1.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
5.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
6.
Keyboard instrument
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A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
7.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
8.
Charisma Records
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The Famous Charisma Label was a British record label that was founded by former journalist Tony Stratton-Smith in 1969. Gail Colson was label manager and joint managing director and she left to form her own management company, Gailforce, in the late 1970s. Charismas first record label was a pink scroll design. Its second logo of Sir John Tenniels drawing of the Mad Hatter made the label instantly recognisable, the labels most successful acts were Genesis, Peter Gabriel, Julian Lennon, and Monty Python. 1970s solo albums of Peter Hammill, Tony Banks and Steve Hackett were also on Charisma Records, in 1983, Charisma Records was acquired by Virgin Records and continued to operate until 1986, when Virgin absorbed the label following its purchase by EMI. Some Charisma Records recordings were re-issued on the EMI label, in the UK, the label was revived by EMIs Angel Records. With the EMI purchase by Universal Music Group, Charisma returned to Virgin Records, during the mid- and late 1970s Charismas European distribution was handled by Phonogram Inc. In the United States and Canada, Charisma Records recordings were first licensed to labels such as ABC Records. Elektra Records in the USA released recordings by Charisma Records artists Atomic Rooster, Audience, Lindisfarne, in 1971 Charisma entered into a distribution agreement with Buddah Records and began to release albums on the Charisma label in the USA. These albums included Pawn Hearts by Van der Graaf Generator and Nursery Cryme, Foxtrot, Atlantic Records also later released Charisma recordings in the United States from 1973 to 1974 including many Genesis titles. In 1973, Atlantic stopped distributing Charisma in America, as a result, in the USA Charismas bands signed to labels such as Mercury Records. In 1978, Charisma signed a new deal with Polydor that lasted until 1980. In Canada, many Charisma releases were distributed by GRT and PolyGram Canada, between 1980 and 1982, Charisma operated a subsidiary called Pre Records, who were devoted to new wave and reggae acts. Pres roster included Scars, Prince Far I, Delta 5, Gregory Isaacs, The Monochrome Set and Congo Ashanti Roy, Pre also licensed albums by The Residents and Tuxedomoon from the American label Ralph Records. In Europe, Pres releases were issued on the Charisma label, the pink scroll label design was the first label design used on LPs released by the Charisma label. In the UK, they were used from Charismas inception in 1969 until mid-1972 and this was replaced by the large Mad Hatter label, designed by Paul Whitehead of Genesis sleeve design notability. In the USA, the pink scroll labels were used in late 1973, releases distributed by Atlantic Records used the small Mad Hatter design. They were distributed by B&C Records
9.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
10.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
11.
Cynthia Lennon
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Cynthia Lennon was the first wife of English musician John Lennon, and mother of Julian Lennon. She grew up in the section of Hoylake, on the Wirral Peninsula in North West England. At the age of 12, she was accepted into the Junior Art School, John Lennon also attended the college, a meeting with Powell in a calligraphy class led to their relationship. When John was performing in Hamburg with the Beatles, she rented his bedroom from his aunt and legal guardian, Mimi Smith. In 1968, John left her for Japanese avant-garde conceptual artist Yoko Ono and as a result and she married Italian hotelier Roberto Bassanini in 1970, divorcing him in 1973. In 1976, she married John Twist, an engineer from Lancashire, after her divorce from Twist, she changed her name back to Lennon by deed poll and met Jim Christie, her partner for 17 years. She was later married to Noel Charles, a club owner. She published a book of memoirs, A Twist of Lennon, in 1978, over the years she staged several auctions of memorabilia associated with her life with John Lennon. In 2006, she and her son Julian Lennon attended the Las Vegas premiere of the Cirque du Soleil production of Love whose theme is the music of the Beatles, until her death in 2015, she lived in Majorca, Spain. Charles Powell worked for the GEC company, after the birth, with Liverpool becoming a frequent target of German air raids, the Powell family moved to a two-bedroomed semi-detached house in Hoylake. This was an area on the Wirral Peninsula, considered posh by those in Liverpool. At the age of 11, she won an art prize in a competition organised by the Liverpool Echo, one year later she was accepted into Liverpools Junior Art School, which was also attended by Bill Harry, later editor of Liverpools Mersey Beat newspaper. When Powell was 17, her father died after a battle with lung cancer. Before he died, he told her she would have to get a job to support her mother, as her mother wanted her to receive an education, she rented out a room to four apprentice electricians. In September 1957, Powell gained a place at the Liverpool College of Art, although studying graphics, she also took lettering classes, as did Lennon. He never had any drawing tools with him, so he constantly borrowed pens and pencils from Powell and she had an air of respectability and moved in different social circles than her future husband. Lennon and an art school friend, Geoff Mohammed, used to make fun of her by stopping the conversation when she walked in the room, saying, Quiet please. Powell once overheard Lennon give a compliment to a girl with blonde hair in the college, the next Saturday, Powell turned up at the college with her hair several shades blonder
12.
Julia Lennon
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Julia Lennon was the mother of English musician John Lennon, who was born during her marriage to Alfred Lennon. After complaints to Liverpools Social Services by her eldest sister, Mimi Smith and she later had one daughter after an affair with a Welsh soldier, but the baby was given up for adoption after pressure from her family. She then had two daughters, Julia and Jackie, with John Bobby Dykins and she never divorced her husband, preferring to live as the common-law wife of Dykins for the rest of her life. She was known as being high-spirited and impulsive, musical, and she taught her son how to play the banjo and ukulele. She kept in almost daily contact with John, and when he was in his teens he often stayed overnight at her and Dykins house. On 15 July 1958, she was struck down and killed by a car driven by an off-duty policeman, Lennon was traumatised by her death and wrote several songs about her, including Julia and Mother. Biographer Ian MacDonald wrote that she was, to a great extent, Julia Stanley, later known by the family as Judy, was born at 8 Head Street, Toxteth, South Liverpool in 1914, and was the fourth of five sisters. Her mother, Annie Jane, gave birth to a boy and then a girl and she then had Mary, known as Mimi, Elizabeth Mater, Anne Nanny, Julia Judy, and Harriet Harrie. John Lennon would later comment that the Stanley girls were five, fantastic, strong, beautiful and their father, George Ernest Stanley, retired from the Merchant Navy and found a job with the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association as an insurance investigator. He moved his family to the suburb of Woolton, where lived in a small terraced house at 9 Newcastle Road near to Penny Lane. Her mother died in 1945, and Julia had to care of her father with help from her oldest sister. At the Trocadero club, a cinema on Camden Road, Liverpool, he first saw an auburn-haired girl with a bright smile and high cheekbones. He saw her again in Sefton Park, where he had gone with a friend to meet girls, Lennon, who was dressed in a bowler hat and with a cigarette holder in hand, saw this little waif sitting on a wrought-iron bench. Julia said that his hat looked silly, to which the 15-year-old Alf replied that she looked lovely and she asked him to take off his hat, so he promptly threw it straight into the Sefton Park lake. Despite standing only five feet two inches tall in heels, she caught the gaze of men in the street, being attractive. She was always well-dressed and even went to bed with make-up on so as to look beautiful when she woke up, a nephew later said that she could make a joke out of nothing, and could have walked out of a burning house with a smile and a joke. She frequented Liverpools dance halls and clubs where she was asked to dance in jitterbug competitions with dockers, soldiers, sailors. It was remarked that she could be as humorous as any man and her voice sounded similar to Vera Lynns, whilst Lennon specialised in impersonating Louis Armstrong and Al Jolson
13.
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds is a song written primarily by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney, for the Beatles 1967 album Sgt. Lennons son Julian inspired the song with a nursery school drawing he called Lucy—in the sky with diamonds, shortly after the songs release, speculation arose that the first letter of each of the title nouns intentionally spelled LSD. Lennon consistently denied this, insisting the songs fantastical imagery was inspired by Lewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland books, despite persistent rumours, the song was never officially banned by the BBC, and aired contemporaneously on BBC Radio at least once, on 20 May 1967. Most of the song is in triple metre, but the chorus is in 44 time. The song modulates between musical keys, using the key of A major for verses, B♭ major for the pre-chorus, and G major for the chorus. Lennons inspiration for the song came when his son, Julian, showed him a nursery school drawing he called Lucy—in the Sky with Diamonds, depicting his classmate Lucy ODonnell. Julian Lennon said, I dont know why I called it that or why it stood out all my other drawings. I used to show Dad everything Id built or painted at school, and this one sparked off the idea. Vodden, in a BBC radio interview in 2007, said, I remember Julian, Julian had painted a picture and on that particular day his father turned up with the chauffeur to pick him up from school. ODonnell died in 2009 at age 46 after suffering from lupus, according to both Lennon and Ringo Starr, who witnessed the moment, Julian first uttered the songs title upon returning home from nursery school. Lennon later recalled of the painting and the phrase, I thought that beautiful, I immediately wrote a song about it. Rumours of the connection between the title of Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds and the initialism LSD began circulating shortly after the release of the Sgt, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band LP in June 1967. Paul McCartney gave two interviews that same month admitting to having taken the drug, until someone pointed it out, I never even thought of it. I mean, who would ever bother to look at initials of a title, like Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds, people came up and said, cunningly, Right, I get it. L-S-D, and it was when papers were talking about LSD, McCartney further rebuffed the claims in a 1997 BBC Radio interview with Michael Parkinson by saying, It wasnt about LSD. Because otherwise it would have been called LITSWD, Lucy in the sky with diamonds is more like that. Nevertheless, James E. Perone claimed in 2012 that the song made reference to LSD in its title. According to both Lennon and McCartney, the lyrics were derived from the literary style of Alice In Wonderland
14.
Hey Jude
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Hey Jude is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The ballad evolved from Hey Jules, a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennons son, Julian, Hey Jude begins with a verse-bridge structure incorporating McCartneys vocal performance and piano accompaniment, further instrumentation is added as the song progresses. After the fourth verse, the song shifts to a coda that lasts for more than four minutes. Hey Jude was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles record label Apple Records, more than seven minutes in length, it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts. It also spent nine weeks at one in the United States. Hey Jude tied the record, at the time, for the longest run at the top of the US charts. The single has approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics lists of the greatest songs of all time. In 2013, Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time, in May 1968, John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated because of Johns affair with Yoko Ono. The following month, Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and Johns son, Julian, at Kenwood, Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartneys surprise visit, I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare. On the journey down he composed Hey Jude in the car, I will never forget Pauls gesture of care and concern in coming to see us. The songs original title was Hey Jules, and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents separation. McCartney later said, I knew it was not going to be easy for him, according to music journalist Chris Hunt, in the weeks after writing the song, McCartney test his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse. On 30 June, after recording the Black Dyke Mills Bands rendition of his instrumental Thingumybob, in Yorkshire, McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed Hey Jude at a local pub. He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single Im the Urban Spaceman, in London, Lennon replied, You wont, you know. Thats the best line in the song, McCartney retained the phrase, he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song, thats the line when I think of John, and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment. Although McCartney originally wrote Hey Jude for Julian, John Lennon thought it had actually written for him. Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them, including Judith Simons, still others, including Lennon, have speculated that in the lyrics to Hey Jude, McCartneys failing long-term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious message to himself. When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono, McCartney denied it, Music critic and author Tim Riley writes, If the song is about self-worth and self-consolation in the face of hardship, the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey
15.
Earth
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Earth, otherwise known as the World, or the Globe, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets, according to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago. Earths gravity interacts with objects in space, especially the Sun. During one orbit around the Sun, Earth rotates about its axis over 365 times, thus, Earths axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal variations on the planets surface. The gravitational interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean tides, stabilizes the Earths orientation on its axis, Earths lithosphere is divided into several rigid tectonic plates that migrate across the surface over periods of many millions of years. About 71% of Earths surface is covered with water, mostly by its oceans, the remaining 29% is land consisting of continents and islands that together have many lakes, rivers and other sources of water that contribute to the hydrosphere. The majority of Earths polar regions are covered in ice, including the Antarctic ice sheet, Earths interior remains active with a solid iron inner core, a liquid outer core that generates the Earths magnetic field, and a convecting mantle that drives plate tectonics. Within the first billion years of Earths history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect the Earths atmosphere and surface, some geological evidence indicates that life may have arisen as much as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earths distance from the Sun, physical properties, in the history of the Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinction events. Over 99% of all species that lived on Earth are extinct. Estimates of the number of species on Earth today vary widely, over 7.4 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and minerals for their survival. Humans have developed diverse societies and cultures, politically, the world has about 200 sovereign states, the modern English word Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms, which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe. It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their proto-Germanic root has been reconstructed as *erþō, originally, earth was written in lowercase, and from early Middle English, its definite sense as the globe was expressed as the earth. By early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the became the Earth. More recently, the name is simply given as Earth. House styles now vary, Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, another convention capitalizes Earth when appearing as a name but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the. It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as what on earth are you doing, the oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4. 5672±0.0006 billion years ago. By 4. 54±0.04 Gya the primordial Earth had formed, the formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun
16.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
17.
Brian Epstein
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Brian Samuel Epstein was an English music entrepreneur, best known for managing the Beatles. Epstein first discovered the Beatles in November 1961 during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance and he was instantly impressed and saw great potential in the group. Epstein was rejected by all major recording companies in London, until he secured a meeting with George Martin. In May 1962, Martin agreed to sign the Beatles, partly because of Epsteins conviction that the group would become internationally famous, the Beatles early success has been attributed to Epsteins management style, and the band trusted him without hesitation. In addition to handling the Beatles business affairs, Epstein often stepped in to mediate disputes within the group. The Beatles unquestioning loyalty to Epstein later proved detrimental, as the band rarely read contracts before signing them, Music publisher Dick James and his partner Charles Silver owned 51-percent of the company, Lennon and McCartney each owned 20%, and Epstein owned 9%. By 1969, Lennon and McCartney had lost control of all publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing, still, Epsteins death in 1967 marked the beginning of the groups dissolution and had a profound effect on each Beatle. In 1997, Paul McCartney said, If anyone was the Fifth Beatle, Epstein was Jewish, his grandfather Isaac Epstein was from Lithuania and had arrived in Britain in the 1890s at the age of eighteen. His grandmother Dinah was the daughter of Joseph and Esther Hyman, the Hymans had six more children. Isaac Epstein married Dinah Hyman in Manchester in 1900, in 1901, Isaac and Dinah were living at 80 Walton Road, Liverpool with Isaacs sister Rachael Epstein, above the furniture dealership that he founded. Dinah and Isaacs third child was Harry Epstein, Brian Epsteins father, eventually the family moved to a larger home at 27 Anfield Road, Liverpool. After Harry and his brother Leslie had joined the family firm, Epstein and Sons and enlarged his furniture business by taking over adjacent shops at 62/72 Walton Road to sell a range of other goods, such as musical instruments and household appliances. They called the expanding business NEMS, which offered lenient credit terms, Epsteins mother Malka was also involved in the Hyman furniture business, which also owned the Sheffield Veneering Company. In 2003, the home on Anfield Road was converted into a Beatles-themed hotel called Epstein House. Epstein was born on 19 September 1934 in Rodney Street, Liverpool, Harry and Queenie also had another son named Clive who was born 22 months after his older brother. During World War II, the Epsteins moved to Southport—where two schools expelled Epstein for laziness and poor performance—but returned to Liverpool in 1945, the Epsteins lived at 197 Queens Drive, Childwall in Liverpool, and remained there for the next 30 years. Epsteins parents moved him from one boarding school to another, including Clayesmore School in Dorset and he spent two years at Wrekin College in Shropshire, where he was taught the violin. He started work at his familys business on a £5 per week wage, after returning to Liverpool, he was put in charge of the Clarendon Furnishing shop in Hoylake and was made a director of NEMS in 1955
18.
Watercolour
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Watercolor or watercolour, also aquarelle, a diminutive of the Latin for water, is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork, the traditional and most common support—material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is paper. Other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum, leather, fabric, wood, Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton, which gives a good texture and minimizes distortion when wet. Watercolors are usually translucent, and appear luminous because the pigments are laid down in a form with few fillers obscuring the pigment colors. Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding Chinese white, in East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, india, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well. Fingerpainting with watercolor paints originated in mainland China, however, its continuous history as an art medium begins with the Renaissance. The German Northern Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer, who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, an important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by Hans Bol as part of the Dürer Renaissance. Despite this early start, watercolors were used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or cartoons. Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were Van Dyck, Claude Lorrain, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, however, botanical illustration and wildlife illustration perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted woodblock illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on vellum or paper. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with such as John James Audubon. Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, Watercolor artists were commonly brought with the geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the Society of Dilettanti, to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal, the confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English national art. William Blake published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to Dantes Inferno, from the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium. Satirical broadsides by Thomas Rowlandson, many published by Rudolph Ackermann, were extremely popular. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin, were John Varley, John Sell Cotman, Anthony Copley Fielding, Samuel Palmer, William Havell, the Swiss painter Louis Ducros was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor. These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists, in particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors by Richard Parkes Bonington created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s
19.
The Beatles (album)
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The Beatles, also known as the White Album, is the ninth studio album by English rock group the Beatles, released on 22 November 1968. A double album, its plain white sleeve has no graphics or text other than the name embossed. The albums songs range in style from British blues and ska to tracks influenced by Chuck Berry, most of the songs on the album were written during March and April 1968 at a Transcendental Meditation course in Rishikesh, India. The group returned to EMI Studios in May to commence recording sessions lasted through to October. During these sessions, arguments broke out among the Beatles, another divisive element was caused by the constant presence of John Lennons new partner, Yoko Ono, whose attendance at the sessions broke with the Beatles policy regarding wives and girlfriends. After a series of problems, including producer George Martin taking a leave of absence and engineer Geoff Emerick quitting. The same tensions continued throughout the year, leading to the eventual break-up of the Beatles in April 1970. On release, The Beatles received favourable reviews from the majority of music critics, other commentators found its satirical songs unimportant and apolitical amid the turbulent political and social climate of 1968. The band and Martin have since debated whether the group should have released an album instead. Nonetheless, The Beatles reached number one on the charts in both the United Kingdom and the United States and has since been viewed by critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. By 1968, the Beatles had achieved commercial and critical success, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, was number one in the UK the previous year and charted for 27 weeks, selling 250,000 copies in the first week after release. Time magazine had written in 1967 that Sgt, the band received a negative critical response for the film Magical Mystery Tour, but fan response was nevertheless positive. Most of the songs for The Beatles were written during a Transcendental Meditation course with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in Rishikesh, India, between February and April 1968. The retreat involved long periods of meditation, conceived by the band as a respite from all worldly endeavours – a chance, in John Lennons words. Both Lennon and Paul McCartney quickly re-engaged themselves in songwriting, often meeting clandestinely in the afternoons in each others rooms to review their new work, regardless of what I was supposed to be doing, Lennon would later recall, I did write some of my best songs there. Author Ian MacDonald said Sgt Pepper was shaped by LSD, but the Beatles took no drugs with them to India aside from marijuana, and their clear minds helped the group with their songwriting. The stay in Rishikesh proved especially fruitful for George Harrison as a songwriter, the Beatles left Rishikesh before the end of the course. Ringo Starr was the first to leave, as he could not stomach the food, McCartney departed in mid-March, while Harrison and Lennon were more interested in Indian religion and remained until April
20.
Magical Mystery Tour (film)
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Magical Mystery Tour is a 52-minute-long British surreal comedy television film starring the Beatles which originally aired on BBC1 on Boxing Day,26 December 1967. Upon its initial showing, the film was received by critics. The film received an American theatrical release in 1974 by New Line Cinema, the situation is that of a group of people on a British mystery tour in a 1967 coach, focusing mostly on Mr Richard Starkey and his recently widowed Aunt Jessie. Other group members on the bus include the director, Jolly Jimmy Johnson, the tour hostess, Miss Wendy Winters, the conductor, Buster Bloodvessel. During the journey, Ringo and his Aunt Jessie argue continually, Aunt Jessie begins to have daydreams of falling in love with Buster Bloodvessel, who displays increasingly eccentric and disturbing behaviour. The tour involves several activities, such as an impromptu race in which each of the passengers employs a different mode of transportation. In one scene, the group walk through what appears to be a British Army recruitment office and are greeted by the army drill sergeant. The sergeant, shouting incomprehensibly, appears to instruct the assembled onlookers on how to attack a stuffed cow, the tour group also crawl into a tiny tent in a field, inside which is a projection theatre. A scene in a restaurant shows a waiter repeatedly shovelling spaghetti onto the table in front of Aunt Jessie, while arriving guests step out from a lift, the film continues with the tours male passengers watching a strip show. The film ends with the Beatles dressed in tuxedos, highlighting a glamourous old-style dance crowd scene. In The Beatles Anthology, Lennon states that if stage shows were to be out, most of the band members have said that the initial idea was McCartney’s, although he stated, I’m not sure whose idea Magical Mystery Tour was. It could have been mine, but I’m not sure whether I want to take the blame for it and we were all in on it – but a lot of the material at that time could have been my idea. Prior to the movie, McCartney had been creating home movies, the film was unscripted and shooting proceeded on the basis of a mostly handwritten collection of ideas, sketches and situations, which McCartney called the Scrupt. Magical Mystery Tour was ultimately the shortest of all Beatles films, the core of the film was shot between 11 September and 25 September 1967. The next eleven weeks were spent on editing the film from ten hours to 52 minutes. Much of Magical Mystery Tour was shot in and around RAF West Malling, many of the interior scenes, such as the ballroom sequence for Your Mother Should Know, were filmed in the disused aircraft hangars. The exteriors, such as the I Am the Walrus sequence, RAF Air Training Corps cadets can be seen marching in some scenes, and during I Am the Walrus a RAF Avro Shackleton is seen orbiting the group. The mystery tour itself was shot throughout the West Country of England, including Devon and Cornwall, although most of the footage was not used in the finished film
21.
Yoko Ono
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953. She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College, and then involved in New York Citys downtown artists scene. She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London and she brought feminism to the forefront in her music, influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk. Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, public appreciation of Onos work has shifted over time, helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009, as Lennons widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded Strawberry Fields in New York City, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and she has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, Philippine and Japan disaster relief, and other causes. In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt, the award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights. Ono continues her activism, inaugurating a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002. She has a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from her marriage to Anthony Cox, Ono was born on February 18,1933, in Tokyo, to Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono, a banker and former classical pianist. Isokos father was ennobled in 1915, isokos maternal grandfather Zenjiro Yasuda was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yokos first name Yoko means ocean child, Two weeks before Yokos birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank. The rest of the family followed soon after, with Yoko meeting Eisuke when she was two and her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. Yoko was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, in 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan and Ono enrolled at Tokyos Gakushuin, one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. In 1940, the moved to New York City. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family
22.
Sean Lennon
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Sean Taro Ono Lennon is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is the son of John Lennon and Yoko Ono, sean Lennon was born in New York City on October 9,1975, his fathers 35th birthday. He is of Irish, Welsh, and English descent on his fathers side, julian Lennon is his half-brother, and Kyoko Chan Cox is his half-sister. After Seans birth, John became a husband, caring for his young son until his death on December 8,1980. He attended Columbia University for three semesters before dropping out to focus on his music, in January 1984, when Steve Jobs was visiting Manhattan, he attended a party that his mother was throwing for Lennon, and Jobs gave him one of the very first Macintosh computers. His parents kick-started his musical career, his debut into the world came at age five. From childhood into his teen years, Lennon continued to collaborate with his mother, contributing vocals and receiving credit on her solo albums Its Alright, Starpeace. At 16 Lennon co-wrote the song All I Ever Wanted with Lenny Kravitz for his 1991 album Mama Said, by 1995 Lennon had formed the band IMA to play alongside his mother on her album Rising. Lennon also made appearances in film, featured in the cast of Michael Jacksons 1988 Moonwalker, Escher prints in Sonys 1990 promotional short-film Infinite Escher. In 1996, Miho Hatori and Yuka Honda of Cibo Matto were invited by Ono to remix the song Talking to the Universe for a Rising remix EP Rising Mixes and they met Lennon and invited him to join them on tour as a bass player. This eventually led to Lennons contributing to their side-project Butter 08 and he continued to play with them on tour, joining them on television and providing bass guitar and vocals on their EP Super Relax. Through his association with Cibo Matto, Lennon was approached by Adam Yauch, regarding Grand Royal, Lennon has said, I think I found the only label on the planet who doesnt care who my parents are and what my name is. Its a good feeling to know that I wouldnt have gotten the offer if they wouldnt have liked my songs, thats pretty rare in the music business. Lennons solo debut Into the Sun, was released in 1998, a music video for Home, a single from the album, was directed by Spike Jonze and enjoyed extended airplay on MTV. The album was produced by fellow Cibo Matto member Yuka Honda and they struck up a personal relationship as well as a creative one. He went on to tour supporting Into the Sun, during this period he appeared on radio programs such as The Howard Stern Show and KCRWs Morning Becomes Eclectic. He later recalled promoting the album as a bitter experience due to the focus on his family rather than his own music. In 1999, Lennons EP Half Horse, Half Musician was released featuring new such as Heart & Lung
23.
Kyoko Chan Cox
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953. She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College, and then involved in New York Citys downtown artists scene. She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London and she brought feminism to the forefront in her music, influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk. Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, public appreciation of Onos work has shifted over time, helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009, as Lennons widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded Strawberry Fields in New York City, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and she has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, Philippine and Japan disaster relief, and other causes. In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt, the award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights. Ono continues her activism, inaugurating a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002. She has a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from her marriage to Anthony Cox, Ono was born on February 18,1933, in Tokyo, to Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono, a banker and former classical pianist. Isokos father was ennobled in 1915, isokos maternal grandfather Zenjiro Yasuda was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yokos first name Yoko means ocean child, Two weeks before Yokos birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank. The rest of the family followed soon after, with Yoko meeting Eisuke when she was two and her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. Yoko was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, in 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan and Ono enrolled at Tokyos Gakushuin, one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. In 1940, the moved to New York City. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family
24.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
25.
May Pang
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May Fung Yee Pang is an American, best known as the former girlfriend of John Lennon. She had previously worked as an assistant and production coordinator for Lennon and his wife. In 1973, when Lennon and Ono separated, Pang and Lennon had a relationship lasting over 18 months, Pang subsequently produced two books about their relationship, a memoir called Loving John and a book of photographs, Instamatic Karma. Pang was married to producer Tony Visconti from 1989 to 2000 and had two children, Sebastian and Lara, Pang was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York. She is the daughter of Chinese immigrants and grew up in New Yorks Spanish Harlem with an elder sister, after graduating from Saint Michael Academy, Pang attended New York City Community College. She wanted to be a model, but was told she was too ethnic by the modeling agencies, Pangs early jobs included being a song-plugger, which meant encouraging artists to record them. Pang was asked to help Lennon and Ono with their film projects, Up Your Legs Forever and Fly. Pang coordinated an art exhibition in Syracuse, New York, on October 9,1971, Onos show coincided with Lennons 31st birthday, and a party was held at the Hotel Syracuse, which was attended by Ringo Starr, Phil Spector, and Elliot Mintz, among others. In mid-1973, Pang was working on the recording of Lennons Mind Games album, Lennon and Ono were having marital problems and decided to separate, and Ono suggested to Pang that she become Lennons companion. Ono explained that she and Lennon were not getting along, had been arguing and were growing apart and she pointed out that Lennon had said he found Pang sexually attractive. Pang replied that she could never start a relationship with Lennon as he was her employer, Ono ignored Pangs protests and said that she would arrange everything. Ono later confirmed this conversation in an interview, in October 1973, Lennon and Pang left New York for Los Angeles to promote Mind Games, and decided to stay for a while, living at the homes of friends. While there, Lennon was inspired to embark on two recording projects, to make an album of the old rock n roll songs that inspired him to become a musician, in December 1973, Lennon collaborated with Phil Spector to record the oldies album, Rock n Roll. The alcohol-fueled recording sessions became legendary, every musician in L. A. wanted to participate, but soon Lennons drinking and Spectors erratic behavior caused the sessions to break down. Then Spector, who claimed to have been in a car accident, at this time, Pang encouraged Lennon to reach out to family and friends. He and Paul McCartney mended fences and played together for the first, Pang also arranged for Julian Lennon to visit his father for the first time in almost four years. Julian began to see his father more regularly, Lennon bought Julian a Gibson Les Paul guitar and a drum machine for Christmas in 1973, and encouraged Julians interest in music by showing him some chords. Dad and I got on a great deal better then, recalls Julian and we had a lot of fun, laughed a lot and had a great time in general when he was with May Pang
26.
Gibson Les Paul
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The Gibson Les Paul is a solid body electric guitar that was first sold by the Gibson Guitar Corporation in 1952. The Les Paul was designed by Gibson president Ted McCarty, factory manager John Huis and their team, the Les Paul was originally offered with a gold finish and two P-90 pickups. In 1957, humbucking pickups were added, along with sunburst finishes in 1958, the sunburst 1958–1960 Les Paul – today one of the best-known electric guitar types in the world – was considered a failure, with low production and sales. For 1961, the Les Paul was redesigned into what is now known as the Gibson SG and this design continued as a separate guitar when the traditional single cutaway, carved top bodystyle was re-introduced in 1963. The Les Paul has been produced in countless versions and editions since. Along with Fenders Telecaster and Stratocaster, it was one of the first mass-produced electric solid-body guitars, Les Pauls have been used in many genres, including rock, country, pop, soul, rhythm and blues, blues, jazz, reggae, punk, and heavy metal. In 1950, the ancestors of Fender Telecaster were introduced to the musical market, in reaction to market demand, Gibson Guitar president Ted McCarty brought guitarist Les Paul into the company as a consultant. Les Paul was an innovator who had been experimenting with guitar design for years. He hand-built a solid-body prototype called The Log, often suggested as the first solid-body Spanish guitar ever built, in 1951, Paul, McCarty, and his team at the Gibson Guitar Corporation began work on what would eventually become the Les Paul Model. Early prototypes are very similar to the final version, the new Les Paul guitar was to be an expensive, well-made instrument in accordance with Gibsons reputation at the time. Although recollections differ regarding who contributed what to the Les Paul design, however, this reversal would have caused the guitar to become too heavy, and Pauls request was refused. Paul states that the original Custom should have had the maple cap, Les Pauls contributions to the guitar line bearing his name were more than cosmetic, but certainly included them. For example, Paul specified that the guitar be offered in a finish, not only for flashiness. The later-issue Les Paul models included flame maple and quilted maple tops, the 1952 Les Pauls featured two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, trapeze-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under a steel stop-bar. The guitar made its debut when Paul used it onstage in June,1952. On July 24,1952, at a special musicians clinic at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel, it was previewed by prominent guitarists such as Tiger Haynes, George Barnes, Mundell Lowe, Tony Mottola, and Billy Mure. The clinic preceded the annual NAMM Show held at the New Yorker hotel starting July 27, a second Les Paul model was introduced in 1953. Called the Les Paul Custom, this guitar with gold-plated hardware was dubbed the Black Beauty
27.
Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
28.
Death of John Lennon
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John Lennon was an English musician who gained worldwide fame as one of the members of the Beatles, for his subsequent solo career, and for his political activism and pacifism. On Monday, December 8,1980, Lennon was shot by Mark David Chapman in the archway of the Dakota, Lennon had just returned from Record Plant Studio with his wife, Yoko Ono. After sustaining four major gunshot wounds, Lennon was pronounced dead on arrival at Roosevelt Hospital, at the hospital, it was stated that nobody could have lived longer than a few minutes after sustaining such injuries. Shortly after local news stations reported Lennons death, crowds gathered at Roosevelt Hospital, Lennon was cremated at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, two days after his death, the ashes were given to Ono, who chose not to hold a funeral for him. The first media report of Lennons death to a US national audience was announced by Howard Cosell, photographer Annie Leibovitz went to the Lennons apartment to do a photo shoot for Rolling Stone magazine. Leibovitz promised Lennon that a photo with Ono would make the front cover of the magazine, Leibovitz said, Nobody wanted on the cover. Lennon insisted that both he and his wife be on the cover, and after taking the pictures, Leibovitz left their apartment at 3,30 p. m. After the photo shoot, Lennon gave what would be his last interview, to San Francisco DJ Dave Sholin, for a music show to be broadcast on the RKO Radio Network. At 5,40 p. m. Lennon and Ono, delayed by a late limousine, as Lennon and Ono walked to a limousine, shared with the RKO Radio crew, they were approached by several people seeking autographs. Among them was Mark David Chapman and it was common for fans to wait outside the Dakota to meet Lennon and ask for his autograph. Chapman, a 25-year-old security guard from Honolulu, Hawaii, had travelled to New York to murder Lennon in October. Chapman silently handed Lennon a copy of Double Fantasy, and Lennon obliged with an autograph, after signing the album, Lennon asked, Is this all you want. Chapman smiled and nodded in agreement, photographer and Lennon fan Paul Goresh took a photo of the encounter. According to Chapman, he touched the boys hand. The Lennons spent several hours at the Record Plant studio before returning to the Dakota, Lennon had decided against dining out so he could be home in time to say goodnight to his son, before going on to the Stage Deli restaurant with Ono. The Lennons exited their limousine on 72nd Street instead of driving into the more secure courtyard of the Dakota, the Dakotas doorman, Jose Perdomo, and a nearby cab driver saw Chapman standing in the shadows by the archway. As Lennon passed by, he glanced briefly at Chapman, appearing to him from earlier. Later court hearings and witness interviews did not include either Mr. Lennon or the combat stance description, Chapman has said he does not remember calling out to Lennon before he fired, but he claimed to have taken a combat stance in a 1992 interview with Barbara Walters
29.
Ruthin School
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Ruthin School is one of the oldest public schools in the United Kingdom. Located on the outskirts of Ruthin, the county town of Denbighshire in North Wales, on the school webpage, the principal, Mr. In the 2013 A Level results,60. 23% of grades attained by students at the school were A* or A, the school is ranked 79th among all UK independent schools by the Telegraph, and 13th among all co-educational boarding schools by the Best-Schools website. A* to C grades awarded for GCSE entries has improved and increased steadily for the past few years, sixth Form students are at well above the Wales average at level 3, achieving good results in their A levels. The school is a school with pupils from foreign countries as well as local children. The state school Ysgol Brynhyfryd is across the road, Ruthin School was founded in the wake of Edward Is conquest of Wales. In any event it is clear from the Taxatio of 1291 that there was a collegiate church. Evidence of Ruthin School in the subsequent centuries is sparse, in 1574, Gabriel Goodman, the Dean of Westminster an Old Ruthinian, built a two-storey, limestone building to house the school in the shadow of the Church. The School appears to have prospered and in 1595 Dean Goodman successfully petitioned Queen Elizabeth I to grant the tithes of Llanelidan to the School in perpetuity, following its refoundation, the School quietly but surely prospered. It educated the sons of gentry, including the Grosvenor, Kenyon. In 1893 the school moved from the shadow of the Church to a designed by John Douglas on its impressive site on the eastern outskirts of the town. In 1923 Lord Kenyon opened the Memorial Cricket Pavilion to honour those Old Ruthinians who had died during the Great War, as the century progressed, the demand for places increased and so in 1949 Bishop Wynne House was inaugurated. Just over a decade later, a new School hall comprising a refectory, kitchens, classrooms, expansion continued and in 1971 a preparatory department was established in the former Archbishop Williams house. On the hundredth anniversary of the Schools re-location, the Hall was further extended and in 2006 the Hewer Hall, the Sovereign is the Visitor of Ruthin School whose rights have traditionally exercised by the Lord Lieutenant. The Old Ruthinian Association consists of pupils of Ruthin School. The Association, whose patron is Sir William Gladstone, Bart, K. G. was founded after the First World War and gathers for its annual meeting on the Saturday of Remembrance Weekend at Ruthin Castle. C. Justice of the Queens Bench Division of the High Court, Knight Bachelor Richard David Thomas, archdeacon of Montgomery Rowland Ellis, Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney Richard Owen, Canon of St Asaph Sir Arthur Bankart, K. C. V. O. F. B. A. Professor of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Fellow of All Souls, knight D. J. M
30.
Ruthin
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Ruthin is the county town of Denbighshire in north Wales. Ruthin also has villages on the outskirts of the such as Pwllglas. The original name of Ruthin was Castell Coch yng Ngwern-fôr, the town developed around the castle and the nearby mill. Maen Huail is an ancient monument attributed to the brother of Gildas and King Arthur and is located outside Barclays Bank. The population at the 2001 Census was 5,218 of whom 47% were male, the average age of the population was 43.0 years and the population is 98. 2% white. According to the 2011 census 68% were born in Wales, with 25% being born across the border in England, Welsh language speakers account for 42% of the towns population. There is evidence of Celtic and later Roman settlements in the area, the Marcher Lord, Reginald de Grey, Justiciar of Chester, was given the Cantref of Deffrencloyt, and his family ran the area for the next 226 years. The Lord de Grey established a Collegiate Church in 1310, Now, the Collegiate and Parish Church of St Peter, it dominates the Ruthin skyline. The double naved church boasts two medieval carved roofs, the church is known for its musical tradition, it has a large choir of children and adults and a four manual Wadsworth-Willis Organ. Behind the church can be seen the old buildings, school. A Ruthin native, Sir Thomas Exmewe was Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1517-18. The half-timbered Old Court House, now a branch of the NatWest Bank, features the remains of a gibbet last used to execute a Franciscan priest, Charles Meehan, also known as Mahoney. He was shipwrecked on the Welsh coast when Catholicism was equated with treason — Meehan was hanged, drawn and he was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987 as one of the Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales. During the English Civil War the castle survived an eleven-week siege, the castle was rebuilt in the 19th century as a country house, and is now a luxury hotel, the Ruthin Castle Hotel. From 1826 until 1921 the castle was the home of the Cornwallis-West family, in its 18th-century heyday as a town on drovers routes from Wales into England, Ruthin was reputed to have a pub for every week of the year. By 2007, however, there are only eleven pubs in the town, the Public and Beer Houses records of 23 October 1891 show 31 such establishments serving a population of 3186, most of the establishments have been converted into either residences or shops. The Ruthin Union Workhouse was built in 1834 to house the poor folk of Ruthin, the first copies of the Welsh national anthem, Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau, were printed in what is now the Siop Nain tea and gift shop on Well Street. In 1863 the Denbigh, Ruthin and Corwen Railway, which linked in Denbigh with the Vale of Clwyd Railway reached the town, the route ran from Rhyl on the north coast, through Denbigh and Ruthin to Corwen
31.
Denbighshire
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Denbighshire is a county in north-east Wales. It is named after the county of Denbighshire, but has substantially different borders. Denbighshire has the distinction of being the longest known inhabited part of Wales, pontnewydd Palaeolithic site has Neanderthal remains from 225,000 years ago. There are several castles in the region, Denbigh Castle, Rhuddlan Castle, Ruthin Castle, one of Britains smallest cathedrals is at St Asaph, itself one of the smallest cities. Denbighshire has a length of coast to the north and hill ranges on its eastern, southern and western borders, in the central part, the River Clwyd has created a broad fertile valley. It is primarily a rural county with little industry, crops are grown in the Vale of Clwyd and cattle and sheep reared in the upland parts. The coast attracts tourists in the summer and hikers frequent the Clwydian Range, Denbigh, Ruthin and Saint Asaph are historic towns. Llangollen hosts the Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod in July each year, the present main area was formed on 1 April 1996 under the Local Government Act 1994, from various parts of the county of Clwyd. It includes the district of Rhuddlan, the communities of Trefnant and Cefn Meiriadog from the district of Colwyn, post-1996 Powys includes the historic Denbighshire parishes of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Llansilin and Llangedwyn, which formed part of Glyndŵr district. Researchers have found evidence that Denbighshire was inhabited at least 225,000 years ago, bontnewydd Palaeolithic site is one of the most significant in Britain. Hominid remains of probable Neanderthals have been found along with tools from the later Middle Pleistocene. See List of places in Denbighshire for a list of towns, the eastern border of Denbighshire follows the ridge of the Clwydian Range, with a steep escarpment to the west, and a high point at Moel Famau. The Clwydian Range is, with the upper Dee Valley, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty – one of just five in the whole of Wales, the Denbigh Moors are in the west of the county and the Berwyn Range adjacent to the southern boundary. The River Clwyd in its broad, fertile Vale runs from south to north in the centre of the county, there is a narrow coastal plain in the north where there is much residential and tourist development. Denbighshires total population at the United Kingdom Census 2001 was 93,065, according to the 2011 Census returns,24.6 per cent of the population stated they are able to speak Welsh. Since the 20th-century demise of the coal and steel industries in the Wrexham area, although most towns have small industrial parks or estates for light industry, the economy is based on agriculture and tourism. A high proportion of the population is employed in the service sector. The uplands support sheep and beef cattle rearing, while in the Vale of Clwyd dairy farming and wheat, many towns have livestock markets and the farming supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and other ancillary trades
32.
North Wales
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
33.
Walls and Bridges
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Walls and Bridges is the fifth studio album by English musician John Lennon. It was issued by Apple Records on 26 September 1974 in the United States, written, recorded and released during his 18-month separation from Yoko Ono, the album captured Lennon in the midst of his Lost Weekend. Walls and Bridges was an American Billboard number one album and featured two hit singles, Whatever Gets You thru the Night and #9 Dream. The first of these was Lennons first number one hit in the United States as a solo artist, the album was certified silver in the UK, and gold in the US. In June 1973, as Lennon was about to record Mind Games, Ono decided that she, while Lennon and Pang were living in Los Angeles, John took the opportunity to get reacquainted with his son, Julian, whom he had not seen in four years. Lennon had planned to record an album of rock n roll oldies with producer Phil Spector, Lennon and Pang returned to New York and Spector disappeared with these session tapes. Around this time, Lennon had written new songs during a stay at The Pierre. Lennon was rehearsing his new material with a handful of musicians at Record Plant East in New York City in July 1974, musicians included Jim Keltner on drums, Klaus Voormann on bass, Jesse Ed Davis on guitar, and Arthur Jenkins on percussion. These were some of the players Lennon had been with in Los Angeles, the core players would be billed on the album as the Plastic Ono Nuclear Band, a variation on the Plastic Ono Band conceptual group moniker that many of Lennons solo efforts were credited to. The musicians worked out their own arrangements in a time. Ron Aprea, saxophonist from the Little Big Horns, said that, Since he had no training in arranging, he would sit in the control room. If he liked what we played, he would let us know, If we thought we could get it better, he would say go for it. Aprea also said that the section was done in a two-week period. Lennon later said that it had been a year for me personally. And Im almost amazed that I could get anything out, but I enjoyed doing Walls and Bridges and it wasnt hard when I had the whole thing to go into the studio and do it. Im surprised it wasnt just all bluuuuuuggggghhhhh, several rehearsals were released on the posthumous albums Menlove Ave. and John Lennon Anthology. After the basic tracks were recorded, the process of overdubbing began, overdub engineer Jimmy Iovine said the sessions were the most professional I have still been on. John knew what he wanted, he knew how to get what he was going for, he was going after a noise and his solo thing had an incredible sound to it
34.
Valotte
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Valotte is the debut pop studio album by singer-songwriter Julian Lennon. The album was produced by Phil Ramone and recorded at studios from February to August 1984. It was released in October 1984 on Charisma and Atlantic, the album was first certified gold in the United States, in the new year, then shortly afterwards being certified platinum. From the album, four singles were released, each with a music video, charting at various positions on the singles charts in both the United Kingdom and U. S. Too Late for Goodbyes, the second U. S. single, and Valotte, the first U. S. single, were both U. S. Billboard Top 10 hits, the former reaching No.5 and the latter reaching No.9. The album peaked at No.17 and 20 in the U. S. and UK, Lennon toured the U. S. Australia, and Japan in March-June 1985. Julian Lennon sent the Charisma Records label head, Tony Stratton-Smith, in an interview with Rock Bill magazine, Lennon said that he had a lot of the material before embarking to the château. About the songs, Lennon said that half the songs on the album had written on the piano in short pieces. In an interview for No 1 magazine, Lennon said the pieces were not originally for an album, the lyrics were added only a few years prior to recording the songs for the album. The album was produced by Phil Ramone in January 1984, Lennon had asked about his availability after he heard Ramones work on Billy Joels The Nylon Curtain album. Ramone agreed upon hearing Lennons previous recordings, the album was mixed by Bradshaw Leigh at The Hit Factory. Lennons father, John Lennon, had recorded at The Hit Factory four years previously, on the album, Ramone had asked Lennon if he felt the ghosts. He responded They feel good for me, the vibes feel good and I want to be here. Lennon said that his fathers album, Imagine, had influenced Valottes writing, the title track is named after Manor de Valotte, Lennon said it was a kind of dream house so thats what started off the whole song. Lennons reply to his girlfriend was, well Ill forget the icebergs, well I Dont Know was written about his father, Its about looking for signs of the afterlife from Dad. Shortly after the photo was taken, Lennon had a fall out with his then-girlfriend and Too Late for Goodbyes was written. Lonely, which dates from 1982, is about when Lennon moved to London, Jesse, was offered to Lennon by China Burton, as Burton thought it would fit Lennons voice. Overall, Lennon commented that all of the songs are from experience or feelings or relationships in life situations with a feeling of neither knowing which way to turn nor what to do next
35.
Phil Ramone
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The success of the original A&R Recording allowed it to expand into several studios and a record production company. He was described by Billboard as legendary, and the BBC as a CD pioneer, Ramone was born in South Africa and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, USA. As a child in South Africa, Ramone was a musical prodigy, in the late 1940s he trained as a classical violinist at the Juilliard School, where one of his classmates was Phil Woods. Ramone opened his own recording studio before he was 20 and he became a naturalized citizen of the United States on December 14,1953. In 1959, Ramone established an independent recording studio A & R Recording, later the partnership which owned the studio consisted of Brooks Arthur owning half while Ramone, Donald Frey and Arthur Downs Ward owned the other fifty percent. In the studio he quickly gained a reputation as a sound engineer and music producer. He is also credited with having recorded Marilyn Monroes intoxicated version of Happy Birthday, in 1972, management of A & R included Robert Gerics, Nick Diminno, and Irving Joel. The studios were located at 799 7th Avenue and 322 West 48th Street and he won his first production Grammy for his work on 1975s Still Crazy After All These Years by Paul Simon. He produced Billy Joels 1977 album The Stranger and began a collaboration with Joel producing a string of hit albums throughout the rest of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, he produced Duets, Frank Sinatras comeback album, Ramone was a founding member of META. October 1,2016, marked the anniversary of the worlds first commercially marketed compact disc. On that date in 1982, A & R Recording released a compact disc version of Billy Joels 52nd Street in Japan. Ramone introduced optical surround sound for movies and his book, Making Records, The Scenes Behind the Music, written with Chuck Granata, was released on October 9,2007. Also in October 2007, Ramone produced a limited engagement performance of Richard Veteres Be My Love, the play was directed by Charles Messina and co-produced by Sonny Grosso. It premiered at The Tilles Center in Greenvale, New York, a champion of music educational programs, Ramone served on the boards of the National Mentoring Partnership and Berklee College of Music. On July 8,2008, Columbia records released The Stranger 30th Anniversary and this box set includes a remastered version of the 1977 Billy Joel album, The Stranger by Ramone. The following summer, Ramone produced Gershwin Across America, an album to the music of George. The album features Jewel, Jason Mraz, Darius Rucker, in 2011, Ramone worked with George Michael, during his 2011 Symphonica Tour
36.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
37.
Too Late for Goodbyes
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Too Late for Goodbyes is the first single from Julian Lennons 1984 album Valotte. B-side Big Mama has been described by Lennon as semi-hard rock, too Late for Goodbyes peaked at No.1 on the U. S. Adult Contemporary chart in 1985, spending two weeks at the top of this chart, the music video for the song was directed by Sam Peckinpah, and produced by Martin Lewis. To date, it is the most successful song of Lennons singing career, list of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1985 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
38.
Sam Peckinpah
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David Samuel Sam Peckinpah was an American film director and screenwriter who achieved prominence following the release of the Western epic The Wild Bunch. He was known for the innovative and explicit depiction of action. Peckinpahs films generally deal with the conflict between values and ideals, and the corruption of violence in human society and he was given the nickname Bloody Sam owing to the violence in his films. His characters are often loners or losers who desire to be honorable, Peckinpahs combative personality, marked by years of alcohol and drug abuse, affected his professional legacy. Many of his films were noted for behind-the-scenes battles with producers and crew members, damaging his reputation, some of his films, including Straw Dogs, Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, remain controversial. The Peckinpahs originated from the Frisian Islands in the northwest of Europe, both sides of Peckinpahs family migrated to the American West by covered wagon in the mid-19th century. Peckinpah and several relatives often claimed Native American ancestry, but this has been denied by surviving family members. Peckinpah Meadow and Peckinpah Creek, where the family ran a mill on a mountain in the High Sierra north of Coarsegold. Peckinpahs maternal grandfather was Denver S. Church, a rancher, Superior Court judge. Sam Peckinpahs nephew is David Peckinpah, who was a producer and director. Peckinpahs parents were David Edward Peckinpah and Fern Louise Church, David Samuel Sam Peckinpah was born February 21,1925, in Fresno, California, where he attended both grammar school and high school. He spent much time skipping classes with his brother to engage in activities on their grandfather Denver Churchs ranch, including trapping, branding. During the 1930s and 1940s, Coarsegold and Bass Lake were still populated with descendants of the miners and ranchers of the 19th century, many of these descendants worked on Churchs ranch. At that time, it was an area undergoing extreme change. In 1943, he joined the United States Marine Corps, within two years, his battalion was sent to China with the task of disarming Japanese soldiers and repatriating them following World War II. While his duty did not include combat, he claims to have witnessed acts of war between Chinese and Japanese soldiers, according to friends, these included several acts of torture and the murder of a laborer by sniper fire. The American Marines were not permitted to intervene, Peckinpah also claimed he was shot during an attack by Communist forces. Also during his final weeks as a Marine, he applied for discharge in Peking, so he could marry a local woman and his experiences in China reportedly deeply affected Peckinpah, and may have influenced his depictions of violence in his films
39.
Martin Lewis (humorist)
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Martin Neil Lewis is a US-based English humorist, writer, radio/TV host, producer, and marketing strategist. He hosts his own radio show - heard nationally in America on Sirius Satellite Radio. He is a contributor to The Huffington Post website. Described by L. A. Weekly as a true Renaissance Man, Lewis career has encompassed work in music, comedy, TV, radio, film, theatre, books and politics. Lewis has worked since 1974 as a producer of comedy and music recordings, stage shows, films, music videos, TV shows, DVDs and radio programs. The film of the show of the series, The Secret Policemans Other Ball, was a box office success in the UK and US in 1982. The series continued through the 1980s and 1990s, many of these recordings were released on Lewis own Springtime. Lewis produced Peckinpahs last works - a series of videos featuring Julian Lennon. Anderson was hired by Lewis to direct Foreign Skies, Wham, in China - a film that documented the 1985 tour of China by the George Michael-led pop group Wham. which was the first visit to China by Western pop artists. In 1995, Lewis produced a reunion of the Rutles, the comedic ensemble created by Monty Python alumni Eric Idle, Lewis executive-produced the bands Archaeology album, a pastiche of the Beatles Anthology project. In 1999, Lewis produced a special American tribute for Its, the Monty Python Story - the BBCs four-hour TV special on Monty Pythons 30th anniversary. For this, Lewis conceived an animated sequence featuring the characters from South Park and he produced this tribute with series creators Trey Parker, Lewis work in the DVD field includes producing the DVD edition of the Beatles first film, A Hard Days Night. Lewis has also been a producer of TV specials for NBC, VH1, Lewis has appeared on American TV since 1990 as a satirist, commentator, comedic performer and special correspondent. He has been co-host of US TV specials celebrating award shows and he frequently appears as a commentator discussing politics and pop culture on a broad array of major US TV networks. He has appeared as a satirist or comedic performer on shows such Politically Incorrect HBOs Night Rap, VH1s My Generation and he has also appeared on British TV, serving as US correspondent for BBC shows such as The Terry Wogan Show and Good Morning. Lewis has hosted and produced his own radio show heard nationally on Steven Van Zandts Underground Garage channel on Sirius Satellite Radio since 2005. Prior to that, Lewis hosted his own radio show in Los Angeles on KGIL and wrote. From 1998 to 2004 Lewis was a commentator on the British radio program Up All Night on BBC Radio Five Live offering perspectives on American politics
40.
Friday Night Videos
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Friday Night Videos is an American music video show that was broadcast on NBC from July 29,1983 to May 24,2002. It was the attempt to capitalize on the emerging popularity of music videos as seen on MTV. Belinda Carlisle was the guest host for the first episode, Friday Night Videos was initially produced by Dick Ebersol. From 1974 until 1981, in his role as Director of Late Night Programming at NBC, Ebersol departed from The Midnight Special in 1981 to take over as the executive producer at his co-creation with Lorne Michaels, Saturday Night Live. Friday Night Videos took advantage of that fact and proved to be the next best thing for many viewers, in the beginning, like its predecessor The Midnight Special, the show ran 90 minutes long, and consisted of music videos introduced by an off-camera announcer. The most popular feature was Video Vote, the winning video faced a new challenger the following week. When a video won four consecutive video votes, it was deemed a retired champion, to increase the number of voters, they started to offer free T-shirts every fifteen seconds during the time of the voting when they called to register their votes. Nick Michaels and Scott Muni were the off-camera announcers, for the shows first few years on the air, the audio portion of the show was presented as a stereo simulcast over FM radio. This arrangement continued until NBC officially switched over to the MTS standard for broadcast stereo audio, from that point on, the show was broadcast in stereo. In 1985, FNV began featuring celebrity guests as weekly hosts, as a result of the host banter, the show often would have to slightly shave off bits of the end of the videos to conserve time. In early 1990, NBC sporadically ran a Saturday morning edition of FNV for viewers who missed the show hours earlier because of its late night timeslot, in late 1990, much like what was occurring gradually on MTV, FNV began to move away from an all-video format. Regular bumper segments were added, featuring various comedians, in 1991, live in-studio musical performances were added. Crocker later became the host along with Darryl M. Bell, subsequently, the show now only made room to air approximately two music videos per episode. The new format also brought two new hosts, comedians Henry Cho and Rita Sever, brian Copeland delivered humorous commentary on the news of the week in his segment, The World According To Copeland. In 1996, Sever took over as sole host, the old Video Vote segment, meanwhile, was brought back and renamed Friday Night Jukebox. For the host segments after 1998, Sever would be seated or standing in front of the giant videoscreen on the side of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno set. In 2000, despite having its highest ratings in years, the show was once again reformatted by NBC for budgetary reasons, under that title, Friday Nights last telecast was December 29. On January 5,2001, the show returned under the name Late Friday, discontinuing the music and feature segments, the show now solely revolved around stand-up comedians doing their stage routines
41.
The Secret Value of Daydreaming
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The Secret Value of Daydreaming is the second studio album by singer–songwriter Julian Lennon. After going on tour the year to promote his previous album, Valotte. Recording took place in the Bahamas, at Compass Point Studios, the Secret Value of Daydreaming was released on 24 March 1986 on Charisma in the UK, and a day later on the 25th on Atlantic in the US. The album peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200 chart upon its release and it was certified gold for sales of over 500,000 copies in the US by the RIAA on 22 May 1986. Stick Around reached number 1 on Billboards Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, the album was reissued, along with Mr. Jordan and Help Yourself, on 8 September 2009 by Noble Rot Records. All songs written by Julian Lennon, except where noted, side one Stick Around –3,39 You Get What You Want –4,04 Let Me Tell You –4,16 Ive Seen Your Face –3,27 Coward Till the End. Fox Joe Piscopo and Martin Kove and this Is My Day - The second single and video to promote the album. The mix of the song is unique to the video as the version appears on the album is quite different. The video mix is available on Julians Behind the Music compilation, Want Your Body - The final video and single for the album, also failed to chart
42.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
43.
The Dave Clark Five
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The Dave Clark Five was an English pop rock group. Their single Glad All Over knocked the Beatles I Want to Hold Your Hand off the top of the UK Singles Chart in January 1964, over And Over was a number 1 single in the United States for the group in December 1965. They were the group of the British Invasion on The Ed Sullivan Show. For some time the Dave Clark Five was more popular in the US than in their native UK, the group disbanded in late 1970. On 10 March 2008, the band was inducted into the Rock, the band started out as the Dave Clark Quintet in 1957, with Clark on drums, Dave Sanford on lead guitar, Chris Walls on bass, Don Vale on piano. Mick Ryan replaced Johnson in 1958 and Jim Spencer joined on saxophone, Walls left in 1959 and Huxley became the bass player. Mike Smith joined on piano in 1960, and Lenny Davidson replaced Ryan in 1961, in 1962, the band changed its name to the Dave Clark Five when Saxon left. The group was Clark on drums, Huxley on bass, Smith on organ and lead vocals, originating in North London, the band was promoted as the vanguard of the Tottenham Sound, a response to the Mersey Beat stable managed by Brian Epstein. Songwriting credits went to Clark, Clark and Smith, Clark and Davidson and Clark, the Dave Clark Five had 17 records in the Top 40 of the US Billboard chart and 12 Top 40 hits in their native UK between 1964 and 1967. S. The Dave Clark Five was the first British band of the British Invasion to tour the US, after the success of the Beatles film A Hard Days Night in 1964, the band released their own film, Catch Us If You Can in 1965. It also starred Barbara Ferris, and was released in the United States as Having a Wild Weekend, the short film Hits in Action highlighted a series of Dave Clark Five hits. Other than the songs Inside and Out, Maze of Love and Live in the Sky, the DC5 disbanded in 1970, having placed three singles on the UK chart that year, two of which reached the Top Ten. In 1970, Davidson, Huxley and Payton left and Alan Parker and Eric Ford joined on lead guitar and this line-up, renamed Dave Clark & Friends, lasted until 1973. Between 1978 and 1993, none of their music was available to be purchased in any commercial format, in 1993, a single CD Glad All Over Again was produced by Dave himself and released by EMI in Britain. No DC5 material was legally available until 2008, when the Hits compilation was released by Universal Music in the UK. In 2009 selections from the catalogue were released on iTunes. Dave Clark was also the manager and producer of their recordings. Following the groups break-up, Clark set up a media company, in the process, he acquired the rights to the 1960s pop series Ready Steady Go
44.
Time (musical)
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Time is a musical with a book and lyrics by Dave Clark and David Soames, music by Jeff Daniels, and additional songs by David Pomeranz. The heavily-amplified multi-media event relied heavily on effects, including a huge projected floating head named Akash that served as a narrator throughout the show. The interior of the Dominion Theatre was gutted and reconstructed to accommodate the massive steel set with hydraulic lift designed by John Napier. The West End production, directed and choreographed by Larry Fuller, had a premiere on April 9,1986, at the Dominion Theatre in London, England. Cliff Richard starred as Wilder, Jodie Brooke Wilson as Louise, Jeff Shankley as Melchisedic, David Cassidy replaced Richard later in the run, closing with Grease producer David Ian. Stephanie Lawrence was also a replacement in the Time musical and played opposite Cassidy. 2nd cast, Kim Rosato, Stacey Haynes, Sandra Easby, Annabel Haydn, Ian Stewart, Cavin Cornwall A concept album was released in the United States by Capitol Records and EMI for the rest of the world. Oliviers spoken Theme From Time was released as a single in some countries and was a hit on the Australian charts. The soundtrack has never released on CD. The iTunes digital version features a 20-page color booklet. Its like a science-fiction Sunday-school lesson, London critics had a field day sneering at its greeting-card philosophy and 1960s flower-power platitudes. But children, the young at heart, tourists with little English, but its actual genius is the man who invented its gravity-defying, sense-bombarding scenic effects, the modern theaters most astounding designer. The worst of it, though, are the speeches from The Time Lord who sounds like Captain Highliner after transcendental meditation. If vinyl ever deserved to be melted, the Official Time - The Album website Fan website Time - The Musical Fansite
45.
Mike Batt
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Michael Philip Batt LVO is an English singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, director, conductor and former Deputy Chairman of the British Phonographic Industry. He is best known for creating The Wombles pop act, writing the chart-topping Bright Eyes, michael Philip Batt was born on 6 February 1949, in Southampton, England. He attended Peter Symonds School, Winchester and his blog refers to his role as cadet Company Sergeant Major at the school. Batt began his career in pop music at the age of eighteen when he answered an advertisement placed by Ray Williams in the New Musical Express on behalf of Liberty Records, Batt initially signed as a songwriter and artist to Liberty, but became head of A&R for the label. He signed and produced Tony McPhees The Groundhogs and produced their first album, in 1969 he took over production duties from Noel Walker on McKenna Mendelson Mainlines first release, Stink. Walker and Batt were credited on the album only as Liberty Staff and he produced and played piano on s second album Western Flier. Also in 1969, Batt released as producer/artist a Liberty single, instead of taking his £200 fee, Batt asked for the character rights for musical production. The choice produced his first hits as a singer/songwriter/producer by The Wombles, the collaboration produced eight hit singles and four gold albums. He produced the hit version of Lilac Wine for Elkie Brooks in 1978, the song was a hit in the UK and across Europe. He wrote the song Bright Eyes for the film version of Watership Down. Recorded by Art Garfunkel, it reached number 1 in the UK Singles Chart, Batt also wrote the score for the 1978 film Caravans. As a singer, his albums included Schizophonia and Tarot Suite. From these albums came the European hit songs Railway Hotel, Lady of the Dawn, the latter is telling the story of Moroccans fighting the French colonial power. He worked together quite a few fellow artists on them, e. g. Colin Blunstone. A version of Introduction from Tarot Suite was used as the theme for the Sydney, Australia radio station, Triple M and this was released to air at the end of June 2010. In 1980, Batt released his album, entitled Waves. At the end of that journey, he wrote for the 50th anniversary of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation the musical, Zero Zero. Returning to the UK in 1983, Batt wrote and produced three more Top Ten hits, Please Dont Fall in Love, A Winters Tale and I Feel Like Buddy Holly, in the same year, he helped write lyrics for Abbacadabra
46.
Lewis Carroll
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Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life. Dodgsons family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections, conservative, most of Dodgsons male ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His paternal grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, the older of these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carrolls father. He went to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford and he reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career, instead, he married his first cousin Frances Jane Lutwidge in 1830 and became a country parson. Dodgson was born in the parsonage at Daresbury in Cheshire near the towns of Warrington and Runcorn. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, and this remained their home for the next 25 years. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Newman and the Tractarian movement, Young Charles was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his fathers values and with the Church of England as a whole. During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home and his reading lists preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect, at the age of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrims Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings – that often influenced his life throughout his years. At the age of twelve, he was sent to Richmond Grammar School at nearby Richmond, in 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving, I cannot say. That any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again, I can honestly say that if I could have been. Secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear, scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. I have not had a promising boy at his age since I came to Rugby. He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at Oxford in May 1850 as a member of his fathers old college, after waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went into residence in January 1851. He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home and his mother had died of inflammation of the brain – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of 47
