1.
Karpathos
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Karpathos is the second largest of the Greek Dodecanese islands, in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Together with the neighboring smaller Saria Island it forms the municipality of Karpathos, because of its remote location, Karpathos has preserved many peculiarities of dress, customs and dialect, the last resembling those of Crete and Cyprus. The island has also been called Carpathus in Latin, Scarpanto in Italian, the island is located about 47 kilometres southwest of Rhodes, in the part of the Mediterranean which is called the Carpathian Sea. The Sea of Crete, a sub-basin of the Mediterranean Sea, has its eastern limit defined by the island of Karpathos, Karpathos highest point is Mt. Lastos, at 1,215 metres. Pigadia, the capital and main port of the island, is located in the southeast of the island, the capital is surrounded by the villages of Menetes, Arkasa, Aperi, Volada, Othos, and Pyles. In the north Mesochori, Spoa and Olympos, there are two ports, in Karpathos and in the north of the island next to Olympos named Diafani. The island Saria was once united with Karpathos, but an earthquake divided them, the weather station of Karpathos alongside Ierapetra holds Greeces highest annual mean temperature,20.1 °C.800 km2, the municipal unit 219.924 km2. The island of Karpathos was in ancient and medieval times closely connected with Rhodes. Its current name is mentioned, with a shift of one letter. Apollonius of Rhodes, in his epic Argonautica, made it a port of call for the Argonauts travelling between Libya and Crete, the island is also mentioned by Virgil, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo. The Karpathians sided with Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE, in 42 BCE, the island fell to Rome. After the division of the Roman Empire in 395 CE, the became part of the Eastern Roman Empire. Of its Christian bishops, the names are known of Olympius, who was a supporter of Nestorius, Zoticus, Mennas, Ioannes, Leo, in the 14th century, the island was a see of the Latin Church, four of whose bishops bore the name Nicolaus. No longer a residential bishopric, Karpathos is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. In 1304, Karpathos was given as fief to the Genoese corsairs Andrea and Lodovico Moresco, but in 1306 it fell to Andrea Cornaro, the Cornaro controlled Karpathos until 1538, when it passed into the possession of the Ottoman Turks. During the Greek War of Independence from 1821 to 1822, the island rebelled, but afterwards it fell again under the Ottoman rule. In 1835, Sultan Mahmud II conceded to the island the privilege of the Maktu tax system, that is, the tax was calculated as a lump sum. The Ottoman rule ended on 12 May 1912, when the Italians occupied the island, together with the whole Dodecanese, on that day, sailors from the Regia Marina ship Vittorio Emanuele and the destroyer Alpino landed in Karpathos
2.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
3.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
4.
Ben Gurion Airport
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Ben Gurion International Airport, often referred to as Natbag is Israels main international airport and by far the busiest airport in the country. Named after Israels first prime minister David Ben-Gurion, the airport serves as a hub for El Al, Israir Airlines, Arkia, in 2016 it handled approximately 18 million passengers making it the 48th busiest airport in Asia. It is located 19 km to the southeast of Tel Aviv, Ben Gurion Airport is operated by the Israel Airports Authority, a government-owned corporation that manages all public airports and border crossings in Israel. Ben Gurion Airport is considered to be among the five best airports in the Middle East due to its passenger experience, security forces such as Israel Police officers, IDF and Israel Border Police soldiers are complemented by airport security guards who operate both in uniform and undercover. The airport has been the target of several terrorist attacks, the airport began as an airstrip of four concrete runways on the outskirts of the town of Lydda. It was built in 1936, during the British Mandate for Palestine, first known as Wilhelma airport, it was renamed RAF Station Lydda in 1943. During World War II it served as an airfield for military air transport. The first civilian transatlantic route, New York City to Tel Aviv, was inaugurated by TWA in 1946, the British gave up Lydda airport at the end of April 1948. Soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces captured the airport on 10 July 1948, in Operation Danny, in 1948 the Israelis changed the name of the airport from Lydda to Lod. Flights resumed on 24 November 1948 and that year,40,000 passengers passed through the terminal. By 1952, the number had risen to 100,000 a month, within a decade, air traffic increased to the point where local flights had to be redirected to Tel Avivs other airport, the Sde Dov airfield on the citys northern coast. By the mid-1960s,14 international airlines were landing at the airport, the airports name was changed from Lod to Ben Gurion International Airport in 1973 to honour Israels first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion. Although the airport was known as Lod Airport and is sometimes referred to as Tel Aviv Airport. Rather, it is located in an area within the Central District of Israel. The decision to go ahead with the project was reached in January 1994, during a conflict with Gaza in July 2014, several airlines banned their flights to the airport for a couple of days. Ramon Airport, an airport under construction in the Timna Valley in southern Israel. While Ben Gurion Airport has been a target of Palestinian attacks, on the other hand, airliners hijacked from other countries have landed at Ben Gurion, contributing to two major incidents in the airports history. In the first, on 8 May 1972, four Palestinian Black September terrorists hijacked a Sabena flight en route from Vienna, sayeret Matkal commandos led by Ehud Barak stormed the plane, killing two of the hijackers and capturing the other two
5.
Austrian Airlines
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Austrian Airlines AG, sometimes shortened to Austrian, is the flag carrier of Austria and a subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. The airline is headquartered in the grounds of Vienna International Airport in Schwechat where it maintains its hub. It flies to 6 domestic and more than 120 international year-round, the airline was formed in 1957 by the merger of Air Austria and Austrian Airways, but traces its history back to 1923 at the founding of Austrian Airways. During the 2000s, the airline expanded through the acquisitions of Rheintalflug and Lauda Air, throughout the decade, Austrian sustained several years of losses, and in 2008 its owner, the Austrian Government was advised to sell the airline to a foreign company. In 2009, the Lufthansa Group purchased the airline after receiving approval from the European Commission following an investigation into the tendering process. Following disputes with staff over cost-cutting, all Austrian Airlines flights were transferred on 1 July 2012 to its subsidiary Tyrolean Airways, on 1 April 2015, all flights transferred back to Austrian, and Tyrolean Airways was merged into its parent. On 3 May 1923 Walter Barda-Bardenau received approval by the Austrian government for establishing an airline and he participated in the newly formed Austrian Airlines with one percent, with the remaining shares went to the Austrian railway transportation company and the Junkers-Werke. The initial fleet consisted of Junkers F 13s, the first flight of the company took place in Vienna on 14 May 1923 by Munich, with pilot Hans Baur. The landing took place in Vienna Jedlesee, there occurred a conversion to float, the company was operated by Junkers Trans European Union. Its destinations included Munich, Budapest, Nuremberg, Graz, Klagenfurt, some targets in Austria were served with seaplanes. The union was dissolved in September 1926, from 1927 the company procured new aircraft with support from the government. In the same year it began a partnership agreement with Deutsche Luft Hansa. Line connections were planned and operated jointly by the two companies, a route network to Berlin, Budapest and Milan ranged Vienna was created. In 1932 Luft Hansa Junkers held 49% interest, after the end of the world economic crisis the fleet with several Junkers Ju 52/3 m was added. In 1938, the company began planning of routes to Rome, Paris, Junkers Ju 90 planes were used. After the annexation of Austria by Germany in March 1938, these plans were abandoned, the airline was fully under the control of Lufthansa from 1 January 1939. In June 1939, the company was deleted from the commercial register, after the Second World War, Austria was separated from Germany, and Austria was left without a national airline. Austrian Airlines was formed as Österreichische Luftverkehrs AG through the merger of Air Austria and it began operations on 30 September 1957, making its maiden flight on 31 March 1958 when a leased Vickers Viscount 779 took off from Vienna for a scheduled service to Zurich and London
9.5%
