1.
Mainsail
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A mainsail is a sail located behind the main mast of a sailing vessel. On a square rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest sail on the main mast. On a fore-and-aft rigged vessel, it is the lowest and largest and often the only sail rigged aft of the main mast, a sail rigged in this position without a boom is generally called a trysail, and is used in extremely heavy weather. Traditional fore-and-aft rigs used a four-sided gaff rigged mainsail, sometimes setting a gaff topsail above it, the modern Bermuda rig uses a triangular mainsail as the only sail aft of the mast, closely coordinated with a jib for sailing upwind. A large overlapping jib or genoa is larger than the mainsail. In downwind conditions a spinnaker replaces the jib, some mainsails are full-batten mainsails, meaning the batten extends all the way from the mast to the leeach of a sail. A partial batten extends from the mast partway to the leech, battens enable the mainsail to project farther away from the mast. However, there is some cost associated with the battens themselves, batten pockets need to be sewn into the sail, and batten cars may be needed to allow the sail to be raised and lowered. A mainsail may be fixed to the boom via slugs, cars, or a bolt-rope, or may be loose-footed, meaning it is attached at the tack. Before Nathanael Greene Herreshoffs invention of tracks and slides in the 1880s. Traditional mainsails were held against the mast by hoops that went the way around the mast. This meant a traditional mainsail could be raised no higher than the first point a rope or wire was required to keep the mast upright
2.
Staysail
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A staysail is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff can be affixed to a stay running forward from a mast to the deck, the bowsprit, or to another mast. Most staysails are triangular, however some are four-cornered, notably some fishermans staysails, triangular staysails set forward of the foremost mast are called jibs, headsails, or foresails. The innermost such sail on a cutter, schooner, and many other rigs having two or more foresails is referred to simply as the staysail, while the others are referred to as jibs, flying jibs, etc. Types of staysail include the tallboy staysail, the staysail. Unlike the cutter staysail, none of these sails have their luff affixed to a stay, on large rigs, staysails other than headsails are named according to the mast and mast section on which they are hoisted. Thus, the staysail hoisted on a stay that runs forward, if two staysails are hoisted to different points on this mast, they would be the mizzen upper topgallant staysail and the mizzen lower topgallant staysail. In square rigged ships the staysails can help in tacking, overcoming the lumbering square sails tendency to prevent bearing up to windward, where a ship attempts to tack but fails and has to bear away again on the original tack, she is said to have missed her stays. In cutter rigged yachts the genoa will often need to be furled before changing tack due to the difficulty in passing the big sail between the two forestays, here the staysail can help bring the bow through the wind more effectively
3.
Spinnaker
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A spinnaker is a sail designed specifically for sailing off the wind from a reaching course to a downwind, i. e. with the wind 90°–180° off bow. The spinnaker fills with wind and balloons out in front of the boat when it is deployed, called flying and it is constructed of lightweight fabric, usually nylon, and is often brightly coloured. It may be optimised for a range of wind angles, as either a reaching or a running spinnaker, by the shaping of the panels. Some types of spinnaker can be carried by the side of the boat and this is called flying a shy spinnaker, and is used for reaching. The spinnaker is often called a kite, or a chute because it resembles a parachute in both construction and appearance. This should not be confused with the spinnaker chute which is a hull fitting sometimes used for launching and recovering the spinnaker, a purported etymology has the first boat to carry this sail being a Cowes yacht named Sphinx, from which Sphinxs Acre and eventually Spinnaker. A spinnaker is used for sailing with the direction of the wind, symmetrical spinnakers have large amounts of camber, making them nearly hemispherical. Both lift and drag propel the boat forward when moving with the wind, reaching spinnakers have less camber as they operate within an airflow that generates lift. A well designed spinnaker will have leading edges when filled. A well designed spinnaker will also have a curve when filled. Any deviations from a curve will cause the airflow over the leeward side of the sail to separate causing a reduction in lift. When running downwind in heavy weather or when hit by a gust, with or without a spinnaker, there may be a tendency for a roll of increasing amplitude to build up, known as the death roll. Excessive heel leads to loss of rudder effectiveness resulting in the boat slewing round uncontrollably in the direction opposite to the direction of heel, luffing carefully onto a broad reach may help to retain control, as can moving everyones weight as far aft as possible. There are two categories of spinnakers, symmetric and asymmetric depending on whether a plane of symmetry exists for that particular sail. Asymmetric spinnakers operate more like a jib, generating lift from the side and this makes asymmetrics a better choice on reaching courses than symmetric spinnakers, which excel when running. The symmetric one is the most classic type, running alongside the boat controlled by lines known as a sheet. The windward line, or guy, is attached to the called the tack of the sail. The leeward line is called the sheet and it attaches to the clew of the spinnaker and is used to control the shape of the sail
4.
Hull (watercraft)
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The hull is the watertight body of a ship or boat. Above the hull is the superstructure and/or deckhouse, where present, the line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline. The structure of the hull varies depending on the vessel type, the uppermost continuous deck may be called the upper deck, weather deck, spar deck, main deck, or simply deck. The particular name given depends on the type of ship or boat. In a typical wooden sailboat, the hull is constructed of wooden planking, supported by transverse frames and bulkheads, often but not always there is a centerline longitudinal member called a keel. In fiberglass or composite hulls, the structure may resemble wooden or steel vessels to some extent, in many cases, composite hulls are built by sandwiching thin fiber-reinforced skins over a lightweight but reasonably rigid core of foam, balsa wood, impregnated paper honeycomb or other material. The shape of the hull is entirely dependent upon the needs of the design, shapes range from a nearly perfect box in the case of scow barges, to a needle-sharp surface of revolution in the case of a racing multihull sailboat. Hulls come in varieties and can have composite shape, but are grouped primarily as follows. Examples are the flat-bottom, v-bottom, and multi-bottom hull and these types have at least one pronounced knuckle throughout all or most of their length. These hull shapes all have smooth curves, examples are the round bilge, semi-round bilge, and s-bottom hull. After this they can be categorized as, Displacement The hull is supported exclusively or predominantly by buoyancy, vessels that have this type of hull travel through the water at a limited rate that is defined by the waterline length. They are often, though not always, heavier than planing types, planing The planing hull form is configured to develop positive dynamic pressure so that its draft decreases with increasing speed. The dynamic lift reduces the surface and therefore also the drag. They are sometimes flat-bottomed, sometimes V-bottomed and more rarely, round-bilged, the most common form is to have at least one chine, which makes for more efficient planing and can throw spray down. Planing hulls are more efficient at speeds, although they still require more energy to achieve these speeds. An effective planing hull must be as light as possible with flat surfaces that are consistent with sea keeping. Sail boats that plane must also sail efficiently in displacement mode in light winds, semi-displacement, or semi-planing The hull form is capable of developing a moderate amount of dynamic lift, however, most of the vessels weight is still supported through buoyancy. At present, the most widely used form is the round bilge hull, in the inverted bell shape of the hull, with a smaller payload the waterline cross-section is less, hence the resistance is less and the speed is higher
5.
Rudder
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A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft, or other conveyance that moves through a fluid medium. On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw, a rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the crafts stern, tail. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag, on simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels, in typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics. Generally, a rudder is part of the apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, that is denoting all different types of oars, paddles. More specifically, the gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders. A third term, steering oar, can denote both types, in a Mediterranean context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly the place where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position. S, a steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, a frequent movement of the oar was required to steer a straight course. The steering oar or steering board is an oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft prior to the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely, if ever. Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of Menes, in the Old Kingdom as much as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats. The tiller, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side. In Iran, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, the strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability and simpleness. Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period, by the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in Roman river and harbour craft as proved from reliefs and archaeological finds. A tomb plaque of Hadrianic age shows a harbour tug boat in Ostia with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage, interestingly, the boat already featured a spritsail, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel. Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, also, the well-known Zwammerdam find, a large river barge at the mouth of the Rhine, featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern
6.
Skeg
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A skeg, is a sternward extension of the keel of boats and ships which have a rudder mounted on the centre line. The term also applies to the lowest point on a motor or the outdrive of an inboard/outboard. In more recent years, the name has been used for a fin on a surfboard which improves directional stability, the term is also often used for the fin on water skis in the U. S. and for the tail bumpers of aircraft in the US Navy. The word originates in the Scandinavian word for beard, in Old Norse, in Icelandic the word remains skegg, in modern Norwegian Bokmål and Nynorsk, it appears as skjegg, in Swedish, it is skägg and in Danish, skæg. The Norwegian pronunciation of the letter combination skj is as in the English sh, the word is related to the English shaggy. It also appears in the English place name Skegness - beard point, from the way in which a series of tombolos forms, here, the English pronunciation reflects a probable Danish origin, which pronounces the sk letter combination as an English speaker would expect. Where a vessels rudder is mounted on the centre-line, it is usual to hang it on gudgeons and pintles, the latter being upright pins and the former, rings to fit round them. This naturally leaves a gap between the sternpost and the rudder, into which stray items like kelp and rope can catch, causing drag. In ships such as Mary Rose, the skeg is a small feature. This somewhat beard-like sternward extension of the keel is the basic skeg, subsequently, the lowest pintle was commonly mounted below the rudder on a metal extension of the keel. This helped further stabilize and protect the rudder and the name skeg was transferred to it and it used to be relatively small until screw propellers were introduced, when it had to reach below the screw and became a proportionately larger feature protecting both screw and rudder from damage. On wooden vessels, the skeg may be protected from damage by the addition of a bug shoe. In more modern installations, with more than one screw, a fitting supports each propeller shaft just ahead of its screw. This is usually called a shaft bracket but the part of it extends below the shaft bearing to protect the lower part of the propeller is also a skeg. Similarly, the projection of the drive casing, below the rotational axis of the propeller of an outboard motor is another form of the skeg. Where a yacht is designed with a fin keel, it will normally and this link shows the profile of such a boat. This type of skeg is pictured at the bottom of the linked page. In surfing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing, skegs, usually known as fins, are attached toward the tail of the board to improve directional stability, fins allow the rider to control the boards direction by varying their side-to-side weight distribution
7.
Mast (sailing)
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The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall spar, or arrangement of spars, erected more or less vertically on the centre-line of a ship or boat. Its purposes include carrying sail, spars, and derricks, and giving necessary height to a light, look-out position, signal yard, control position. Large ships have several masts, with the size and configuration depending on the style of ship, nearly all sailing masts are guyed. Until the mid-19th century all vessels masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a conifer tree. From the 16th century, vessels were built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than could be made from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve the height, the masts were built from up to four sections, known in order of rising height above the decks as the lower, top, topgallant. Giving the lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a made mast, as opposed to sections formed from pieces of timber. Jigger-mast, typically, where it is the shortest, the aftmost mast on vessels with more than three masts. On a two-masted vessel with the main-mast forward and a smaller second mast, such as a ketch, or particularly a yawl. Although two-masted schooners may be provided with masts of identical size, the aftmost is still referred to as the main-mast, schooners have been built with up to seven masts in all, with several six-masted examples. On square-rigged vessels, each mast carries several horizontal yards from which the sails are rigged. A two-masted merchant vessel with a sizable foresail rigged on a slightly inclined foremast is depicted in an Etruscan tomb painting from 475–450 BC. While most of the ancient evidence is iconographic, the existence of foremasts can also be deduced archaeologically from slots in foremast-feets located too close to the prow for a mainsail. Artemon, along with mainsail and topsail, developed into the rig of seagoing vessels in imperial times. The imperial grain freighters travelling the routes between Alexandria and Rome also included three-masted vessels, a mosaic in Ostia depicts a freighter with a three-masted rig entering Romes harbour. Special craft could carry many more masts, Theophrastus records how the Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a raft propelled by as many as fifty masts. Throughout antiquity, both foresail and mizzen remained secondary in terms of size, although large enough to require full running rigging
8.
Spreader (sailboat)
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A spreader is a spar on a sailboat used to deflect the shrouds to allow them to better support the mast. Often, there are multiples, called spreaders, the spreader or spreaders serve much the same purpose as the crosstrees and tops in a traditional sailing vessel. Spreader design and tuning can be quite complex, the spreaders may be fixed or swinging. The purpose of the spreaders is to control, by either limiting, or inducing, the spreaders may be designed to be angled in a way that either forces bend in to the spar or reduces bend, depending on the desired results
9.
Shroud (sailing)
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On a sailboat, the shrouds are pieces of standing rigging which hold the mast up from side to side. There is frequently more than one shroud on each side of the boat, usually a shroud will connect at the top of the mast, and additional shrouds might connect partway down the mast, depending on the design of the boat. Shrouds terminate at their ends at the chain plates, which are tied into the hull. They are sometimes held outboard by channels, a ledge that keeps the shrouds clear of the gunwales, shrouds are attached symmetrically on both the port and starboard sides. For those shrouds which attach high up the mast, a structure projecting from the mast must be used to increase the angle of the shroud at the attachment point, providing more support to the mast. On most sailing boats, such structures are called spreaders, on large sailing ships, however, particularly square-riggers, the shrouds end at the projections and their loads are carried into the mast slightly further down by futtock shrouds
10.
Sheet (sailing)
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In sailing, a sheet is a line used to control the movable corner of a sail. Sheet derives from Old English scéata meaning the corner of a sail. Fore-and-aft rigs comprise the vast majority of sailing vessels in use today, including effectively all dinghies, the sheet on a fore-and-aft sail controls the angle of the sail to the wind, and should be adjusted to keep the sail just filled. Most smaller boats use the Bermuda rig, which has two or three sets of sheets, The mainsheet is attached to the boom, and is used to control the mainsail. In a rig with no boom on the mainsail, the mainsheet would attach directly to the mainsail clew, a mainsheet is a rope connected to the boom which allows a sailor to control the speed of a boat. The jib sheet attaches to the clew of the jib, the jib has a sheet on each side, only one of which will be in use at one time. The spinnaker sheet attaches to the clew of the spinnaker, if carried, a symmetrical spinnaker has two sheets, an active one and a lazy one, in the same way as a jib, but they are attached to the sails two separate clews. On boats larger than thirty feet, the spinnaker will also be fitted with guys. On smaller boats the lazy sheet is used as a guy, on the smallest boats, a sheet is often a simple rope, pulled by hand, on larger boats, usually on the mainsheet, it is often a system using several blocks to provide mechanical advantage. Square-rigged vessels are much less common, and are large ships. Nevertheless, they too have sheets on the corners of their square sails. They are then not adjusted significantly while sailing until the sail is to be handed again, the lowest sails, the courses, are trimmed using the sheets as these sails are loose footed and are secured to yards only at the head
11.
Boom (sailing)
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In sailing, a boom is a spar, along the foot of a fore and aft rigged sail, that greatly improves control of the angle and shape of the sail. The primary action of the boom is to keep the foot of the sail flatter when the angle is away from the centerline of the boat. The boom also serves as an attachment point for more sophisticated control lines, because of the improved sail control it is rare to find a non headsail without a boom. In some modern applications, the sail is rolled up into the boom for storage or reefing, the forward end of the boom attaches to a mast just below the sail, with a joint called the gooseneck. The gooseneck pivots allowing the end of the boom to move freely. The clew of the sail attaches to the end of the boom. The entire foot of the sail may be attached to the boom or just the clew, if the foot is not attached to the boom, the rig is known as loose footed. A boom may be found on small headsails, there the forward end of the boom is attached to the same stay as the sails luff. The control lines on the act in conjunction with the halyard. Two primary sail control lines are attached to every boom, The outhaul runs from the clew of the sail to the end of the boom. Hauling in on the outhaul increases foot tension in the main sail, modern loose footed sails are cut so that the outhaul is also able to pull the clew downwards towards the boom. The sheet is attached midway along the boom or at the free end, the block is typically attached to the boom by means of a bail, which is a U-shaped piece of metal, flattened at the ends to allow attachment with screws or rivets. In smaller boats such as dinghies it is used to control the angle of the sail to the wind on each point of sail. On largest boats this function is assumed by the traveller. Easing the main sheet increases twist and the twist is usually adjusted so that the aft end of the top batten in the main sail runs parallel to the boom. The traveller is a running from one side of the boat to the other upon which sits a car to which the other end of the sheet is attached. Moving the car side to side alters the angle of the boom to the centreline of the boat while minimising the effect on the twist of the sail. A boom will frequently have these additional sail control lines attached, A downhaul may be attached to the boom near the gooseneck to pull the boom down and increase tension on the luff of the sail
12.
Spinnaker pole
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A spinnaker pole is a spar used in sailboats to help support and control a variety of headsails, particularly the spinnaker. However, it is used with other sails, such as genoas and jibs. The spinnaker pole is rigged to run from the base of the mast, there, one of the control lines of whichever sail it is to be used with is run through a fitting on the other end of the spinnaker pole. This allows for precise control of the corner of the sail to which the line is attached. For a spinnaker, the attached to the pole is the guy, or brace. For other headsails, such as a jib, the line would be the sheet, a special line, the topping lift, runs from the middle of the spinnaker pole up to a block on the mast, and is used to support the weight of the spinnaker pole. Another line referred to as the downhaul or foreguy runs down so that the height of the pole is under control at all times
13.
Backstay
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A backstay is a piece of standing rigging on a sailing vessel that runs from the mast to either its transom or rear quarter, counteracting the forestay and jib. It is an important sail trim control and has an effect on the shape of the mainsail. Backstays are generally adjusted by block and tackle, hydraulic adjusters, backstays may be permanent or running. A permanent backstay is attached to the top of the mast, running backstays appear in pairs attached about two-thirds of the way up the mast. In general, most modern sailboats will have a permanent backstay, backstays are not always found on all vessels, especially smaller ones. A permanent backstay is attached at the top of the mast, in a masthead rig, tensioning the permanent backstay will directly tension the forestay. This control is used to adjust the amount of sag in the headsail, increased mast bend tends to reduce the draft of the mainsail. A running backstay always attaches to the mast at a point below the top of the mast and is used in conjunction with a permanent backstay. Running backstays are found on both masthead rigs and fractional rigs, there are some rigs for which running backstays may be used without a permanent backstay. This occurs most often where the mainsail has a significant roach or a large mainsail. Gaff rigged boats invariably have running backstays with no permanent backstay, in both of these cases the mainsail extends aft of a line from masthead to stern, and so a permanent backstay would interfere with the operation of the sail. As a direct consequence of its attachment point a running backstay is always adjustable because it must be engaged and disengaged during every tack or jibe. Adjusting the tension on the running backstay has two effects, First, the forestay is tensioned and Second, mast bend is increased, the overall effect of tensioning the running backstay is a shallower mainsail combined with a reduction in headsail sag. Both effects are desirable as the wind increases
14.
Forestay
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On a sailing vessel, a forestay, sometimes just called a stay, is a piece of standing rigging which keeps a mast from falling backwards. It is attached either at the top of the mast. The other end of the forestay is attached to the bow of the boat, often a sail is attached to the forestay. This sail may be a jib or a genoa, in a cutter rig, the jib or jibs are flown from stays in front of the forestay, perhaps going from the masthead to a bowsprit. The sail on the forestay is then referred to as the staysail or staysl, the dictionary definition of forestay at Wiktionary
15.
Boom vang
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A boom vang or kicking strap is a line or piston system on a sailboat used to exert downward force on the boom and thus control the shape of the sail. The Collins English Dictionary defines it as A rope or tackle extended from the boom of a mainsail to a deck fitting of a vessel when running. The vang typically runs from the base of the mast to a point about a third of the way out the boom. Due to the force necessary to change the height of the boom while a boat is under sail. Hydraulic piston vangs are used on sailboats and controlled by manual or electric hydraulic pumps. The term kicking strap is normally shortened to kicker whilst sailing, on some sailing boats, such as the 49er, rather than a set of lines pulling the boom downwards, a rigid member is used to push the boom down. By controlling leech tension, the boom vang is one of the three methods of controlling sail twist, on small sailboats and some cruising sailboats a vang may be omitted. If a vang is not installed, then the sheet has to try to control both horizontal and vertical angles of the boom, when the boom is near the centerline, the sheet is nearly vertical, and can exert downward force on the boom. As the sheet is loosened to increase the angle of the boom and sail. A vang works with the sheet to apply the force on the boom at all horizontal angles. While under sail, the force to the vang is supplied by the sail itself. When the sail is furled, a topping lift supplies the force on the boom. Some line vang systems incorporate a piston to provide the lift force. Hydraulic vangs can inherently act in the topping lift role
16.
Yacht
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A yacht /ˈjɒt/ is a recreational boat or ship. In modern use of the term, yachts differ from working ships mainly by their leisure purpose, there are two different classes of yachts, sailing and power boats. With the rise of the steamboat and other types of powerboat, sailing vessels in general came to be perceived as luxury, later the term came to encompass large motor boats for primarily private pleasure purposes as well. Yacht lengths normally range from 10 metres up to dozens of meters, a luxury craft smaller than 12 metres is more commonly called a cabin cruiser or simply a cruiser. A superyacht generally refers to any yacht above 24 m and a megayacht generally refers to any yacht over 50 metres and this size is small in relation to typical cruise liners and oil tankers. A few countries have a special flag worn by recreational boats or ships, although inspired by the national flag, the yacht ensign does not always correspond with the civil or merchant ensign of the state in question. Yacht ensigns differ from merchant ensigns in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs declaration, carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht ensign is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions. Until the 1950s, almost all yachts were made of wood or steel, although wood hulls are still in production, the most common construction material is fibreglass, followed by aluminium, steel, carbon fibre, and ferrocement. The use of wood has changed and is no longer limited to traditional board-based methods, wood is mostly used by hobbyists or wooden boat purists when building an individual boat. Apart from materials like carbon fibre and aramid fibre, spruce veneers laminated with epoxy resins have the best weight-to-strength ratios of all boatbuilding materials. Sailing yachts can range in length from about 6 metres to well over 30 metres. Most privately owned yachts fall in the range of about 7 metres -14 metres, in the United States, sailors tend to refer to smaller yachts as sailboats, while referring to the general sport of sailing as yachting. Within the limited context of racing, a yacht is any sailing vessel taking part in a race. Many modern racing yachts have efficient sail-plans, most notably the Bermuda rig. This capability is the result of a sail-plan and hull design oriented towards this capability, day sailing yachts are usually small, at under 6 metres in length. Sometimes called sailing dinghies, they often have a keel, centreboard. Most day sailing yachts do not have a cabin, as they are designed for hourly or daily use and not for overnight journeys. They may have a cabin, where the front part of the hull has a raised solid roof to provide a place to store equipment or to offer shelter from wind or spray
17.
Susan Ford
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Susan Elizabeth Ford Bales is an American author, photojournalist, and former chair of the board of the Betty Ford Center for alcohol and drug abuse. Ford is the youngest child and only daughter of former U. S. President Gerald Ford and she was one of three people targeted for violence by the Symbionese Liberation Army and had Secret Service protection well before her father became president. As a teenager attending the Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, she held her prom, for the class of 1975. She served as official White House hostess when her mother was hospitalized for breast cancer, Ford enrolled in Mount Vernon College for Women in northwest Washington, D. C. in 1975 when her father was in the White House. She later transferred to the University of Kansas for the semester of 1977. She was hired to shoot publicity stills for the film Jaws 2, in 1992 she became a member of the board of the Betty Ford Center and in 2005 became chair of the organization. She succeeded her mother, who remained a board member, in 2002 she wrote, with Laura Hayden, a novel, Double Exposure, A First Daughter Mystery, with a contemporary White House setting, in 2005 a sequel, Sharp Focus, was published. In recent years and in addition to her responsibilities at the Betty Ford Center, Ford has been active on behalf of her parents. That was particularly so during the December 26,2006 – January 3,2007 state funeral services and ceremonies for her father, Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In addition, on January 1, she assisted her mother in receiving dignitaries, on January 16,2007, Susan Ford spoke at a Naming Ceremony at the Pentagon. At the ceremony, the aircraft carrier CVN-78, now under construction, was named the USS Gerald R. Ford. That same day Secretary of the Navy Donald Winter announced that Ford had been named the carriers ceremonial sponsor, on November 14,2009, Ford participated in the keel laying for the ship. On June 11,2007, she delivered remarks in Washington, in July 2007, Ford represented her mother at the funeral service of former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson. Also in July 2007, she and her husband Vaden Bales represented Mrs. Ford, on November 9,2013, she christened the Gerald R. Ford with a bottle of champagne. She married Charles Vance, one of her fathers former U. S, Secret Service agents, on February 10,1979. For a time operated a private security company in Washington. They have two daughters, Tyne Mary Vance and Heather Elizabeth Vance, but were divorced in 1988, Ford married attorney Vaden Bales in 1989. In Betty Fords Betty – A Glad Awakening, her mother credits Susan with having orchestrated an intervention in 1982 after the Ford family became concerned with her drinking, addictions and behavior
18.
USS Gerald R. Ford
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Gerald R. Ford is the lead ship of her class of United States Navy supercarriers. It is currently a pre-commissioning unit expected to be commissioned into the Navy in 2017. The ship is named after the 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford, the keel of Gerald R. Ford was laid down on 13 November 2009. Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that forms part of a side shell unit of the carrier and she was christened on 9 November 2013. The schedule called for the ship to join the U. S. Navys fleet in March 2016 with the first deployment in 2019, Gerald R. Ford will enter the fleet replacing the inactive USS Enterprise, which ended her 51 years of active service in December 2012. In 2006, while Gerald Ford was still alive, Senator John Warner of Virginia proposed to amend a 2007 defense-spending bill to declare that CVN-78 shall be named the USS Gerald Ford. The final version signed by President George W. Bush on 17 October 2006 declared only that it is the sense of Congress that, CVN-78 should be named the U. S. S. Since such sense of language is typically non-binding and does not carry the force of law, rumsfeld indicated that he had personally told Ford of the honor during a visit to his home in Rancho Mirage a few weeks before Fords death. This makes the aircraft one of the few U. S. ships named after a living person. Later in the day, the Navy confirmed that the carrier would indeed be named after the former President. On 16 January 2007, Navy Secretary Donald Winter officially named CVN-78 USS Gerald R. Ford, Fords daughter Susan Ford Bales was named the ships sponsor. The announcements were made at a Pentagon ceremony attended by Vice President Dick Cheney, Senators Warner and Levin, swan III, Bales, Fords other three children, and others. The USS America Carrier Veterans Association had pushed to name the ship USS America, the CVA is an association of sailors who served aboard USS America. The carrier was decommissioned in 1996 and scuttled in the Atlantic, as part of a damage test of large aircraft carriers in 2005. On 10 September 2008, the U. S. Navy signed a $5.1 billion contract with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding in Newport News, Virginia, to design, Northrop had begun advance construction of the carrier under a $2. 7 billion contract in 2005. The carrier is being constructed at the Huntington Ingalls Newport News Shipbuilding facilities in Newport News, Virginia, the keel of the new warship was ceremonially laid on 14 November 2009 in Dry Dock 12 by Fords daughter, Susan Ford Bales. And that is the legacy we remember this morning, as of August 2011, the carrier was reported to be structurally halfway complete. In April 2012, it was said to be 75 percent complete, on 24 May 2012, the important milestone of completing the vessel up to the waterline was reached when the critical lower bow was lifted into place
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Keel laying
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Laying the keel or laying down is the formal recognition of the start of a ships construction. It is often marked with a ceremony attended by dignitaries from the shipbuilding company, keel laying is one of the four specially-celebrated events in the life of a ship, the others are launching, commissioning, and decommissioning. In earlier times, the event recognized as the keel laying was the placement of the central timber making up the backbone of a vessel. As steel ships replaced wooden ones, the central timber gave way to a steel beam. Modern ships are now built in a series of pre-fabricated. The event recognized as the keel laying is the first joining of modular components and it is now often called keel authentication, and is the ceremonial beginning of the ships life, although modules may have been started months before that stage of construction. Keel-related traditions from the times of wooden ships are said to bring luck to the ship during construction and to the captain, the first milestone in the history of a ship is the generally simple ceremony that marks the laying of the keel. Invitations to the ceremony are issued by officials, and the ceremony is conducted by them. The builder may be the commander of a shipyard or the president of a private company. The ships prospective name, without the USS, is mentioned in the invitation, if known, otherwise her type and number are given, e. g. DD2217
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Huntington Ingalls Industries
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Huntington Ingalls Industries is an American Fortune 500 shipbuilding company formed on March 31,2011 as a spin-off of Northrop Grumman. Mike Petters is currently the president and CEO of Huntington Ingalls Industries, HII is the sole designer, builder, and refueler of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in the United States. It is one of two nuclear-powered submarine builders,70 percent of the current, active US Navy fleet has been built by HIIs erstwhile units. The company takes its name from the founders of its two facilities, Collis Potter Huntington and Robert Ingalls.5 billion. HII is to build ten Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers for the US Navy and it is scheduled to deliver one carrier every five years starting in 2015. The US Navy awarded HII a $2.4 billion fixed-price incentive contract for the design and construction of the amphibious assault ship America. Work will be performed primarily at the shipyard in Pascagoula, Miss. In June,2016 Huntington Ingalls Industries has been awarded a million contract to build the U. S. Navy’s newest amphibious assault warship. The total contract value for the construction of the third America-class ship is over $3 billion and this contract included planning, advanced engineering and procurement of long-lead material for the new vessel. In April 2011, the US Navy awarded HII a $1.5 billion contract for the construction of John P. Murtha and this was the first Navy contract awarded to HII, though Ingalls Shipbuilding had already built three ships of the class. The US Navy is building Virginia-class submarines as replacements for the Los Angeles-class submarines which are currently being phased out, HII and Electric Boat alternate work on the reactor plant, final assembly, test, outfit and delivery
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Newport News Shipbuilding
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Founded as the Chesapeake Dry Dock and Construction Co. in 1886, Newport News Shipbuilding has built more than 800 ships, including both naval and commercial ships. Located in the city of Newport News, their facilities more than 550 acres. The shipyard is building the aircraft carriers USS Gerald R. Ford, also under construction are the Virginia-class submarines USS Indiana and USS Washington. In 2013, Newport News Shipbuilding began the deactivation of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, Newport News Shipbuilding also performs refueling and complex overhaul work on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. This is a four-year vessel renewal program that not only involves refueling of the nuclear reactors. The yard has completed RCOH for four Nimitz-class carriers, as of May 2016 this work was underway for the fifth Nimitz-class vessel, USS Abraham Lincoln. Industrialist Collis P. Huntington provided crucial funding to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, however, building the railroad and coal pier was only the first part of Huntingtons dreams for Newport News. In 1886 he built a shipyard to repair ships servicing this transportation hub, in 1891 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company delivered its first ship, the tugboat Dorothy. By 1897 NNS had built three warships for the US Navy, USS Nashville, Wilmington and Helena, when Collis died in 1900, his nephew Henry E. Huntington inherited much of his uncles fortune. He also married Collis widow Arabella Huntington, and assumed Colliss leadership role with Newport News Shipbuilding, under Henry Huntingtons leadership, growth continued. In 1906 the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought launched a naval race worldwide. Between 1907 and 1923, Newport News built six of the US Navys total of 22 dreadnoughts – USS Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Maryland, all but the first were in active service in World War II. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on its round-the-world voyage, NNS had built seven of its 16 battleships. In 1914 NNS built SS Medina for the Mallory Steamship Company, in the early years, leaders of the Newport News community and those of the shipyard were virtually interchangeable. Post served from March 9,1911 to Feb.12,1912, earlier, he had come to the area as one of the builders of the C&O Railways terminals, and had served as the first mayor of Newport News after it became an independent city in 1896. It was on March 14,1914 that Albert Lloyd Hopkins and his assistant, Frederic Gauntlett, was also on board, but was able to swim to safety. Homer Lenoir Ferguson was company vice president when Hopkins died, and he saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners Museum with Archer Huntington. He served until July 31,1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts
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Fluid dynamics
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In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, before the twentieth century, hydrodynamics was synonymous with fluid dynamics. This is still reflected in names of some fluid dynamics topics, like magnetohydrodynamics and hydrodynamic stability, the foundational axioms of fluid dynamics are the conservation laws, specifically, conservation of mass, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of energy. These are based on mechanics and are modified in quantum mechanics. They are expressed using the Reynolds transport theorem, in addition to the above, fluids are assumed to obey the continuum assumption. Fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one another and solid objects, however, the continuum assumption assumes that fluids are continuous, rather than discrete. The fact that the fluid is made up of molecules is ignored. The unsimplified equations do not have a general solution, so they are primarily of use in Computational Fluid Dynamics. The equations can be simplified in a number of ways, all of which make them easier to solve, some of the simplifications allow some simple fluid dynamics problems to be solved in closed form. Three conservation laws are used to solve fluid dynamics problems, the conservation laws may be applied to a region of the flow called a control volume. A control volume is a volume in space through which fluid is assumed to flow. The integral formulations of the laws are used to describe the change of mass, momentum. Mass continuity, The rate of change of fluid mass inside a control volume must be equal to the net rate of flow into the volume. Mass flow into the system is accounted as positive, and since the vector to the surface is opposite the sense of flow into the system the term is negated. The first term on the right is the net rate at which momentum is convected into the volume, the second term on the right is the force due to pressure on the volumes surfaces. The first two terms on the right are negated since momentum entering the system is accounted as positive, the third term on the right is the net acceleration of the mass within the volume due to any body forces. Surface forces, such as forces, are represented by F surf. The following is the form of the momentum conservation equation
23.
Ceremonial ship launching
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Ceremonial ship launching is the process of transferring a vessel to the water. It is a tradition in many cultures, dating back thousands of years. It has been observed as a celebration and a solemn blessing. The process also involves many traditions intended to invite good luck, such as christening by breaking a bottle of champagne over the bow as the ship is named aloud. There are three methods of conveying a new ship from building site to water, only two of which are called launching. The oldest, most familiar, and most widely used is the launch, in which the vessel slides down an inclined slipway. With the side launch, the ship enters the water broadside and this method came into use in the 19th-century on inland waters, rivers, and lakes, and was more widely adopted during World War II. The third method is float-out, used for ships that are built in basins or dry docks and then floated by admitting water into the dock. In all cases, heavy chains are attached to the ship, normally, ways are arranged perpendicular to the shore line and the ship is built with its stern facing the water. The barricades support the two launch ways, the vessel is built upon temporary cribbing that is arranged to give access to the hulls outer bottom and to allow the launchways to be erected under the complete hull. When it is time to prepare for launching, a pair of standing ways is erected under the hull, the surface of the ways is greased. A pair of sliding ways is placed on top, under the hull, the weight of the hull is then transferred from the build cribbing onto the launch cradle. On launching, the vessel slides backwards down the slipway on the ways until it floats by itself, some slipways are built so that the vessel is side-on to the water and is launched sideways. This is done where the limitations of the channel would not allow lengthwise launching. The Great Eastern designed by Brunel was built this way as were many landing craft during World War II and this method requires many more sets of ways to support the weight of the ship. Sometimes ships are launched using a series of inflated tubes underneath the hull and this procedure has the advantages of requiring less permanent infrastructure, risk, and cost. The airbags provide support to the hull of the ship and aid its launching motion into the water and these airbags are usually cylindrical in shape with hemispherical heads at both ends. The Xiao Qinghe shipyard launched a tank barge with marine airbags on January 20,1981, egyptians, Greeks, and Romans called on their gods to protect seamen
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