1.
Julie Dreyfus
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Julie Dreyfus is a French actress. Fluent in French, Japanese and English, Dreyfus is well known in Japan where she made her TV debut on a French-language lesson program on NHKs educational channel in the late 1980s and she has appeared on the TV show Ryōri no Tetsujin as a guest and judge. Her grandfather was a descendant of the famous Captain Alfred Dreyfus and she spent her summers in the U. K. She moved to Japan to study at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies for a six-month intensive Japanese course, after finishing the course, she moved to Tokyo working part-time in a design studio while continuing her private Japanese lessons. In 1988, she worked as a French language instructor on the NHK morning television educational program, centering on a mystery drama, chief producer Motoyoshi Sei hired Dreyfus to increase ratings by changing the program into an episode-format. Eventually, she was cast by Japanese network executives as the 20-something beauty in several TV and film roles and she was also a judge on the cult-hit cooking show Ryōri no Tetsujin. Dreyfus portrayed the character of Sofie Fatale in Quentin Tarantinos 2003 film and she was a member of the 2007 Gérardmer Film Festival, which honored her Kill Bill co-star David Carradine. Dreyfus appeared in Vinyan in 2008 and in Tarantinos war epic Inglourious Basterds in 2009, as Francesca Mondino and she also appeared as a translator in the Leos Carax short film entitled Merde in the feature film Tokyo. Julie Dreyfus at the Internet Movie Database
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Veep
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Veep is an American political satire comedy television series, starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus, that premiered on HBO on April 22,2012. The series was created by Armando Iannucci as an adaptation of the British sitcom The Thick of It, Veep is set in the office of Selina Meyer, a fictional Vice President, and subsequent President, of the United States. The series follows Meyer and her team as they attempt to make their mark and leave a lasting legacy without getting tripped up in the political games that define Washington. Veep has received acclaim and won several major awards. It has been nominated five years in a row for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, Louis-Dreyfus has won five consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, two Critics Choice Television Awards and one Television Critics Association Award for her performance. Supporting cast members Anna Chlumsky and Tony Hale have both received four consecutive Emmy nominations for their work on the series, including Hale winning in 2013 and 2015, the series has been renewed for a 10-episode sixth season which will premiere on April 16,2017. Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Selina Meyer, a former Maryland Senator who, in the start of the series, is the titular Vice President, during this term, she often feels powerless, disregarded, and discontented in her position as second-in-command. During her tenure as Vice President, she has a relationship with the President. She ascends to the office of the presidency in season 3, after the sitting president resigns for personal reasons. Due to a complex manipulation of constitutional law, she loses the race in season 5. She is divorced with one daughter, but remains romantically entangled with her ex-husband during the first two seasons, Anna Chlumsky as Amy Brookheimer, the Vice Presidents Chief of Staff. She credits herself as the Vice Presidents trouble-shooter, problem-solver, issue-mediator, doubt-remover, conscience-examiner, thought-thinker, Amy is constantly sacrificing her own reputation to save Selinas political credibility. She is known to be uptight and overly dedicated to her career, unwilling to settle down and have children and she has history with both Jonah and Dan, and may still have feelings for the latter. Amy becomes Selinas campaign manager during her run, but resigns as a result of the brief appointment of an unopinionated friend of Selinas to her campaign team. She rejoins the Meyer team when a tie in the election leads to a statewide recount in Nevada. Chlumsky previously portrayed a character, Liza Weld, in Iannuccis 2009 film. She has received four consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her performance, Tony Hale as Gary Walsh, Selinas personal aide and body man. A long-term associate and confidant of Selina, Gary is portrayed as incredibly loyal, despite his menial job, Gary is actually a graduate of Cornell University, having majored in hotel management
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Northwestern University
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Composed of twelve schools and colleges, Northwestern offers 124 undergraduate degrees and 145 graduate and professional degrees. Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the City of Evanston is named and its founding purpose was to serve the Northwest Territory, an area that today includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855, women were admitted in 1869, today, the main campus is a 240-acre parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago. The universitys law, medical, and professional schools are located on a 25-acre campus in Chicagos Streeterville neighborhood, in 2008, the university opened a campus in Education City, Doha, Qatar with programs in journalism and communication. In 2016, Northwestern opened its San Francisco space at 44 Montgomery St. which hosts journalism, engineering, Northwestern is a large research university with a comprehensive doctoral program and it attracts over $650 million in sponsored research each year. Northwestern has the tenth largest university endowment in the United States, in 2017, the university accepted 9. 0% of undergraduate applicants from a pool of 37,255. Northwestern is a member of the Big Ten Conference and remains the only private university in the conference. The Northwestern Wildcats compete in 19 intercollegiate sports in the NCAAs Division I Big Ten Conference, on January 28,1851, the Illinois General Assembly granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University, making it the first chartered university in Illinois. The schools nine founders, all of whom were Methodists, knelt in prayer, John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5,1855, to raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 perpetual scholarships entitling the purchaser and his heirs to free tuition. Willard Residential College is named in her honor, Northwestern admitted its first women students in 1869, and the first woman was graduated in 1874. Northwestern fielded its first intercollegiate football team in 1882, later becoming a member of the Big Ten Conference. In the 1870s and 1880s, Northwestern affiliated itself with already existing schools of law, medicine, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the oldest law school in Chicago. The Association of American Universities invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917, in 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps in the 1920s, after the golden years of the 1920s, the Great Depression in the United States hit Northwestern hard. Its annual income dropped 25 percent from $4.8 million in 1930-31 to $3.6 million in 1933-34. Investment income shrank, fewer parents could pay full tuition, and annual giving from alumni, the university responded with two salary cuts of 10 percent each for all employees. It imposed a freeze, a building freeze, and slashed appropriations for maintenance, books
6.
Brad Hall
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William Brad Hall is an American actor, comedian, director and writer. He is best known as a Saturday Night Live news anchor on Saturday Night News and for creating the sitcoms The Single Guy, Hall was a producer, writer, and director on the Golden Globe winning sitcom Brooklyn Bridge, for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. He has appeared in motion pictures, most notably the 1986 cult classic Troll. In 2012, he directed Picture Paris, which appeared at the Tribeca Film Festival, in addition, he has guest-starred on series such as Parks and Recreation, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, and Curb Your Enthusiasm. Hall was born in Santa Barbara, California and he was an avid surfer as a child, saying that he learned how to surf as soon as I could walk. Hall is married to actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, whom he met while both were attending Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and they met in a comedy troupe that Hall started, called The Practical Theater. They both performed on Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1984 and guest-starred together on two episodes of Curb Your Enthusiasm and they have two sons, Henry and Charles. Charles plays basketball for Northwestern University, mike Phillips, friend of El Dorko The Human Stapler, a superhero who uses his hands to bind his victims Larry Rolans, the host of Larrys Corner. John DeLorean John Hinckley Noel Paul Stookey Pete Best William F. Buckley John Lennon Brad Hall at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
8.
Seinfeld
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Seinfeld is an American sitcom that originally ran for nine seasons on NBC, from 1989 to 1998. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a version of himself. It is often described as being a show about nothing, as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life, Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment. In syndication, the series has been distributed by Sony Pictures Television since 2002, a favorite among critics, the series led the Nielsen ratings in seasons six and nine, and finished among the top two every year from 1994 to 1998. In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld the greatest television program of all time, E. named it the number 1 reason the 90s ruled. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America named Seinfeld the No.2 Best Written TV Series of All Time and that same year, Entertainment Weekly named it the No.3 best TV series of all time and TV Guide ranked it at No.2. Main Jerry Seinfeld – Jerry is a minor celeb stand-up comedian who is depicted as the voice of reason amidst the general insanity generated by the people in his world. The in-show character is a mild germaphobe and neat freak, as well as an avid Superman, New York Mets, Jerrys apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends and a focus of the show. Plot lines often involve Jerrys social interactions and romantic relationships around New York City and he typically finds minor, pedantic reasons to break up with women, including a habit of eating peas one at a time, oversized man hands and an irritating laugh. Other plot lines involve his longtime enemy Newman and his overbearing relatives, Elaine Benes – Elaine is Jerrys ex-girlfriend and later friend. She is attractive and genial, while also being humorous, arrogant and she sometimes has a tendency to be too honest with people, which often gets her into trouble. She usually gets caught up in her boyfriends quirks, eccentric employers unusual behaviors and idiosyncrasies, and she tends to make poor choices in men she chooses to date and is often overly reactionary. First she works at Pendant Publishing with Mr. Lippman, is hired as a personal assistant for Mr. Pitt. One of Elaines trademark moves is her forceful shove while exclaiming Get Out, when she receives good, objectionable or surprising news. Another is her memorable Little Kicks dance move, which is described as a full body heave accompanied by a double-fisted thumbs-up and she hates The English Patient, which is met with significant social disapproval. Elaine is popularly described as an amalgamation of Davids and Seinfelds girlfriends during their days in New York as struggling comedians. Cosmo Kramer – Kramer is Jerrys wacky neighbor and his trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothes, and energetic sliding bursts through Jerrys apartment door. Kramer was heavily based on a neighbor of Davids during his amateur comedic years in Manhattan and this is seen in his success with women and employers
9.
The New Adventures of Old Christine
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The New Adventures of Old Christine is an American television sitcom starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Christine Campbell, a middle-aged divorced mother who struggles to keep pace with those around her. It originally ran on CBS from March 13,2006, to May 12,2010, the New Adventures of Old Christine was created and produced by Kari Lizer as well as Andy Ackerman, and distributed by Warner Bros. The series received positive reviews from television critics and was nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards. In May 2010, CBS canceled The New Adventures of Old Christine after five seasons, Christine Campbell is a neurotic mother and owner of a womens gym who is in a constant struggle to keep pace with those around her. A fixture in her life is her ex-husband Richard, whose new girlfriend is also named Christine, Christine lives with her son Ritchie and her brother Matthew, while best friend and colleague Barb is constantly a shoulder for Christine to lean upon. Christine also struggles with her inferiority complex with the bitchy meanie-moms, Marly Ehrhardt and Lindsay, there are guest appearances from actors including Blair Underwood, Dave Foley, Eric McCormack, Jason Alexander, Jennifer Grey, Megan Mullally, Scott Bakula, Ed Begley, Jr. Andy Richter, Lee Tergesen, and Jane Lynch, the first season consists of 13 episodes and premiered on March 13,2006. In this season Christine has only just enrolled her son, Ritchie, at a new private school. On top of all this, she has just discovered her ex-husband, Christine has a brief fling with Burton Schaefer, her on-and-off romantic interest, but they soon break up due to Christine not being able to commit to the relationship. In the season finale, Christine kisses Richard, causing him to tell New Christine, the second season consists of 22 episodes and premiered on September 18,2006. Due to Richard and Christine spending more time together after his breakup with New Christine, Ritchie believes that his parents have gotten back together, Christine starts dating an older man whom she later discovers is New Christines father. Richard and New Christine rekindle their once again. Barb decides to start working at the gym with Christine, while Christine falls hard for Ritchies new teacher, the season finale included Richard sleeping with Christine after breaking up with New Christine yet again. This causes a pregnancy scare for Christine, which is soon avoided, eventually, New Christine takes Richard back and Mr. Harris takes a new teaching job at another school, allowing him and Christine to start dating. The third season was scheduled as a replacement on CBS with 13 episodes scheduled. Due to the 2007 writers strike, the season consists of only 10 episodes. The third season premiered on February 4,2008, Christine and Mr. Harris have a good relationship, until Christines schedule becomes too hectic midway through the season, so they eventually break up. Meanwhile, Richard and New Christine buy a house together, which coincidentally is Christines dream house, leaving her feeling jealous, Barb leaves her husband and she has a short-lived fling with Matthew, much to Christines horror
10.
Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT, and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS. The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25,1995 from Universal Studios Stage 12, the second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center
11.
Cloris Leachman
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Cloris Leachman is an American actress of stage, film, and television. In a career spanning seven decades she has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards, one Daytime Emmy Award. As Miss Chicago, Leachman competed in the 20th Miss America pageant, in the 2000s, Leachman had a recurring role as grandma Ida on the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle, and appeared as a roaster in the Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget in 2008. She was a contestant on the season of the ABC reality competition series Dancing with the Stars in 2008. She was 82 at the time and is the oldest contestant to have danced on the series, from 2010-14, she starred as Maw Maw on the Fox sitcom Raising Hope. Leachman was born in Des Moines, Iowa, the eldest of three sisters and she attended Theodore Roosevelt High School. Her parents were Berkeley Claiborne Buck Leachman, who worked at the family-owned Leachman Lumber Company, the youngest sister, Mary, was not in show business. Middle sister Claiborne Cary was an actress and singer and her maternal grandmother was of Bohemian descent. As a teenager, Leachman appeared in plays by local youth on weekends at Drake University in Des Moines and she began appearing on television and in films shortly after competing in Miss America in 1946. After winning a scholarship in the Miss America pageant, Leachman studied acting under Elia Kazan at the Actors Studio in New York City and she was cast as a replacement for the role of Nellie Forbush during the original run of Rodgers and Hammersteins South Pacific. Leachman appeared in live television broadcasts in the 1950s, including such programs as Suspense. She made her film debut as an extra in Carnegie Hall. Leachman was several months pregnant during the filming, and appears in one scene running down a darkened highway wearing only a trench coat, a year later, she appeared opposite Paul Newman and Lee Marvin in The Rack. She appeared with Newman again in a role as a prostitute in Butch Cassidy. She continued to work mainly in television, with appearances in Rawhide, during this period, Leachman appeared opposite John Forsythe on the popular anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents in an episode titled Premonition. She later appeared as Ruth Martin, Timmy Martins adoptive mother, jon Provost, who played Timmy, said, Cloris did not feel particularly challenged by the role. Basically, when she realized that all shed be doing was baking cookies and she was replaced by June Lockhart in 1958. That same year, she appeared in an episode of One Step Beyond titled The Dark Room, in 1960, she played Marilyn Parker, the roommate of Janice Rules character, Elena Nardos, in the Checkmate episode The Mask of Vengeance
12.
The Practical Theatre Company
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The Practical Theatre Company was a Chicago-based theatre company founded by Northwestern University students and active throughout the 1980s. Its productions included new plays, satiric agitprop, rock and roll events, and a series of successful improvisational comedy revues. The PTC, whose motto was Art is Good, is notable for the fact that the entire cast of its 1982 improvisational comedy revue, during that period, with its run of hit improvisational revues, the PTC briefly rivaled The Second City as Chicagos leading comedy troupe. The companys first show, Clowns, a play about two improvisational comedians written and performed by artistic directors Hall and Barrosse, opened on April 11,1979 at Shanley Hall on the NU campus. In 1980, after changing its name to The Practical Theatre Company. Among the shows that season was the first of the improvisational comedy revues. In the fall of 1980, the relocated to a leased storefront at 703 Howard Street on the border of Evanston. The company named their new storefront theatre space The John Lennon Auditorium, ironically, just two months after they christened their new theatre in his honor, John Lennon was killed on December 8,1980. Material support from other Chicago theatres helped the PTC to build The JLA, artistic Director Robert Falls of Wisdom Bridge Theatre was renovating his space and donated his old theater seats. Stuart Oken and Jason Brett of The Apollo Theatre in Lincoln Park donated lighting equipment, the Practical Theatre Companys third season, its first at the John Lennon Auditorium, proved to be a turning point for the group. The season opened on March 21,1981 with Thrills & Glory, rush Pearson, Gary Kroeger and Reid Branson joined Paul Barrosse in the cast. In one sketch, a squad of American soldiers found themselves on the eve of battle in Basra, in its choice of satiric targets, The PTC was often ahead of its time. Later that season, a premiere of the dark comedy Stunning Achievements in Iowa by Mark D. Kaufman was a critical success, patinkins involvement with The Practical Theatre helped to accelerate the young companys development, artistically and from a business standpoint. Scubba Hey featured Barrosse, Hall, Pearson and Louis-Dreyfus, whom Barrosse, the PTCs second season in the John Lennon Auditorium opened on April Fools Day,1982 with The Brothers Bubba, the groups fourth improvisational comedy revue. It was clear that, given the increasing popularity, a larger space was needed to mount the groups next improvisational comedy revue. Meanwhile, the Attack Theatre name was revived for a series of agitprop after-shows under the direction of Terry McCabe, another NU alum. Attack Theatre took on social and political issues like gun control, other after-shows featured The Practical Women, a project led by PTC co-founder Angela Murphy, designed to encourage female talent in the male-dominated improvisational comedy environment. Sheldon Patinkin was responsible for introducing the PTC to Second City founder Bernard Sahlins, the 150-seat Pipers Alley Theatre was designed by Louis DiCrescenzo specifically to be the home of the PTCs comedy revues
13.
Elaine Benes
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Elaine Marie Benes /ˈbɛnᵻs/ is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Seinfeld, played by Julia Louis-Dreyfus. Elaines best friend is her ex-boyfriend Jerry Seinfeld, and she is good friends with George Costanza. Julia Louis-Dreyfus received critical acclaim for her performance as Elaine, winning an Emmy, Julia Louis-Dreyfus reprised the role during season 41 of Saturday Night Live. Unlike her three friends, Elaine is absent from the pilot episode. Previously the female role was supposed to be Claire, the waitress at Petes Luncheonette played by Lee Garlington, Elaine first appears in The Stake Out, but in production order she appears in a final scene eating M&Ms in Male Unbonding. In addition to the first episode, Elaine doesnt appear in The Trip and therefore appears in fewer episodes than George and Jerry. After it was discovered that Jerry Seinfeld once dated writer and comedian Carol Leifer, speculation grew that Elaine was based on Leifer, though that was later largely denied. She says some elements of the character of Elaine, especially her assertiveness, intelligence, according to Seinfelds biography, Elaine was based in part on Susan McNabb, though eventually named after friend and fellow comic Elayne Boosler. Also, the character was based on Monica Yates, daughter of novelist Richard Yates, whom Larry David once dated. Elaine is normally intelligent and assertive, but also quite superficial, shes one of the boys, and despite the troubles they go through as a group, she remains the closest female friend to the main male cast throughout the series. Her traits are usually edgy and neurotic and she has a tendency to easily get angry with almost everybody, Elaine is a serial dater, a trait lampooned in The Sponge, where shes desperate to buy a cache of discontinued contraceptive sponges before theyre all bought up. She coins the word spongeworthy debating her then-boyfriends prospects of intimacy at the expense of her inventory and her neuroses often interfere with her relationships, leading to the premature end of a blossoming relationship. For example, in The Stall, Elaine is dating Tony, after a rock climbing accident mangles Tonys face, Elaine admits to Jerry that she cant date somebody whos unattractive and wonders how long shes obligated to stay with him post-accident. Later, in The Couch after proclaiming her love for new boyfriend Carl, Elaine also is attracted to men with lucrative jobs, especially doctors. Generally, her hair was long with curls or waves, by Season 7, her hairstyle had matured and had a more modern look for the rest of the series, even wearing it straight in The Wait Out and The Invitations. There are a few episodes where her hair has an effect on mostly her boyfriends, in The Strike, its damaged when affected by steam. In The Smelly Car a valet makes Jerrys car and Elaines hair smell like body odor, in The Movie George describes Elaine as having a big wall o hair. Her clothes are quite conservative
14.
Christine Campbell (character)
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Christine Old Christine Campbell is the title character of The New Adventures of Old Christine, portrayed by Julia Louis-Dreyfus in her Primetime Emmy Award winning role. The series surrounds her as she starts to live a more complicated daily life when her ex-husband dates a younger woman, Julia Louis-Dreyfus received critical acclaim for her performance as Christine, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2006. Christine is a divorcee with a young son, Christine is seen as very self-centered, as she often makes situations revolving around other people about her. Christine likes to be seen as politically and socially progressive and liberal, in Strange Bedfellows, Christine attempts to get more involved with the world to be a good role model for her son, which goes horribly wrong when she supports a cause sponsored by the oil company. Christine often gets obsessions with celebrities, as her peers have brought up Jon Stewart and its hinted throughout the series that Christine had occasional sexual encounters with women in her college years. Richard Campbell, Christines ex-husband and current friend, Richard often criticizes Christine for being too controlling and being a bad role model for their son Ritchie. They remain friends and Christine often gets herself tangled up in his problems, Matthew Kimble, Christines brother and uncle of Ritchie. Matthew lives at the house and does as he pleases in exchange for caring for Ritchie when needed, Matthew often finds himself having to tend to Christines strange problems, issues and ideas. Ritchie Campbell, Christines son, whom she clearly loves and they have a good relationship but Ritchie prefers to hang out with his dad. Christine New Christine Liezl Hunter, Richards girlfriend, since then, Christine has hated her for different reasons, such as setting her up with a high school student and moving in with Richard. Christine also slept with New Christines father, a problem circulating through the seasons, in episode 5.20, Christine gives birth to a daughter with Richard, Dakota Christine Hunter-Campbell, who shares a birthday with Old Christine. Barbara Barb Baran, Christines best friend and co-owner at the gym, Barb and Christine are seen frequently disagreeing despite their friendship. Barb often goes with such as Matthew and Richard who make fun of her for various reasons. In the fourth season, when Barb risked deportation, Christine offered to marry her so Barb could stay in the country, Christine was much more enthusiastic about this than Barb was. Lindsay and Marly, Terrible and lazy moms at Ritchies school, continuously criticize Christine because of her fashion sense and the fact that she works. Recently, Christine attempted to befriend them, and although it went well, lindsay, the least cut-throat, defended Christine once when they crashed cars. Although Julia Louis-Dreyfus run on Seinfeld ran for nine seasons, the actress struggled to find success after that sitcom ended, during the shows run, she received five consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations and one win. Within the world of her current show, Louis-Dreyfus enjoys playing the part of a mother, a mother of two boys herself, Louis-Dreyfus has said she enjoys playing Christine Campbell, who coincidentally enough has a young boy of about the same age as her real-life children
15.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
16.
Selina Meyer
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Selina Catherine Meyer is a fictional character portrayed by Julia Louis-Dreyfus on the HBO television comedy series Veep. Meyer is a former United States Senator and Vice President of the United States following a run for President. During the first season, as Vice President she was powerless and disregarded by most other important officials, leading to various humiliations, during the second season she begins to amass some power and influence. In the fourth season, she has assumed office but is facing strong primary, the general election results in a tie, setting the stage for the fifth season, as the United States House of Representatives prepares to choose the president. The role garnered Louis-Dreyfus several milestone accolades, her fourteenth Primetime Emmy Award nomination for a role in the regular cast of a comedy series surpassed Lucille Ball as the most ever. Her Primetime Emmy Award for her third different regular cast role also was an achievement for a comedy actress. Her five consecutive Primetime Emmy Lead Actress wins break a record, Meyer was born Selina Catherine Eaton to mother Catherine Calvert Eaton and Gordon Dunn Eaton. In her childhood, she loved her father, but resented her narcissistic mother and her father died when she was 12, and she claims that her mother blamed Selina for his death. The shows original opening sequence details some of her career and she was a United States Senator from Maryland. She announced her candidacy for the 2012 presidential election, media outlets initially praised her and had high hopes for her becoming the President, with headlines such as Magic Meyer and Is this Meyers Moment. Despite strong initial victories, she ultimately is defeated by primary challenger Stuart Hughes on Super Tuesday and he then selects her as his running mate, and is elected to the presidency. As the Vice President, Meyer found herself increasingly ignored by the President, when the sitting President decides that he will not seek a second term, his Chief of Staff Ben Cafferty encourages Meyer to run, which she ultimately does. She faces a challenge from war veteran and governor Danny Chung, Secretary of Defense George Maddox, Congressman Owen Pierce. During the course of the season, President Hughes resigns abruptly to care for his ailing wife. Headlines question whether Meyer will be the 8-month president, confirming that Hughes term was near over, though she chooses Senator Andrew Doyle to become her Vice President, he declines to serve as her running mate for a full term as Vice President. She offers the running mate position to both Chung and Maddox, but both decline, and she ultimately chooses popular Senator Tom James when she secures the party nomination, Meyer is challenged in the general election by Southern Senator Bill OBrien. The election ends in an electoral tie, but with Meyer having won the popular vote. After an ambiguous result in Nevada, the Meyer camp successfully campaigns for a recount, the recount backfires, and OBrien keeps Nevada as a victory, as well as overtakes the popular vote
17.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
18.
Hannah and Her Sisters
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Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 American comedy-drama film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family over two years that begins and ends with a family Thanksgiving dinner. The film was written and directed by Woody Allen, who stars along with Mia Farrow as Hannah, Michael Caine as her husband, the films ensemble cast also includes Carrie Fisher, Farrows mother Maureen OSullivan, Lloyd Nolan, Max von Sydow and Julie Kavner. Several of Farrows children, including a pre-adolescent Soon-Yi Previn, have credited and uncredited roles, Hannah and Her Sisters was for a long time Allens biggest box office hit, with a North American gross of US$40 million. The film won Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor and it is often considered one of Allens major works, with critics continuing to praise its writing and ensemble cast. The story is told in three arcs, with most of it occurring during a 24-month period beginning and ending at Thanksgiving parties hosted by Hannah and her husband. Hannah serves as the hub of the narrative, most of the events of the film connect to her. Elliot becomes infatuated with one of Hannahs sisters, Lee, Elliot attributes his behavior to his discontent with his wifes self-sufficiency and resentment of her emotional strength. Lee has lived for five years with a reclusive artist, Frederick and she finds her relationship with Frederick no longer intellectually or sexually stimulating, in spite of Fredericks professed interest in continuing to teach her. She leaves Frederick after he discovers her affair with Elliot, for the remainder of the year between the first and second Thanksgiving gatherings, Elliot and Lee carry on their affair despite Elliots inability to end his marriage to Hannah. Lee finally ends the affair during the second Thanksgiving, explaining that she is finished waiting for him to commit, Hannahs ex-husband Mickey, a television writer, is present mostly in scenes outside of the primary story. Flashbacks reveal that his marriage to Hannah fell apart after they were unable to have children because of his infertility, however, they had twins who are not biologically his, before divorcing. He also went on a date with Hannahs sister Holly when they were set up after the divorce. A hypochondriac, he goes to his doctor complaining of hearing loss, when tests prove that he is perfectly healthy, he is initially overjoyed, but then despairs that his life is meaningless. His existential crisis leads to unsatisfying experiments with religious conversion to Catholicism, ultimately, an unsuccessful suicide attempt leads him to find meaning in his life after unexpectedly viewing the Marx Brothers Duck Soup in a movie theater. The revelation that life should be enjoyed, rather than understood, helps to prepare him for a date with Holly. Hollys story is the third main arc. A former cocaine addict, she is an actress who cannot settle on a career. After borrowing money from Hannah, she starts a business with April
19.
National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation
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National Lampoons Christmas Vacation is a 1989 American Christmas comedy film directed by Jeremiah S. Chechik. It is the installment in National Lampoons Vacation film series. The film stars Chevy Chase, Beverly DAngelo and Randy Quaid, with Juliette Lewis and Johnny Galecki as the Griswold children Audrey and Rusty, since its release in 1989, Christmas Vacation has often been labeled as a modern Christmas classic. It is also the sequel in the Vacation series to have spawned its own direct sequel. The film has achieved five home video releases, VHS and Laserdisc in early 1990, a bare bones DVD in 1997, in 2009, the film was released as an Ultimate Collectors Edition. At the same time of release, it was also released on a simple Blu-ray/DVD combo. A steelbook Blu-ray was released in 2015, with Christmas only a few weeks away, Chicago resident Clark Griswold decides it is time to get a Christmas tree. He gathers his wife Ellen, daughter Audrey and son Rusty, realizing too late that they didnt bring any tools to cut the tree down, they are forced to uproot it instead, before driving home with the tree strapped to the roof of their car. Soon after, both Clarks and Ellens parents arrive to spend Christmas, but their bickering quickly begins to annoy the family, Clark, however, maintains a positive attitude, determined to have a fun old-fashioned family Christmas. He covers the entire exterior with 25,000 twinkle lights. When they finally come on, they cause a city-wide power shortage and create chaos for Clarks snobby yuppie neighbors, Todd. Eddie later admits that they are living in the RV they drove to reach Chicago, Clark offers to buy gifts for Eddies kids, so they can still enjoy a wonderful Christmas. After a disastrous Christmas Eve dinner, he receives an envelope from a company messenger. Instead of the bonus, the envelope contains a free years membership for the Jelly of the Month Club. This prompts Clark to snap and go into a tirade about Frank, Eddie takes the request literally, drives to Franks mansion, and forcibly brings him back to the house, bound and gagged, to Clarks obvious surprise. This doesnt stop him from confronting Frank about the cancellation of the employees Christmas bonuses, meanwhile, Franks wife, Helen, calls the police, and a SWAT team storms the Griswold house and holds everyone at gunpoint. Frank decides not to press charges and explains the situation to his wife and the authorities, afterwards, the family head outside, with Rocky and Ruby Sue believing they see Santa Claus in the distance. Clark tells them its actually the Christmas Star and that he realizes what the holiday means to him
20.
Deconstructing Harry
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Deconstructing Harry is a 1997 comedy film written and directed by Woody Allen. The central plot features Block driving to a university from which he was thrown out. Three passengers accompany him on the journey, a prostitute, a friend, and his son, however, there are many flashbacks, segments taken from Blocks writing, and interactions with his own fictional characters. Deconstructing Harry received moderately positive reviews from critics, one night, Lucy gets a taxi to the home of author Harry Block. She has just read Harrys latest novel, in the novel, the character Leslie is having an affair with her sisters husband Ken. Lucy is angry because the novel is based on her and Harrys own affair, as a result. Lucy pulls a gun out of her purse, saying she will kill herself and she then turns the gun on Harry and begins firing. She chases him out onto the roof, Harry insists that he has already been punished, his latest girlfriend Fay has left him for his best friend Larry. To distract Lucy, Harry tells her a story he is currently writing, in therapy, Harry realizes he has not changed since he was a sex-obsessed youth. Harry discusses the honoring ceremony at his old university, taking place the next day, after the session, Harry asks his ex-wife Joan if he can take their son Hilliard to the ceremony. She refuses, stating that Harry is a bad influence on Hilliard and she is also furious at Harry for the novel he wrote. In it, the character Epstein marries Helen, but the marriage begins to crumble after the birth of their son, Harry runs into an acquaintance, Richard, who is worried about his health. After accompanying Richard to the hospital, Harry asks him to come to the university ceremony, Harry then goes to meet his ex-girlfriend Fay, who reveals that she is now engaged. Harry begs Fay to get together with him. He asks Fay to accompany him to his ceremony, but it clashes with Fays wedding and that night, Harry sleeps with a prostitute, Cookie. Harry then asks Cookie to accompany him to his ceremony, in the morning, Richard unexpectedly arrives to join Harry and Cookie on the journey. On a whim, Harry decides to kidnap his son Hilliard, along the way, they stop at a carnival, then at Harrys half-sister Doriss. Doris, a devoted Jew, is upset by Harrys portrayals of Judaism in his stories, during the journey, Harry also encounters his fictional creations Ken and Helen, who force him to confront some painful truths about his life
21.
Enough Said (film)
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Enough Said is a 2013 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener. The film stars Julia Louis-Dreyfus, James Gandolfini, Catherine Keener, Toni Collette, Louis-Dreyfus plays Eva, a divorced masseuse who begins a relationship with Albert, only to discover that he is the ex-husband of her client and friend Marianne. Holofcener wrote the script, which was inspired by her own life. It was filmed in Los Angeles on a budget of $8 million, Gandolfini died after the film was completed but before it was released, Holofcener dedicated the film to him. Enough Said premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on September 18,2013 to critical acclaim, particular praise was given to Gandolfini and Louis-Dreyfuss performances, along with Holofceners script and direction. The film also received several award nominations, including for a Golden Globe. Eva, a masseuse and the mother of a teenage girl, attends a party in Pacific Palisades with her friends, married couple Will. There she meets a poet, Marianne, and Will introduces Eva to one of his friends, Albert. After the party, Albert asks Will for Evas number and, although hesitant since she is not physically attracted to him, Eva agrees to go on a date with Albert, which goes well. Marianne contacts Eva for a massage, and after taking a liking to one another they become friends. Eva finds herself growing fonder of Albert and they have lunch with his daughter, Tess. Tess then arrives at the house and Evas suspicions are confirmed, Marianne tries to introduce Eva to Tess, but Eva hides behind a tree to avoid the meeting. Eva continues seeing Albert, keeping her friendship with Marianne a secret, likewise, Eva encourages Marianne to voice her complaints about Albert so she can identify potential problems in her relationship with him. At the encouragement of Eva, Sarah and Will invite her and Albert to a party, which ends badly after Eva nitpicks over Alberts faults. At another appointment with Marianne, Eva is exposed when Albert arrives to drop Tess off and he is angry that Eva kept her friendship with Marianne a secret, and breaks up with her. Eva and her ex-husband take Ellen to the airport for her flight to college, a few months later, on Thanksgiving Day, Eva drives by Alberts home and stops in front of the house on her way to pick up Ellen from the airport. He sees her and she awkwardly waves and he eventually comes outside, to Evas surprise, and sits with her on the porch while they begin to renew their relationship. Enough Said was the film written and directed by Nicole Holofcener
22.
A Bug's Life
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A Bugs Life is a 1998 American computer-animated comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. The film is inspired by Aesops fable The Ant and the Grasshopper, production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995. The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery, the ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing, and Pixars animation unit employed new technical innovations in computer animation. During production, the filmmakers became embroiled in a feud with DreamWorks Animation due to their similar film Antz. The film was released to theaters on November 25,1998, and was a box office success, surpassing competition and it received positive reviews from film critics, who commended the storyline and animation, while others criticized it by comparing it to Antz. The film has released multiple times on home video. Flik, an individualist and would-be inventor, lives in a colony of ants in the middle of a dry creek and they are led by Princess Atta and her mother, the Queen. The colony is oppressed by a gang of marauding grasshoppers, led by Hopper, one day, when the annual offering is inadvertently knocked into a stream by Fliks latest invention, a grain harvesting device, the grasshoppers demand twice as much food as compensation. When Flik suggests in earnest that they seek help from other stronger bugs, the other ants see it as an opportunity to be rid of him, and send him off. Making his way to the bug city, the naive Flik mistakes a troupe of circus bugs that have recently been dismissed by their money-hungry ringmaster, flea, for the warrior bugs he seeks. The bugs, in turn, mistake Flik for a talent agent, during a welcome ceremony upon their arrival, the circus bugs and Flik both discover their mutual misunderstandings. The circus bugs attempt to leave but are forced back when a bird attacks the group, at Fliks insistence, they continue the ruse of being warriors so the troupe can continue to enjoy the attention and hospitality of the ants. After hearing that Hopper fears birds, the ants and the circus bugs create a bird to scare away the grasshoppers. Meanwhile, Hopper tells his gang how greatly the ants outnumber them, the ants finish constructing the fake bird, but during a celebration, P. T. Flea arrives searching for his troupe and accidentally exposes their ruse, outraged by Fliks deception, the ants exile him and desperately gather food for a new offering to the grasshoppers. When the grasshoppers arrive to discover the mediocre offering, they take over the colony, after overhearing Hoppers intention to kill the Queen, Dot has Flik and the circus bugs return to the colony for help. The bird initially fools the grasshoppers, but P. T, flea, also mistaking it for a real bird, lights it on fire, exposing it as a decoy. Hopper beats Flik in retaliation and proclaims that the ants are lowly life forms who live to serve the grasshoppers, however, Flik responds defiantly, realizing that Hopper actually fears the colony, and inspiring the ants and the circus bugs to fight back against the grasshoppers
23.
Planes (film)
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Planes is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated sports comedy film produced by DisneyToon Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a spin-off of Pixars Cars franchise and the first film in a planned Planes trilogy. Like many of DisneyToons films, it was set to be released as a direct-to-video film. The film grossed $239.3 million worldwide on a $50 million budget, a sequel, titled Planes, Fire & Rescue, was theatrically released on July 18,2014. Dusty Crophopper is a crop duster plane who works at a cornfield and practices aerobatic maneuvers in his spare time and his dreams are scorned by his boss, Leadbottom, and his forklift/mechanic friend, Dottie. However, he is supported by his fuel truck friend, Chug, Dusty and Chug train for qualifiers for the upcoming Wings Across the Globe race. On the night before the qualifiers, Dusty asks an elderly and reclusive navy war plane named Skipper Riley to teach him how to fly well, but Skipper refuses. Dusty enters the qualifiers, and although the audience mocks him for being a cropduster, he manages to wow them by his well-practiced flight maneuvers, while in the midst of his training, Dusty admits that he has a fear of heights. Despite this, their training continues, and when it is complete, there he befriends an eccentric but loyal Mexican race plane named El Chupacabra, who eventually falls in love with a beautiful French-Canadian racer named Rochelle, who shows no interest in him. Dusty then makes a rival of the arrogant and villainous 3-time-winner plane Ripslinger and he also falls in love with a racer plane named Ishani, who becomes supportive of him. During the first leg of the race from New York to Iceland, the third leg is to an air base at Agra in India. The fourth leg is over mountains to Nepal, the fifth leg is over the Hump to Shanghai. In India, Ishani invites Dusty to fly around the Taj Mahal, however, after encountering a tunnel and barely being able to fly through it, Dusty realizes Ishani deliberately gave him bad advice to get a new propeller from Ripslinger, and he shuns her. As the race continues, Dusty manages to get into first place, in Shanghai, Dusty manages to help El Chupacabra win over Rochelle with a romantic song. In the sixth leg of the race across the Pacific Ocean, Ripslingers henchmen, Ned and Zed, under orders from Ripslinger, lost and low on fuel, Dusty miraculously comes across the USS Flysenhower which allows him to land and refuel. While on the carrier, Dusty sees a hall of fame set up for Skippers squadron but discovers that Skipper only flew one mission and he is then forced to take off to try and beat an oncoming storm. Dusty gets distracted from flying by his thoughts about Skipper and ends up crashing into the ocean but is eventually rescued and he is flown to Mexico to his friends but he is severely damaged and may never fly again. Skipper confesses to Dusty that he did indeed fly only one mission in the Pacific theatre, Skipper was the only survivor, but torn by his guilt, he never trained another plane or flew again
24.
Golden Globe Award
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama
25.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
26.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
27.
Time 100
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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME100 alumni. Only the winner of the Readers Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public, included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, the list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue and those recognized fall in one of five categories, Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of personalities in the lists history. The annual gala was held on April 29,2014 in New York City and they are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution, welcome to this years TIME100. The announcement was celebrated with an event in New York City on April 26,2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U. S. President Barack Obama, the list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, list of individuals included in the TIME100 in 2010 In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows, In our annual TIME100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of women on the list. The list included many expected names and some such as Scott Brown. Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, the announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4,2010. The list was published the following day, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists
28.
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
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The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is an American award for humor awarded by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts annually since 1998. It is named after the 19th century novelist, essayist and humorist Mark Twain and is presented to an individual who has made a significant contribution to American humor. The prize is presented and show is taped in the Kennedy Center Concert Hall in Washington DC, the event is a significant fundraiser to benefit the Kennedy Center, which sells tickets as well as access to dinners and after-parties featuring the celebrities. Recipients of the Twain Prize receive a copy of an 1884 bronze portrait bust of Mark Twain sculpted by Karl Gerhardt. The award is the creation of the Kennedy Center along with Bob Kaminsky, Peter Kaminsky, Mark Krantz, and Cappy McGarr, the first Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was presented to comedian Richard Pryor on October 20,1998. The first two years of The Mark Twain Prize were taped and broadcast on Comedy Central, since then, the award presentations have been taped for broadcast on PBS. In 2007, the Mark Twain Prize celebrated its 10th anniversary, the show was held in the Opera House of The Kennedy Center on October 11,2007 and was broadcast on November 12,2007 on PBS. After consulting with both Carlins family and PBS, the took place as scheduled, with no major changes in the presentation format. Bill Cosby, the 2009 recipient, accepted his award at the Kennedy Center on October 26,2009 and he had twice refused the honor, stating that he was disappointed with the profanity used in the inaugural ceremony honoring Richard Pryor. In 2010, 40-year-old Tina Fey became the youngest person to receive the award
29.
John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
30.
Special education
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Special education is the practice of educating students with special educational needs in a way that addresses their individual differences and needs. Ideally, this involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials. Common special needs include learning disabilities, communication disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, for example, even people of high intelligence can be under prepared if their education was disrupted, for example, by internal displacement during civil disorder or a war. In most developed countries, educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the number of students are served in general education environments. Therefore, special education in developed countries is often regarded as a rather than a place. Integration can reduce social stigmas and improve academic achievement for many students, the opposite of special education is general education. General education is the standard curriculum presented without special teaching methods or supports, some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history. The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the achievements are noticeably below what is expected. The response to intervention model advocates earlier intervention, although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach among researchers. One reason for criticism is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence. The alternative approach, response to intervention, identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school and they then receive additional assistance such as participating in a reading remediation program. The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability and those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance. Sternberg has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities, a special education program should be customised to address each individual students unique needs. Special educators provide a continuum of services, in which students with special needs receives varying degrees of support based on their individual needs, Special education programs need to be individualised so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student. In the United States, Canada, and the UK, educational professionals use a student’s Individualized Education Program, the IEP is meant to address each child’s unique learning issues and include specific educational goals. It is a legally binding document, the school must provide everything it promises in the IEP. To ensure that federal law is obeyed, the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding
31.
Louis Dreyfus Group
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Louis Dreyfus Company is a global merchant company that is involved in agriculture, food processing, international shipping, and finance. It also owns and manages hedge funds, ocean vessels, develops and operates telecommunications infrastructures and is involved in real estate development, management and ownership. Louis Dreyfus is one of the ABCD quartet of companies - alongside Archer Daniels Midland, Bunge, Dreyfus makes up about 10% of the worlds agricultural product trade flows. They also are the worlds largest cotton and rice trader and they are also regarded by many as the second-largest player in the worlds sugar market. The company Louis Dreyfus Holding BV has its headquarters in the World Trade Center Amsterdam in Amsterdam, Louis Dreyfus companies are present in more than 100 countries, with 72 offices. Major offices are located in Geneva, London, Beijing, Buenos Aires, Paris, São Paulo, Singapore, New York City, aggregate average annual gross sales in recent years have exceeded $120 billion. The company employs more than 22,000 people globally at peak season, in 1851, the company was founded in the Alsace region of France by Léopold Dreyfus, the 18-year-old son of a farmer from Sierentz, under the name of his father, Louis Dreyfus. Léopold purchased wheat from farmers in Alsace and transported it to Basel in Switzerland,13 kilometres away. Léopold developed a fortune whilst still a teenager through cross border cereal trading and he rapidly diversified across shipping, weapons manufacturing, agriculture, oil and banking, thus establishing one of the wealthiest dynasties in Europe. His descendants still own the company to this day, by the early 20th century, the Louis-Dreyfus family was described as one of the five great fortunes of France. However, as a Jewish family during the Second World War much of the assets were confiscated by the Vichy government. Gérard is also the father of American actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, the Emmy-winning star of Seinfeld, another branch of the dynasty, based in Paris, was headed by Robert Louis-Dreyfus until his death in 2009. It is currently overseen by his widow, Russian-born Margarita Bogdanova Louis-Dreyfus, a third branch of the familys business is headed by Philippe Louis-Dreyfus and is concerned primarily with offshore industrial activities and freight shipping operations. Pierre Louis-Dreyfus Louis Louis-Dreyfus LD Lines Louis Dreyfus Group website
32.
History of the Jews in Alsace
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The history of the Jews in Alsace is one of the oldest in Europe. It was first attested to in 1165 by Benjamin of Tudela, who wrote about a number of learned men in Astransbourg. At its peak, in 1870, the Jewish community of Alsace numbered 35,000 people, other medieval representations have survived through copies of the Hortus deliciarum and as architectural fragments in the Musée de l’Œuvre Notre-Dame. In 1286, Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, one of the leading Jewish figures of his day, was imprisoned by the German king in a fortress near Ensisheim, in 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague. On February 14, Saint Valentines day, thousands of Jews were massacred during the Strasbourg pogrom, Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town and were reminded every evening at 10 oclock by a Cathedral bell and a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn to leave. Alsatian Jews then settled in the villages and small towns. An important political figure for the Jews of Alsace and beyond was the long-serving shtadlan Josel of Rosheim, with the annexation of Alsace to France in 1681, Catholicism was restored as the principal Christian current. However, the prohibition against Jews settling in Strasbourg, and the special taxes Jews were subjected to, were not lifted. In the 18th century, Herz Cerfbeer of Medelsheim, the merchant and philanthropist. The French Revolution then admitted Jews back into the town, by 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. Another 7500 Jews lived in neighboring Lorraine, together they comprised three-fourths of the 40,000 Jews who lived in France at the time. The Jews were highly segregated, subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations and they maintained their own customs, language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos, they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in hundreds of small hamlets and they were also barred from most occupations, and concentrated in trade, services, and especially in moneylending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace, leading philosophers of the French Enlightenment, such as Denis Diderot and Voltaire, ridiculed and condemned French Jews as misanthropic, rapacious, and culturally backward. In 1777, a local judge forged hundreds of receipts, which he gave to Catholic peasants, tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation given to Protestants in 1789, Sephardic Jews in 1790, and the Ashkenazi Jews of Alsace and Lorraine in 1791. When Napoleon created the Grand Sanhedrin in 1806, he appointed the Chief Rabbi of Strasbourg, Joseph David Sinzheim, however, local antisemitism also increased, and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a moratorium on repaying all debts owed to Jews. In 1808 Napoleon imposed tight limits on Jewish money-lending, capping interest rates at 5%, napoleons decrees collapsed after he fell from power, but an undercurrent of antisemitism remained. In the 1830–1870 era, urban middle-class Jews made enormous progress toward integration and acculturation, by 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special oath required for Jews in court was discontinued
33.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
34.
Cavalry
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Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms, an individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used animals, such as camels. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured, and eventually became known for the mounted knights, in the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks or aircraft. The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is filled by units with the armored designation. Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots, the chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians. The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Persian Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC, at this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was more difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs, the reins of the archer were controlled by his neighbours hand. Even at this time, cavalry used swords, shields. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist, Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse. As early as 490 BC a breed of horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour. However, chariots remained in use for purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph. The southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54 BC, the last mention of chariot use in battle was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 84 AD. During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to citizens who could afford expensive war-horses
35.
French Resistance
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The Résistance also planned, coordinated, and executed acts of sabotage on the electrical power grid, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. Estimated to have a strength of 100,000 in June 1944 and this burden amounted to approximately 20 million German reichsmarks per day, a sum that, in May 1940, was approximately equivalent to four hundred million French francs. Because of this overvaluation of German currency, the occupiers were able to make fair and honest requisitions and purchases while, in effect. Prices soared, leading to food shortages and malnutrition, particularly among children, the elderly. The labour shortage was worsened by the fact that a number of the French were also held as prisoners of war in Germany. Beyond these hardships and dislocations, the occupation became increasingly unbearable, onerous regulations, strict censorship, incessant propaganda and nightly curfews all played a role in establishing an atmosphere of fear and repression. The sight of French women consorting with German soldiers infuriated many French men, as reprisals for Résistance activities, the authorities established harsh forms of collective punishment. For example, the militancy of communist resistance in August 1941 led to the taking of thousands of hostages from the general population. A typical policy statement read, After each further incident, a number, reflecting the seriousness of the crime, during the occupation, an estimated 30,000 French civilian hostages were shot to intimidate others who were involved in acts of resistance. In early 1943, the Vichy authorities established a paramilitary group and they worked alongside German forces that, by the end of 1942, were stationed throughout France. The group collaborated closely with the Nazis, and was the Vichy equivalent of the Gestapo security forces in Germany and their actions were often brutal and included torture and execution of Résistance suspects. After the liberation of France in the summer of 1944, the French executed many of the estimated 25,000 to 35,000 miliciens for their collaboration. Many of those who escaped arrest fled to Germany, where they were incorporated into the Charlemagne Division of the Waffen SS, the experience of the Occupation was a deeply psychologically disorienting one for the French as what was once familiar and safe become strange and threatening. Many Parisians could not get over the shock experienced when they first saw the huge swastika flags hanging over the Hôtel de Ville, Many résistants often spoke of some climax when they saw some intolerable act of injustice, after which they could not longer remain passive. Barthelt recalled, I recognized him only by his hat, only by his hat, I tell you and because I was waiting on the roadside to see him pass. I saw his face all right, but there was no skin on it, both his poor eyes had been closed into two purple and yellow bruises. In the beginning, resistance was limited to such as severing phone lines, vandalizing posters. Another form of resistance was underground newspapers like Musée de lHomme which circulated clandestinely, the Musée de lHomme was founded by two professors, Paul Rivet and the Russian émigré Boris Vildé in July 1940
36.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
37.
Unitarianism
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Unitarians believe that Jesus was inspired by God in his moral teachings and is a savior but a human being rather than a deity. Unitarianism is also known for the rejection of several other Western Christian doctrines, including the doctrines of sin, predestination. Unitarians in previous centuries accepted the doctrine of punishment in an eternal hell, Unitarianism might be considered a part of Protestantism depending on ones stance or viewpoint, perhaps it being described a part of Nontrinitarianism, or both, is more accurate. The Unitarian movement was not called Unitarian initially and it began almost simultaneously in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Transylvania in the mid-16th century. Among the adherents were a significant number of Italians, in England, the first Unitarian Church was established in 1774 on Essex Street, London, where todays British Unitarian headquarters are still located. In J. Gordon Meltons Encyclopedia of American Religions, it is classified among the family of churches. Unitarianism is a noun and follows the same English usage as other theologies that have developed within a religious movement. In that case it would be a belief system not necessarily associated with the Unitarian religious movement. Although these groups are unitarians in the sense, they are not in the proper sense. To avoid confusion, this article is about Unitarianism as a religious movement, for the generic form of unitarianism, see Nontrinitarianism. Recently some religious groups have adopted the 19th-century term biblical unitarianism to distinguish their theology from Unitarianism and these likewise have no direct relation to the Unitarian movement. The term Unitarian is sometimes applied today to those who belong to a Unitarian church, in the past, the vast majority of members of Unitarian churches were Unitarians also in theology. Over time, however, some Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists moved away from the traditional Christian roots of Unitarianism, for example, in the 1890s the American Unitarian Association began to allow non-Christian and non-theistic churches and individuals to be part of their fellowship. As a result, people who held no Unitarian belief began to be called Unitarians because they were members of churches that belonged to the American Unitarian Association, after several decades, the non-theistic members outnumbered the theological Unitarians. A similar, though much smaller, phenomenon has taken place in the Unitarian churches in the United Kingdom, Canada, and other countries. Unitarian theology, therefore, is distinguishable from the system of modern Unitarian and Unitarian Universalist churches. This article includes information about Unitarianism as a theology and about the development of theologically Unitarian churches, for a more specific discussion of Unitarianism as it evolved into a pluralistic liberal religious movement, see Unitarian Universalism. Unitarianism, both as a theology and as a family of churches, was defined and developed in Poland, Transylvania, England, Wales
38.
Project HOPE
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Project HOPE is an international health care organization founded in the United States in 1958. Its most visible aspect was the SS HOPE, the first peacetime hospital ship, the SS HOPE was retired in 1974, after sailing to Indonesia, South Vietnam, Peru, Ecuador, Guinea, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ceylon, Tunisia, Jamaica, and Brazil. On these voyages doctors, nurses, and technical staff provided medical care, the SS HOPE was not replaced, and emphasis switched entirely to land-based operations. Today there are organizations in Germany and the United Kingdom, in addition to the organization in the United States. Project HOPE helps different developing countries in efforts to eradicate infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS and they also help educate parents on how to prevent and treat diseases for their children and themselves, and also train health professionals. Project HOPE also sets up village health banks, which give small loans to women so they can improve their health, the village health banks also educate women on health. Project HOPE is headquartered at Carter Hall in Millwood, Virginia, Project HOPE works to achieve sustainable advances in health care around the world by implementing health education programs and providing humanitarian assistance in areas of need. Project HOPE addresses infectious diseases, health education, womens and childrens health, humanitarian assistance. 2006 — HOPE continues to aid to the people on the Gulf Coast who were hit by Hurricane Katrina. In the spring of 2006, they helped staff the U. S. Navy hospital ship, known as the Mercy, with volunteer physicians and nurses to South Asia. 2008 — Project HOPEs Chief Operations Officer, C. William Fox Jr. BG,2010 — In response to the January earthquake in Haiti, Project HOPE helped to coordinate volunteer medical staffers to fill out the complement of the USNS Comfort. Mercy Ships Project HOPE web page Project HOPE, Forty Years of American Medicine Abroad Parade Magazine article Charity Navigator Profile of Project HOPE
39.
Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
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Colombia
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Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and it shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, the territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona. The Spanish arrived in 1499 and initiated a period of conquest and colonization ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the Gran Colombia Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada, the new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation, and then the United States of Colombia, before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Since the 1960s the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, Colombia is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse countries in the world, and thereby possesses a rich cultural heritage. Cultural diversity has also influenced by Colombias varied geography. The urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains. Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines, ecologically, it is one of the worlds 17 megadiverse countries, and the most densely biodiverse of these per square kilometer. Colombia is a power and a regional actor with the fourth-largest economy in Latin America, is part of the CIVETS group of six leading emerging markets and is an accessing member to the OECD. Colombia has an economy with macroeconomic stability and favorable growth prospects in the long run. The name Colombia is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus and it was conceived by the Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, but especially to those portions under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819. When Venezuela, Ecuador and Cundinamarca came to exist as independent states, New Granada officially changed its name in 1858 to the Granadine Confederation. In 1863 the name was changed, this time to United States of Colombia. To refer to country, the Colombian government uses the terms Colombia. Owing to its location, the present territory of Colombia was a corridor of early human migration from Mesoamerica, the oldest archaeological finds are from the Pubenza and El Totumo sites in the Magdalena Valley 100 km southwest of Bogotá. These sites date from the Paleoindian period, at Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period have been found
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