1.
Brad Pitt
–
William Bradley Brad Pitt in Shawnee Oklahoma. He is an American actor and producer and he has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment. Pitt first gained recognition as a hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise. His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the dramas A River Runs Through It and Legends of the Fall, Pitt starred in the cult film Fight Club and the heist film Oceans Eleven and its sequels, Oceans Twelve and Oceans Thirteen. As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry, as well as the worlds most attractive man and his personal life is also the subject of wide publicity. Divorced from actress Jennifer Aniston, to whom he was married for five years and they have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally. In September 2016, Jolie filed for divorce from Pitt, William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Bill Alvin Pitt, manager of a trucking company, and Jane Etta, a school counsellor. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his siblings, Douglas. Pitt has described Springfield as Mark Twain country, Jesse James country, having grown up with a lot of hills, Pitt attended Kickapoo High School, where he was a member of the golf, swimming and tennis teams. He participated in the schools Key and Forensics clubs, in school debates, following his graduation from high school, Pitt enrolled in the University of Missouri in 1982, majoring in journalism with a focus on advertising. As graduation approached, Pitt did not feel ready to settle down and he loved films—a portal into different worlds for me—and, since films were not made in Missouri, he decided to go to where they were made. Two weeks before earning his degree, Pitt left the university and moved to Los Angeles, while struggling to establish himself in Los Angeles, Pitt took lessons from acting coach Roy London. Pitts acting career began in 1987, with uncredited parts in the films No Way Out, No Mans Land and his television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In November of the same year Pitt had a guest appearance on the ABC sitcom Growing Pains and he appeared in four episodes of the CBS primetime series Dallas between December 1987 and February 1988 as Randy, the boyfriend of Charlie Wade. Later in 1988, Pitt made a guest appearance on the Fox police drama 21 Jump Street, in the same year, the Yugoslavian–U. S. Co-production The Dark Side of the Sun gave Pitt his first leading film role, the film was shelved at the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence, and was not released until 1997. He made guest appearances on television series Head of the Class, Freddys Nightmares, Thirtysomething, and Growing Pains. Pitt was cast as Billy Canton, an addict who takes advantage of a young runaway in the 1990 NBC television movie Too Young to Die. the story of an abused teenager sentenced to death for a murder
2.
Juliette Lewis
–
Juliette L. Lewis is an American actress and singer. She gained fame for her role in Martin Scorseses 1991 remake of the thriller Cape Fear for which she was nominated for both an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. This followed with roles in Whats Eating Gilbert Grape, Natural Born Killers, Strange Days, The Evening Star, Kalifornia, From Dusk till Dawn. Her work in television has resulted in two Emmy nominations, Lewis launched a career as a singer and musician, leading the American rock band, Juliette and the Licks, until 2009 when she launched a solo career. Lewis was born in Los Angeles, California, to Geoffrey Lewis, an actor, and his wife, Glenis Batley. She has eight siblings – brothers Lightfield, Peter, Miles, and Matthew, and sisters Brandy, Hannah, Dierdre Lewis, Lewis appeared in The Wonder Years as Waynes girlfriend in Episodes 24,34 and 36. She also played Audrey Griswold in National Lampoons Christmas Vacation, over the next few years, she appeared in Woody Allens Husbands and Wives, Peter Medaks Romeo Is Bleeding, and opposite Brad Pitt in Kalifornia. In 1993, she acted alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Johnny Depp in the drama film Whats Eating Gilbert Grape and she played Mallory Knox in Oliver Stones Natural Born Killers. She played a singer in the film Strange Days, doing her own singing on covers of two songs written by PJ Harvey. She received an Emmy nomination for her performance in Hysterical Blindness in 2003 and she also appeared in the HIM music video for Buried Alive By Love in 2003. She appeared in the 2004 film Starsky & Hutch, playing the role of Kitty, Lewis appeared in Rockstar Games Grand Theft Auto IV, providing the voice of Juliette, the host of fictional radio station Radio Broker. She appeared in a GAP commercial in which she was dancing with Daft Punk to the tune of the song Digital Love and she also appeared in the Jan Kounen film Renegade with Vincent Cassel. In 2012 she starred in the short-lived series The Firm, on NBC as Tammy and she reprised her role as Audrey Griswold in 2012 in a series of Old Navy holiday commercials featuring the Griswold family. In 2015, she had a role in the television series Wayward Pines. Lewis launched a career as a singer and musician, leading American rock band Juliette. Lewis features on the track Bad Brother by the band The Infidels, from The Crow, Salvation Soundtrack album, Lewis has also appeared on three tracks by Electronic Music group The Prodigys 2004 CD Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned. In 2006, Blender magazine included her in their hottest women of rock music list, in 2009, Lewis performed at the Przystanek Woodstock in Poland. In 2010, she played at the Rock for People festival in the Czech Republic, in December 2010, Lewis hosted the game television show Never Mind the Buzzcocks and repeated in January 2012
3.
David Duchovny
–
David William Duchovny is an American actor, writer, producer, director, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is known for playing FBI Agent Fox Mulder on the television series The X-Files and writer Hank Moody on the television series Californication, both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards. Duchovny appeared in both of the two X-Files films, the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the name and the supernatural-thriller The X-Files. He executive produced and starred in the historically based cop drama Aquarius, Duchovny was born in New York, New York, in 1960. He is the son of Margaret Meg, an administrator and teacher, and Amram Ami Duchovny. Duchovnys mother is a Lutheran emigrant from Aberdeen, Scotland and his father was Jewish, Duchovnys paternal grandfather was a Jewish immigrant from Berdychiv, Russian Empire, and Duchovnys paternal grandmother was a Jewish immigrant from Russian Poland. His father dropped the h in his last name to avoid the sort of mispronunciations he encountered while serving in the Army, Duchovny attended Grace Church School and The Collegiate School For Boys, both are in Manhattan. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Princeton University in 1982 with an A. B. in English literature and he was a member of Charter Club, one of the universitys eating clubs. In 1982, his poetry received a mention for a college prize from the Academy of American Poets. The title of his thesis was The Schizophrenic Critique of Pure Reason in Becketts Early Novels. He played junior varsity basketball at Princeton and he received a Master of Arts in English Literature from Yale University and subsequently began work on a Ph. D. that remains unfinished. The title of his doctoral thesis was Magic and Technology in Contemporary Fiction. Duchovny appeared in an advertisement for Löwenbräu beer in 1987, the next year he appeared in two scenes in Working Girl. He had a role as a transvestite DEA agent on the series Twin Peaks and played the narrator. In 1992, he played the role of Rollie Totheroh, in the biographic film Chaplin, directed by Richard Attenborough and based on the life of Charlie Chaplin. In 1993, Duchovny began starring in the science fiction series The X-Files, as FBI Special Agent Fox Mulder, the show evolved into a cult hit and quickly became one of The Fox Networks first major television hits. According to X-Files creator Chris Carter, Duchovny turned out to be one of the people he knew. After getting the role, Duchovny thought the show would not last for long or that it would not make as much impact as it did, executive producer Frank Spotnitz called Duchovny amazingly smart
4.
Michelle Forbes
–
Michelle Renee Forbes Guajardo is an American actress who has appeared on television and in independent films in both the UK and US. Forbes first gained attention from her role in daytime soap opera Guiding Light. She has also nominated for multiple Screen Actors Guild and Saturn Awards during her career. She starred in the 2011–2012 AMC television series The Killing, for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination on July 14,2011, born in Austin, Texas, Forbes hoped to become a ballet dancer. She began receiving formal acting training at the High School for the Performing, in 1987, at age 22, she landed the dual roles of Solita Carrera and Sonni Carrera Lewis on the daytime soap opera Guiding Light. She performed on the show for two years, receiving a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her performance in 1990, after this role, she continued in theater, which was an early love of hers, and began appearing in small guest roles on television to raise her profile. Her portrayal of disgraced Bajoran Starfleet officer Ensign Ro won her many fans among the genre community, and her character quickly became a favorite despite appearing in just eight episodes. The producers of Star Trek invited Forbes to reprise Ro in the spin-off series Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, in 1996, Forbes joined the cast of NBCs popular police drama Homicide, Life on the Street, playing chief medical examiner Julianna Cox. She remained with the show for two years, then was let go as part of a major cast overhaul, however, she would reprise the role in the 2000 TV special Homicide, The Movie. That same year, Forbes became a regular on Wonderland, an ABC series, Forbes was next seen in a recurring role on the police drama The District. During the 2002–2003 TV season, Forbes played the character of Lynne Kresge. Actor Dennis Haysbert, who played President Palmer, reportedly was a big Star Trek fan and she followed this up with a recurring role as Agent Samantha Brinker on the drama Prison Break and guest starred on Boston Legal and Lost. networks. This was the first instance of a pilot episode leaking via P2P. Forbes returned to British television screens with guest roles in both Holby City and as a Mossad agent in Waking the Dead. In 2008, Forbes starred in two HBO drama series, In Treatment, portraying the wife of the character. Forbes played the role of Mitch Larsen in the U. S. television series The Killing, Forbes appeared as Retro Girl in the TV series Powers. She also landed a prominent supporting role in The Hunger Games and she was married to Ross Kettle, the marriage ended in divorce. Afterward she dated fellow Homicide, Life on the Street co-star Reed Diamond for a period, Forbes has been a vegetarian since she was a teen and became vegan in 2011
5.
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
–
Among its most successful films were An American Werewolf in London, Flashdance, Batman, Four Weddings and a Funeral, Dead Man Walking, Fargo, Trainspotting and Notting Hill. The music company PolyGram created PolyGram Pictures in 1980 as a partnership with film producer Peter Guber and it was a spin-off of sorts to Casablanca FilmWorks, the film unit of PolyGrams Casablanca Records which Guber previously ran and had success with The Deep and Midnight Express. PolyGram reserved the finances and Guber would run as CEO. Guber would form a partnership with Barbra Streisands hairdresser Jon Peters, Peters would produce PolyGrams films, and eventually become a stockholder with Guber. Its first film was King of the Mountain, which was a box-office flop, ancillary markets such as home video and pay television were not yet established, and broadcast television networks were paying less for licenses to films. PolyGrams European investors were not happy, they had lost about $80 million on its film division, not long after, Siemens parted with Philips. Guber and Peters left PolyGram Pictures in 1982, taking their plans for a new Batman movie with them, the duo eventually found a home at Warner Bros. A part of their proceedings, PolyGram would still own 7. 5% of profits from some of its projects. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, PolyGram continued to invest in a film unit with the purchases of individual production companies. Kuhn claimed that movies sort of green lit themselves, PolyGram also built up a sizable film and television library that could be profitable. The company purchased ITC Entertainment in 1995, through this purchase, PolyGram acquired 350 feature films, several thousand hours of television programming, and gained further access into the television market. In 1997, PFE agreed to purchase over a feature films held by Crédit Lyonnais Bank for $225 million. PolyGram also attempted purchasing MGM and The Samuel Goldwyn Companys library, PFE was based in the United Kingdom, and invested heavily in British film making — some credit it with reviving the British film industry in the 1990s. Despite a successful history, Philips decided to sell PolyGram to the beverage conglomerate Seagram in 1998. Only interested in PolyGrams music operations, Seagram, which at the time controlled Universal Pictures, after being dissatisfied with offers to buy the studio, Seagram opted to sell off individual assets and folded whatever remained into Universal. In 1998, Seagram sold the bulk of its library of films released up until March 31,1996 to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, some of PFEs North American distribution assets were sold to USA Networks. Universal Pictures via Polygram Entertainment owns the rest of the post-1996 films and this was due to Manga Entertainment being moved from Island Records to Palm Pictures. Working Title Films, acquired by PFE in 1991, propaganda Films, acquired by PFE in 1991. Interscope Communications, acquied by PFE in 1994, Gramercy Pictures, acquired by PFE in 1992
6.
Propaganda Films
–
A propaganda film is a film that involves some form of propaganda. Propaganda can be defined as the ability to produce and spread fertile messages that, once sown, first developed by the Lumiere brothers in 1896, film provided a unique means of accessing large audiences at once. As Nancy Snow stated in her book, Information War, American Propaganda, Free Speech and Opinion Control Since 9-11, propaganda begins where critical thinking ends. Film is a medium in that it reproduces images, movement. Unlike many other art forms, film produces a sense of immediacy, some film academics have noted film’s great illusory abilities. Dziga Vertov claimed in his 1924 manifesto, “The Birth of Kino-Eye” that “the cinema-eye is cinema-truth. ”To paraphrase Hilmar Hoffmann, this means that in film, only what the camera ‘sees’ exists, and the viewer, lacking alternative perspectives, conventionally takes the image for reality. Political and historical films represent, influence, and create historical consciousness and are able to distort events making it a persuasive and possibly untrustworthy medium
7.
Viacom (original)
–
Viacom Inc. was an American media conglomerate. They also distributed syndicated shows which originated during the 1980s, with the biggest examples being The Cosby Show, on December 31,2005, the original incarnation of Viacom split into two new companies, resulting in the creation of CBS Corporation and the current incarnation of Viacom. The original Viacom began as CBS Films, Inc. the television division of CBS established in 1952. The division was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1970, amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies. Viacoms first non-programming acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST in Albany, New York. Later that year, Viacom added WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, in 1985, Viacom bought Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which owned MTV and Nickelodeon, renaming the company MTV Networks. Viacom also received Warner-Amexs share of Viacom/WASEC joint venture Showtime Networks, Inc and this led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company. In 1986, movie theater owner National Amusements bought controlling interest in Viacom, the acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 made Viacom one of the worlds largest entertainment companies. In 1999, Viacom made its biggest acquisition to date by announcing plans to merge with its former parent CBS Corporation. The merger was approved in 2000, bringing cable channels TNN and Country Music Television under Viacoms wing, as well as CBSs production units and TV syndicaters Eyemark Entertainment and King World. CBSs production unit and King World operated under their own names, however, TNN, in 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of Black Entertainment Television. As with TNN/Spike TV and CMT, it was integrated into MTV Networks. As a result, BET was eventually de-integrated from MTV Networks, in 2002, Viacom bought independently run music channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, Viacom bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV, the same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacoms interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer. Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain. And in April 2003, Viacom acquired the ownership shares of Comedy Central from Time Warner. From the mid-1980s until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, several of these were in former CBS antenna television areas. The systems were known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, by 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers
8.
Gramercy Pictures
–
Gramercy Pictures is an American film production label of Universal Studios Focus Features division. It was originally launched as a distributor in May 1992 as a joint venture of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment. Gramercy was the distributor of PolyGram movies in the United States and Canada, after Seagrams buyout on PolyGram, Gramercy, along with October Films, was merged by Barry Diller, to form USA Films in 1999. As of 2015, Focus Features revived the name as a label for action, horror, Gramercy Pictures was formed in 1992 as a joint venture of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment and Universal Pictures. Gramercy Pictures released its first film, the Mario Van Peebles western Posse, in January 1996, PolyGram brought the 50% stake owned by Universal, thus assuming full control of Gramercy. The distributor also had box office hits in 1994s Four Weddings, several Gramercy releases of the 1990s have grown in stature to become cult classics in the present day, The Big Lebowski, Dazed and Confused, Clay Pigeons and Mallrats. In addition, 1995s The Usual Suspects won two Oscars, for Best Original Screenplay and Best Supporting Actor, in 1998 Seagram sold the bulk of its library of PolyGram films released up until March 31,1996 for to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. When Seagram acquired PolyGram in 1999, the merged with. It reacquired Gramercy as it controlled Universal, in turn, Seagram sold Gramercy and another specialty division, October Films, to Barry Dillers USA Networks, and merged both companies into USA Films. USA Films then transformed into Universal Focus and then Focus Features in 2002, in May 2015, Focus Features announced that the Gramercy label has been revived to release action, horror and sci-fi genre films. Its first outing was Insidious, Chapter 3 on June 5,2015, official website Gramercy Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Thriller film
–
Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s
10.
Graduate student
–
A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree with a high grade point average. The distinction between schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees. Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession, many universities award graduate degrees, a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. Those attending graduate schools are called students, or often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates. Degrees awarded to students include masters degrees, doctoral degrees. Producing original research is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities, sciences and this research typically leads to the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training, the degrees may consist solely of coursework, the term graduate school is primarily North American. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is common for graduate students to take coursework outside their specific field of study at graduate or graduate entry level. Some institutions designate separate graduate versus undergraduate staff and denote other divisions, Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. Lato sensu graduate degrees, degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a masters degree and a MBA. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time, stricto sensu graduate degrees, degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. Usually serves as qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a degree, meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Doctors / PhD, 3–4 years for completion, usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures and its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to a conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding. Admission to a masters program generally requires a degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher. Some schools require samples of the writing as well as a research proposal
11.
Serial killing
–
Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis
12.
Serial killer
–
Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis
13.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
14.
Pittsburgh
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
15.
Pennsylvania
–
Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
16.
Trailer park
–
A trailer park is a semi-permanent or permanent area for mobile homes or travel trailers. Advantages include low cost compared to other housing, and quick and easy moving to a new area and it is also seen in the Canadian mockumentary Trailer Park Boys. However, most modern manufactured homes are built to high winds, using hurricane straps. Though trailer parks appear throughout the United States, they are associated with the Deep South. More recently referred to in the U. S. as mobile home communities or manufactured housing sites, retirement communities exist in many locales that permit mobile home parks as over-50 parks. Homeowners must be over the age of 50 and persons under the age of 18 are rarely permitted to live there and these can be gated communities with amenities such as swimming pools, clubhouses and on-site maintenance. Homes are often installed on foundations. However, in certain circumstances residents may not own the land their homes occupy, in Europe, particularly in Germany and Spain, where trailer parks are less common as normal accommodation, disputed trailer parks exist that squat on land near urban centers. Sometimes the inhabitants cultivate a garden. Some cities allow a long-time camping lot to be the regular address registered with the authorities, both types of trailers usually enjoy good amenities and are surrounded by highly manicured gardens. In Australia, there is no differentiation between a trailer park and an RV park. The term caravan park is used to refer to both, in New Zealand, the suburb of Favona in Auckland is an area where trailer parks are concentrated. RV park Shanty town Trailer Park Boys Trailer trash, a term for white people who live in trailer parks Why do so many Americans live in mobile homes. By the BBC News Magazine Park Prejudice by All Parks Alliance for Change
17.
Nuclear test site
–
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Throughout the twentieth century, most nations that developed nuclear weapons tested them, the first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16,1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT. The first thermonuclear weapon technology test of engineer device, codenamed Mike, was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1,1952, also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the Tsar Bomba of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30,1961, with the largest yield ever seen, the treaty permitted underground nuclear testing. France continued atmospheric testing until 1974, and China continued until 1980, underground tests in the United States continued until 1991, the Soviet Union until 1990, the United Kingdom until 1991, and both China and France until 1996. Non-signatories India and Pakistan last tested nuclear weapons in 1998, North Korea conducted nuclear tests in 2006,2009,2013, and 2016. The most recent confirmed nuclear test occurred in September 2016 in North Korea, Nuclear weapons tests have historically been divided into four categories reflecting the medium or location of the test. Atmospheric testing designates explosions that take place in the atmosphere, Nuclear explosions close enough to the ground to draw dirt and debris into their mushroom cloud can generate large amounts of nuclear fallout due to irradiation of the debris. This definition of atmospheric is used in the Limited Test Ban Treaty, underground testing refers to nuclear tests conducted under the surface of the earth, at varying depths. True underground tests are intended to be contained and emit a negligible amount of fallout. Unfortunately these nuclear tests do occasionally vent to the surface, producing from nearly none to considerable amounts of debris as a consequence. In 1976, the United States and the USSR agreed to limit the maximum yield of underground tests to 150 kt with the Threshold Test Ban Treaty. Underground testing also falls into two categories, tunnel tests in generally horizontal tunnel drifts, and shaft tests in vertically drilled holes. Exoatmospheric testing refers to tests conducted above the atmosphere. The test devices are lifted on rockets, underwater testing results from nuclear devices being detonated underwater, usually moored to a ship or a barge. Tests of this nature have usually been conducted to evaluate the effects of weapons against naval vessels. Another way to nuclear tests are by the number of explosions that constitute the test.1 second. The USSR has exploded up to eight devices in a single salvo test, Pakistans second, almost all lists in the literature are lists of tests, in the lists in Wikipedia, the lists are of explosions
18.
Black comedy
–
Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
19.
Thriller (genre)
–
Thriller is a broad genre of literature, film and television, having numerous subgenres. Thrillers are characterized and defined by the moods they elicit, giving viewers heightened feelings of suspense, excitement, surprise, anticipation, successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock. Thrillers generally keep the audience on the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax, the cover-up of important information is a common element. Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists, and cliffhangers are used extensively, a thriller is usually a villain-driven plot, whereby he or she presents obstacles that the protagonist must overcome. Homers Odyssey is one of the oldest stories in the Western world and is regarded as a prototype of the thriller. Thrillers may be defined by the mood that they elicit. In short, if it thrills, it is a thriller, as the introduction to a major anthology explains, Suspense is a crucial characteristic of the thriller genre. It gives the viewer a feeling of pleasurable fascination and excitement mixed with apprehension, anticipation and tension and these develop from unpredictable, mysterious and rousing events during the narrative, which make the viewer or reader think about the outcome of certain actions. Suspense builds in order to make those final moments, no matter how short, the suspense in a story keeps the person hooked to reading or watching more until the climax is reached. In terms of expectations, it may be contrasted with curiosity. The objective is to deliver a story with sustained tension, surprise, the second type of suspense is the. anticipation wherein we either know or else are fairly certain about what is going to happen but are still aroused in anticipation of its actual occurrence. According to Greek philosopher Aristotle in his book Poetics, suspense is an important building block of literature, common methods and themes in crime and action thrillers are mainly ransoms, captivities, heists, revenge, kidnappings. Common in mystery thrillers are investigations and the whodunit technique, common elements in dramatic and psychological thrillers include plot twists, psychology, obsession and mind games. Common in horror thrillers are serial killers, stalking, deathtraps, elements such as fringe theories, false accusations and paranoia are common in paranoid thrillers. Threats to entire countries, spies, espionage, conspiracies, assassins, the themes frequently include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Plots of thrillers involve characters which come into conflict with other or with outside forces. The protagonist of these films is set against a problem, no matter what subgenre a thriller film falls into, it will emphasize the danger that the protagonist faces. While protagonists of thrillers have traditionally been men, women characters are increasingly common
20.
Downtown Atlanta
–
Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Downtown measures approximately four miles, and had 26,700 residents as of 2010. Similar to other business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, Downtown is bound by North Avenue to the north, Boulevard to the east, Interstate 20 to the south, and Northside Drive to the west. This definition of Downtown Atlanta includes central areas like Five Points, the Atlanta Downtown Improvement District organization, though, defines a much smaller downtown area measuring just one and two tenths square miles. This area only includes the central business district neighborhoods of Fairlie-Poplar, Five Points, the Hotel District, Centennial Hill. The history of downtown began in 1826 with Wilson Lumpkin and Hamilton Fulton surveying a possible route between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Milledgeville, Georgias capital at the time. In 1833, Lumpkin, who had become governor, requested that the state legislature charter three railroad lines. By 1836, the state-financed Western and Atlantic Railroad, linking the middle of Georgia to the states north and west, was founded by the legislature. As a result, the town named Terminus was founded in 1837, Terminus received a name change in 1842 when the towns 30 inhabitants voted to change the towns name to Marthasville, in honor of Governor Lumpkins daughter. By 1845, John Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, the first suggestion was Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. In 1847, Atlanta was incorporated, with the town limits extending in a radius from the mile marker at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a railroad hub and manufacturing center. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his March to the Sea, Atlantas first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgias state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville, by the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, the National Football League awarded the city the Falcons expansion team in 1966. The Hawks arrived in 1968, even though Omni Coliseum, the basketball arena. Atlantas three major sports team continue to play their home games downtown in updated facilities, Turner Field, the Georgia Dome
21.
Polydor Records
–
Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
22.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
23.
Allmusic
–
AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
24.
Tony Mortimer
–
Anthony Michael Tony Mortimer is an English singer, rapper, songwriter and composer. He is best known as a member of the boy band East 17, Mortimer is also the writer of the bands only number-one single, Stay Another Day. Mortimer was a member of the 1990s boy band East 17, with whom he had seven UK Top 10 singles and he turned to songwriting when the group disbanded in 1997, in the wake of fellow member Brian Harveys controversial comments about ecstasy. In 1998, Mortimers East 17 bandmates briefly reformed the group without him and they disbanded again the following year. In 2010, East 17 reformed as a three piece and were seeking a new singer, a position filled in 2011 by Blair Dreelan. The band scrapped the album and in 2012 released the newly recorded, Dark Light, the group toured Europe throughout 2011 and in early 2012. In June 2012 they returned to Australia for the first time in over 15 years, two singles were released from Dark Light, I Cant Get You Off my Mind and Friday Night, whilst a third single, Counting Clouds, was due for release in July 2012. Mortimer has continued as a producer since 1997, from his studio in Essex. Mortimer has also managed bands, including girl group Urban Angel, whose members included Roxanne Pallett, the band broke up after Pallett won a role in ITV soap opera Emmerdale. Mortimer appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in Season 19 on Episode 3 and he competed in the BBCs Winter Wipeout series in March 2012 and finished second, ahead of former Coronation Street star Steven Arnold, but behind the winner Eddie The Eagle Edwards. In December 2012, Mortimer appeared as a panellist on Channel 5 show The Wright Stuff,17 June 2013 he released his debut solo album Songs from the Suitcase. In early 2014, Mortimer departed from East 17 to focus more on his solo career, Mortimer has two daughters with his partner Tracey, Atlanta and Ocean. The award-winning lyrics of his song, Stay Another Day, were inspired by the death of his brother, Ollie, by suicide
25.
East 17
–
East 17 are an English pop boy band group currently consisting of original members John Hendy and Terry Coldwell and newest addition to the line-up Robbie Craig. The original line-up also featured Brian Harvey and Tony Mortimer and their style blended pop and hip hop in songs such as House of Love and Let It Rain. The group have sold a minimum of 1.8 million albums and 1.8 million singles in the UK alone. As of April 2012, the group have sold 18 million records worldwide, the group began in 1991 when Tony Mortimer was promised a record deal with London Records after he presented his own material. The deal was granted under the condition that he form a group, Mortimer later formed East 17 with Brian Harvey, John Hendy and Terry Coldwell. The group was named East 17 after the postcode of their hometown, the original roles in the band were soon altered when Brian Harvey, who was intended to be a back-up singer and dancer was made into lead singer due to his vocal talent. Mortimer wrote the vast majority of the songs, which often contained rap verses vocalised by him to complement Harveys more fluid vocals. In the great battle that dominated British pop, East 17 were also on the winning side. Their music was sharper and more streetwise and it was infused with hip hop and sold by the bucketload,18 million records across Europe, compared with Take Thats paltry 17 million. East 17 scored twelve Top 10 hits on the UK Singles Chart between 1992 and 1998 and their debut album, Walthamstow, shot to No.1 on the UK Albums Chart. It featured a string of Top 20 singles, including House of Love and its Alright became a major success in Australia, reaching No.1 in early 1994 for seven consecutive weeks, and No.3 in the UK in 1993. The lyrics to some of their songs, such as Let It Rain, had political undertones, talking about war, peace, equality, love, and other political issues. In 1994, upon the release of their album, Steam. It remained at the top for five weeks and was also that years Christmas number-one, following the somewhat low-key release of the next album, Up All Night, their drop in appeal became apparent compared to previous albums. The albums songwriting duties were split among the four members of the group, rather than Mortimer alone, in 1996, the group hit No.2 with the track If You Ever, a duet with the singer Gabrielle. The press put a spin on the story, tying it in to schoolgirl Leah Betts death from MDMA in 1995, the act went against the groups boy band image, and there was a media uproar, leading to questions being raised in the House of Commons. The bands split in 1997 has been described as one of the greatest break-ups in pop history and their first single as E-17 was Each Time, which reached No.2 in the UK. This unfortunately could not help the group reclaim their success. the band were dropped by their label in 1999
26.
Drivin N Cryin
–
Drivin N Cryin is an American hard rock/Southern rock band from Atlanta, Georgia. The band was formed in 1985 in Atlanta, kevn Kinney hooked up with Frank French at Franks recording studio, Dragon Path Music working on his original songs there at night & working at times at Franks shop Far East Futon Company in Atlanta. Kevn also hooked up with Tim Nielsen, who was in a band called the Nightporters with drummer Paul Lenz at the time. Kinney had just moved to Georgia from Milwaukee and was working in a treatment plant by day while playing folk gigs by night. The band’s name, Drivin’ N’ Cryin’, was chosen one of Kevn’s many songs that reflected the two directions of their music. Various musicians including Frank French accompanied the threesome in the early years and they signed with indie label 688 Records in 1986 after becoming one of Atlanta’s top club draws. Their first album, Scarred But Smarter, was an instant hit and landed them countless tour dates, in 1987, Lenz left the band and was replaced by Jeff Sullivan, who was recruited just in time to accompany them for their first major-label release. Sullivan had been the drummer for Mr. Crowes Garden, the band later became The Black Crowes. That same year, the band held its first “Benefit For The Hopeful, ” a concert to raise money for Atlanta homeless organizations, held annually on Dec.8, the anniversary of John Lennon’s death. Other native Georgian group R. E. M’s guitar tech and he was officially asked to join the band on a more permanent level in 1988, after repeated on-stage appearances with the group. The band released its first album for Island, Whisper Tames The Lion, produced by Anton Fier, the album peaked at No.130 on the Billboard 200. College radio success accumulated with airplay of the songs Cant Promise You The World and Powerhouse. 1989 marked the release of some of the bands most memorable songs on the Mystery Road album, such as “Honeysuckle Blue” and “Straight To Hell. ”In 1991, the next few years the band toured with artists such as Neil Young and Soul Asylum. In 1993, the band released another album produced by Geoff Workman, entitled Smoke and this album was another all-out rocker, marked with guitar assaults, but it failed to catch on with the public as had its predecessor. In 1994, the decided to move away from the heavy guitar sounds of the previous two records and brought in keyboardist Joey Huffman to replace Buren Fowler. That same year the band left Island Records and found a new home at Geffen Records, the bands first and only Geffen album, 1995s Wrapped In Sky, featured newly added keyboard sounds and a return to the bands original sound. 1997 brought along a self-titled album, followed two years later by an album, The Essential Live Drivin N Cryin. In 2000, the band released The Ultimate Collection, a best-of collection, in 2003, the band released a four-song EP, Detroit City Rock, which featured a cover of the Beatles Let It Be, recorded in New York City on Sept.13,2001
27.
Sheryl Crow
–
Sheryl Suzanne Crow is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Her music incorporates elements of pop, rock, folk, country and she has released eight studio albums, two compilations, a live album and has contributed to a number of film soundtracks. She has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide, Crow has garnered nine Grammy Awards from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. B. King, George Strait, Tony Bennett, Kid Rock and Sting, among others and she has also performed backing vocals for Tina Turner, Don Henley, Stevie Nicks, Belinda Carlisle, Bob Dylan and Joe Cocker. Sheryl Suzanne Crow was born in Kennett, Missouri, the daughter of Bernice, a teacher, and Wendell Wyatt Crow. Her great-grandfather was congressman Charles A. Crow and she has two older sisters named Kathy and Karen and a younger brother named Steven. While studying at Kennett High School, Crow was a majorette and she also joined the pep club, the National Honor Society, and the National FFA Organization, and was crowned Paperdoll Queen in a celebrity-judged beauty contest during her senior year. She then enrolled at the University of Missouri in Columbia and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in composition, performance. While at the university, she sang in the local band Cashmere, Crow was later awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Missouri and Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Crow has stated that her musical inspirations are not restricted to one genre—she likes anything with a drum beat, in 2008, she told Ellen DeGeneres that If it didnt have a drum beat, you can just forget about it. After graduating from the University of Missouri, Crow worked as a teacher at the Kellison elementary school in Fenton. Teaching during the day gave her the opportunity to sing in bands on the weekends and she was later introduced to local musician and record producer Jay Oliver. He had a studio in the basement of his parents home in St. Louis. Her first jingle was a back to school spot for the St Louis department store Famous-Barr, soon after she created commercial jingles for McDonalds and Toyota. She was quoted in a 60 Minutes segment as saying she made $40,000 on her McDonalds ad alone, Crow toured with Michael Jackson as a backing vocalist during his Bad World Tour 1987–89 and often performed with Jackson on I Just Cant Stop Loving You. She also recorded vocals for performances for a number of established artists such as Stevie Wonder, Belinda Carlisle. Crow also sang in the short-lived Steven Bochco drama Cop Rock in 1990 and that same year, her song Heal Somebody appeared in the film Bright Angel. In 1992, Crow recorded her first attempt at an album with Phil Collins record producer Hugh Padgham
28.
Kevin Gilbert (musician)
–
Kevin Matthew Gilbert was an American songwriter, musician, composer, producer and collaborator. Kevin Gilbert was a composer, singer and instrumentalist who played keyboards, guitar, bass guitar, cello. His talents also extended to production and he toured with Eddie Money before winning the 1988 Yamaha SOUNDCHECK International Rock Music Competition with his progressive rock group Giraffe. Producer Patrick Leonard was impressed with Gilberts performance at the competition, during this time, Gilbert worked on the projects of several established pop musicians, including Madonna, Michael Jackson, and Keith Emerson, acting as producer for the latters album Changing States. Later, Gilbert was part of the songwriting collective The Tuesday Music Club that met at producer Bill Bottrells studio in Pasadena, Gilbert co-wrote many of the songs on that album, including 1995 Grammy Record of the Year All I Wanna Do. Crow later acrimoniously split with most of the musicians in the collective and only producer Bottrell, meanwhile the remainder of the collective worked with singer-songwriters Susanna Hoffs and Linda Perry on two more albums. Gilberts manager sent a copy of the recording to Tony Banks, coincidentally, shortly after Gilberts death, his manager, Jon Rubin of The Rubinoos, was contacted by Genesiss management to arrange an audition. Gilberts second solo album, The Shaming of the True, was released posthumously. Following this, an album of music performed by Gilberts group. In June of 2012 Nick DVirgilio headlined CalProg in Whittier, CA, in October 2009, three new works were released, Nuts and Bolts and Welcome to Joytown – Thud, Live at The Troubadour, a DVD/CD which expanded on the original 1999 release. In 2012, the two Giraffe albums and 1984s No Reasons Given were re-issued with complete re-mastering from the analog tapes. Late 2014 saw an expanded release of Thud. Gilbert died at age 29 in Los Angeles from apparent autoerotic asphyxiation
29.
Exene Cervenka
–
She moved to Tallahassee, Florida with her family, where she lived from age 13 to 20. Cervenka dropped out of high school, after her mother died, she raised her sisters. Cervenka moved to Santa Monica, California, in the summer of 1976, Cervenka had an older sister, Mirielle, a jewelry designer who lived in New York City. During a 1980 visit to Los Angeles, while en route to the Whisky A Go-Go nightclub to see X, Mirielle was hit by a driver who ran a red light. The 21-year-old Cervenka met 23-year-old musician John Doe at a workshop at the Beyond Baroque Foundation in Venice. Billy Zoom and John Doe founded X in 1977, Doe asked Cervenka to join soon after. They released their album, Los Angeles, in 1980 and, over the next six years. Dave Alvin taught Cervenka how to play the guitar, in 1982, Cervenka published Adulterers Anonymous, her first in a series of four books in collaboration with artist Lydia Lunch. She and Lunch also released a spoken word album, Rude Hieroglyphics, in 1996, from 1996 to 1999, John Roecker and Cervenka co-owned Los Angeles store Youve Got Bad Taste. The store specialized in kitsch and various off-color novelties, in 1999, as Exene Červenková, she appeared in the cult video Decoupage 2000, Return of the Goddess, along with guests Karen Black and the band L7. She gave a reading of her poem They Must Be Angels, in 2005, her journals and mixed media collages were exhibited in a one-person exhibition titled America the Beautiful at the Santa Monica Museum of Art. The exhibit was curated by Kristine McKenna and Michael Duncan, an expanded version of the exhibition traveled to DCKT Contemporary in New York in January 2006. Cervenka was married to John Doe from 1980 to 1985 and she met her second husband, Viggo Mortensen, in 1986 on the set of the comedy Salvation. They married on July 8,1987, on January 28,1988, Cervenka gave birth to a son, Henry Blake Mortensen. Mortensen and Cervenka lived in Idaho for three years and they separated in 1992, and were divorced in 1997. Cervenka married musician Jason Edge, who went on to play in her band, Edge and Cervenka are now divorced. Cervenka moved from Los Angeles to Jefferson City, Missouri for four years and she now lives in Orange County. On June 2,2009, Cervenka released a statement revealing that she had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, well before this diagnosis, she and X have actively supported Sweet Relief, a charity that aids uninsured artists
30.
John Doe (musician)
–
John Nommensen Duchac, known professionally as John Doe, is an American singer, songwriter, actor, poet, guitarist and bass player. Doe co-founded LA punk band X, of which he is still an active member and his musical performances and compositions span rock, punk, country and folk music genres. As an actor, he has dozens of appearances and several movies to his credit. In addition to X, Doe performs with the band the Knitters and has released records as a solo artist. In the early 1980s, he performed on two albums by the Flesh Eaters, Doe moved to Los Angeles, California, and in 1976 met guitar player Billy Zoom through an ad in the local free weekly paper, The Recycler. A. Along with co-writer Exene Cervenka, Doe composed most of the songs recorded by X, wild Gift, an album from that bands heyday, was named Record of the Year by Rolling Stone, The Los Angeles Times, and The New York Times. With Dave Alvin, he co-wrote two of the songs on the Blasters 1984 album Hard Line, Just Another Sunday and Little Honey and he also wrote Cyrano de Bergers Back for the Flesh Eaters LP A Minute to Pray, a Second To Die. Since 1990, Doe has recorded nearly a dozen albums as a soloist or in collaboration with other artists, in the 1992 movie The Bodyguard, it is Does version of I Will Always Love You that plays on the jukebox when Costners and Houstons characters are dancing. It was released on cassette by Warner Bros. in September 1992. He co-wrote and played on the song Lobotomy with Tyler Willman for the eponymous 1998 debut studio album of the band Calm Down Juanita. Doe took part in Todd Hayness 2007 movie Im Not There, both recordings were included on the films soundtrack, and the former was prominently featured in the film, with Christian Bale lip-synching Does vocals. Doe recorded the song Unforgiven in 2007 with Aimee Mann on A Year in the Wilderness and he then joined with Eddie Vedder on a mix of the song Golden State in 2008. The Meanest Man in the World by Doe was featured in Season 4 of the television series Friday Night Lights, Country Club, featuring Canadian indie rock band The Sadies, covered country classics along with original songs. Doe contributed a cover of Peggy Sue Got Married to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly and his latest solo record, The Westerner, was released in 2016. Doe said that it was made in the desert, in Arizona, and he is also working on a book that will about the punk rock scene from 1977 to 1983 that will be released in the spring of 2016. Doe wanted it to be a recollection, not just one persons perspective of the time. In the 1989 biographical film Great Balls of Fire, Doe played Jerry Lee Lewiss cousin-turned-father-in-law J. W. Brown. He starred in the 1992 film Roadside Prophets and in the 1998 short Lone Greasers, other movie acting credits include Road House, Vanishing Point, Salvador, Boogie Nights, The Specials, The Good Girl, Gypsy 83, Wyatt Earp, Border Radio, and Pure Country
31.
X (American band)
–
X is an American punk rock band, formed in Los Angeles in 1977, among the first wave of American punk. The original members are vocalist Exene Cervenka, vocalist/bassist John Doe, guitarist Billy Zoom, the band released seven studio albums from 1980 to 1993. After a period of inactivity during the mid to late 1990s, X reunited in the early 2000s, X achieved limited mainstream success but influenced various genres of music, including punk rock and folk rock. In 2003, Xs first two albums, Los Angeles and Wild Gift, were ranked by Rolling Stone as being among the 500 greatest albums of all time. Los Angeles was ranked 91st on Pitchforks Top 100 Albums of the 1980s, the band received an Official Certificate of Recognition from the City of Los Angeles in acknowledgment of its contribution to Los Angeles music and culture. X was founded by bassist/singer Doe and guitarist Zoom, Doe brought his poetry-writing girlfriend Cervenka to band practices, and she eventually joined the band as a vocalist. Drummer Bonebrake was the last of the members to join after leaving local group the Eyes. Xs first record deal was with independent label Dangerhouse, for which the band produced one single, as the band became the flag bearer for the local scene, a larger independent label, Slash Records, signed the band to issue its first album. The result was their debut, Los Angeles produced by the Doors keyboard player and it was a minor hit and was well received by the underground press and mainstream media. Much of Xs early material had a rockabilly edge, Doe and Cervenka co-wrote most of the groups songs, with their slightly off-kilter harmony vocals serving as the groups most distinctive element. Their lyrics tended to be poetry, comparisons to Charles Bukowski. Their follow-up effort, 1981s Wild Gift, broadened the bands profile when it was named Record of the Year by Rolling Stone, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times and Village Voice. During 1981, both Doe and Bonebrake (along with Dave Alvin, guitarist served as members of the Flesh Eaters, performing on that second album, A Minute to Pray. X then signed to Elektra in 1982 to release Under the Big Black Sun, while still fast and loud, with raw punk guitars, the album displayed evolving country leanings. The album was influenced by the death of Cervenkas elder sister Mirielle in a 1980 automobile accident. Three songs on the album all directly related to the tragedy, a fourth, a high-speed version of Al Dubin and Joe Burkes Dancing With Tears in My Eyes, was, years later, indirectly attributed to Cervenkas mournful state of mind. The stark black-and-white cover art and title were also a reflection of the mood of the band during this time. Cervenka has said it is her favorite X album You know, my record is Under the Big Black Sun
32.
Andy Cairns
–
Andrew James Cairns, is a founding member, singer, guitarist, and songwriter for Therapy. A punk rock/alternative metal band from Northern Ireland, after attending Ballyclare High School in the town, Andy then began working as a quality control inspector in a Michelin tyre factory. After playing in heavy metal and punk rock bands, Cairns started the band Therapy. in 1989 with drummer Fyfe Ewing whom he met at a local charity gig. Cairns quit his job and became a musician when Therapy. Signed to London based independent label Wiiija, the band, completed by bassist Michael McKeegan, went on to widespread success, in particular with the much-lauded Troublegum album on A&M Records in 1994, which has sold over one million copies. To date, he has recorded ten albums, two mini-albums, two compilation albums and numerous EPs with the million selling outfit. Along with McKeegan, Cairns is the original member still with the band. Cairns earliest work with Therapy. was characterised by an interest in psychiatry, psychosis, albums saw his lyrics become concerned with recurring themes such as doomed romance, loneliness and loss. He has a reputation amongst music fans for being a pleasant natured and approachable artist and this easy going persona has marked him out as being quite different from fellow rock musicians, and has bolstered his enduring relationship with the music press. Cairns was a member of Likwidatorz, Crash Into June and Falling Eiffels and he has also played with roadie/radio presenter Diamond Dave Thompson in a band called The Buzzwreckers. In 1990, while unsure of Therapy. s potential. One of the tracks recorded, This Isnt, later re-appeared with different lyrics as Jude The Obscene from Therapy. s 1995 album Infernal Love, in 1993, Cairns co-founded Dublin based record label Blunt Records with Dan Oggly of Friction PR. The label produced and released work for alternative Irish bands such as Mexican Pets, the label ceased operating in the late 90s. Cellist/guitarist Martin McCarrick, formed a short-lived and highly experimental combo called Casey Jones Reaction, the duo demod a few tracks but nothing concrete arose from the sessions and nothing was officially released. However, in 2008 Andy posted several of the tracks on Therapy. s official website, two of the tracks, Serge and Apple featured Michael McKeegan on bass and were recorded in a studio. The remaining nine tracks were recorded on Martins four-track, in May 2013, Cairns embarked on his first ever solo acoustic tour of the UK, as well as some dates in Europe. To especially mark the tour, he released a CD of acoustic material for sale exclusively at the shows, titled 53 Minutes Under Byker, songs,6 original tracks freshly written for the tour and a cover version, all recorded on 24 April 2013 in Newcastles Blast Studios. On 18 August 2014, Cairns recorded his second album, titled Fuck You Johnny Camo
33.
Michael McKeegan
–
Michael Robert McKeegan is best known as the bassist with the rock band, Therapy. In 1988, McKeegan, along with his two brothers Ciaran and Charlie, formed a metal band, Evil Priest. The group recorded two demo cassettes - Pretention Is No Excuse and Hear No Evil, the fledgling group disbanded in 1989 when Michael McKeegan joined Therapy. In 1989, while McKeegan was still at school, his classmate Fyfe Ewing handed him a four song cassette that he had recorded with Andy Cairns, entitled Thirty Seconds Of Silence. McKeegan was so impressed he immediately joined as Therapy. s bassist and he has since recorded twelve full-length albums, two mini-albums, two compilation albums and numerous EPs. Along with Cairns, McKeegan is the original member still with the band. In the late 1990s, McKeegan joined the short-lived Belfast based group, Sons Of Massey, along with his brother Charlie McKeegan, Robyn G. Shiels, the group played live around Northern Ireland and recorded a demo at Einstein Studios in County Antrim. Its the best bass Ive ever played, I used a Boss Bass Overdrive too, but some of the more fuzzy bass is Mr Coloursound and his wonderful pedals again. Then I used the pitch-shift on a Digitech Whammy pedal for some of the higher notes, oh, and I attacked the bass with the leg off Martins cello. Its a very useful thing to have around, in August 2003, he posted the following message on the official Therapy. Website, For Troublegum and Infernal Love I used the black Status bass with an Ampeg Svt1 head, for Semi-Detached I used the Sunburst Musicman and a Mesa Boogie 4oo+ through a Mesa Boogie 2x15 cabinet. Suicide Pact was the Sunburst Musicman with the Mesa 400+ head through the Ampeg 8x10, Shameless was the Blue Musicman through a Mesa 400+, high Anxiety was the Blue Musicman with various weird heads through a Harke 4 x10 cabinet. In conjunction with all these set ups I normally use a Sans Amp bass driver pedal and Boss Bass Overdrive, for the record I NEVER had a Westone Thunder 1a. That is a reference to Andy’s first ever bass guitar but I never dabbled, aria Pro II when I could afford them. Other guitars… Status Buzzard, Fender Sunburst Precision and a Sunburst Fender Jazz have all made appearances on record and he lives in Belfast, with his Dutch wife whom he married in September 2008. He appeared as a judge on BBC Northern Irelands ATL Rock School 2007, since 2013 McKeegan has written a monthly column for the UKs Bass Guitar Magazine, where he also reviews bass guitars and amplifiers. Pretention Is No Excuse - Demo tape Hear No Evil, - Demo tape Hate Net - Demo tape Sons of Massey - Demo CD, unreleased Purveyor of Quackery -7 limited to 10 copies, not for sale Therapy
34.
Therapy?
–
Therapy. are an alternative metal band from Northern Ireland. The band was formed in 1989 by guitarist–vocalist Andy Cairns from Ballyclare and drummer-vocalist Fyfe Ewing from Larne, the band initially recorded their first demo with Cairns filling in on bass guitar. To complete the lineup, the band recruited Larne bassist Michael McKeegan, the band signed with major label A&M Records in 1992 and released most notably Troublegum in 1994 and Infernal Love in 1995. Ewings departure in early 1996 preceded the arrivals of his replacement Graham Hopkins and Martin McCarrick on cello, Neil Cooper replaced Hopkins on drums in 2002. Following the departure of McCarrick in 2004, the band has remained a three piece since. Therapy. are currently signed to UK independent label Amazing Record Co, the two spoke afterwards and agreed to meet for rehearsal in Fyfes house in Larne with Andy playing a small practice amp and Fyfe playing his kit with brushes. In the summer they recorded a four track demo tape with Andy playing a bass guitar borrowed from Fyfes classmate Michael McKeegan, deciding to play live, they recruited McKeegan and played their debut gig at the Belfast Art College supporting Decadence Within on 20 August 1989. They followed this up another four track demo tape. Released its first single, called Meat Abstract in July 1990, the single was limited to 1000 copies, and released on the bands own Multifuckinational Records. During the summer of year, the band made its first tour through the United Kingdom with The Beyond. The band also took whatever support slot they could, opening for the likes of Loop, Ride, Teenage Fanclub, Inspiral Carpets, Tad, Fugazi, quickly came to the attention of local music fans with their distinctively uncompromising style. The move was helped by Lesley Rankine of Silverfish, who passed the bands first single on to Gary Walker of Wiiija. The bands first album, July 1991s Babyteeth, and its January 1992 follow up, both albums were underground successes, hitting number 1 in the UK Indie Charts. The attention led to support slots with both Babes In Toyland and Hole on their respective UK tours, a compilation of the two albums entitled Caucasian Psychosis was prepared for the North American market, and the band embarked on their first U. S. tour in October 1992. Their debut A&M record, Nurse, made its way into UKs Top 40 Album Chart in November 1992, the grunge revolution was in full swing, with US outfit Nirvana leading the way. Predictably, the media began to draw comparisons between the two bands, the heavy guitars and inventive drumming that was swiftly becoming Therapy. s trademark led them more towards the grunge camp than away from it. If there was one true breakthrough year in the bands history, the release of the Shortsharpshock EP catapulted Therapy. Into the Top 40, peaking at nine, featuring the lead track Screamager, the single led to the first of several appearances on the venerable UK music show Top of the Pops
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
