrestrial
7.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
8.
Peruvian Airlines
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Peruvian Airlines is an airline based in Peru. The airline currently operates nine domestic routes out of Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima, peruvian Airlines was founded in November 2007, receiving its Air Operator Certificate from Perus aviation authority on August 7,2008. The airline commenced operations on October 29,2008, all 141 onboard survived the accident
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
10.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
11.
Asphalt
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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
12.
Tonne
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The SI symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit itself in 1879. Its use is also official, for the metric ton, within the United States, having been adopted by the US National Institute of Standards and it is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Informal and non-approved symbols or abbreviations include T, mT, MT, in French and all English-speaking countries that are predominantly metric, tonne is the correct spelling. Before metrication in the UK the unit used for most purposes was the Imperial ton of 2,240 pounds avoirdupois, equivalent to 1,016 kg, differing by just 1. 6% from the tonne. Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages to designate a large cask. A full tun, standing about a high, could easily weigh a tonne. An English tun of wine weighs roughly a tonne,954 kg if full of water, in the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau, but these terms are now obsolete. The Imperial and US customary units comparable to the tonne are both spelled ton in English, though they differ in mass, one tonne is equivalent to, Metric/SI,1 megagram. Equal to 1000000 grams or 1000 kilograms, megagram, Mg, is the official SI unit. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram, pounds, Exactly 1000/0. 453 592 37 lb, or approximately 2204.622622 lb. US/Short tons, Exactly 1/0. 907 184 74 short tons, or approximately 1.102311311 ST. One short ton is exactly 0.90718474 t, imperial/Long tons, Exactly 1/1. 016 046 9088 long tons, or approximately 0.9842065276 LT. One long ton is exactly 1.0160469088 t, for multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events. When used in context, there is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelt either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. *The equivalent units columns use the short scale large-number naming system used in most English-language countries. †Values in the equivalent short and long tons columns are rounded to five significant figures, ǂThough non-standard, the symbol kt is also sometimes used for knot, a unit of speed for sea-going vessels, and should not be confused with kilotonne. A metric ton unit can mean 10 kilograms within metal trading and it traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% of metal. In the case of uranium, the acronym MTU is sometimes considered to be metric ton of uranium, in the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent is a unit of energy, the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ
13.
Historic Centre of Lima
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Located principally in the city centre or Cercado de Lima and Rímac areas, the Historic Centre of Lima is among the most important tourist destinations in Peru. The city of Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded by Francisco Pizarro on 18 January 1535 and given the name City of the Kings. Nevertheless, with time its name persisted, which may come from one of two sources, Either the Aymara language lima-limaq, or the Spanish pronunciation of the Quechuan word rimaq. It is worth noting that the same Quechuan word is also the source of the given to the river that feeds the city. Early maps of Peru show the two names displayed jointly, in 1988, UNESCO declared the historic center of Lima a World Heritage Site for its originality and high concentration of historic monuments constructed in the time of Spanish presence. Of the structures in the center of Lima, situated are more than 1,600 balconies that were built in the viceroyalty era as well as in the republic. In order to retain its conservation, the Municipality of Lima has invited individuals, the abundance of these balconies adds to the particular harmony and originality to this part of the city. At the time of the Viceroyalty of Peru, a work of art was created, a magnificence, a grandeur, the entrances to Lima of the new viceroys were specially lavish. For the occasion, the streets were paved with silver bars from the doors of the city of Lima to the Palace of the Viceroy, the Archbishop Palace is the home of the Archbishop of Lima. It is a popular tourist attraction in the Historical centre of Lima, the first major church began construction in 1535. Pope Paul III turned it into a seat in 1541. In 1547, Lima was elevated to an archdiocese, which turned it by a short period, the patron of the episcopal seat is Saint Rosa of Lima. The Museum of Italian Art is the only European arts museum of Peru and this house was constructed in 1535 on a pre-Columbian sanctuary. This home is the oldest mansion of the city and faces the Government Palace, former seat of Pizarros rule and their halls, extensive and luxurious and their inner patio, have all the characteristics of the most important mansions of the historical center of Lima of the viceroyalty time. Given the perfect state of conservation, in circumstances, this mansion often hosts certain cultural events. The mansion, still a home, can be visited by pre-arrangement with an entry fee of approximately $11 US. In this house, one of oldest of the city, lived the Oidor, the Oidor had by functions to cross the administered territory to control its government. In this sense, it advised to the viceroy as a consultant and this is one of the oldest houses of Lima, constructed in 1590 by a Jesuit priest by the name of Ruiz Portillo
14.
Miraflores District, Lima
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Miraflores is a district of the Lima Province in Peru. It is a residential and upscale shopping district south of downtown Lima. It is also one of the most affluent districts that make up the city of Lima and it has various hotels, restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and department stores. Miraflores is one of the main tourist attractions in Lima, founded as San Miguel de Miraflores, it was established as a district on January 2,1857. As a result of the Battle of Miraflores fought during the War of the Pacific, the current mayor is Jorge Muñoz. The districts postal code is 18, the district has a total land area of 9.62 km². Its administrative center is located 79 meters above sea level, temperatures oscillate from 13 °C to 18 °C in winter, and from 20 °C to 30 °C in summer. Low clouds are frequent, especially during winter, when morning drizzles are not uncommon, the only pre-Inca ruin remaining in Miraflores, Huaca Pucllana can still be seen. The Spanish town of Miraflores was established in the 16th century, however it was merged into the Lima Metropolitan Area as the city expanded during the early 20th century. During the War of the Pacific, the district was the scene of the Battle of Miraflores, two thousand people died as a result and the district was sacked and burned by Chilean invaders. According to a 2002 estimate by the INEI, the district has 92,815 inhabitants, in 1999, there were 27,489 households in the district. The district is also a center, with theaters, cinemas. It also has a pre-Inca mud-brick temple called the Huaca Pucllana, there are public and private schools in Miraflores. Schools are divide into Primary and Secondary School, because school is only 11 years the University education is 5 years. Some private schools in Miraflores are, Markham, Pestalozzi, Villa Maria Miraflores, Alexander Von Humboldt, St. Georges College, Nuestra Señora del Carmen, the school year start in March and end in December. The Humboldt I campus of the Deutsche Schule Lima Alexander von Humboldt and it also lodges the University of Piura and the Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute of the National University of San Marcos. Tourism dominates the economy of the district, LAN Perú has its headquarters in Miraflores. The former airline Aeroperú also had its headquarters in Miraflores, the district is full of hotels, cafés, pubs, restaurants and shops, which draw large crowds of the local population on Sundays
15.
Douglas DC-4
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The Douglas DC-4 is a four-engine propeller-driven airliner developed by the Douglas Aircraft Company. Military versions of the plane, the C-54 and R5D, served during World War II, in the Berlin Airlift, from 1945, many civil airlines operated the DC-4 worldwide. Douglas took the new requirement and produced a new design, the DC-4A, with a simpler unpressurised fuselage, R-2000 Twin Wasp engines, the first, a C-54, flew from Clover Field in Santa Monica, California on 14 February 1942. To meet military requirements the first production aircraft had four additional auxiliary fuel tanks in the cabin which reduced the passenger seats to 26. The following batch of aircraft were designated C-54A and were built with a floor, cargo door with a hoist. The first C-54A was delivered in February 1943, with the introduction of the C-54B in March 1944 the outer wings were changed to hold integral fuel tanks allowing two of the cabin tanks to be removed, this allowed 49-seats to be fitted. The C-54C was a hybrid for Presidential use, it had a C-54A fuselage with four fuel tanks. The most common variant was the C-54D which entered service in August 1944, with the C-54E the last two cabin fuel tanks were moved to the wings which would allow more freight or 44 passenger seats. A total of 1,163 C-54/R5Ds were built for the United States military between 1942 and January 1946, another 79 DC-4s were built postwar, a variant, equipped to fly over 40% faster, was built in Canada postwar as the Canadair North Star. The DC-4/C-54 proved a popular and reliable type,1245 being built between May 1942 and August 1947, including 79 postwar DC-4s, several remain in service as of 2014. One current operator is Buffalo Airways of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Douglas continued to develop the type during the war in preparation for a return to airline use when peace returned. The types sales prospects were affected when 500 wartime ex military C-54s and R5Ds came onto the civil market, DC-4s were a favorite of charter airlines such as Great Lakes Airlines, North American Airlines, Universal Airlines and Transocean Airlines. In the 1950s Transocean was the largest civil C-54/DC-4 operator, Douglas produced 79 new-build DC-4s between January 1946 and August 9,1947, the last example being delivered to South African Airways. Pressurization was an option, but all civil DC-4s were built un-pressurized, several airlines used new-build DC-4s to start scheduled transatlantic flights between Latin America and Europe. Among the earliest were Aerolíneas Argentinas, Aeropostal of Venezuela, Iberia Airlines of Spain, basic prices for a new DC-4 in 1946-7 was around £140, 000-£160,000. In 1960 used DC-4s were available for around £80,000, Canadair North Star Canadian production of a Rolls-Royce Merlin – powered variant, plus a single Pratt & Whitney R-2800 – powered aircraft. Aviation Traders Carvair British cargo and car ferry adaptation, very few DC-4s remain in service today. The last two passenger DC-4s operating worldwide are based in Johannesburg, South Africa and they fly with old South African Airways colors
16.
Fraport
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In the past the firm also managed the smaller Frankfurt-Hahn Airport located 130 kilometers west of the city. It is listed on both the Xetra and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the companys current chief executive officer is Stefan Schulte. As of 2009, the company has approximately 20,000 employees - about 17,500 of them in Frankfurt -, Fraport was the main sponsor of the Bundesliga football team Eintracht Frankfurt from the 2002/2003 season to 2012. Fraport AG is also involved in ground handling operations at its own operated airports and it mostly operates ground handling services in a deregulated context. The Fraport will start managing the 14 regional airports before Easter and they have published their master plan for each airport and the computer renderings of the 14 airports after the completion of the construction works. Fraports facilities are on the property of Frankfurt Airport in the citys Flughafen district and its head office building is Building 178, close to Tor 3. The companys current shareholding structure is as follows
17.
Ramada
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Ramada is a large hotel chain owned and operated by Wyndham Worldwide. Longtime Chicago restauranteur Marion W. Isbell founded the chain in 1953 along with a group of investors including Michael Robinson of McAllen, Texas, early in 1952, Marion W. Isbell received a phone call from his brother-in-law, Bill Helsing. Bill informed him of a deal in Flagstaff, AZ that he was going to invest in. This first investment resulted in a return of capital. Ramada opened its first hotel – a 60-room facility – on U. S, on that trip, Isbell noted the substandard quality of roadside motor courts along US highways at the time. The Ramada name derives from the Spanish term rama, temporary open air structures called ramadas, made of brush or branches were popular in Arizona during harvest time. Company websites commonly refer to the structure as a resting place. These are properties that have distinctive triple pillars and an overhang in the front of the hotel. Most of these are now rebranded under other names, but a few original Ramada Inns of that colonial design continue as franchises of the chain today. Ramadas logo, from its start in the 1950s until around 1976, featured a friendly bald innkeeper and he sported an apron and held a top hat in one hand and in the other hand, a red trumpeted banner that read Ramada Inn Roadside Hotels. From 1976 to 1982, the logo was a simple rounded rectangle that read Ramada Inn in the same gothic Western-style lettering of the original design. From 1982 to 2004, Ramada changed to a revised, rounded rectangular design with modern lettering. By the late 70s, Ramada ranked as the second largest hotel chain in the U. S. behind industry leader Holiday Inn, also during the 1970s, Ramada expanded into worldwide operation by opening new hotels in various European nations and on other continents. Marion W. Isbell served as president and CEO of Ramada until 1970, the senior Isbell continued as the chains CEO until his retirement in 1972 and then chairman of the board until 1979. William M. Isbell would serve as Ramadas president and CEO until 1981, Ramada developed a chain of restaurants, which were located inside the hotels, similar to the Howard Johnsons restaurants. Ramada operated them under names including Uncle Bens Kitchen, Ramada Pancake Cottage. The company-owned Ramada restaurants became defunct in 1990, though the franchised hotels still include on-premises restaurants, in an attempt to revive the companys lagging business, Ramada Inns, Inc. in 1989 decided to split its hotel/restaurant businesses and its gaming businesses. In the original deal for the business, Ramada shareholders were to get $7 in cash per share plus half a share of the new Aztar Corporation
18.
Jet bridge
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Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, a jet bridge may be fixed or movable, swinging radially and/or extending in length. The jetway was invented by Frank Der Yuen, before the introduction of jet bridges, passengers normally boarded an aircraft by walking along the ground-level ramp and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or ramp stairs are employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports, united Airlines tested an early prototype Air Dock in 1954. The first operational jet bridges were installed in 1959, although sources disagree as to which airport installed jet bridges first, jet bridges provide all-weather dry access to aircraft and enhance the security of terminal operations. They are often attached at one end by a pivot to the terminal building and have the ability to swing left or right. The cabin, at the end of the bridge, may be raised or lowered, extended or retracted. These motions are controlled by a station in the cab. The cab is provided with a canopy, which allows the bridge to dock with aircraft with differing shapes. Some airports with international gates have two or three bridges for larger aircraft with multiple entrances, faster loading can lead to lower airport charges, less delays and more passenger throughput for the airport, all factors which impact an airlines bottom line. King Shaka International Airport and Edmonton International Airport have A380 jet bridges, though loading bridges are usually permanently attached at their terminal-building end, leaving only the cab free to move, this is not always the case. Loading bridges restrict aircraft parking to spots immediately adjacent to the terminal, thus, airports use mobile staircases to facilitate disembarking at hardstands. Loading bridges may pose hazards to aircraft if handled improperly, if the bridge is not retracted fully before departure, it may contact protruding parts of the taxiing aircraft, requiring repair and delays. Furthermore, during cold weather, the bridge may become frozen to the aircraft. In this case, when the jet bridge retracts, it could damage the aircraft if that area has not been properly de-iced, loading bridges usually cost more to use than remote stands, so many low cost carriers prefer not to use them. When regional jets are used, jet bridges have another disadvantage, several airlines have removed jet bridges at regional jet gates at airports such as Atlanta which are short on gates. When having passengers disembark on the tarmac or the ramp, airlines can fit two or more regional jets per gate. In many other places like Beijing Capital Airport and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, several incidents of jet bridges collapsing include Sydney, Hong Kong Chep Lap Kok, Seattle and Los Angeles. Jet bridges are used at smaller, single-story airports
19.
Instrument landing system
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An instrument landing system enables aircraft to land if the pilots are unable to establish visual contact with the runway. It does this by way of transmitted radio signals, an instrument approach procedure chart is published for each ILS approach to provide the information needed to fly an ILS approach during instrument flight rules operations. A chart includes the frequencies used by the ILS components or navaids. An aircraft approaching a runway is guided by the ILS receivers in the aircraft by performing modulation depth comparisons, many aircraft can route signals into the autopilot to fly the approach automatically. An ILS consists of two independent sub-systems, the localizer provides lateral guidance, the glide slope provides vertical guidance. A localizer is an antenna array normally located beyond the end of the runway. Due to the complexity of ILS localizer and glide slope systems, localizer systems are sensitive to obstructions in the signal broadcast area, such as large buildings or hangars. Glide slope systems are limited by the terrain in front of the glide slope antennas. If terrain is sloping or uneven, reflections can create an uneven glidepath, additionally, since the ILS signals are pointed in one direction by the positioning of the arrays, glide slope supports only straight-line approaches with a constant angle of descent. Installation of an ILS can be costly because of siting criteria, ILS critical areas and ILS sensitive areas are established to avoid hazardous reflections that would affect the radiated signal. The location of these areas can prevent aircraft from using certain taxiways leading to delays in takeoffs, increased hold times. Instrument guidance system - a modified ILS to accommodate a non-straight approach, in addition to the previously mentioned navigational signals, the localizer provides for ILS facility identification by periodically transmitting a 1,020 Hz Morse code identification signal. For example, the ILS for runway 4R at John F. Kennedy International Airport transmits IJFK to identify itself and this lets users know the facility is operating normally and that they are tuned to the correct ILS. The glide slope station transmits no identification signal, so ILS equipment relies on the localizer for identification and it is essential that any failure of the ILS to provide safe guidance be detected immediately by the pilot. To achieve this, monitors continually assess the characteristics of the transmissions. If any significant deviation beyond strict limits is detected, either the ILS is automatically switched off or the navigation and identification components are removed from the carrier, either of these actions will activate an indication on the instruments of an aircraft using the ILS. Modern localizer antennas are highly directional, however, usage of older, less directional antennas allows a runway to have a non-precision approach called a localizer back course. This lets aircraft land using the signal transmitted from the back of the localizer array, highly directional antennas do not provide a sufficient signal to support a back course
20.
Skytrax
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Skytrax is a United Kingdom-based consultancy which runs an airline and airport review and ranking site. Apart from these evaluations, Skytrax has a forum where passengers give potential passengers insights. The website also hosts flight reviews, flight checks, and satisfaction surveys, Skytrax holds an annual World Airline Awards and World Airport Awards, as well as the ranking for airlines and airports. The Authority upheld all five complaints and Skytrax agreed to some promotional wording. Inflight Research Services sent some information to the UK House of Lords Select Committee on Science, Skytrax presents awards annually to airports and airlines that it considers noteworthy in their performance
21.
Lima Metro
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The construction of the Lima Metro remained paralyzed since that time under accusations of bribes, after an investment of 226 million dollars co-financed by the Italian government. Thus, the Peruvian Government under the presidency of Alan García put the Ministry of Transport and Communications in charge of completing Line 1. Grau in the city center, making a total of 34, Line 1 finally opened for revenue service on July 11,2011. At 35 km long, Metro Line 1 is the longest in the Americas, and this way, the Metrolima project, contemplating a total of 5 lines of underground train, was unable to be realized. This entity called for a public contest for the implementation of this system and it started promptly the infrastructure work for an elevated viaduct metro. The work began with a facility in the district of Villa El Salvador, south of the city. Construction advanced at a relatively fast pace, but when Line 1 reached the Atocongo Station the country was immersed in an economical and social crisis. It was meant to continue through Av, aviación up to the Dos de Mayo Hospital in the city center, but the assigned budget had been already spent. The metro remained nearly useless in practice, given that the investments for its operation. In spite of that, the subsequent governments tried to revive the project because of the significant investment put into the trains, on several occasions, candidates in both presidential and municipal elections used it politically with the promise of finishing the project, although it never materialized. The municipalities crossed by the metro started to cover the unfinished segments in an attempt to diminish the impact on the urban landscape. This way, the median of Av. Aviación had pillars with grass in order to avoid the invasion of ambulatory commerce, vegetation was planted in order to cover the uncovered pieces of steel and concrete of the unfinished project. Some districts also painted the columns and walls with images of Peruvian landscapes and nature, on August 5,2001, the AATE was passed on to the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima through the Urgency Decree N° 058-2001. Subsequently, the Lima Metro only made trips to give preventive maintenance to the trains, the columns and rights-of-way of the train remained, for more than two decades, as a living example of the bad management of the first APRA government between 1985 and 1990. Throughout time, several artistic and musical groups took advantage of the situation to satirize the project, the El Tren Eléctrico song by Juan Luis Dammert and the imaginary launch campaign denominated Lima 2427, launched by artist Camila Bustamante. It must also be mentioned that the Metro Line was built through the center of extremely impoverished neighborhoods and this writer was there in 1997 and looked in AWE at this magnificent system, stood there finished, yet unused for the previous ten years. Was fenced off from the public and guarded night and day at great expense, surrounded on both sides by streets where operated hordes of buses of all types hauling passengers
22.
Wyndham Worldwide
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Wyndham Worldwide Corporation is an American business, it is the holding company for Wyndham Hotels & Resorts, RCI and other lodging brands. It was spun off from Cendant Corporation in July 2006, Wyndham Worldwide, headquartered in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, operates several hotel brands across the world. Wyndham Hotel Group offers brands in lodging franchising, vacation ownership, vacation rentals and it is composed of nearly 7,400 hotels under 15 brands spanning 66 countries in six continents, competing in brand markets ranging from economy to upscale. Wyndham Worldwide is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey and has more than 40,000 employees around the world, lodging management services are provided to upscale properties through Wyndham Hotel Management. In early 2008, Global Hyatt Corporation announced that the Wyndham Worldwide Group would purchase US Franchise Systems, Inc. owner of the Microtel and Hawthorn Suites brands, the transaction closed July 21,2008. US Franchise Systems had previously sold the Americas Best Inn chain to the Country Hearth Inns chain in 2005. That holding company is now known as Americas Best Franchising Inc. Wyndham bought the Wisconsin-based Exel Inn chain in 2008, in 2010, Wyndham Worldwide acquired the TRYP hotel brand from Sol Meliá Hotels & Resorts of Spain. The association has argued that individual franchisees have currently limited role in Wyndhams decision making, Wyndham Hotel Groups Former CEO Eric A. Danziger, in an interview in 2009 with Asian Indian Hotel Owners magazine, emphasized that Wyndham maintains cordial relationship with franchisees. He also stated that each of Wyndham brands maintain a board of individual property owners. Wyndham Rewards is a branded, points-based rewards program for frequent travelers and it also features a Wyndham Rewards Credit Card which allows owners to build up 2-13 points per USD to offset costs of maintenance in regards to vacation ownership. It currently holds the highest return of all programs and the highest offset yield. Wyndham Vacation Ownership, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, is the largest vacation ownership program in the world and it includes a network of 213 properties,25,000 individual units, and over 925,000 property owners. Locations are in North America, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific, Wyndham Exchange and Rentals officially changed its name to Wyndham Destination Network on January 1,2016, and operates over 110,000 vacation properties worldwide in more than 100 countries. Wyndham has been the focus of investigations regarding their sales practices. The Real Estate Commission for Pennsylvania fined Wyndham and their broker at their Shawnee-on-Delaware location, Craig Roberts, eight months earlier, Wyndham settled similar allegations in Wisconsin paying $655,000 in restitution to 29 consumers. A San Francisco jury awarded $20 million to Trish Williams, a former Wyndham timeshare sales representative, the verdict, read late on Thursday, November 17,2016 … Wyndham Worldwide
23.
Cherimoya
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Today, cherimoya is grown in tropical regions throughout the world. Mark Twain called the cherimoya the most delicious fruit known to men, the creamy texture of the flesh gives the fruit its secondary name, custard apple. Annona cherimola is a dense, fast-growing, woody, briefly deciduous but mostly evergreen low branched. Stems and leaves Mature branches are sappy and woody, young branches and twigs have a matting of short, fine, leathery leaves 5 centimetres to 25 centimetres long 3 centimetres to 10 centimetres wide mostly elliptic, pointed at the ends and rounded near the leaf stalk. When young, covered with soft, fine, tangled, rust colored hairs, when mature, hairs only along the veins on the undersurface. Tops hairless and a medium green with paler veins, backs velvety. Leaves are single and alternate, 2-ranked attached to the branches with stout 6 millimetres to 10 millimetres long, buds 15 millimetres to 18 millimetres long,5 millimetres to 8 millimetres wide at the base. Ripening to brown with a surface from winter into spring, weighing on the average 150 grams to 500 grams. The ripened flesh is creamy white, when ripe, the skin is green and gives slightly to pressure. Some characterize the fruit flavor as a blend of banana, pineapple, papaya, peach, the fruit can be chilled and eaten with a spoon, which has earned it another nickname, the ice cream fruit. Indeed, in Peru, it is used in ice creams. The flesh of the cherimoya contains numerous hard, inedible, brown or black, beanlike, glossy seeds,1 centimetre to 2 centimetres long, cherimoya seeds are poisonous if crushed open. Like other members of the family Annonaceae, the seeds contain small amounts of acetogenins, such as annonacin. Moreover, an extract of the bark can induce paralysis if injected, the name originates from the Quechua word chirimuya, which means cold seeds, because the plant grows at high altitudes and the seeds will germinate at higher altitudes. In Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Colombia the fruit is known as chirimoya. The Moche culture of Peru had a fascination with agriculture and represented fruits, cherimoyas were often depicted in their ceramics. The flowers are hermaphroditic and have a mechanism to avoid self-pollination, the short-lived flowers open as female, then progress to a later, male stage in a matter of hours. This requires a separate pollinator that not only can collect the pollen from flowers in the male stage, studies of insects in the cherimoyas native region as its natural pollinator have been inconclusive, some form of beetle is suspected
24.
Pouteria lucuma
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The lúcuma is a subtropical fruit native to the Andean valleys and produced in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador. Lúcuma has been found on ceramics at burial sites of the people of coastal Peru. The Moche people had a fascination with agriculture and often chose to represent fruits and vegetables, including lúcuma, in Peru, harvesting season is from October to March and in Chile from June to November. The fruit was first seen and reported by Europeans in Ecuador in 1531 and it is sometimes known as lucmo. In the Philippines, it is known as tiesa and may be called eggfruit in English, the name eggfruit refers to lúcumas dry flesh, which is similar in texture to a hard-boiled egg yolk with a unique flavor of maple and sweet potato. The round or ovoid fruits are green, with a yellow flesh that is often fibrous. It grows at elevations between 2700-3000 metres. Temperatures of its native range make the species technically subtropical. Attempts at growing lúcuma in Floridas climate typically fail, in addition to Peru, the fruit is grown also to a limited extent in Bolivia and Costa Rica. It grows well in most tropical regions, but is not widely favored, formerly known as Lucuma obovata, it is now considered a member of the genus Pouteria, and given the name Pouteria lucuma. It is not the species Pouteria obovata, when eaten raw, the fruit has a dry texture. In Peru it is commonly enjoyed as a flavor in juice, milk shakes. Its unique flavor in such preparations has been described variously as being similar to potato, maple syrup. A popular dessert called merengue con salsa de lúcuma is served in Chile, also popular in Chile is manjar con lúcuma. Germplasm Resources Information Network, Pouteria lucuma Lúcuma at bioversityinternational. org
25.
Ministro Pistarini International Airport
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It is the countrys largest international airport by number of passengers handled—85% of international traffic—and is a hub for international flights of Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina. Aerolineas Argentinas and its subsidiary Austral Lineas Aereas do operate limited domestic or cabotaje air service from Pistarini Airport as well, covering 3,475 hectares, the airport serves Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area. It has been operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S. A. since 1998, Ministro Pistarini Airport was voted 2007 best airport in the region following a survey carried out by Skytrax. It dropped to place in 2010, behind Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. The airport was named after the general and politician Juan Pistarini and he, as Minister of Public Works, placed the cornerstone of the project on 22 December 1945. It was designed and erected by Argentine technicians, Its construction was one of the projects in the five-year plan of the first presidency of Juan Perón. When it opened, it was the third-largest airport in the world, the first civil flight from the then new London Heathrow Airport, a BSAA Avro Lancastrian, flew to Ministro Pistarini International Airport in 1946. A1949 diagram shows three runways crossing at 60-degree angles,9,353 ft runway 10/28,7,220 ft 4/22 and 6,892 ft 16/34, in 1997, RWY 05/23 was closed and it is now used for parking large aircraft. The Ezeiza massacre took place near the airport in 1973, the airport is about 22 km from Buenos Aires city. Road access is by the Riccheri Highway, Public transport buses to various destinations are also available. Until December 2012 the tax was collected, in Argentine pesos or US dollars, at the airport, since then, in October 2012 Ezeiza Airport recorded the highest annual traffic growth of all the airports operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000. Overall,2012 traffic figures for the airport indicated a 7. 3% increase over the previous year, figures for July 2013 showed that the airport handled 688,397 passengers, an 8. 9% decrease over the previous year. Terminal C was inaugurated in July 2011, as of December 2011, its facilities were in use by Aerolíneas Argentinas, Air France, more SkyTeam members were expected to move their operations to the terminal. In March 2013 terminal B, with an area of 28,795 square metres, was inaugurated, for use by Aerolíneas Argentinas, qantas withdrew its service to the airport in favour of Santiago de Chile in March 2012, flights to Ezeiza Airport had begun in November 2008. This followed Malaysia Airlines termination of its Boeing 747-served Kuala Lumpur–Cape Town–Buenos Aires route in early 2012 to cut costs, south African Airways discontinued its Johannesburg–Buenos Aires service in March 2014. In June 2010, Qatar Airways launched direct flights between the airport and Doha, after a ten-year gap, KLM resumed operations at the airport in October 2011. Emirates launched services to the airport in January 2012, and Turkish Airlines extended its Istanbul–São Paulo service to end at Ezeiza in December the same year, Air New Zealand started non-stop flights between the airport and Auckland in December 2015. As of August 2011, Aviation Safety Network records 30 accidents/incidents for aircraft that departed from the airport or had it as a destination, the list below provides a summary of only fatal events that took place at or in the vicinity of the airport
26.
Mexico City International Airport
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Mexico City International Airport, officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez is an international airport that serves Greater Mexico City. It is Mexicos and Latin Americas busiest airport by passenger traffic, the airport sustains 35,000 jobs directly and around 15,000 indirectly in the immediate area. In recent years Toluca Airport has become an alternate airport and this hot and high airport is served by 30 domestic and international passenger airlines and 17 cargo carriers. As the main hub for Mexicos largest airline Aeroméxico, the airport has become a SkyTeam hub and it is also a hub for Aeromar, Interjet, Volaris and a focus city for VivaAerobus. On a typical day, more than 100,000 passengers pass through the airport to, in 2016, the airport handled 41,710,254 passengers, a 8. 53% increase compared to 2015. Madero to the north and Venustiano Carranza to the west, south, therefore, there is an important overflying problem and noise pollution. The original site, known as Llanos de Balbuena, had used for aeronautical activities since 1910, when Alberto Braniff became the first to fly an aeroplane in Mexico. The flight was onboard of a Voisin biplane, on November 30,1911, President Francisco I. Madero, was the first head of State in the world to fly onboard of a Deperdussin airplane piloted by Geo M. Dyott of Moisant International, in 1915 the airport first opened as Balbuena Military Airport with five runways. Construction of a civilian airport began in 1928. The first landing was on November 5,1928, and regular service started in 1929 and its first international route was to Los Angeles International Airport operated by Mexicana. Construction of Runway 05D-23I started six years later, as well as new facilities such as a platform, a terminal building, the runway started its operations in 1951. On November 19,1952, President Miguel Alemán opened the passenger terminal, on December 2,1963, Walter C. Buchanan, former director of the Transport and Communications Department, changed the airports name Aeropuerto Central to Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México. In the 1970s, president Luis Echeverría closed the two remaining shorter runways, on the land of 13-31 a social housing complex was built, in 1980, the terminal was expanded to double its capacity, using a single large terminal rather than multiple terminals as in other airports. Ten years later in 1990, the mixed domestic/international gates were separated to increase the functionality, along with the separation of domestic. On November 24,1978, the Mexico Control Tower began its operations, the AICM has continually improved its infrastructure. Renovations to the AICM continued and on April 11,1994 and it was built by a private contractor according to a co-investment agreement with Airports and Auxiliary Services
27.
Air Canada Rouge
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Air Canada Rouge, stylized Air Canada rouge, is the vacation and leisure airline subsidiary of Air Canada. Air Canada Rouge is fully integrated into the Air Canada mainline and Air Canada Express networks, the airline was launched in December 2012 and began services on July 1,2013 as part of the Air Canada Leisure Group. At the time of the launch it had a fleet of four aircraft,2 Airbus A319s and 2 Boeing 767s and its fleet expanded to 28 aircraft within 18 months and was expected to reach 16 Boeing 767s,20 Airbus A319s and 5 Airbus A321s by mid-2016. By early September 2016, the airline had expanded its Boeing 767 fleet to 19 aircraft, a seasonal service from Vancouver to Osaka/Kansai started in May 2015. Air Canada Rouge serves predominantly leisure destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Central America, Mexico and the United States. Destinations in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, Haiti, the Bahamas, Grenada, Barbados, St. Maarten, destinations in Africa include Algiers and Casablanca. In December 2015 new routes were announced including Toronto to Miami, Fort Myers, Charlottetown, montreal to Miami will now be year round and Vancouver to San Diego and Mexico City and Calgary to Phoenix, which will now be year-round. The Air Canada Rouge fleet consists of the following registered aircraft, the Air Canada Rouge Airbus A319 has 16 more seats than a regular Air Canada Airbus A319 with 136 seats, the first four rows being for Rouge Plus and Premium Rouge passengers. The Air Canada Rouge Boeing 767-300ER carries 71 more passengers than most regular Air Canada Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, of these 223 are economy,35 Rouge Plus and 24 Premium Rouge. The 29-inch seat pitch is one of the smallest in North America, laptop use requires the Flash plug-in. IPads are available for rental to Economy Class passengers for a cost of $10 and are complimentary for Premium Rouge customers, the rental iPads are loaded with additional premium content on the Player Plus app. Baggage policy is the same as Air Canadas, and catering is complimentary on flights to/from Europe and Asia, Premium Rouge food and beverages are complimentary. Air Canadas mainline economy class fare services as well as full-fare, media related to Air Canada Rouge at Wikimedia Commons Official website
28.
Toronto Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
29.
Air Europa
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Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S. A. U. is an airline in Spain, the third largest after Iberia and Vueling. The airline is headquartered in the Polígono Son Noguera in the Centro Empresarial Globalia in Llucmajor, Majorca, the airline is 100% owned by Globalia, a travel and tourism company managed by Juan José Hidalgo. Since September 2007 the airline has been a member of the SkyTeam alliance, Air Europa started in 1986 as part of the British ILG-Air Europe Group and 75% owned by Spanish banks. It originally had a livery to Air Europe but with Air Europa titles. It flew holiday charters from Mediterranean resorts and European cities using Boeing 737-300s and it was the first Spanish private company to operate national scheduled flights. When parent company ILG ceased trading in 1991 Air Europa continued profitably with a fleet of Boeing 737s and 757s. It signed a agreement with Iberia in January 1998. It is now owned by Globalia Corporación Empresarial S. A, at the end of the 1990s Boeing 737-800 jets were introduced along with a new livery. In June 2005 it was announced Air Europa was among four future members of the SkyTeam alliance. However, the date was postponed, and it did not become a member until 1 September 2007. Air Europa was the parent company for Air Dominicana, the new flag carrier of the Dominican Republic, Air Europa retired its last Boeing 767 on 13 April 2012. Air Europa operates tour services between northern and western Europe and holiday resorts in the Canary Islands and Balearic Islands and it also operates domestic scheduled services and long-haul scheduled services to North America and South America. Its main base is Palma de Mallorca Airport, Palma de Mallorca, during the last ten years, scheduled flights have increased their share of operations
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Air France
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Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
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