Kalifornia

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For other uses, see Kalifornia (disambiguation).
Kalifornia
Kaliforniaposter.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed byDominic Sena
Produced bySteve Golin
Aristides McGarry
Sigurjón Sighvatsson
Screenplay byTim Metcalfe
Story byStephen Levy
Tim Metcalfe
Starring
Music byCarter Burwell
CinematographyBojan Bazelli
Edited byMartin Hunter
Production
company
Distributed byGramercy Pictures[1]
Release date
Running time
117 minutes[2]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$8.5 million[3]
Box office$2.4 million

Kalifornia is a 1993 American road thriller film directed by Dominic Sena and starring Brad Pitt, Juliette Lewis, David Duchovny, and Michelle Forbes. The film focuses on a graduate student and his photographer girlfriend traveling cross-country to research serial killings, who unwittingly carpool with a psychopath and his childlike girlfriend.

Filmed in Georgia and rural eastern California in the spring of 1993, Kalifornia premiered at the Montreal World Film Festival on August 27, 1993, where it was awarded two competition prizes. It was released theatrically the following week in the United States, but was a box office bomb, grossing $2.4 million against a nearly $9 million budget. The film received mixed reviews from critics,[4][5] though its acting was largely praised, with critic Roger Ebert heralding the performances of Pitt and Lewis among the best he had ever seen.[6]

Plot[edit]

Brian Kessler is a graduate student and journalist whose article about serial killers has gotten him an offer for a book deal from a publisher. He and his girlfriend Carrie Laughlin, an avant garde photographer, decide to relocate to California in hopes of enriching their careers. The two plot their journey from Louisville, Kentucky to Los Angeles, planning to visit infamous murder sites along the way which Carrie can photograph for Brian's book. Short on funds, Brian posts a ride-share ad on the university campus.

Meanwhile, psychopathic parolee Early Grayce has just lost his job. His parole officer learns of this and comes to the trailer park where Early lives with his naïve, developmentally-delayed girlfriend Adele Corners. Early refuses the officer's offer of a job as a janitor at the university, saying he wants to leave the state, but the officer pressures him into keeping his appointment for the job interview. When Early arrives at the campus, he sees the ride-share ad and calls Brian, who agrees to meet him the following day. Early sends Adele ahead, then murders his landlord before joining her to wait for Brian and Carrie. Carrie is reluctant about riding with the couple given their rough-hewn appearance, but Brian encourages her to give them a chance. On the road, unbeknown to his companions, Early murders a man in a gas station bathroom and steals his money. When they arrive at their first hotel, Early cuts Adele's long hair shorter to try to match Carrie's.

At another hotel, Early invites Brian out to play pool, leaving Adele and Carrie alone together. Adele explains that her mother did not approve of her relationship, because Early had just been released from prison. Adele reveals to Carrie that she suffered a vicious gang rape and that she views Early as her protector, even though he sometimes "punishes" her. While Carrie and Adele drink beer, Adele also admits to Carrie that Early forbids her to smoke or drink. Meanwhile, at a local bar, Early assaults a man who confronts Brian. Later on during the road-trip, Early introduces Brian to pistol shooting in a remote, unnamed location.

Carrie is alarmed by Brian's growing fascination with Early, and by Brian's nonchalant response to the news that Early has been in prison. After catching Early and Adele having sex in the car, she gives Brian an ultimatum: either they rid themselves of the pair, or she will leave. At a desert gas station, Carrie glimpses a news report about Early being a suspected murderer. Early kills the gas station attendant in front of Carrie and continues the trip with the couple as hostages. At an abandoned mine camp, the party encounter two police officers, whom Early shoots and kills. They next come to the home of an elderly couple in the desert. Early beats the man to death, but Adele allows the woman to flee.

When Early confronts Adele about letting the woman free, she hits him in the face with a cactus and chastises him, after which he shoots her to death. He then knocks Brian unconscious before kidnapping Carrie, driving her to the abandoned Dreamland nuclear testing site on the California-Nevada border. Brian regains consciousness, and the elderly woman gives him the keys to her truck. Brian follows Early to the nuclear test site and attacks him, hitting him in the face with a shovel. Brian finds Carrie handcuffed to a bed in abandoned house, having been sexually assaulted. Early, who was only stunned, attacks Brian and they struggle until Early is hit over the head by Carrie with the limb from a nuclear test mannequin. When Early continues the attack, Brian shoots and kills him.

Some time later, Brian and Carrie are living in an oceanfront house in Malibu. As Brian sifts through tapes made with his voice recorder during their trip, Carrie tells him that a local gallery is interested in her art. Brian responds by suggesting they go out to celebrate. As they depart, Brian unintentionally leaves a recording running, which reveals a "thank you" message Adele covertly left at the end of a tape.

Cast[edit]

Critical analysis[edit]

In Lost Highways: An Illustrated History of Road Movies writers Jack Sargeant and Stephanie Watson note that the film presents doubled images of the two couples, "contrary rituals of affirmation" between Early and Adele, and Brian and Carrie, which demonstrate their social and class-related disparities.[7] Sargeant and Watson also interpret the character of Carrie as an androgen that "offers a threat to order" in the dynamics between Early, Adele, and Brian.[8]

Production[edit]

Conception[edit]

Originally titled California, the script was written by Tim Metcalfe with Stephen Levy in 1987. Metcalfe later commented their intentions were "to scare an audience, to comment on our national obsession with 'true crime' stories, and to punish myself for my morbid preoccupation with the subject of murder and murderers."[9] The script was optioned in November 1990 by Propaganda Films, by request of director Dominic Sena.[3] Sena would go on to mention his positive impression on the script was mainly based on the premise and the character of Early Grayce.

Between November 1990 and March 1991, Metcalfe completed two rewrites of the script to implement changes requested by Sena and Propaganda Films.[3] The characters of Brian and Carrie were given professions as a writer and a photographer, respectively, while retaining the original premise to share a ride with a serial killer. Metcalfe disagreed on the direction the script was being developed,[9] while Sena and the producers found his rewrites "uninspiring".[3] In March 1991, Metcalfe was fired from the project.

Without the budget to hire another writer, Sena, along with his two producers, spent another year writing ten subsequent drafts of the script.[3] Their contributions included the voice-over narration of the character of Brian, along with a change of tone from a black comedy to a more violent thriller.[9] Sena maintained the rewrites helped them to secure the cast, as well as an increase to the originally proposed budget of $4.5 million.

Casting[edit]

Brad Pitt was cast as the violent Early Grayce, as he had been seeking out a role that was at odds with the wholesome "pretty boy" image he had portrayed in Thelma & Louise (1991) and A River Runs Through It (1992).[10] Juliette Lewis was cast in the role while still completing production on Martin Scorsese's Cape Fear (1991), and had been in a relationship with Pitt at the time.[10][11] In the role of Carrie, Michelle Forbes was cast after she completed an audition in Los Angeles, as Sena felt she possessed the cool aloofness of the character.[10] The role of Brian Kessler was the last to be cast, with David Duchovny ultimately receiving the role after several screen tests with Pitt, Lewis, and Forbes.[10]

Filming[edit]

Filming of Kalifornia began in the late spring of 1992.[11] Some of the film's early scenes were shot in an old industrial area west of downtown Atlanta[12] and in the Castleberry Hill neighborhood,[13] after which the production moved westward through various locations in California.[10] On June 28, 1993, while filming at a gas station in rural California, the production was temporarily halted following a 7.5 magnitude earthquake.[11]

Sena recalled the shoot being extremely difficult, with the shooting schedule sometimes allowing only one day in certain locations.[10] According to Sena, throughout the production, Pitt and Lewis, who were a couple at the time, would go home and work on lines together during the evenings.[10] Producer Steve Golin recounted during the shoot that "all four of [the main cast] have been so pro, I've been impressed. They have been working ridiculous hours under conditions that are not star-like. The hotels in the desert are not luxurious; they get a room with a swamp cooler, they don't even have air conditioning. It's a rough show."[11]

Soundtrack[edit]

A soundtrack CD for the film was released by Polydor Records on August 3, 1993.[14]

Kalifornia - Original Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by
Various
ReleasedAugust 3, 1993
GenreVarious
Length55:42
LabelPolydor
ProducerVarious
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic2/5 stars[14]
No.TitleWriter(s)Artist(s)Length
1."Do You Need Some?"Matt MercadoMind Bomb6:25
2."Unfulfilled"QuicksandQuicksand3:23
3."Deep"Tony MortimerEast 174:04
4."When You Come Back"
Drivin N Cryin3:00
5."No One Said It Would Be Easy"
Sheryl Crow5:29
6."I Love the World"Angelique BiancaThe Indians5:36
7."Lettuce and Vodka"
X5:05
8."Accelerator"
Therapy?2:08
9."Born for Love"David BaerwaldDavid Baerwald6:17
10."Dive Bomber"Sean DicksonSoup Dragons2:44
11."Look Up to the Sky"Angelique BiancaThe Indians7:20
12."Kalifornia/Cactus Girl"Carter BurwellCarter Burwell4:11

Additional songs
Other songs featured in the film that are not included on the soundtrack include "89 Lines" by Daniel O'Brien, "Seven Days" by Hugh Harris, "Playin' in the Dirt" by Heather Myles, "Strong Enough" by Sheryl Crow, "Come Home" by Pere Ubu, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66" by Asleep at the Wheel, "Symphony No. 8 in F Major Op. 93" by Ludwig van Beethoven and Brad Pitt partially singing part of Free Bird by Lynyrd Skynyrd.

Release[edit]

Box office[edit]

After premiering at the Montreal World Film Festival in August 1993, Kalifornia was released theatrically in the United States on September 3, 1993 at 359 theaters.[15] The film was a box office bomb, only grossing $2,395,231[15] against an $8.5 million budget. The film opened at number 17 at the U.S. box office during its opening weekend with a $1.1 million gross, averaging $3,228 per theater.[15]

Critical response[edit]

The film and Pitt's performance was compared to The Night of the Hunter (1955) and Robert Mitchum's performance in that film

Kalifornia received generally mixed to positive reviews. It holds a 64% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, an average score of 6.2/10, sampled from 28 reviews.[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 49 out of 100, determined from 17 critics' reviews, signifying "mixed or average reviews."[5] Film scholar Robert Cettl noted in his book Serial Killer Cinema that, upon its release, "Kalifornia was both praised as an insightful demystification of the serial killer, and vilified as a glorification of nihilistic violence."[16]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film, awarding it a full four stars, and noted that Pitt and Lewis give "two of the most harrowing and convincing performances I've ever seen."[6] Leonard Klady of Variety also praised the performances of the lead cast and likened the film to Charles Laughton's The Night of the Hunter (1955), deeming it "an extremely handsome production imbued with a chilling, surrealistic sensibility."[17] Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the film as "an exercise in contrasting personalities, with Ms. Lewis's Adele by far the most arresting," but added that the film "is indeed good-looking, with its striking desert landscapes nicely photographed by Bojan Bazelli, and with costumes by Kelle Kutsugaras that say everything -- and more -- about the people who wear them. If looks were everything, maybe they'd be on the right track."[18]

The Chicago Tribune's Gene Siskel wrote that Kalifornia is "yet another terribly violent film about a serial killer. And although the script suffers from an ending that doesn't have that much to say that's fresh about remorseless murderers, the trip is worth taking because we meet four indelible characters in one compelling scene after another."[19] Joe Brown of The Washington Post also commented on the film's violent content, deeming it a "new nadir in nauseating nihilism."[20]

Some critics, such as Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, felt some elements of the script were "preposterous,"[21] while the Chicago Tribune's Mark Caro deemed it a "pretentious B movie."[22] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly made similar criticisms, writing that, "from its inception, Kalifornia...  throws all dramatic sense out the window," and ultimately described it as a "a film-school thesis gone disastrously wrong."[23] Owen McNally of the Hartford Courant, though praising of the performances, wrote: "If you hop aboard this sick, unjoyful ride, you'd better bail out early. Unsafe at any speed, this dramatic vehicle goes up in flames, consumed by a lethally defective mix of pomposity and pretension."[24]

Home media[edit]

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Home Entertainment released Kalifornia on Blu-ray and DVD in August 2010.[25] On March 5, 2019, Shout! Factory released a 2-disc special edition Blu-ray of the film under their Shout! Select label, featuring both the unrated and theatrical cuts.[26]

Accolades[edit]

Award/association Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) and nominee(s) Result Ref.
Montreal World Film Festival September 7, 1993 Best Artistic Contribution Dominic Sena Won [27]
FIPRESCI Prize Dominic Sena Won
Saturn Awards October 20, 1994 Best Horror Film Kalifornia Nominated [28]
Best Actress Michelle Forbes Nominated
Best Writing Tim Metcalfe Nominated

Related works[edit]

Following the completion of the film, DC Comics commissioned a comic book adaptation from writer Chuck Dixon and artist Duncan Fegredo.[29] Fegredo recalled the 32-page adaptation was planned to be released as a supplementary for the film's video release. The adaptation was never published, though it got as far as the completion of some coloring work done by Danny Vozzo. Fegredo has speculated this was due to the demise of Gramercy Pictures, a production company involved handling the rights. An uncolored version, complete with Fegredo's original cover art, has since been uploaded to the Internet.[29]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Cettl 2003, p. 237.
  2. ^ "Kalifornia". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Los Angeles: American Film Institute. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e Metcalfe, Tim (October 25, 1993). "'Kalifornia' Rewrite No 'Cut-and-Paste'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Kalifornia (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Kalifornia (1993)". Metacritic. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  6. ^ a b Ebert, Roger (September 3, 1993). "Kalifornia". Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  7. ^ Sargeant & Watson 1999, p. 159.
  8. ^ Sargeant & Watson 1999, p. 166.
  9. ^ a b c Metcalfe, Tim (September 27, 1993). "The Real 'Kalifornia' Got Lost in the Filmmaking Journey". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Sena, Dominic (2019). "Dominic Sena on Kalifornia" (Blu-ray interview featurette). Shout! Factory.
  11. ^ a b c d Walston, Charles. "ON LOCATION: The Wild Riders: Juliette Lewis and Brad Pitt, a lucky couple off screen, play a hard-luck pair in an unsettling road movie, 'Kalifornia'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  12. ^ "E. Van Winkle Gin and Machine Works". Marietta Street Artery. Marietta, Georgia: Marietta Street Artery Association. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012.
  13. ^ "Guide to Georgia Film Locations". Explore Georgia. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. "Kalifornia [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c Kalifornia at Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  16. ^ Cettl 2003, p. 238.
  17. ^ Klady, Leonard (August 25, 1993). "Kalifornia". Variety. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  18. ^ Maslin, Janet (September 3, 1993). "Review/Film; A Tour of Homicidal America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  19. ^ Siskel, Gene. "Going to 'Kalifornia' is no Trip to Disneyland". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  20. ^ Brown, Joe (September 3, 1993). "The Low Road to Kalifornia". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  21. ^ Travers, Peter (September 3, 1993). "Kalifornia". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  22. ^ Caro, Mark (September 3, 1993). "'Kalifornia' Slummin'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  23. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (September 17, 1993). "Kalifornia". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 27, 2017.
  24. ^ McNally, Owen (September 4, 1993). "Strong Acting Fails to Give Life to 'Kalifornia'". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  25. ^ Boss, Nate (August 11, 2010). "Kalifornia Blu-ray Review". High-Def Digest. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  26. ^ "Shout Factory: Kalifornia Collector's Edition Blu-ray Detailed". Blu-ray.com. February 4, 2019. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019.
  27. ^ Kelly, Brendan (September 7, 1993). "'Trahir' tops Montreal". Variety. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
  28. ^ "Past Winners Database: 20th Saturn Awards". Los Angeles Times. The Envelope. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006.
  29. ^ a b Kalifornia by Duncan Fegredo & Chuck Dixon, Sex, Drugs & Comic Books, 12-31-11. Accessed 03-10-12.

Sources[edit]

  • Cettl, Robert (2003). Serial Killer Cinema: An Analytical Filmography with an Introduction. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-41292-1.
  • Sargeant, Jack; Watson, Stephanie (1999). Lost Highways: An Illustrated History of Road Movies. London: Creation. ISBN 978-1-871-59268-9.

External links[edit]

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