1.
Stephen Morris (musician)
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Stephen Paul David Morris is an English multi-instrumentalist, composer and record producer who is best known for his work with the rock band New Order and, previously, Joy Division. He also wrote and performed in The Other Two, a band consisting of Morris and his wife, Morris also participated in the New Order spin-off band Bad Lieutenant. He is known for his precise drumming that seamlessly weaves with New Orders, stylus Magazine ranked Morris No.5 on their list of 50 Greatest Rock Drummers of All Time. Stephen Paul David Morris was born on 28 October 1957, in Macclesfield, Cheshire and he attended the Kings School, Macclesfield, as did Ian Curtis who was also in Joy Division. After Joy Division tried three other drummers, they eventually recruited Morris, who responded to an ad posted in a local music shop. Morris is noted for his skills as a drummer, which he credits to krautrock influences. During Joy Division recording sessions with Martin Hannett, Morris was asked to record his parts one drum at a time so that Hannett could have control over the production. He also took an early interest in drum machines, combining them with traditional drumming on many Joy Division, although he is primarily a percussionist, Morris also plays keyboards and synthesizer. Early on, Morris was a contender to become New Orders lead vocalist and he also contributed musically to as-yet-unreleased demos by Quando Quango. New Order were recording Brotherhood while Echo and the Bunnymen recorded their eponymous fifth album, during a hiatus from New Order, Morris and Gilbert formed the side project The Other Two, together they have released two albums as well as various remixes and soundtrack work. In 2007, Morris and Gilbert remixed two tracks for the Nine Inch Nails remix album Year Zero Remixed, in June 2009, during New Orders second break-up, band members Bernard Sumner and Phil Cunningham, along with Jake Evans, formed a new band called Bad Lieutenant. Morris recorded drums on songs with the band, and joined their line-up for live gigs. Bad Lieutenant released their debut album Never Cry Another Tear in 2009 and they began work on a second album, but are presently on hiatus. New Order reformed with a new line-up in the summer of 2011, in 1979, Morris was questioned about the Yorkshire Ripper case. Joy Divisions touring schedule happened to be similar to Peter Sutcliffes movements which led to the polices suspicion, following gigs in Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds and Manchester, both Morris and bass player Peter Hook were questioned. Morris married fellow New Order member Gillian Gilbert in 1994, the couple live in the village and civil parish Rainow, in Cheshire and have two daughters, Tilly and Grace. Morris is a fan of science fiction, particularly the TV series Doctor Who and he has a full-sized Dalek replica in his rehearsal room, which Sumner has called the sixth member of New Order. As a hobby, Morris owns several military vehicles
2.
Ian Curtis
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Ian Kevin Curtis was an English singer-songwriter and musician. He is best known as the singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division. Joy Division released their album, Unknown Pleasures, in 1979 and recorded their follow-up, Closer. Curtis was known for his voice, dance style, and songwriting filled with imagery of desolation, war, emptiness. Curtis was born on 15 July 1956, at the Memorial Hospital in Stretford and he grew up in Macclesfield in Cheshire, and from an early age he exhibited talent as a poet. He was awarded a scholarship at the age of 11 by the Kings School, despite this, he was not a dedicated pupil and did not further his education beyond O-level. Curtis was a shoplifter throughout his childhood and he had an interest in music in his teens but couldnt afford to purchase records, leading him to stealing albums from Macclesfield town centre, hiding them underneath a grey coat. He was also forced to do service by visiting the elderly as part of a school scheme. While there, he would steal prescription drugs from residents and then take them with his friends and he once had his stomach pumped after taking too many. After leaving high school, Curtis focused on the pursuit of art, literature and he was employed in a variety of jobs, including being a civil servant in Manchester and, later, Macclesfield. On 23 August 1975, Curtis married a friend, Deborah Woodruff at St Thomas Church. He was 19 and she was 18 and their daughter Natalie was born on 16 April 1979. In 1976 at a Sex Pistols gig, Curtis met Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook and they were trying to form a band, and Curtis immediately proposed himself as singer and lyricist. The trio then tried unsuccessfully to recruit several drummers before selecting Stephen Morris as their final member, initially, the band was called Warsaw, but as their name conflicted with that of another group, Warsaw Pakt, they changed it to Joy Division. The moniker was derived from a 1955 novel The House of Dolls, which featured a Nazi concentration camp with a sexual slavery wing called the Joy Division. The cover of the bands first EP depicted a drawing of a Hitler Youth beating a drum and the A-side contained a song, Warsaw, while performing with Joy Division, Curtis became known for his quiet and awkward demeanour, as well as a unique dancing style. Although predominantly a singer, Curtis also played guitar on a handful of tracks, at first Curtis played Sumners Shergold Masquerader, but in September 1979 he acquired his own guitar, a Vox Phantom Special VI which had many built-in effects used both live and in studio. After Curtis death, Sumner inherited the guitar and used it in several early New Order songs, Curtis began suffering epileptic fits around 1978, and his condition worsened throughout 1979 and 1980 amid the pressure of performances and touring
3.
Bernard Sumner
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Bernard Edward Sumner, also briefly known as Bernard Albrecht, is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. He is a member of both Joy Division and New Order, and is widely credited with the latter bands move towards electronica. Sumner is widely credited in advancing UK dance music and the popularisation, in the early 1990s he recorded with Johnny Marr as Electronic. Sumner was a member of Joy Division, a Manchester band formed in 1976. The band is considered one of the most influential bands of the era. In May 1980, the singer, Ian Curtis, committed suicide. Sumner and remaining band members Peter Hook and Stephen Morris started a new band named New Order, though Hook, Morris and Gilbert also contributed vocals on some early tracks, Sumner emerged as the bands permanent singer and lyricist, alongside playing guitar and keyboards. Following a series of splits and reformations, the band have released ten studio albums, in 1989, Sumner joined up with former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr to form Electronic. The Pet Shop Boys Neil Tennant collaborated on two tracks on their eponymous album, providing vocals. Sumner was their singer, guitarist, keyboardist and lyricist, Bad Lieutenant included fellow New Order member Phil Cunningham and Jake Evans of Rambo & Leroy. Stephen Morris of New Order and Blur bass player Alex James also performed on the debut album. Sumner provided vocals, guitar and lyrics, on 2 July 2009, Sumner confirmed that the single Sink or Swim would be released on 28 September 2009 and would be the first off their album Never Cry Another Tear. The single was hosted for free on the bands prior to its physical release, it was followed by a digital bundle release with remixes of the song by Mark Reeder, James Bright. As a result of the 2011 reformation of New Order, Bad Lieutenant are now on hiatus, in 1983, Sumner co-produced, with Donald Johnson, the single The Great Divide/Love in a Strange Place by the band Foreign Press. Foreign Press had had a history with Sumner through both Joy Division and New Order. In 1990, he worked with former Factory Records label sharers A Certain Ratio remixing their song Wont Stop Loving You and he has also recorded tracks with fellow Mancunians 808 State and Sub Sub. He has also lent vocals and guitar to a track on German trance outfit Blank & Jones 2008 release, Sumner also appeared on the Primal Scream track Shoot Speed Kill Light from their 2000 album XTRMNTR. Sumner was educated at Salford Grammar School, from 1976 to 1979, Sumner was employed at the animation studio Cosgrove Hall Films as an artist on Jamie and the Magic Torch
4.
Peter Hook
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Peter Hook is an English singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as the bassist and co-founder of English rock bands Joy Division, Hook formed the band which was to become Joy Division with Bernard Sumner in 1976. Following the death of lead singer Ian Curtis in 1980, the band reformed as New Order, Hook has recorded one album with Revenge, two albums with Monaco and one album with Freebass, serving as bassist, keyboardist and lead vocalist. He is currently the singer and bassist for Peter Hook. He was born Peter Woodhead on 13 February 1956, in Broughton, Salford, England, to Irene Acton, when he was three years old, in 1959, his parents divorced. He and his brothers were brought up by his maternal grandmother Alicia Acton until 1962, like his band-mate Bernard Sumner, he took his stepfathers surname, although in contrast to his friend he kept it, even creating his nickname, Hooky, from it. Because of his stepfathers work, he spent part of his childhood in Jamaica before returning to Salford, in 1984, Hook recorded the single Telstar with the band Ad Infinitum, which was composed of him and members of the Stockholm Monsters. In the late 1980s, Hook also worked as a producer for such as Inspiral Carpets. In 2003 he contributed bass to a number of tracks on Hybrids album Morning Sci-Fi, Hook also co-owned the Suite Sixteen recording studio formerly Cargo Studios which Hook purchased with Chris Hewitt in 1984. Cargo and Suite Sixteen in Kenion Street, Rochdale were major studios in the history of punk, New Order have broken up more than once, and Hook has been involved with other projects. In 1995 he toured with the Durutti Column and he has recorded one album with the band Revenge and two with Monaco with David Potts, the latter of which scored a club and alternative radio hit What Do You Want From Me. in 1997. He then played and recorded an album, Its a Beautiful Life, with a new band project called Freebass with bass players Mani. He also contributed to Perry Farrells Satellite Party and his bass can be heard on Wish Upon a Dogstar and Kinky. Inspired by Clint Boon of Inspiral Carpets, he started with the Return to New York nights in London, in November 2008 Hook performed a selection of Joy Division and New Order songs in Paris, Brussels, Oss and Krefeld with Section 25. Hook is featured on Dirty Thirty and Blunts & Robots, two tracks off of the Crystal Methods 2009 album Divided by Night, Hook recently compiled The Hacienda Acid House Classics following on from his original mix of The Hacienda Classics in 2006. In October 2009, Hook published his book on his time as co-owner of the Hacienda, Hook then opened a new club and live venue in Manchester, FAC251 – The Factory, in February 2010 singing lead vocals with his band, the Light. The club is situated in the old offices of Factory Records in Manchester city centre. On 18 May 2010, the 30th anniversary of Ian Curtis death, in 2010, Hook also recorded and released two EPs on American indie record label 24 Hour Service Station as Man Ray with production partner and Freebass keyboardist Phil Murphy
5.
Salford, Greater Manchester
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Salford is a town lying at the heart of the City of Salford, a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. Salford is sited in a meander of the River Irwell, which forms in part its boundary with the city of Manchester to the east, the Salford wards of Broughton and Kersal are on the other side of the river. Together with its towns to the west, Salford forms the local government district of the City of Salford. The wider City of Salford district has a population of 219,200, historically in Lancashire, Salfords early history is marked by its status as a Royal caput and the judicial seat of the ancient hundred of Salfordshire, to which it lent its name. It was granted a charter by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, in about 1230, Salford became a major factory town and inland port during the 18th and 19th centuries. Cotton and silk spinning and weaving in local mills attracted an influx of families, Salford Docks was a principal dockyard of the Manchester Ship Canal. By the end of the 19th century Salford had a working class community. Industrial activities declined during the 20th century however, causing an economic depression. Salford subsequently became one of contrasts, with regenerated inner-city areas like Salford Quays next to some of the most socially deprived, Salfords MediaCityUK became the headquarters of CBBC and BBC Sport in 2011. The name of Salford derives from the Old English word Sealhford and it referred to the willows or sallows that grew alongside the banks of the River Irwell. The ford was about where Victoria Bridge is today, willow trees are still found in Lower Broughton. Salford appears in the roll of 1169 as Sauford and in the Lancashire Inquisitions of 1226 as Sainford. The raw material for tools was scarce and unsuitable for working. The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe in what is now Northern England, following the Roman conquest of Britain, General Agricola ordered the construction of a Roman fort named Mamucium to protect the routes to Deva Victrix and Eboracum from the Brigantes. The fort was completed in AD79, and for over 300 years the Pax Romana brought peace to the area. Both the main Roman road to the north, from Mamucium to Ribchester, and a road to the west, ran through what is now Salford. The withdrawal of the Romans in AD410 left the inhabitants at the mercy of the Saxons, the Danes later conquered the area and absorbed what was left of the Brigantes. Angles settled in the region during the Early Middle Ages and gave the locality the name Sealhford, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Sealhford was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria until it was conquered in 923 by Edward the Elder
6.
Factory Records
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Like the label 4AD Records, Factory Records used a creative team which gave the label and the artists recording for it a particular sound and image. The label employed a unique cataloguing system that gave a not just to its musical releases. At that time there was a label in Manchester called Rabid Records, run by Tosh Ryan. It had several successful acts, including Slaughter & The Dogs, John Cooper Clarke, after his seminal TV series So It Goes, Tony Wilson was interested in the way Rabid Records ran, and was convinced that the real money and power were in album sales. With a lot of discussion, Tony Wilson, Rob Gretton and Alan Erasmus set up Factory Records, the Factory name was first used for a club in May of that year, which featured local bands including The Durutti Column, Cabaret Voltaire from Sheffield, and Joy Division. Peter Saville designed advertising for the club, and in September Factory released an EP of music by acts who had played at the club called A Factory Sample, in 1978, Wilson compered the new wave afternoon at Deeply Vale Festival. The Factory label set up an office in Erasmus home on the first floor of 86 Palatine Road, singles followed by A Certain Ratio and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. The first Factory LP, Joy Divisions Unknown Pleasures, was released in June, in January 1980, The Return of the Durutti Column was released, the first in a long series of releases by guitarist Vini Reilly. In May, Joy Division singer Ian Curtis committed suicide shortly before a tour of the USA. The following month saw Joy Divisions single Love Will Tear Us Apart reach the UK top twenty, in late 1980, the remaining members of Joy Division decided to continue as New Order. Hannett left the label, as he had wanted to open a studio instead. Saville also quit as a due to problems with payments. Wilson, Erasmus and Gretton formed Factory Communications Ltd, the Haçienda opened in May 1982. Adjusting bar prices failed to help matters as by the crowds were increasingly preferring ecstasy to alcohol. Therefore the Haçienda ended up costing tens of thousands of pounds every month, in 1983 New Orders Blue Monday became an international chart hit. Saville noted that nobody at Factory expected Blue Monday to be a successful record at all. 1985 saw the first release by Happy Mondays, New Order and Happy Mondays became the most successful bands on the label, bankrolling a host of other projects. Factory, and the Haçienda, became a hub of the emerging techno and acid house genres
7.
New Order (band)
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New Order are an English rock band formed in 1980, currently comprising Bernard Sumner, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert, Phil Cunningham and Tom Chapman. The band was formed in 1980 by Sumner, Morris, and Peter Hook and they added Gilbert later that year. By combining post-punk with an influence from electronic and dance music, New Order became one of the most critically acclaimed. The bands 1983 hit Blue Monday, the best-selling 12-inch single of all time, is one example of how their sound became increasingly uptempo, New Order were the flagship band for Manchester-based independent record label Factory Records. Their unlabelled album sleeves and non-image reflected the aesthetic of doing whatever the relevant parties wanted to do. Throughout their career, the records were art-directed by designer Peter Saville. The group disbanded in 1993 to work on projects. In 2001, Cunningham replaced Gilbert, who took a sabbatical from the band because of family commitments, in 2007, Hook left the band over personal conflicts. After Hooks departure, Sumner, Cunningham, and Morris worked on Bad Lieutenant, the band members have been involved in several solo projects, such as Sumners Electronic and Bad Lieutenant, Hooks Monaco and Revenge and Gilbert and Morris The Other Two. In September 2015, the released their tenth studio album. Between 1977 and 1980, Ian Curtis, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Curtis committed suicide on 18 May 1980, the day before Joy Division were scheduled to depart for their first American tour, and prior to release of the bands second album, Closer. The rest of the band decided soon after Curtiss death that they would carry on, prior to his death, the members of Joy Division had agreed not to continue under the Joy Division name should any one member leave. On 29 July 1980, the unnamed trio debuted live at Manchesters Beach Club. Rob Gretton, the manager for over twenty years, is credited for having found the name New Order in an article in The Guardian entitled The Peoples New Order of Kampuchea. The band adopted this name, despite its previous use for former Stooge Ron Ashetons band The New Order, the group states that the name New Order does not draw a direct line to Nazism or Fascism. The band rehearsed with each taking turns on vocals. Sumner ultimately took the role, as he could sing when he wasnt playing his guitar and they wanted to complete the line-up with someone they knew well and whose musical skill and style was compatible with their own. Gretton suggested Morriss girlfriend Gillian Gilbert, and she was invited to join the band in early October 1980 and her first live performance with the band occurred at The Squat in Manchester on 25 October 1980
8.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
9.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
10.
An Ideal for Living
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An Ideal for Living is the debut EP by English post-punk band Joy Division. It was released in 1978 by the own label Enigma. All tracks were recorded at the Pennine Sound Studios, Oldham, the release reflects the bands early punk influences, as opposed to the post-punk style the band would later develop. The cover has a picture of a blonde Hitler Youth member beating a drum, which was drawn by guitarist Bernard Sumner. Division printed in a blackletter font, the cover design, coupled with the nature of the bands name, fuelled controversy over whether the band had Nazi sympathies. When the EP was re-released on 12 inch vinyl the original cover was replaced by artwork featuring scaffolding and this was very much a home-brewed affair, with the band members and their friends stuffing the records into their sleeves. All tracks were re-released on the 1988 singles compilation Substance, a remastered version of the EP was reissued by Rhino Entertainment to coincide with Record Store Day 2014. The EP inspired the Manic Street Preachers single A Design For Life and he also noted that with the re-release of tracks one and three on the rarities album Substance, the need for diehard Joy Division fans to obtain this platter has notably decreased. All songs written by Joy Division, Warsaw –2,26 No Love Lost –3,42 Leaders of Men –2,34 Failures –3,44 An Ideal for Living at Discogs
11.
Tony Wilson
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Anthony Howard Tony Wilson was an English record label owner, radio and television presenter, nightclub manager, impresario and journalist for Granada Television and the BBC. Wilson was the man some of Manchesters most successful bands. He was one of the five co-founders of Factory Records and the founder and manager of the Haçienda nightclub, Wilson was known as Mr Manchester, dubbed as such for his work in promoting the culture of Manchester throughout his career. He was portrayed by Steve Coogan in Michael Winterbottoms 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, after passing his Eleven plus exam, Wilson attended the De La Salle Grammar School in Weaste Lane, Pendleton, Salford. He developed a love of literature and language, ignited by a performance of Hamlet at Stratford upon Avon, Wilson started his professional career in 1968 at the age of 17, working as an English and Drama teacher at Blue Coat School in Oldham. He later graduated with a degree in English from Jesus College, Cambridge, after his graduation in 1971, Wilson began as a trainee news reporter for ITN, before moving to Manchester in 1973, where he secured a post at Granada Television. He went on to present Granadas culture, music and events programme, through the 1970s and 1980s he was one of the main anchors on Granada Reports, a regional evening news programme, where he worked with Richard and Judy among others. He continued in this line of work even at the height of his success in the music industry, in 1989, Wilson hosted The Other Side of Midnight, another Granada weekly regional culture slot, covering music, literature and the arts in general. Its Sunday night slot made it one of the UKs first experiments in late night weekend TV, Wilson co-presented the BBCs coverage of The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium with Lisa IAnson in 1992. He hosted the short-lived TV quiz shows Topranko. and MTV Europes Remote Control in the 1990s, as well as the Manchester United themed quiz, Masterfan, in 2006 he became the regional political presenter for the BBCs The Politics Show. He presented a radio show on Xfm Manchester – Sunday Roast –. His final music TV show was filmed in December 2006 for Manchesters Channel M, only one episode of the programme – entitled The New Friday – was recorded before Wilson became ill. Wilsons involvement in popular music stemmed from hosting Granadas culture and music programme So It Goes and he booked them for the last episode of the first series, probably the first television showing of the then-revolutionary British strand of punk rock. He also founded and managed the Haçienda nightclub and Dry Bar, together forming a part of the music. The scene was termed Madchester in the late 1980s and early 1990s and he made little money from Factory Records or the Haçienda, despite the enormous popularity and cultural significance of both endeavours. Both Factory Records and the Haçienda came to an end in the late 1990s. A semi-fictionalised version of his life and of the era was made into the 2002 film,24 Hour Party People. After the film was produced, Wilson wrote a novelisation based on the screenplay and he played a minor role in the 2005 film, A Cock and Bull Story, in which his character interviews Steve Coogan
12.
Unknown Pleasures
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Unknown Pleasures is the debut studio album by English rock band Joy Division, released on 15 June 1979 on Tony Wilsons Factory Records. It followed an abandoned session for RCA Records, and was recorded and mixed over three weekends at Strawberry Studios, Stockport in April 1979 with record producer Martin Hannett, the cover artwork was designed by artist Peter Saville. It is the only Joy Division album released during lead singer Ian Curtiss lifetime, Factory did not release any singles from the album, and it did not chart despite the relative success of the groups non-album debut single Transmission. Unknown Pleasures has gone on to receive sustained critical acclaim as a pioneering and it has been named as one of the best albums of all-time by publications such as NME, AllMusic, and Select. Joy Division formed in Salford, Greater Manchester in 1976 during the first wave of punk rock, Bernard Sumner and Peter Hook had separately attended a Sex Pistols show at the Manchester Lesser Free Trade Hall on 4 June 1976 and both embraced that bands simplicity, speed and aggression. Forming a band with their friend Terry Mason on drums, Sumner on guitar and Hook on bass, Ian Curtis, who Sumner and Hook already knew, applied and, without having to audition, was taken on. After a number of changes of drummer, Stephen Morris joined the band—at that time called Warsaw—in August 1977, to avoid confusion with the London punk band Warsaw Pakt, they renamed themselves Joy Division in late 1977. The bands first release was the extended play, An Ideal for Living. They made their debut on Tony Wilsons local news show Granada Reports in September 1978. According to Hook, the received a £70,000 offer from Genetic Records in London. However, the manager, Rob Gretton, approached Wilson about releasing an album on his Factory Records label. Wilson explained that Gretton had calculated that given Factorys 50/50 split of profits, Wilson added that one of Grettons main reasons for approaching Factory was so he wouldnt have to get on a train to London every week and talk to nuggets. No one could use the word cockney with as much contempt as Rob, Gretton estimated that the album would cost £8,000 to produce, however Wilson said in 2006 that the up-front cost ended at £18,000. Unknown Pleasures was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport over three weekends between 1 and 17 April 1979, with Martin Hannett producing and he also used the sound of a basement toilet. Hannett recorded Curtiss vocals for Insight down a line so he could achieve the requisite distance. Hannett later said, were a gift to a producer, because they didnt have a clue, during the recording, Morris invested in a syndrum because he thought he saw one on the cover of Cans 1971 album Tago Mago. AllMusic wrote that Hannetts production on Unknown Pleasures was as much a hallmark as the music itself, describing Hannetts production techniques, Hook said, didnt think straight, he thought sideways. He confused you and made you do something you didnt expect, the band members opinions differed on the spacious, atmospheric sound of the album, which did not reflect their more aggressive live sound
13.
Martin Hannett
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James Martin Hannett, initially credited as Martin Zero, was an English record producer and an original partner/director at Tony Wilsons Factory Records. Hannett produced albums by a range of artists, including Joy Division and his distinctive production style utilized unorthodox sound recording and technology, and has been described as sparse, spatial, and cavernous. Born in Manchester, Hannett was raised in a class, Catholic family in Miles Platting, Manchester, he attended Corpus Christi school. In 1967, he went to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Hannetts uncle was a bass player and gave his nephew a bass guitar when he was 14. Hannett played bass with Spider Mike King and as member in a band called Paradox, in 1973, alongside Paul Young, later of Sad Café and his production work began with the animation film soundtrack All Kinds of Heroes, written by Steve Hopkins. By this time, he began to mix live sound at pub gigs. He attracted more attention in 1977, when, as Martin Zero, he produced the first independent punk record. Under the same moniker he produced records by punk poet John Cooper Clarke, whose Salford monotone was complemented by drum machines, simple synthesiser motifs. Jilted Johns first single was Hannetts first hit single, Hannett became closely associated with Joy Division, Hannetts production incorporated looping technology to treat musical notes with an array of filters, echoes and delays. Hannett had a collection of BBD echo devices which he had amassed and called his bluetop echo, the first synthesizers Hannett and Joy Division guitarist Bernard Sumner used were Transcendent 2000s and then ARP Omnis. Hannett also owned and used several Jen SX1000s and an International 4600 synthesiser modular synth on many early recordings, later in his career he owned a Minimoog and several ARP2600 synths. Legend has it that he once forced Joy Division drummer Stephen Morris to take apart his drum kit during a session and reassemble it. He reputedly had Morris set up his kit on a first floor flat roof outside the fire escape at Cargo Recording Studios, the studio was used for the recording of Digital, Glass, Atmosphere, Dead Souls and Ice Age. Hannetts unorthodox production methods resulted in drum sounds mixed with synthesisers that were complex, according to Hannett, There was a lot of space in sound. They were a gift to a producer, because they didnt have a clue, a Factory Sample was the first thing I did with them. I think Id had the new AMS delay line for two weeks. Hannett produced U2s first international single,11 OClock Tick Tock and he was set to produce their debut album, Boy, but after the suicide of Joy Division singer Ian Curtis, Hannett was too distraught to work and backed out. A rift developed with Factory and he sued them in 1982 over various financial matters, the dispute was eventually settled out of court, the lawsuit is listed as part of the Factory Records catalog as FAC61
14.
Closer (Joy Division album)
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Closer is the second and final studio album by the English rock band Joy Division. It was released on 18 July 1980 on Factory Records, following the May 1980 suicide of lead singer Ian Curtis, the album was produced by Martin Hannett. After the posthumous release of Joy Divisions non-album hit single Love Will Tear Us Apart in June 1980, today, Closer is widely recognised as a defining release of the post-punk era. According to critic Ned Raggett, rock, however defined, rarely seems and sounds so important, so vital, the songs were drawn from two distinct periods. The earlier guitar driven compositions were written during the half of 1979, Atrocity Exhibition, Passover, Colony. All were played live in that year and some were recorded for various radio sessions, the other songs were written in early 1980 and made more prominent use of synthesisers, Isolation, Heart and Soul, The Eternal and Decades. Most songs were written by jamming in their practice room, regarding the albums lyrical content, Bernard Sumner remarked, Wed go to rehearsals and sit around and talk about really banal things. Wed do that until we couldnt talk about banal things any more, then wed pick up our instruments and we didnt talk about the music or the lyrics very much. Closer was produced by Martin Hannett and his production has been highly praised, with Pitchfork describing it as sepulchral. However, as with their album, both Hook and Sumner were unhappy with Hannetts work. He wrote, I was like, head in hands, oh fucking hell, Martin had melted the guitar with his Marshall Time Waster. Made it sound like somebody strangling a cat, and to my mind, I was so annoyed with him and went in and gave him a piece of my mind but he just turned around and told me to fuck off. The Atrocity Exhibition by J. G. Ballard was an influence on the album, the album cover was designed by Martyn Atkins and Peter Saville, with photography by Bernard Pierre Wolff. The photograph on the cover is of the Appiani family tomb in the Cimitero Monumentale di Staglieno in Genoa, Closer was released on 18 July 1980, through the Factory Records label, as a 12 vinyl LP. It reached number 6 on the UK Albums Chart, and spent four weeks at number 1 in Australia and it also peaked at number 3 in New Zealand in September 1981. It claimed the number one slot on NME Album of the Year, the album, along with Unknown Pleasures and Still, was remastered and re-released in 2007. As with Unknown Pleasures and Still, the remaster comes packaged with a live disc. Factory boss Tony Wilson was pleased with the album and predicted it would be a commercial success
15.
Love Will Tear Us Apart
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Love Will Tear Us Apart is a song by English post-punk band Joy Division. It was written in August 1979, and debuted when the band supported Buzzcocks on their UK tour from September to November of that same year and it is one of the few songs in which singer Ian Curtis played guitar on live versions. The lyrics ostensibly reflect the problems in his marriage to Deborah Curtis, the title is an ironic reference to Love Will Keep Us Together. Deborah had the phrase Love Will Tear Us Apart inscribed on Ians memorial stone, the song was first released as a single in June 1980 and became the bands first chart hit, reaching number 13 in the UK Singles Chart. That October, Love Will Tear Us Apart peaked at number 42 on the American disco/dance chart and it also reached number 1 in New Zealand in June 1981. The band postponed their US tour after Curtiss death, performed a few sets as The No-Names. Love Will Tear Us Apart was re-released in 1983 and reached number 19 on the UK charts, in 1985, the 7 single was released in Poland by Tonpress in different sleeve under license from Factory and sold over 20,000 copies. In November 1988, it one more Top 40 appearance in New Zealand. Love Will Tear Us Apart appears on the Substance compilation album and it was first recorded for a John Peel session in November 1979, then re-recorded in January 1980 and March 1980. It is the version that appears on Substance. The January 1980 version, which has become known as the Pennine version. In 1995, to publicise the release of Permanent, the track was reissued, complete with a new remix by Arthur Baker, on 24 September 2007, the single was again reissued, in its original configuration. This time, it was to publicise the Collectors Edition re-issues of the three albums. Although the single was now issued on the Warner label, it retained the classic Factory packaging, including the FAC23 catalogue number, the song was originally recorded at Pennine Studios, Oldham on 8 January 1980 along with the B-side, These Days. This version was similar to the version the band played live, sumner recalls, Ian didnt really want to play guitar, but for some reason we wanted him to play it. I cant remember the reason now, I think Ian used to play only on Love Will Tear Us Apart. No Im wrong, there was another track too, I do remember Ian used to play just one chord, which was D. We showed him how to play D and we wrote a song, I wonder if thats why we wrote Love Will Tear Us Apart, you could drone a D through it
16.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
17.
Free Trade Hall
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The Free Trade Hall in Peter Street, Manchester, England, was a public hall constructed in 1853–56 on St Peters Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre and is now a Radisson hotel. The hall was built to commemorate the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, the hall was owned by the Manchester Corporation. It was bombed in the Manchester Blitz and its interior rebuilt and it was Manchesters premier concert venue until the construction of the Bridgewater Hall in 1996. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building on 18 December 1963, the Free Trade Hall was built as a public hall between 1853 and 1856 by Edward Walters on land given by Richard Cobden in St Peters Fields, the site of the Peterloo Massacre. Two earlier halls had been constructed on the site, the first, a large pavilion was built in 1840. The halls were vital to Manchesters considerable role in the campaign for the repeal of the Corn Laws. The hall was funded by subscription and became a concert hall. A red plaque records that it was built on the site of the Peterloo Massacre in 1819, the Free Trade Hall was bought by Manchester Corporation in 1920, but was bombed and left an empty shell in the Manchester Blitz of December 1940. A new hall was constructed behind two walls of the facade in 1950–51 by Manchester City Councils architect, L. C. Howitt. opening as a hall in 1951. As well as housing the Hallé Orchestra, it was used for pop, a Wurlitzer organ from the Paramount Cinema in Manchester was installed over four years and first used in public in a BBC programme broadcast in September 1977. When the hall closed, the organ, which was on loan, was moved to the hall in Stockport Town Hall. The Hallé Orchestra moved to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996 and the Free Trade Hall was closed by Manchester City Council, after the initial planning application was refused by the Secretary of State, a second modified planning application was submitted and approved. The hotel opened in 2004, having cost £45 million, the Italian palazzo-style hall was built on a trapeziform site in ashlar sandstone. It has a two-storey, nine-bay facade and concealed roof, on Peter Street, its ground floor arcade has rectangular piers with round-headed arches and spandrels bearing the coats of arms of Lancashire towns that took part in the Anti-Corn Law movement. The upper floor has an arcade, its tympana frieze is richly decorated with carved figures representing free trade, the arts, commerce, manufacture. Above the tympanum is a prominent cornice with balustraded parapet, the upper floor has paired Ionic columns to each bay and a tall window with a pedimented architrave behind a balustraded balcony. The return sides have three bays in a matching but simpler style of blank arches, the rear wall was rebuilt in 1950–51 with pilasters surmounted by relief figures representing the entertainment which took place in the old hall
18.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
19.
Buzzcocks
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The Buzzcocks are an English punk rock band, formed in Bolton, England in 1976 by singer-songwriter-guitarist Pete Shelley and singer-songwriter Howard Devoto. They are regarded as an important influence on the Manchester music scene, the independent record label movement, punk rock, power pop and they achieved commercial success with singles that fused pop craftsmanship with rapid-fire punk energy. These singles were collected on Singles Going Steady, described by critic Ned Raggett as a punk masterpiece, Devoto and Shelley chose the name Buzzcocks after reading the headline, Its the Buzz, Cock. in a review of the TV series Rock Follies in Time Out magazine. The buzz is the excitement of playing on stage, cock is Manchester slang meaning mate and they thought it captured the excitement of the Sex Pistols and nascent punk scene. Devoto left the band in 1977, after which Pete Shelley became the principal singer-songwriter, Howard Trafford, a student at Bolton Institute of Technology, placed a notice in the college looking for musicians sharing a liking for The Velvet Undergrounds song Sister Ray. Peter McNeish, a student at the Institute, responded to the notice. Trafford had previously involved in electronic music, while McNeish had played rock. By late 1975, Trafford and McNeish had recruited a drummer and formed, in effect, the band formed, officially, in February 1976, McNeish assumed the stage name Pete Shelley and Trafford named himself Howard Devoto. They performed live for the first time on 1 April 1976 at their college, Garth Davies played bass guitar and Mick Singleton played drums. Singleton also played in local band Black Cat Bone, after reading an NME review of the Sex Pistols first performance, Shelley and Devoto travelled to London together to see the Sex Pistols in February 1976. Shelley and Devoto were impressed by what they saw and arranged for the Sex Pistols to come and perform at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester, in June 1976. The Buzzcocks intended to play at this concert, but the musicians dropped out. Once they had recruited bass guitarist Steve Diggle and drummer John Maher, a brief clip of Devoto-era Buzzcocks performing The Troggs I Cant Control Myself appears in the Punk, Attitude documentary directed by Don Letts. In September 1976 the band travelled to London to perform at the two-day 100 Club Punk Festival, other performers included, the Sex Pistols, Subway Sect, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Clash, The Vibrators, The Damned and the French band Stinky Toys. Produced by Martin Hannett, the music was recorded, insistently repetitive. Boredom announced punks rebellion against the status quo while templating a strident musical minimalism, the demos recorded while Devoto was in the band were later issued officially as Times Up. After a few months, Devoto left the group, expressing his dissatisfaction at the direction that punk was taking in his statement what was once unhealthily fresh is now an old hat. He returned to college for a year, then formed Magazine, Pete Shelley took on the vocal duties, his high-pitched, melodic singing stood in stark contrast to the gruff pub rock vocal stylings of many punk contemporaries
20.
Pete Shelley
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Pete Shelley is an English singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the leader of Buzzcocks. Shelley was born to Margaret and John McNeish at 48 Milton Street, Margaret was an ex-mill worker in the town, while John was a fitter at the nearby Astley Green Colliery. He has a brother, Gary. Shelley formed Buzzcocks with Howard Devoto after the two met at Bolton Institute of Technology in 1975 and subsequently travelled to London to see the Sex Pistols, Buzzcocks debuted in 1976 in Manchester, opening for the Sex Pistols. In 1977, Buzzcocks released their first EP, Spiral Scratch, on their own independent label, when Devoto left the group shortly afterwards, Shelley took over as lead vocalist and chief songwriter. Difficulties with their company and a dispute with Virgin Publishing over the UK release of their greatest hits record, Singles Going Steady. Shelleys debut album Sky Yen was recorded in 1974 but remained unheard until March 1980 when it was released on 12 vinyl on Shelleys own label, Groovy Records. It was recorded as one piece of music with a purpose-built oscillator and was notable for its use of layered electronics. Rooted in electronic music, it has garnered comparisons to krautrock, after these releases, Groovy Records never released another album. In 1981, Shelley released his first solo single, the song Homosapien, the next year saw the controversial single followed by an LP of the same name. Shelley released his second LP XL1 in 1983 on Genetic Records, XL1 was produced by Martin Rushent and Shelley. June 1986 saw Shelley release the darker, edgier Heaven and the Sea, in 1987 he followed the album with a new song, Do Anything, for the film Some Kind of Wonderful. In 1989 Shelley recorded a new version of Homosapien entitled Homosapien II, the single featured four mixes of the new recording. Shelley has also played various other musicians during his career, including The Invisible Girls. Shelley also formed bands called The Tiller Boys, and Zip and he briefly reunited with Howard Devoto to make the LP Buzzkunst, released in 2002. He also appeared on the 2005 debut EP by the Los Angeles band The Adored A substantially sped-up club remix of Telephone Operator is an offering on the Dance Dance Revolution arcade game. He produced a single by the band Redtrack, in 1989, Buzzcocks reunited, and released a new full-length recording, Trade Test Transmissions, in 1993. They continue to tour and record, their most recent release being the CD The Way in 2014 and they toured with bands such as Nirvana, the Adored, the Strays, Lola Ray, and Images
21.
David Bowie
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David Robert Jones, known professionally as David Bowie, was an English singer, songwriter and actor. He was a figure in music for over five decades, regarded by critics and musicians as an innovator. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, his music, during his lifetime, his record sales, estimated at 140 million worldwide, made him one of the worlds best-selling music artists. In the UK, he was awarded nine platinum album certifications, eleven gold and eight silver, in the US, he received five platinum and seven gold certifications. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, born in Brixton, South London, Bowie developed an interest in music as a child, eventually studying art, music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963. Space Oddity became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969, after a period of experimentation, he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust. The character was spearheaded by the success of his single Starman and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, in 1976, Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth and released Station to Station. Heroes and Lodger followed, each reached the UK top five. He then reached his peak in 1983 with Lets Dance. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with styles, including industrial. He stopped concert touring after 2004, and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006, in 2013, Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day. He remained musically active until he died of cancer two days after the release of his final album, Blackstar. David Robert Jones was born on 8 January 1947, in Brixton, south London and his mother, Margaret Mary Peggy, was born in Kent, and had Irish ancestry, she worked as a waitress. His father, Haywood Stenton John Jones, from Yorkshire, was an officer for the childrens charity Barnardos. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, near the border of the south London areas of Brixton, Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler. In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to the suburb of Bromley and his voice was considered adequate by the school choir, and he demonstrated above-average abilities in playing the recorder. Upon listening to Little Richards song Tutti Frutti, Bowie would later say, presleys impact on him was likewise emphatic, I saw a cousin of mine dance to. Hound Dog and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything and it really impressed me, the power of the music
22.
Penetration (band)
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Penetration is a punk rock band from County Durham, England formed in 1976. They re-formed in 2001 with several new members and their debut single, Dont Dictate, is now acknowledged as a classic punk rock single and their debut album, Moving Targets, is still widely admired. The bands lineup was lead singer Pauline Murray, Robert Blamire, Gary Smallman, Chaplin left in March 1978 being replaced with Neale Floyd, with second guitarist Fred Purser joining in July. The band dissolved in late 1979 and they reformed in 2001 with original members Murray, Blamire and Smallman, and Steve Wallace and Paul Harvey drafted in as new guitarists. Their second gig was supporting The Stranglers at Newcastle City Hall, significantly, the band also played at the now-legendary punk club The Roxy during its first 100 days. On 9 April 1977, the band appeared on the bill as Generation X. Early in their career, the also supported The Vibrators. After the release of their single, Penetration recorded the first of two sessions for John Peel at BBC Radio 1 in July 1978. Later that year, the released their debut album. Moving Targets was number 6 in the Sounds Critics albums of the year, in 1979, they toured Europe, the US and Britain but the grueling schedule began to take its toll. A disappointing reaction to Coming Up For Air, the album, was the final nail in the coffin of the original band. After the band split in October an official album called Race Against Time was released. John Maher from Buzzcocks drummed for the band, produced by Martin Hannett, the resulting album spawned the singles Dream Sequence and Mr. X, with a further non-album single Searching for Heaven released in 1981. Murray also provided guest vocals for The Only Ones 1980 track, Pauline Murray worked sporadically as a solo artist under the name Pauline Murray and The Storm with Robert Blamire, Tim Johnston and Paul Harvey. Paul Harvey is also a Stuckist artist, Blamire also worked as a producer for various groups, including Scars, whose sole LP he produced. In 2015 Penetration announced the release of a new album called Resolution in October, the current line-up of the band is Pauline Murray, Robert Blamire, John Maher Paul Harvey and Steve Wallace. Firing Squad / Never Life’s A Gamble / V. I. P, danger Signs / Stone Heroes Also released, with an additional track Vision, as a 12 inch single. punk77. co. uk
23.
John Cooper Clarke
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John Cooper Clarke is an English performance poet who first became famous during the punk rock era of the late 1970s when he became known as a punk poet. He released several albums in the late 1970s and early 1980s and his recorded output has mainly centred on musical backing from the Invisible Girls, which featured Martin Hannett, Steve Hopkins, Pete Shelley, Bill Nelson, and Paul Burgess. Clarke was born in Salford, Lancashire, in 1949 and his first job was a laboratory technician at Salford Tech. He began his career in Manchester folk clubs, where he began working with Rick Goldstraw. His first releases were on Tosh Ryan and Martin Hannetts independent label Rabid, Rabid also released his debut LP Où est la maison de fromage. Which was a collection of recordings, demos and rehearsals. This was reissued by Revolver Records in 1989 also making it his last album to date and he toured with Bill Nelsons band Be-Bop Deluxe in 1978 and was signed by Epic Records, who issued the Martin Hannett produced studio album Disguise In Love in 1978. Clarke has attributed his success in part to the influence of the English female poet Pam Ayres. Her run of success on the British TV show Opportunity Knocks led both Clarke and his mother to believe that he could make a living at poetry, in 1979 he had his only UK top 40 hit with Gimmix. His set is characterised by lively, rapid-fire renditions of his poems, often referred to as the bard of Salford, he usually refers to himself on stage as Johnny Clarke, the name behind the hairstyle. In 1979 he applied to actors union Equity, but as there was already a member named John Cooper Clarke. His 1980 album Snap, Crackle & Bop gave him his highest album chart placing, reaching number 26, Clarke appeared in a 1982 music documentary compilation Urgh. A Music War, in which he performed his poem Health Fanatic, the film featured live performances of mainstream artists as well as more obscure bands using concert footage from around the world. He also starred in another 1982 film titled John Cooper Clarke - Ten Years in an Open Necked Shirt directed by Nick May and produced for the Arts Council of Great Britain and Channel 4. Somewhere between a film, a series of music videos and a documentary, the film features interviews and performances by Clarke. He described this period of his life, It was a feral existence, in 1987 he performed live at Albany Empire in London with Suns of Arqa, recorded two tracks for their album Seven, and featured in the music video for the latter. In 1988 he made an appearance in two UK adverts for Sugar Puffs, taking second billing to the Honey Monster and he returned to live performance in the 1990s, appearing again with Suns of Arqa in 1992 at The Witchwood in Ashton-Under-Lyne. His vocals from both of his Suns of Arqa tracks have used on numerous remixes by the band ever since
24.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
25.
Paul Morley
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Paul Robert Morley is an English music journalist. He wrote for the New Musical Express from 1977 to 1983 and has written for a wide range of publications. He was a co-founder of the record label ZTT Records and was a member of the synthpop group Art of Noise and he has also been a band manager, promoter and television presenter. Morley was born in Farnham, Surrey, and moved with his family to Eccles, Salford and he was educated at Stockport Grammar School, at the time a direct grant grammar school, and the Royal Academy of Music. Morley wrote for three Manchester area magazines in the late 1970s, Penetration, Out There and Girl Trouble. He then went on to write for NME, where he and colleagues such as Ian Penman developed a style of music criticism that drew on critical theory. After leaving the NME, he was a contributor to BLITZ magazine from 1984 to 1987. For a period of time, Morley produced and managed Manchester punk band the Drones, although it has never been confirmed, it is claimed that Morley authored the provocative slogans on the bands T-shirts. He was the first presenter of BBC Twos The Late Show, for the short-lived Channel 4 arts strand Without Walls he wrote and presented a documentary on boredom. Morley regularly appeared on BBCs The Review Show, Morley is the author of Words and Music, the history of pop in the shape of a city. A synthetic Kylie features as the character of the book. Morley teamed up with the Auteurs James Banbury to form the band Infantjoy, with, an album featuring collaborations with Tunng, Isan and other musicians, was released in October 2006 on Morley and Banburys own label ServiceAV. Morley is a fan of the jazz musician John Surman. Morley was married to Claudia Brücken with whom he has a daughter and he is the brother of filmmaker Carol Morley
26.
Sounds (magazine)
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Sounds was a long-term UK weekly pop/rock music newspaper, published from 10 October 1970 to 6 April 1991. It was produced by Spotlight Publications, which was set up by Jack Hutton and Peter Wilkinson, who left Melody Maker to start their own company. Sounds was their first project, a paper devoted to progressive rock and described by Hutton, to those he was attempting to recruit from his former publication. Sounds was intended to be a rival to titles such as Melody Maker. It was well known for giving away posters in the centre of the paper and later for covering heavy metal, the papers editors realised the importance of its regional audience and had freelancers across the UK contributing gig reviews and articles about up-and-coming local bands. Keith Cameron wrote about Nirvana after Robb carried out the first ever interview with them. One of the trinity of British music weeklies, along with NME and Melody Maker, Sounds folded in 1991 after the parent company, United Newspapers, a legacy of Sounds was the creation of the heavy metal/rock magazine Kerrang. Which was originally issued as a supplement before being spun off as a separate publication, sutherland and Russ Carvells UT strip, Photographers Andy Phillips, Virginia Turbett, Paul Slattery, Ross Halfin, Janette Beckman. Comic strips that were published in Sounds by Alan Moore Reviews and features published in Sounds by Mick Sinclair Photos published in Sounds by Simon Clegg
27.
Oldham
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Oldham /ˈɒldəm/ is a town in Greater Manchester, England, amid the Pennines between the rivers Irk and Medlock,5.3 miles south-southeast of Rochdale and 6.9 miles northeast of Manchester. Together with several surrounding towns, it is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, population 230,800 as of 2015. Historically in Lancashire, and with little early history to speak of and it was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and among the first ever industrialised towns, rapidly becoming one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England. At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world, producing more cotton than France, Oldhams textile industry fell into decline in the mid-20th century, the towns last mill closed in 1998. The demise of textile processing in Oldham depressed the local economy, today Oldham is a predominantly residential town, and a centre for further education and the performing arts. It is, however, still distinguished architecturally by the cotton mills. The town has a population of 103,544 and an area of around 26 square miles, the toponymy of Oldham seems to imply old village or place from Eald signifying oldness or antiquity, and Ham a house, farm or hamlet. Oldham is however known to be a derivative of Aldehulme, undoubtedly an Old Norse name and it is believed to be derived from the Old English ald combined with the Old Norse holmi or holmr, meaning promontory or outcrop, possibly describing the towns hilltop position. It has alternatively been suggested that it may mean holm or hulme of a farmer named Alda, the name is understood to date from 865, during the period of the Danelaw. Evidence of later Roman and Celtic activity is confirmed by an ancient Roman road, nearby Chadderton is also pre-Anglo-Saxon in origin, from the Old Welsh cadeir, itself deriving from the Latin cathedra meaning chair. Although not mentioned in the Domesday Book, Oldham does appear in documents from the Middle Ages, invariably recorded as territory under the control of minor ruling families. In the 13th century, Oldham was documented as a manor held from the Crown by a family surnamed Oldham, by 1756, Oldham had emerged as centre of the hatting industry in England. The rough felt used in the process is the origin of the term Owdham Roughyed a nickname for people from Oldham. The climate, geology, and topography of Oldham were unrelenting constraints upon the social, at 700 feet above sea level and with no major river or visible natural resources, Oldham had poor geographic attributes compared with other settlements for investors and their engineers. Within a year,11 other mills had been constructed, Oldhams small local population was greatly increased by the mass migration of workers from outlying villages, resulting in a population increase from just over 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901. The speed of this urban growth meant that Oldham, with little pre-industrial history to speak of, was born as a factory town. Oldham became the manufacturing centre for cotton spinning in the second half of the 19th century. In 1851, over 30% of Oldhams population was employed within the textile sector, in 1871, Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined
28.
German military brothels in World War II
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German military brothels were set up by the Third Reich during World War II throughout much of occupied Europe for the use of Wehrmacht and SS soldiers. These brothels were generally new creations, but in the West, until 1942, there were around 500 military brothels of this kind in German-occupied Europe. Often operating in confiscated hotels and guarded by the Wehrmacht, these used to serve travelling soldiers. In many cases in Eastern Europe, the women involved were kidnapped on the streets of occupied cities during German military and police round ups called łapanka or rafle. On top of that, Polish girls as young as 15 – classified as suitable for slave labor and shipped to Germany – were sexually exploited by German men at their place of destination. The Swiss Red Cross mission driver Franz Mawick wrote in 1942 from Warsaw about what he saw, Uniformed Germans gaze fixedly at women, one of the soldiers pulls out a pocket flashlight and shines it on one of the women, straight into her eyes. The two women turn their faces to us, expressing weariness and resignation. The first one is about 30 years old, what is this old whore looking for around here. – one of the three soldiers laughs, bread, sir – asks the woman. A kick in the ass you get, not bread – answers the soldier, owner of the flashlight directs the light again on the faces and bodies of girls. The youngest is maybe 15 years old They open her coat and this one is ideal for bed – he says. They found refuge in the local Lutheran Church which offered them asylum. The women were forced to service up to 32 men per day, the women who were visibly pregnant were sometimes released, but would not go back to their families, so as not to shame them. The Wehrmacht was able to establish a thoroughly bureaucratic system of around 100 new brothels already before 1942, the soldiers were given official visitation cards issued by Oberkommando des Heeres and were prohibited from engaging in sexual contact with other French women. In September 1941, Field Marshal von Brauchitsch suggested that weekly visits for all younger soldiers be considered mandatory to prevent sexual excesses among them, the prostitutes had a scheduled medical check-up to slow-down the spread of venereal diseases. The order to regulate the soldiers sex lives was issued on 29 July 1940, from that point on, free prostitution was forbidden and persecuted by the police. As before, the prostitutes were paid a nominal fee, the soldiers had to bring up the money themselves from their regular guerdon
29.
House of Dolls
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House of Dolls is a 1955 novella by Ka-tzetnik 135633. The novella describes Joy Divisions, which were groups of Jewish women in the camps during World War II who were kept for the sexual pleasure of Nazi soldiers. The origin of Ka-tzetniks story is not clear, some say it is based on a diary kept by a young Jewish girl who was captured in Poland when she was fourteen years old and forced into sexual slavery in a Nazi labour camp. However, the diary itself has not been located or verified to exist, others claim, and the author suggests as much in his later book Shivitti, that it is based on the actual history of Ka-tzetniks younger sister. Between 1942 and 1945, Auschwitz and nine other Nazi concentration camps contained camp brothels, not only prostitutes were forced to work there. The film-makers stated that as the women died they were replaced by women from the concentration camp Ravensbrück, ronit Lentin discusses House of Dolls in her work Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah. In her book Lentin interviews a child of Holocaust survivors, who recalls House of Dolls as one of her first exposures to the Holocaust. Lentin notes that the explicit, painful story made an impact when published. That House of Dolls represents violence and sexuality in a manner which borders on the pornographic, naama Shik, researching at Yad Vashem, the principal Jewish organization for the remembrance of the victims of the Holocaust, considers the book as fiction. Nonetheless it is part of the Israeli high school curriculum, the success of the book showed there was a market for Nazi exploitation popular literature, known in Israel as Stalags. However Yechiel Szeintuch from the Hebrew University rejects links between the smutty Stalags on the one hand, and Ka-Tzetniks works, which he insists were based on reality, on the other. Joy Division was a British post-punk band from 1976 to 1980, One of their early songs, No Love Lost, contains a short excerpt from the novella. Love Camp 7, considered to be the first Nazi exploitation film, is set in a concentration camp Joy Division, stella, One Womans True Tale of Evil, Betrayal, and Survival in Hitlers Germany. Full text in English at Archive. org
30.
Extended play
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An extended play is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single, but is usually unqualified as an album or LP. EPs generally do not contain as many tracks as albums, and are considered less expensive, an EP originally referred to specific types of vinyl records other than 78 rpm standard play and LP, but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well. Ricardo Baca of The Denver Post said, EPs—originally extended-play single releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk, in the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of length or four tracks. EPs were released in various sizes in different eras, the earliest multi-track records, issued around 1919 by Grey Gull Records, were vertically cut 78 rpm discs known as 2-in-1 records. These had finer than usual grooves, like Edison Disc Records, by 1949, when the 45 rpm single and 33 1⁄3 rpm LP were competing formats, seven-inch 45 rpm singles had a maximum playing time of only about four minutes per side. Partly as an attempt to compete with the LP introduced in 1948 by rival Columbia, RCA Victor introduced Extended Play 45s during 1952. Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the levels and sound compression optionally. These were usually 10-inch LPs split onto two seven-inch EPs or 12-inch LPs split onto three seven-inch EPs, either separately or together in gatefold covers. This practice became less common with the advent of triple-speed-available phonographs. Some classical music albums released at the beginning of the LP era were distributed as EP albums—notably the seven operas that Arturo Toscanini conducted on radio between 1944 and 1954. These opera EPs, originally broadcast on the NBC Radio network and manufactured by RCA, in the 1990s, they began appearing on compact discs. During the 1950s, RCA published several EP albums of Walt Disney movies and these usually featured the original casts of actors and actresses. Each album contained two seven-inch records, plus an illustrated booklet containing the text of the recording, so that children could follow along by reading. Some of the titles included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, and what was then a recent release, because of the popularity of 7 and other formats, SP records became less popular and the production of SPs in Japan was suspended in 1963. In the 1950s and 1960s, EPs were usually compilations of singles or album samplers and were played at 45 rpm on seven-inch discs. Record Retailer printed the first EP chart in 1960, the New Musical Express, Melody Maker, Disc and Music Echo and the Record Mirror continued to list EPs on their respective singles charts. The Beatles Twist and Shout outsold most singles for some weeks in 1963, when the BBC and Record Retailer commissioned the British Market Research Bureau to compile a chart it was restricted to singles and EPs disappeared from the listings. In the Philippines, seven-inch EPs marketed as mini-LPs were introduced in 1970, with tracks selected from an album and this mini-LP format also became popular in America in the early 1970s for promotional releases, and also for use in jukeboxes
31.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
32.
Rafters (nightclub)
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Rafters was a nightclub located in St. James Buildings, Oxford Street, Manchester, England. Some well-known bands played concerts at Rafters in the 1970s and 1980s, Rob Gretton who went on to become the manager of Joy Division worked at Rafters. It featured in the 2007 film Control, the Depeche Mode albums An Futurist Night and A Second Now in Manchester were recorded at Rafters in 1981. A Second Now In Manchester was released on CD on Vertigo Records in 1990 Rafters opened in Manchester in the 1970s in St Jamess Buildings in Oxford Street, the schedule generally remained the same, live gigs on Monday and Wednesday nights and a Folk night on Tuesday. By the mid-1970s the venue had become known by the public and musicians. Following the rise of rock in 1976 and 1977, the venue became one of the main places in Manchester for live music. Joy Division performed there and in other Manchester venues such as Rock World, numerous new bands played in Rafters in 1977 among them Paul Young of Sad Café and Dougie James. At this time Rob Gretton was one of the DJs at the club, the Stiff Records Test organised by Stiff Records took place here on 14 April 1978. The event proved significant in the history of the band Joy Division, Rob Gretton and Tony Wilson of Granada TV were present at the event and saw Joy Division play. Joy Division were the last of 17 bands to play, as Rob Gretton commented, In 1978, the memorable DJ partnership of Colin Curtis and John Grant established the regions leading jazz-funk night at Rafters. In its final years the DJ was Mike Shaft who appeared on Piccadilly Radio with Takin Care of Business, jillys Rockworld - home of Manchesters rock & alternative community. Retrieved 23 February 2010page about Rafters
33.
ITV Granada
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ITV Granada is the Channel 3 regional service for North West England. The licence for the region has been held by ITV Broadcasting Limited since November 2008 and it is the largest independent television-franchise producing company in the UK, accounting for 25% of the total broadcasting output of the ITV network. It had been held by Granada Television, which was founded by Sidney Bernstein and this was the only surviving company of the original four Independent Television Authority franchisees from 1954, Granada Media Group merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004. It covers Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, northwestern Derbyshire, part of Cumbria, on 15 July 2009, the Isle of Man was transferred to ITV Granada from ITV Border. Broadcasting by Granada Television began on 3 May 1956 under the North of England weekday franchise and it was marked by a distinctive northern identity, and used stylised letter G logo forming an arrow pointing north, often with the tagline Granada, from the north. Granada plc merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004 after a duopoly had developed over the previous decade, Granada Television Ltd still legally exists. Along with most other companies owned by ITV plc, it is listed on www. companieshouse. gov. uk as a Dormant company. Other companies listed are Granada Television International and Granada Television Overseas Ltd, the North West region is regarded as ITVs most successful franchise. The Financial Times and The Independent once described Granada Television, the franchise holder. Nine Granada programmes were listed in the BFI TV100 in 2000, some of its most notable programmes include Coronation Street, Seven Up. The Royle Family, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited, World in Action, University Challenge, notable employees have included Paul Greengrass, Michael Apted, Mike Newell, Jeremy Isaacs, Andy Harries, Russell T Davies and Leslie Woodhead. Granada Television, a subsidiary of Granada Ltd, originated in Granada Theatres Ltd and it was founded in Dover in 1930 by Sidney Bernstein and his brother Cecil. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934 and listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1935 and it is named after the Spanish city of Granada. Channel 59 from Winter Hill and started broadcasting in colour in the Autumn of 1969, the Bernsteins became involved in commercial television, a competitor to the cinema chains. Bernstein bid for the North of England franchise, which he believed would not affect the companys largely southern-based cinema chain, in 1954, the Independent Television Authority awarded Granada the North of England contract for Monday to Friday, with ABC serving the same area on weekends. The North and London were the two biggest regions, Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, and because it offered a chance to start a new creative industry away from the metropolitan atmosphere of London. Compare this with London and its suburbs—full of displaced persons, and, of course, if you look at a map of the concentration of population in the North and a rainfall map, you will see that the North is an ideal place for television. Bernstein selected a base from Leeds and Manchester, Granada executive Victor Peers believed Manchester was the preferred choice even before executives toured the region to find a suitable site
34.
So It Goes (TV series)
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So It Goes was a British TV music show presented by Tony Wilson on Granada Television between 1976 and 1977. It is most famous for showcasing the then burgeoning punk rock movement and it was named partially in reference to Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five. The shows first series, produced by Chris Pye, gave the Sex Pistols their first ever TV appearance and it also included occasional non-punk guests such as journalist Clive James and comedian Peter Cook. The second series, produced by Geoff Moore, featured performances by The Jam, The Clash, The Buzzcocks, The Stranglers and Siouxsie, an expletive-strewn appearance by Iggy Pop proved too much for Granada bosses, leading to the cancellation of a third series. The first series consisted of nine editions that ran from 3 July -21 August 1976 and this was followed almost a year later by the second series, consisting of ten editions running from 9 October -11 December 1977. 1 The series was ever shown in three ITV regions including Granada. Traditional Irish music group The Chieftains were live in the studio performing Mná na hÉireann, Peter Blake and his wife, Jann Howarth, discussed the design of the Beatles Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band album, as well as how the idea was conceived and produced. In a spoof Where Are They Now, after a spoof ad break, Clive James impersonated Henry Kissinger in Brain Damage. Closing the show were The Sutherland Bros and Quiver live in the studio performing When the Train Comes, broadcast 10 July 1976 Presented by Tony Wilson, featuring Clive James Director, Peter Walker Producer, Chris Pye Live in the studio, Kevin Ayers performed Ballad Of Mr Snake. The featured album in Pressed to Kill was Rock and Roll Music by The Beatles, Clive James talked about the Brain Damage caused by Rod Stewart. Opportunity Rocks for Bettina Jonic who was live in the studio performing Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone, Tony Wilson interviewed Roger Dean to find out about his inspiration for creating album cover designs. In As Time Goes By there was a 1967 performance of On a Carousel by The Hollies, Back in the studio, Frankie Miller’s Full House closed the show performing the Doodle Song. Broadcast 17 July 1976 Presented by Tony Wilson, featuring Clive James Director, Peter Walker Producer, the design feature was on denim art and Clive James got Brain Damage from the talent in the BBC light entertainment department, Cilla Black and Lulu. Rogue were featured in Opportunity Rocks, in the studio, The London Saxophone Quartet performed the Agincourt Song. Marianne Faithfull sang Yesterday in As Time Goes By, also featured were Mott the Hoople, who performed Shouting and Pointing. Lou Reeds Coney Island Baby album was Pressed to Kill, stephan Micus was live in the studio performing music he had composed himself on the Afghan rubabs. Tony Wilson went to CBS Records in London to see the design department, in Brain Damage, Clive James discussed Sarah Miles and Kris Kristofferson, and The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea
35.
Melody Maker
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Melody Maker was a British weekly pop/rock/disco music newspaper, one of the worlds earliest music weeklies. It was founded in 1926, largely as a magazine for dance band musicians, by Leicester-born composer, publisher Lawrence Wright, in 2000 it was merged into long-standing rival New Musical Express. Originally the Melody Maker concentrated on jazz, and had Max Jones, one of the leading British proselytizers for that music and it was slow to cover rock and roll and lost ground to the New Musical Express, which had begun in 1952. MM began its Melody Maker LP charts in November 1958, two years after the Record Mirror published the first UK Albums Chart, MM had larger and more specialised advertising, soon-to-be well-known groups would advertise for musicians. It ran pages devoted to minority interests like folk and jazz, a 1968 Melody Maker poll named John Peel best radio DJ, attention which John Walters revealed may have helped Peel keep his job despite concerns at BBC Radio 1 about Peels style and record selection. Melody Maker supported glam rock and progressive rock in the 1970s, Coleman had been insistent that the paper should look like The Daily Telegraph, but Williams wanted the paper to look more contemporary. He commissioned a design, but this was rejected by Coleman. During this period Melody Maker was described as the journal. In January 1972, in a moment for rock journalism. It was during this interview that Bowie claimed, Im gay, OH YOU PRETTY THING ran the headline, and swiftly became part of pop mythology. Bowie later attributed his success to this interview, stating that, Yeah and it was that piece by Mick Watts. During his tenure at the paper, Watts also toured with and interviewed artists including Syd Barrett, Waylon Jennings, Pink Floyd, Bob Dylan, in 1980, after a strike which had taken the paper out of publication for a period, Williams left MM. Several journalists, such as Chris Bohn and Vivien Goldman, moved to NME, Coleman left in 1981, the papers design was updated, but sales and prestige were at a low ebb through the early 1980s, with NME dominant. While MM continued to devote most space to rock and indie music, it covered techno, rap and post rock, two of the papers writers, Push and Ben Turner, went on to launch IPC Medias monthly dance music magazine Muzik. The paper printed harsh criticism of Ocean Colour Scene and Kula Shaker, in 1992, they gave a French rock band called Darlin a negative review calling them a daft punky thrash. Darlin eventually became the music duo Daft Punk. The magazine retained its large classified ads section, and remained the first call for musicians wanting to form a band, Suede formed through ads placed in the paper. In early 1997, Allan Jones left to edit Uncut and he was replaced by Mark Sutherland, formerly of NME and Smash Hits, who thus fulfilled boyhood dream and stayed on to edit the magazine for three years
36.
Hitler Youth
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The Hitler Youth was the youth organisation of the Nazi Party in Germany. Its origins dated back to 1922, with the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, the organisation de facto ceased to exist. On 10 October 1945, it was outlawed by the Allied Control Council along with other Nazi Party organisations, in 1922 the Munich-based Nazi Party established its official youth organisation called Jugendbund der NSDAP. It was announced on 8 March 1922 in the Völkischer Beobachter, another youth group was established in 1922 as the Jungsturm Adolf Hitler. Based in Munich, Bavaria, it served to train and recruit members of the Sturmabteilung. Following the abortive Beer Hall Putsch the Nazi youth groups ostensibly disbanded, in April 1924 the Jugendbund der NSDAP was renamed Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung. On 4 July 1926 the Grossdeutsche Jugendbewegung was officially renamed Hitler Jugend Bund der deutschen Arbeiterjugend and this event took place a year after the Nazi Party itself had been reorganised. The architect of the re-organisation was Kurt Gruber, a law student from Plauen in Saxony, after a short power-struggle with a rival organisation—Gerhard Roßbachs Schilljugend—Gruber prevailed and his Greater German Youth Movement became the Nazi Partys official youth organisation. In July 1926 it was renamed Hitler-Jugend, Bund deutscher Arbeiterjugend and, for the first time, the name Hitler-Jugend was taken up on the suggestion of Hans Severus Ziegler. By 1930 the Hitlerjugend had enlisted over 25,000 boys aged 14 and it also set up a junior branch, the Deutsches Jungvolk, for boys aged 10 to 14. Girls from 10 to 18 were given their own parallel organisation, in April 1932 Chancellor Heinrich Brüning banned the Hitler Youth movement in an attempt to stop widespread political violence. But in June Brünings successor as Chancellor, Franz von Papen, lifted the ban as a way of appeasing Hitler, a further significant expansion drive started in 1933, after Baldur von Schirach was appointed by Hitler as the first Reichsjugendführer. All youth organizations were brought under Schirachs control, the members of the Hitler Youth were viewed as insuring the future of Nazi Germany and were indoctrinated in Nazi ideology, including racism. The Hitler Youth appropriated many of its activities of the Boy Scout movement, although over time it changed in content and intention. For example, many activities closely resembled military training, with training, assault course circuits. The aim was to instill the motivation that would enable its members as soldiers, there was great emphasis on physical fitness and hardness and military training than on academic study. The Hitler Youth were used to break up Church youth groups, and in anti-Church indoctrination, used to spy on religious classes and Bible studies, and interfere with church attendance. Members summer uniform consisted of a black shorts and tan shirt with pockets, worn with a black neckerchief secured with a woggle
37.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
