Kanem–Bornu Empire
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The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosp
"Organa" and its ruler in the 14th-century European Catalan Atlas. Organa has historically been identified with Kanem–Bornu but other candidates have also been proposed.
Kanembu warriors and a chief, by Élisée Reclus (1892)
Shehu Umar Kura receives gifts from Wilhelm I of the German Empire
Shehu Ashimi receives Parfait-Louis Monteil at Kukawa
Sokoto Caliphate
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The Sokoto Caliphate, also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa. It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa K
Kanem–Bornu Empire
…various neighbors. The empire nearly fell during the Fula jihads in the early 19th century, which saw the center of power in the region shift west to the Sokoto Caliphate. In the aftermath of the jihads, the Sayfawa dynasty was supplanted by the al-Kanemi dynasty, who ruled with the title shehu (sheikh). In 1893, Kanem–Bornu…
A brother of Sultan Umaru bin Ali (1888) by Élisée Reclus
A Fulani from the Sokoto Caliphate
View of the outskirts of Sokoto (1890)
Fulani from Sokoto