1.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
2.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
3.
Kelowna
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Kelowna is a city on Okanagan Lake in the Okanagan Valley, in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. It serves as the office of the Regional District of Central Okanagan. Its name derives from an Okanagan language term for grizzly bear, Kelowna is the third largest metropolitan area in the province and ranks as the 22nd largest in Canada, with a population of 194,882 in 2016. So far exact dates of first settlement are unknown, but a northern migration led to the peopling of this area some 9000 years ago, the Indigenous Syilx people were the first inhabitants of the region, and continue to live in the region. Father Charles M. Pandosy, a French Roman Catholic Oblate missionary, arriving in 1859 was the first European to settle at Kelowna, Kelowna was officially incorporated on 4 May 1905. In May 2005, Kelowna celebrated its Centennial, in the same year, new five lane William R. Bennett Bridge began construction to replace the three lane Okanagan Lake Bridge. It was part of a plan to alleviate traffic problems experienced during the summer tourist season, the new bridge was completed in 2008. The bridge has done little to alleviate traffic problems, on July 3,1877, George Mercer Dawson was the first geologist to visit Kelowna. On 6 August 1969 a sonic boom from an air show produced an expensive broken glass bill of a quarter million dollars while at least 6 people were injured. The incident was caused by a member of Americas Blue Angels during a routine for the Kelowna Regatta festival. Winter 1986 was the last time that the Lake completely froze over, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police helicopter successfully rescued an SUV that had tried to drive across the Lake and fell through the ice. 2000s, Kelowna builds the tallest building in between the Lower Mainland and Calgary, Skye at Waterscapes, which is a 26-floor residential tower. On 7 May 1992, a forest fire consumed 60 hectares of forest on Mount Boucherie in West Kelowna across Lake Okanagan from Kelowna proper, no homes were damaged, in August 2003, a nearby wildfire destroyed 239 homes and forced the temporary evacuation of approx. During the 2003 fire, many trestles of the historic Kettle Valley Railway were destroyed, all the trestles have been rebuilt to look like the originals but using smaller dimension beams. In late August 2005, a 30 hectare fire caused multiple evacuations in the Rose Valley subdivision across the lake in West Kelowna, in July 2009 wildfires destroyed hundreds of hectares of forest and a number of buildings in West Kelowna,17,000 residents were evacuated. In July 2009, a 100 hectare fire near Rose Valley resulted in the evacuation of 7,000 people, in July 2009, a 9,200 hectare fire behind Fintry resulted in the evacuation of 2,500 people. On 12 July 2010, a 30 hectare fire in West Kelowna destroyed one home, September 2011, a 40 hectare fire in West Kelownas Bear Creek Park caused the evacuation of over 500 people. In July 2012, a 30 hectare fire caused the evacuation of the community of Wilsons Landing just North of West Kelowna
4.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
5.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
6.
Flair Airlines
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Flair Airlines is a charter airline based in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It operates passenger and cargo services in Canada, the United States, the Caribbean region and its main base is Kelowna International Airport. It also provides its aircraft to third party operators under aircraft lease charter agreements, the airline is privately owned and started operations on 19 August 2005. In January 2006 Transport Canada authorized the airline to operate scheduled services between Cuba and Canada, on behalf of Cubana, until 7 April 2006. It also operates passenger flights on behalf of Cubana. Flair Air operated two Boeing 727-200 aircraft, one for passenger movements and the other for freight services, Flair Air began providing workforce transportation services to several natural resource and major construction companies across Canada, and continues to provide these services on a regular basis. Flair Air began adding Boeing 737-400s to its fleet in 2009 and 2010 to replace the 727-200s, in 2013, Flair added another 737-400 to its fleet, bringing the total fleet to five. In early 2014, Flair added an Embraer 175 and a Dornier 328 to its fleet as part of its agreement with Shell Energy Canada Ltd. On 7 October 2013, Flair Airlines announced that it had entered into an agreement with Shell Energy Canada Ltd. to provide exclusive air charter transportation services within Canada. In September 2010, Flair Air was approached by an Ontario-based tour company to operate a world tour program, the program included travelling to 14 countries worldwide. Flair reconfigured one of its Boeing 737-400s from 158 Y class seats to 76 business class seats, Flair Air obtained international permits, over-flight permissions, and ground arrangements to operate in each of the 14 countries. In 2011, Flair Airlines operated another world tour to 14 new destinations, in October 2013, Flair Air operated a South American tour to 10 destinations. Flair Airlines has provided ongoing personnel movement for the Department of National Defence, Flair also offers aircraft, complete crew, maintenance, and insurance charters which provide customers with a turn-key aircraft package. Flair Airlines provides both single and ongoing charter flights, Flair operates a fleet of Boeing 737-400 aircraft capable of transporting up to 156 passengers worldwide. Flair is the airline for the Manitoba-based discount travel company NewLeaf. Flair also operates flights on behalf of Air Transat, asia Canada Caribbean Central America Europe Mexico South America United States The Flair Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft, Official website Facebook
7.
KF Cargo
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KF Cargo is a cargo airline based in Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada. It operates long term cargo charters for couriers and freight companies, forest fire patrols and aircraft sales and leasing in Canada and it also provides maintenance and aircraft manufacturing services. KF Cargo is a company of KF Aerospace, which was established as Kelowna Flightcraft on 20 March 1970. It is wholly owned by Barry Lapointe Holding, on 22 July 2008, Boeing 727 C-GLKF Operated by Kelowna Flightcraft for Purolator Courier sustained minor damage during a bounced landing at Hamilton Airport. On 13 January 1999, Douglas DC-3C C-GWUG crashed into Mount Parke, investigation revealed that the flight was being operated under Visual Flight Rules at night, in contravention of Canadian Aviation Regulations. On 14 May 1997, Convair 580 C-GKFO Operated by Kelowna Flightcraft, aircraft was dispatched with the elevator trim operating in reverse. On 9 July 1981, Howard 500 C-GKFN, operated by Kelowna Flightcraft for overnight freight operations, on 7 September 1976, Douglas C-47 C-GKFC was destroyed by fire after an emergency landing near Brockett, Alberta. All 26 people on board escaped, the aircraft was on a domestic non-scheduled passenger flight from Vernon Airport, British Columbia to Lethbridge Airport, Alberta. Pilot Bases include Kelowna, Hamilton, and Vancouver, primary Maintenance Bases include Hamilton and Kelowna with a Satellite Base at Vancouver
8.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
11.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
12.
Canada Flight Supplement
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The Canada Flight Supplement is a joint civil/military publication and is a supplement of the Aeronautical Information Publication. It is the official airport directory. It contains information on all registered Canadian and certain Atlantic aerodromes, the CFS is published, separately in English and French, as a paper book by Nav Canada and is issued once every 56 days on the ICAO AIRAC schedule. The CFS was published by Natural Resources Canada on behalf of Transport Canada, the CFS presents runway data, arrival and departure procedures, air traffic control and other radio frequencies and services such as fuel, hangarage that are available at each listed aerodrome. As well, the CFS contains useful reference pages, including instructions for civil aircraft, chart updating data and search. Most pilots flying in Canada carry a copy of the CFS in case a weather or mechanical diversion to another airport becomes necessary, the Canada Flight Supplement is made up of seven sections, Special Notices — list of new or amended procedures. General Section — glossary, legends, airport code listing, list of abandoned aerodromes, Aerodrome/Facility Directory — list all aerodromes alphabetically by the community in which they are located. A sketch of the airport is included showing runway layout, taxiways, locations of buildings, also included in the sketch is an obstacle clearance circle. Radio Navigation and Communications — listing of radio navigation aids and communication outlets, together all known commercial AM broadcasters and their locations. Military Flight Data and Procedures — military flight and reporting procedures for Canada, emergency — emergency procedures and guidelines for hijacks, fuel dumping, search and rescue, etc. This Canadian Aviation Regulation does not specifically require carriage of a copy of the CFS, because information in the CFS may be out of date, particularly with regard to such issues as runway closures and fuel availability, pilots should check NOTAMs before each flight. NOTAM information in Canada can be obtained from the Nav Canada Aviation Weather Website or by contacting the appropriate regional Nav Canada Flight Information Centre, Nav Canada also publishes the Water Aerodrome Supplement, as a single volume in English and French. This contains information on all Canadian water aerodromes as shown on visual flight rules charts, the WAS is published on an annual basis. Airport/Facility Directory – U. S. publications roughly equivalent to the Aerodrome/Facility and Planning chapters of the CFS, but divided into several volumes covering different regions
13.
Environment and Climate Change Canada
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Its ministerial headquarters is located in les Terrasses de la Chaudière, Gatineau, Quebec. The department is responsible for international environmental issues. CEPA was the piece of Canadas environmental legislation but was replaced when budget implementation bill entered into effect in June 2012. Under the Constitution of Canada, responsibility for management in Canada is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for resource management including permitting industrial waste discharges, the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country. Environment Canada continues to undergo a transformation to centralize authority and decision-making. In 2003, responsibility for Parks Canada was returned to the Minister of the Environment, Environment Canada Enforcement Branch is responsible for ensuring compliance with several federal statues. The Governor-in-Council appoints enforcement officers and pursuant to section 217 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, there are two designations of enforcement officers, Environmental Enforcement and Wildlife Enforcement. The former administers the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and pollution provisions of the Fisheries Act, the latter enforces Migratory Birds Convention Act, Canada Wildlife Act, Species at Risk Act and The Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act. All officers wear green uniform with black ties and a badge. Environmental Enforcement Officers only carry baton and OC spray whereas Wildlife Enforcement Officers are also equipped with firearm, on March 4,2009, a bill to increase the enforcement capabilities of Environment Canada was introduced into the House of Commons. The various annexes define hazardous waste in Canada, and also deem any waste that is, the loophole in the regulations that allows tons of e-waste to be exported from Canada is the use of the definition of intact vs functional. A non-functioning electronic device that is intact can be exported under the current legislation, what cant be exported without prior informed consent is a non-functioning but no longer intact electronic device. The principal problem being, the non-functioning but intact electronic device is at risk of being disassembled in some far away e-waste dumping ground. The Canadian governments use of an interpretation of the Basel Convention obligations intact. See Canadian fact sheet and associated links, there have been 19 prosecutions undertaken for non-compliance with the provisions of the EIHWHRMR some of which are still before the courts. Electronic waste by country Bill C-38, replaced the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act,2012, by placing the emphasis on jobs, growth and prosperity significant changes have been made to the federal environmental assessment regime and environmental regulatory framework. The Durban talks were leading to a new binding treaty with targets for all countries to take effect in 2020, Environment minister Peter Kent argued that, The Kyoto protocol does not cover the worlds largest two emitters, the United States and China, and therefore cannot work
14.
Nautical mile
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A nautical mile is a unit of measurement defined as exactly 1852 meters. Historically, it was defined as one minute of latitude, which is equivalent to one sixtieth of a degree of latitude. Today it is an SI derived unit, being rounded to a number of meters. The derived unit of speed is the knot, defined as one mile per hour. The geographical mile is the length of one minute of longitude along the Equator, there is no internationally agreed symbol. M is used as the abbreviation for the mile by the International Hydrographic Organization and by the International Bureau of Weights. NM is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization, nm is used by the U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Nmi is used by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the word mile is from the Latin word for a thousand paces, mīlia. In 1617 the Dutch scientist Snell assessed the circumference of the Earth at 24,630 Roman miles, around that time British mathematician Edmund Gunter improved navigational tools including a new quadrant to determine latitude at sea. He reasoned that the lines of latitude could be used as the basis for a unit of measurement for distance, as one degree is 1/360 of a circle, one minute of arc is 1/21600 of a circle. These sexagesimal units originated in Babylonian astronomy, Gunter used Snells circumference to define a nautical mile as 6,080 feet, the length of one minute of arc at 48 degrees latitude.3 metres. Other countries measure the minute of arc at 45 degrees latitude, in 1929, the international nautical mile was defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as 1,852 meters. Imperial units and United States customary units used a definition of the nautical mile based on the Clarke Spheroid, the United States nautical mile was defined as 6,080.20 feet based in the Mendenhall Order foot of 1893. It was abandoned in favour of the nautical mile in 1954.181 meters. It was abandoned in 1970 and, legally, references to the unit are now converted to 1,853 meters. Conversion of units Orders of magnitude
15.
British Columbia Highway 97
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The route takes its number from U. S. Route 97, with which it connects at the international border. The highway was initially designated 97 in 1953, the Okanagan Highway is a 189 km section of Highway 97 between the international border and the junction of Highway 97A north of Vernon. It is named for the Okanagan region of British Columbia, through which it largely passes and it begins in the south at the international border crossing north of Oroville, and travels 4 km north to its junction with the Crowsnest Highway at Osoyoos. The highway travels north for 47 km, passing through the Testalinden Creek Landslide, from Okanagan Falls, Highway 97 runs near the western shore of Skaha Lake before arriving at the locality of Kaleden, where Highway 3A diverges west. 13 km north of Kaleden, Highway 97 arrives at the city of Penticton, the highway enters the city of Kelowna upon landfall on the east shore of the lake. 6 km east into the city centre, the highway reaches its junction with Highway 33, as the Okanagan is a highly popular travel destination and also has the highest population in inland B. C. this section of highway 97 is by far the busiest. Congestion is frequent - particularly near the William Bennet Bridge, four kilometres north of the Highway 33 junction, Highway 97 leaves the urbanized area of Kelowna. For the next 43 km, the route travels well east of Okanagan Lake, prior to 2013, the highway ran alongside the west shore of Wood Lake to Oyama. A new 9 km section of highway was constructed and opened to traffic at that time. The original section of the highway skirting the shore of Wood Lake is now known as Pelmewash Parkway. Both Oyama and Winfield lie within the municipality of Lake Country, Highway 97 then passes along the west shore of Kalamalka Lake before entering the city of Vernon and a junction with Highway 6 just south of the city centre. The highway then travels north for 10 km to a junction with Highway 97A near Swan Lake. Highway 97 continues northwest from Highway 97A for 81 km, past the town of Falkland, before it merges onto the Trans-Canada Highway at Monte Creek, the highway follows Highway 1 for 105 km west to Cache Creek. The Cariboo Highway section of Highway 97, between Cache Creek and Prince George, is 441 km in length and named for the Cariboo region, through which it travels. Much of its length as far as Quesnel follows approximately the route of the original Cariboo Wagon Road, the Cariboo Wagon Roads lower stretches between Yale and Cache Creek were severed in many places by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Today the Cariboo Highway designation begins at Cache Creek, veering north for 11 km to its junction with Highway 99, over the next 120 km continuing generally northward, the highway passes through McLeese Lake and Marguerite. En route, Highway 97 follows the east bank of the Fraser River to the city of Quesnel, and a junction with Highway 26. Over the next 115 km north of Quesnel, after passing through the hamlets of Strathnaver, Hixon, Stoner and Red Rock, north of here, the highway veers away from the Fraser River, and the British Columbia Railway veers northwestward from it
16.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
17.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
18.
Calgary
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Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
19.
Edmonton
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population
20.
Victoria, British Columbia
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Victoria /vɪkˈtɔːriə/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, and is located on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canadas Pacific coast. The city has a population of about 85,792, while the area of Greater Victoria, has a population of 367,770. Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada, and is located about 100 kilometres from BCs largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. Named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and, at the time, British North America, Victoria is one of the oldest cities in the Pacific Northwest, with British settlement beginning in 1843. The city has retained a number of its historic buildings. The citys Chinatown is the second oldest in North America after San Franciscos, known as the The Garden City, Victoria is an attractive city and a popular tourism destination with a thriving technology sector that has risen to be its largest revenue-generating private industry. Victoria is in the top twenty of world cities for quality-of-life, Victoria is very popular with boaters with its beautiful and rugged shorelines and beaches. Victoria is also popular with retirees, who come to enjoy the temperate, prior to the arrival of European navigators in the late 1700s, the Victoria area was home to several communities of Coast Salish peoples, including the Songhees. The Spanish and British took up the exploration of the northwest coast, beginning with the visits of Juan Pérez in 1774 and of James Cook. In 1778, although the Victoria area of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was not penetrated until 1790, Spanish sailors visited Esquimalt Harbour in 1790,1791, the Songhees established a village across the harbour from the fort. The Songhees village was moved north of Esquimalt. When the crown colony was established in 1849, a town was out on the site. Victoria was incorporated as a city in 1862, in 1865, Esquimalt was made the North Pacific home of the Royal Navy, and remains Canadas Pacific coast naval base. In the latter half of the 19th century, the Port of Victoria became one of North Americas largest importers of opium, serving the opium trade from Hong Kong and distribution into North America. Opium trade was legal and unregulated until 1865, then the legislature issued licences and levied duties on its import, the opium trade was banned in 1908. In 1886, with the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway terminus on Burrard Inlet and his son James Dunsmuir became premier and subsequently lieutenant-governor of the province and built his own grand residence at Hatley Park in the present City of Colwood. With the economic crash and a surplus of men, Victoria became a target-rich environment for recruiting. Two militia infantry battalions, the 88th Victoria Fusiliers and the 50th Gordon Highlanders, Victoria was the home of Sir Arthur Currie
21.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
22.
Puerto Vallarta
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Puerto Vallarta is a Mexican beach resort city situated on the Pacific Oceans Bahía de Banderas. The city is located at 20°40′N 105°16′W, the municipality has an area of 1,300.7 square kilometres. To the north it borders the southwest part of the state of Nayarit, to the east it borders the municipality of Mascota and San Sebastián del Oeste, and to the south it borders the municipalities of Talpa de Allende and Cabo Corriente. Puerto Vallarta is named after Ignacio Vallarta, a governor of Jalisco. In Spanish, Puerto Vallarta is frequently shortened to Vallarta, while English speakers call the city P. V. for short, in internet shorthand the city is often referred to as PVR, after the International Air Transport Association airport code for its Gustavo Diaz Ordaz International Airport. Puerto Vallarta was a thriving Mexican village long before it became an international tourist destination, tourism was a major economic activity because of the climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and rich cultural history. Few details are known about the history of the prior to the 19th century. The limited evidence in occidental Mexican archeology have limited the current knowledge about pre-historic life in the area. Spanish missionary and conquistador documents chronicle skirmishes between the Spanish colonizers and the local peoples, in 1524, for example, a large battle between Hernán Cortés and an army of 10,000 to 20,000 Indians resulted in Cortés taking control of much of the Ameca valley. The valley was then named Banderas after the colorful standards carried by the natives, also the area appears on maps and in sailing logs as a bay of refuge for the Manila Galleon trade as well as for other coastal seafarers. As such it figures in some accounts of pirate operations and smuggling, during the 17th and 18th centuries the Banderas Valley and its beaches along the Bay of Banderas served as supply points for ships seeking refuge in the bay. The area also served as a point where smuggled goods could be sent on to the Sierra towns near Mascota, evading the customs operations at San Blas, Nayarit. During the 19th century the history of Puerto Vallarta, then called El Carrizal or Las Peñas, was linked to the history of the Sierra towns of San Sebastian del Oeste, Talpa de Allende and Mascota. While today these towns are considered quaint tourist destinations, during much of the 18th century, Mascota was Jaliscos second largest town, Mascota and its neighboring towns located in the high plateaus of the Sierra, developed as agricultural towns to support the growing mining operations in the Sierra. During the 18th century, as Mascota grew, Puerto Vallarta grew with it, Puerto Vallarta also became a vacation destination for residents of the Sierra Towns, and by the mid 19th century, the town already had its regularly returning population of vacationers. Most of the settlers in Puerto Vallarta were families who had left the Sierra towns for one reason or another. 1859 saw an important turning point for the village, then known as Las Peñas. That year the Union en Cuale mining company took possession of land extending from Los Arcos to the Pitillal river, the Union en Cuale company was owned in part by the Camarena brothers of Guadalajara who had developed a small trade in oil palm in Las Peñas. The purpose of the sale of the land to the company was to provide for shipping, fishing
23.
Los Cabos Municipality
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Los Cabos is a municipality located at the southern tip of Mexicos Baja California Peninsula, in the state of Baja California Sur. It encompasses the towns of Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo, the area was remote and rural until the latter 20th century, when the Mexican government began to develop Cabo San Lucas for tourism, which then spread east to the municipal seat. The main draw is the climate and geography, where meets the sea, along with sport fishing, resorts. This tourism is by far the main economic activity with two million visitors per year. The town of San José del Cabo is located at the foot of the Sierra de la Laguna,130 km SSW of La Paz, although it is the seat of government for the municipality of Los Cabos, it is smaller than the other city of Cabo San Lucas. However, because of federal and private investments in tourism, its growth is now rivaling that of the famous resort area. This growth has been regulated to outside of the center, especially to the south where the beaches are, leaving the historic town center quiet. There are still cobblestone streets, adobe houses, jacaranda trees and a square in front of a church that dates from the 1700s. The art scene in the town is well-developed because of tourism and these shops carry high end paintings, sculptures in from traditional Mexican, Mexican contemporary and international artisans and artists. During the high season from October to May, these galleries stay open late into the night, the town has resisted the addition of large shopping malls and chain stores. There is also some colonial era architecture as well, but this style has more in common with towns to the north into the United States rather than the center. The main example of colonial architecture here is the parish church. It was part of the Estero de las Palmas de San José del Cabo Mission, the facade is marked with a tile mural depicting the martyrdom of founder Nicolás Tamaral, killed by the local Pericu people. The patron saint of the town is Saint Joseph, whose feast day is celebrated here on March 19, another important occasion is the feast of the Our Lady of the Pillar on October 12. Occasions like these are marked with traditional dance in dress styles known as “Flor de Pitaya” and the “La Cuera. ”Other important landmarks in the include the municipal hall, which dates from 1981. The tourist area of the town is the area between the proper and the shoreline. This area has a golf course and a line of hotels and resorts facing the ocean. San Jose del Cabo is the seat and the government for the found in a 3,451. 51km2 area
24.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
25.
Canadian Pacific Air Lines
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Canadian Pacific Air Lines was a Canadian airline that operated from 1942 to 1987. It operated under the name CP Air from 1968 to 1986, in the early 1940s, the Canadian Pacific Railway Company purchased ten bush airlines in a short time span, finishing with the purchase of Canadian Airways in 1942, to form Canadian Pacific Air Lines. Early management were largely bush flying pioneers, including president Grant McConachie, superintendent Punch Dickins, and Wop May, in 1968, Canadian Pacific Air Lines was rebranded as CP Air. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company had decided to align the name and Multimark design to that of its other subsidiaries, including CP Hotels, CP Ships. CP Air battled with the government-owned Trans-Canada Air Lines for international and transcontinental routes for much of its history, despite early attempts to merge into one national carrier, CP Air continued to operate routes based on its previous bush flying heritage. The federal government established limits on market share and, through international agreements, limits on which countries CP Air could fly to. This barred CP Air from the routes such as London and Paris and limited their access to major Canadian routes such as Vancouver-Toronto. CP was forced to other overseas routes. The development of the circle or polar route to the Far East from CP Airs Vancouver base would become one of the cornerstones of the airline. Grant McConachie managed to secure flights to Amsterdam, Australia, Hong Kong, and Shanghai, flights to Lima, Peru started in 1953 and to Amsterdam in 1955. Other flights to Europe included Lisbon, Milan, Rome, the airline was flying DC-4s and DC-6Bs internationally in the 1950s, introducing turboprop Bristol Britannia aircraft in 1958. The big Britannia propjet was also used to fly non-stop service from Windsor, closer to home, non-stop Boeing 737-200 service from Vancouver to San Francisco was being flown by 1970 followed by non-stop Boeing 727-100 service from Vancouver to Los Angeles by the mid 1970s. Also during the mid 1970s, CP Air was operating stretched Douglas DC-8-63 jetliners on the Vancouver-Honolulu-Nandi-Sydney route twice a week, flights to Beijing, Bangkok, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo were added in 1987. Amsterdam was their principal European destination for these services, with flights to both Eastern and Western Canada, and connections were emphasized onwards to other countries. Unusually for charter flights, they were listed in detail in their timetables to show the full reach of the airline. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, many of the routes CP Air had pioneered such as Vancouver–Tokyo were now very lucrative, in 1979, the federal government eliminated the fixed market share of transcontinental flights for Air Canada. This required massive fleet renewal and a debt of $1 billion. This debt load, the competition, and the economic downturn in Asia would all work against CP Airs future
26.
Jet bridge
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Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, a jet bridge may be fixed or movable, swinging radially and/or extending in length. The jetway was invented by Frank Der Yuen, before the introduction of jet bridges, passengers normally boarded an aircraft by walking along the ground-level ramp and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or ramp stairs are employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports, united Airlines tested an early prototype Air Dock in 1954. The first operational jet bridges were installed in 1959, although sources disagree as to which airport installed jet bridges first, jet bridges provide all-weather dry access to aircraft and enhance the security of terminal operations. They are often attached at one end by a pivot to the terminal building and have the ability to swing left or right. The cabin, at the end of the bridge, may be raised or lowered, extended or retracted. These motions are controlled by a station in the cab. The cab is provided with a canopy, which allows the bridge to dock with aircraft with differing shapes. Some airports with international gates have two or three bridges for larger aircraft with multiple entrances, faster loading can lead to lower airport charges, less delays and more passenger throughput for the airport, all factors which impact an airlines bottom line. King Shaka International Airport and Edmonton International Airport have A380 jet bridges, though loading bridges are usually permanently attached at their terminal-building end, leaving only the cab free to move, this is not always the case. Loading bridges restrict aircraft parking to spots immediately adjacent to the terminal, thus, airports use mobile staircases to facilitate disembarking at hardstands. Loading bridges may pose hazards to aircraft if handled improperly, if the bridge is not retracted fully before departure, it may contact protruding parts of the taxiing aircraft, requiring repair and delays. Furthermore, during cold weather, the bridge may become frozen to the aircraft. In this case, when the jet bridge retracts, it could damage the aircraft if that area has not been properly de-iced, loading bridges usually cost more to use than remote stands, so many low cost carriers prefer not to use them. When regional jets are used, jet bridges have another disadvantage, several airlines have removed jet bridges at regional jet gates at airports such as Atlanta which are short on gates. When having passengers disembark on the tarmac or the ramp, airlines can fit two or more regional jets per gate. In many other places like Beijing Capital Airport and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, several incidents of jet bridges collapsing include Sydney, Hong Kong Chep Lap Kok, Seattle and Los Angeles. Jet bridges are used at smaller, single-story airports
27.
Baggage carousel
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A baggage carousel is a device, generally at an airport, that delivers checked luggage to the passengers at the baggage claim area at their final destination. Not all airports use these devices, airports that do not have carousels generally deliver baggage by placing it on the floor or sliding it through an opening in a wall. Bags are placed on some type of conveyor belt in an area not accessible by passengers. In a single-level system, the belt will deliver bags into the terminal from an opening in the wall, the belt generally runs along the wall for a short distance and then turns into the terminal forming a long oval that allows many passengers to access the belt. The belt continues back to the area through a second opening in the wall. In a multilevel system, the bags are generally loaded from above or below the carousel and it is common for this type of system to have two delivery belts, increasing the speed with which bags can be delivered to the passenger level. There is also a variety of carousel that is a combination of the two systems, bags are loaded from an upper level and end up on a revolving oval, as is normal. However, the back portion of the oval, in this case, runs in and out of the wall
28.
United States border preclearance
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The United States operates border preclearance facilities at a number of ports and airports in foreign countries. They are staffed and operated by U. S. Customs, travelers pass through Immigration and Customs, Public Health, and Department of Agriculture inspections before boarding their aircraft, ship or train. Preclearance exists at most major Canadian airports, arrangements also exist with some airports in Bermuda, The Bahamas, Aruba, two airports in Ireland, and one in the United Arab Emirates. When travelers from a preclearance port arrive in the U. S. they do so as domestic travellers but are subject to reinspection at the discretion of Customs. Preclearance applies to U. S. citizens as well as citizens of most other countries who travel to the U. S, as United States and Canadian laws require that those in transit must pass through the relevant customs, preclearance also applies to transit passengers. This is particularly beneficial to those who have an ongoing connection, Preclearance also provides considerable flexibility to the airlines operating in those routes where such a program is available. For example, major U. S airlines and their subsidiaries routinely operate many daily flights from locations like Toronto or Nassau to New York City, kennedy International Airport or Newark Liberty International Airport. This allows them to save the space at JFK and EWR for their other international arrivals. Preclearance exists at most major Canadian airports, theoretically enabling more convenient travel from cities to the U. S. Reduced staffing levels by US Customs and Border Protection have been blamed by airport authorities, NEXUS and similar programs are now being explored and expanded as a means to try to restore some of the original convenience to the preclearance process. These facilities exist because of agreements made between the government of the United States and the governments of the host countries. Travellers who have passed through the U. S. government checks, U. S. officials may question and search travellers with the passengers permission, but they do not have powers of arrest, although they can deny boarding. Local criminal laws apply, and are enforced by local officials, some countries have laws in place specifically to cover preclearance issues. Since CBP does not have legal powers on foreign soil, passengers can only be detained for local laws by local authorities, a passenger can choose to abandon their flight and refuse search, and unlike in the United States, officers cannot search them. Most preclearance facilities have a sign explaining this, CBP Officers in the Preclearance Division are not armed while on foreign soil. Informal preclearance arrangements between the U. S. and Canada began in Toronto, Ontario, in 1952, following a request from American Airlines. This was extended and formalized with Canadas passage of the Air Transport Preclearance Act passed by the Canadian House of Commons in 1974, the preclearance agreement is fully reciprocal, meaning the Government of Canada has the option of opening Canadian Preclearance facilities in the United States. The following Canadian airports operate U. S. S, operates a preclearance post at Pacific Central Station for Amtrak Cascades rail service between Vancouver, British Columbia, and Seattle, Washington
29.
Tim Horton
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Miles Gilbert Tim Horton was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, a defenceman for 24 seasons in the National Hockey League. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, on January 1,2017, in a ceremony prior to the Centennial Classic, Horton was part of the first group of players to be named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players in history. Also a successful businessman, Horton was a co-founder of the Tim Hortons restaurant chain, Horton was born in Cochrane, Ontario, at Lady Minto Hospital, to Ethel May and Aaron Oakley Horton, a Canadian National Railway mechanic. Tim had one brother, Gerry Horton and he had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. The family moved in 1935 to Duparquet, Quebec, returning to Ontario in 1938 to Cochrane, Horton grew up playing ice hockey in Cochrane, and later in mining country near Timmins. The Toronto Maple Leafs organization signed him, in 1948 he moved to Toronto to play junior hockey, two years later, he turned pro with the Leafs farm team, the Pittsburgh Hornets of the American Hockey League. He spent most of the first three seasons with Pittsburgh, playing in his first NHL game on March 26,1950, Horton did not appear in the NHL again until the fall of 1952. He remained a Leaf until 1970, winning four Stanley Cups, Horton later played for the New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Buffalo Sabres. He was known for his tremendous strength and calmness under pressure, as a hard-working and durable defenceman, he gained relatively few penalty minutes for an enforcer-type defenceman. He was also an effective puck carrier – in 1964–65 he played wing for the Leafs. Horton appeared in seven National Hockey League All-Star Games and he was named an NHL First Team All-Star three times. He was selected to the NHL Second Team three times, Horton had a reputation for enveloping players fighting him in a crushing bear hug. While playing, Horton was generally acknowledged as the strongest man in the game, injuries, chicago Blackhawks left wing Bobby Hull declared, There were defencemen you had to fear because they were vicious and would slam you into the boards from behind, for one, Eddie Shore. But you respected Tim Horton because he didnt need that type of intimidation and he used his tremendous strength and talent to keep you in check. In 1962, he scored three goals and 13 assists in 12 playoff games, setting a Leafs team record for points by a defenceman. This record was tied in 1978 by Ian Turnbull, but was not broken until 1994, at age 41, Horton signed a one-year contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1971 for an estimated $100,000, the largest contract to date for the five-year-old franchise. In spite of Hortons age,42, and considerable nearsightedness, former Leafs general manager Punch Imlach of the Sabres acquired Horton in the intra-league draft, in 1973, his performance assisted the Sabres in their first playoff appearance. Horton later signed an extension in the off-season
30.
White Spot
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White Spot is a Canadian restaurant chain based in Vancouver, British Columbia, best known for its hamburgers, Pirate Pak childrens meal and burger sauce. Some locations have carhop drive-in service, in the 1920s, Nat Bailey operated a travelling lunch counter, using a 1918 Model T. A prominent location was Prospect Point in Stanley Park, hotdogs were a dime and ice cream was a nickel. The restaurant was founded on June 16,1928, by Nat Bailey, the original White Spot was located in the Marpole neighbourhood, at 67th and Granville Street, at what would be known as Granville House, in Vancouver. The restaurant was called White Spot Barbecue Sandwiches, evolving into a drive-in, by 1955, the chain was serving 10,000 cars a day and 110,000 customers a week. The restaurant closed permanently at that location shortly thereafter, despite talk of rebuilding. The carhop drive-in service began further west, at a viewpoint off Marine Drive in Point Grey, drivers parked nearby asked if food could be delivered to their cars, so Bailey hired servers who hopped to it to do so. Some locations still offer drive-in service, the chain was sold to General Foods in 1968 when Nat retired. In 1982, White Spot returned to local ownership when the company was purchased by BC businessman Peter Toigo, after his death in 1993, his sons Peter and Ron Toigo took over ownership. In 1986, the chain was sued in the court case Gee v. White Spot, the plaintiffs, Mr. Gee and Mr. and Mrs. Pan, claimed damages for botulism poisoning related to a beef dip. The decision made it easier for diners to sue restaurants for breach of contract, in 1993, White Spot introduced franchising. Since 1999, their franchises have been installed on ships in the BC Ferries fleet. By the 2000s, the chain was opening burger-focused takeout locations with its Triple-Os locations, in 2012,64 White Spot restaurants and 62 Triple -Os served 17 million customers and generated $200 million in gross revenues. White Spot is known for its Pirate Paks, a childrens meal introduced in 1968, chef Chuck Currie has been featured in marketing campaigns alongside guest celebrity chefs hailing from Vancouver, including John Bishop, Rob Feenie, Umberto Menghi, and Melissa Craig. Triple-Os by White Spot restaurants, named after the trademark Triple-O hamburger sauce, have established in BC. An X meant hold, an O meant extra, and Triple O meant plenty of everything, in the 1990s, White Spot experimented with opening outlets across the nearby U. S. border in Bellingham, Washington, without much success. Abroad, White Spot has in the past few years expanded its Triple-Os fast food chain into Hong Kong and, most recently, Bangkok, the three Hong Kong franchises each record more than twice as many sales as the average location in BC. A location in Seoul, South Korea, opened in September,2008 and it is located near Dosan Park, in the Apgujeong neighborhood
31.
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest, sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east to the Continental Divide, thus including Idaho, Western Montana, narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the history, geography, society. The Northwest Coast is the region of the Pacific Northwest. The term Pacific Northwest should not be confused with the Northwest Territory or the Northwest Territories of Canada. The border — in two sections, along the 49th parallel south of British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle west of northern British Columbia — has had an effect on the region. According to Canadian historian Ken Coates, the border has not merely influenced the Pacific Northwest—rather, definitions of the Pacific Northwest region vary, and there is no commonly agreed-upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common conception of the Pacific Northwest includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader definitions of the region may include the U. S. state of Alaska, the Canadian territory of Yukon, the portion of the state of California. Definitions based on the historic Oregon Country reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including all of Idaho and parts of western Montana. Sometimes the Pacific Northwest is defined as being the Northwestern United States, often these definitions are made by government agencies whose scope is limited to the United States. Some definitions include, in addition to Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, western Montana, the coast of northern California, the Pacific Northwest has been occupied by a diverse array of indigenous peoples for millennia. The Pacific Coast is seen by scholars as a major coastal migration route in the settlement of the Americas by late Pleistocene peoples moving from northeast Asia into the Americas. Other evidence for human occupation dating back as much as 14,500 years ago is emerging from Paisley Caves in south-central Oregon, however, despite such research, the coastal migration hypothesis is still subject to considerable debate. Due in part to the richness of Pacific Northwest Coast and river fisheries, in the interior of the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, had a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas were home to mobile and egalitarian societies, others, especially along major rivers such as the Columbia and Fraser, had very complex, affluent, sedentary societies rivaling those of the coast. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, the Tlingit and Haida erected large, throughout the Pacific Northwest, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, organizing their societies around cedar and salmon
32.
Western Canada
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The capital cities of the four western provinces, from West to East, are, Victoria, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg. Except for Winnipeg, which is the largest city in Manitoba, Manitoba established as a province of Canada in 1870, following the enacting of the Manitoba Act. Saskatchewan, Established as province in 1905, with the implementation of the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta, In 1905, the same year as Saskatchewan, Alberta also was established as province. Just like Saskatchewan had the Saskatchewan Act, Alberta had the Alberta Act and this represents 31. 5% of Canadas population. While Vancouver serves as the largest metropolitan area in Western Canada, the following is a list of these areas and their populations as of 2011. Western Canada consists of the four westernmost provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan. It covers 2.9 million square kilometres – almost 29% of Canada’s land area, British Columbia adjoins the Pacific Ocean to the west, while Manitoba has a coastline on Hudson Bay in its northeast of the province. Both Alberta and Saskatchewan are landlocked between British Columbia and Manitoba, the Canadian Prairies are part of a vast sedimentary plain covering much of Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba. The prairies form a significant portion of the area of Western Canada. The plains generally describes the expanses of flat, arable agricultural land which sustain extensive grain farming operations in the southern part of the provinces. Despite this, some such as the Cypress Hills and Alberta Badlands are quite hilly. In Alberta and British Columbia, the Canadian Cordillera is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Canadian Rockies are part of a major continental divide that extends north and south through western North America and western South America. The continental divide also defines much of the border between Alberta and British Columbia, the Columbia and the Fraser Rivers have their headwaters in the Canadian Rockies and are the second- and third-largest rivers, respectively, to drain to the west coast of North America. To the west of their headwaters, across the Rocky Mountain Trench, is a belt of mountains. The coast of British Columbia enjoys an oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean. Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry and these areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the chinook wind, wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily
33.
Northern Canada
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Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to three territories of Canada, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, similarly, the Far North may refer to the Canadian Arctic, the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle and lies east of Alaska and west of Greenland. This area covers about 39 percent of Canadas total land area, for some purposes, Northern Canada may also include Northern Quebec and Northern Labrador. These reckonings somewhat depend on the concept of nordicity, a measure of so-called northernness that other Arctic territories share. Canada is the northernmost country in the Americas and roughly 80% of its 35 million inhabitants are concentrated along its border with the United States. Combined with the fact that all of the country experiences severely cold winters along with short and relatively cool summers. Due to the concentration of its population along the border. Southern Canada is therefore considered to be a region only when it is contrasted against or viewed from the North, as a social rather than political region, the Canadian north is often subdivided into two distinct regions based on climate, the near north and the far north. The different climates of these two regions result in different vegetation, and therefore very different economies, settlement patterns. The near north or subarctic is mostly synonymous with the Canadian boreal forest and this area has traditionally been home to the Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic, that is the First Nations, who were hunters of moose, freshwater fishers and trappers. This region was involved in the North American fur trade during its peak importance. The area was part of Ruperts Land or the North-Western Territory under the nominal control of the Hudsons Bay Company from 1670–1869. The HBCs claim was purchased by the Canadian government in 1869 and this opened the region to non-Native settlement, as well as to forestry, mining, and oil and gas drilling. Today several million people live in the north, around 15% of the Canadian total. The far north is synonymous with the north of the tree line. This area is home to the various sub-groups of the Inuit and these are people who have traditionally relied mostly on hunting marine mammals and caribou, mainly barren-ground caribou, as well as fish and migratory birds. This area was somewhat involved in the fur trade, but was influenced by the whaling industry. Very few non-Aboriginal people have settled in areas, and the residents of the far north represent less than 1% of Canadas total population
34.
Southwestern United States
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The population of the area is around 11 million people, with over half that in Arizona, the most populous cities are Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico and it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, the two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the south. Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a dry desert. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico. The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert, formed two mountain ranges which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, when people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the deserts most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus and it is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders, Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona. The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert, bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, the most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, the Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert, the Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon, but that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, painted deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, the Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region
35.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
36.
Caribbean
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The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea, in a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15,1954, to October 10,2010, there was a known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations, the region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of Caribbean are KARR-ə-BEE-ən, with the accent on the third syllable. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the variant has been established for over 75 years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KARR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, usage is split within Caribbean English itself. The word Caribbean has multiple uses and its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea, to the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America, politically, the Caribbean may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the known as the Caribbean Community contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a member of the Caribbean Community. According to the ACS, the population of its member states is 227 million people. The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies, Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin and these islands include Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua
37.
Air Canada
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Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1937, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and it is the worlds eighth-largest passenger airline by fleet size, and is a founding member of the Star Alliance. Air Canadas corporate headquarters are located in Montréal, Quebec, while its largest hub is at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Air Canada had passenger revenues of CA$13.8 billion in 2015. The airlines regional service is Air Canada Express, Canadas national airline originated from the Canadian federal governments 1936 creation of Trans-Canada Airlines, which began operating their first transcontinental flight routes in 1938. In 1965, TCA was renamed Air Canada following government approval, after the deregulation of the Canadian airline market in the 1980s, the airline was privatized in 1988. On 4 January 2000, Air Canada acquired their largest rival, in 2003, the airline filed for bankruptcy protection and in the following year emerged and reorganized under the holding company ACE Aviation Holdings Inc. In 2007,34 million people flew with Air Canada as the celebrated their 70th anniversary. The carriers operating divisions include Air Canada Cargo, Air Canada Express and their subsidiary, Air Canada Vacations, provides vacation packages to over 90 destinations. Together with their partners, the airline operates on average more than 1,530 scheduled flights daily. Air Canadas predecessor, Trans-Canada Airlines, was created by legislation as a subsidiary of Canadian National Railway on 11 April 1937. The newly created Department of Transport under Minister C. D, howe desired an airline under government control to link cities on the Atlantic coast to those on the Pacific coast. Transcontinental routes from Montreal to Vancouver began on 1 April 1939, using 12 Lockheed Model 14 Super Electras, by January 1940, the airline had grown to about 500 employees. Canadian Pacific Airlines suggested in 1942 a merger with TCA, prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King rejected the proposal and introduced legislation regulating TCA as the only airline in Canada allowed to provide transcontinental flights. With the increase in air travel after World War II, CP Air was granted one coast-to-coast flight, with the development of the ReserVec in 1953, TCA became the first airline in the world to use a computer reservation system with remote terminals. This bill failed but it was resubmitted and passed, with the name change taking effect on 1 January 1965. During the 1970s government regulations ensured Air Canadas dominance over domestic regional carriers, short-haul carriers were each restricted to one of five regions, and could not compete directly with Air Canada and CP Air. CP Air was subject to capacity limits on flights. Air Canadas fares were also subject to regulation by the government, in the late 1970s, with reorganization at CNR, Air Canada became an independent Crown corporation
38.
Vancouver International Airport
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Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements and passengers and it has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, Mexico and other airports within Canada. The airport has won several notable international best airport awards, it won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2016. The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th, 8th and it is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results and it is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. It is also a base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities and it is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes. In 1929 the city of Vancouver purchased land on Sea Island for aviation purposes, the airport was a base for Royal Canadian Air Force training. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada. The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since expanded to include separate domestic. A north runway was completed in 1996, in 2011 the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. It has more flights than any other airport in Canada. Vancouver International Airport has two terminals, the Main Terminal and the South Terminal, free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. The Main Terminal is divided in two sections, the Domestic Terminal and the International Terminal, the majority of flights operate at the Main Terminal. The Domestic Terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt, the Domestic terminal consists of three concourses. Concourse A consists of six gates, A6 through A10. These gates are used by WestJet Encore, a new permanent ground-loading concourse is planned to start construction in 2016. Concourse B comprises gates B12 through B23 and B26 through B28, gates B14 to B17 have provisions allowing international arrivals in the future
39.
Air Canada Express
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Air Canada Express is a brand name under which four regional airlines operate feeder flights for Air Canada. On April 26,2011, it was reported that Air Canada decided to retire the Air Canada Jazz brand, prior to establishing the Express name, the flights operated primarily under the Air Canada Jazz or Air Canada Alliance banners. C. Sky Regional Airlines now operates all 15 of Air Canadas former Embraer E-175 aircraft, Air Canada destinations Air Canada Express destinations Air Canada Rouge destinations Air Georgian destinations Air Canada website fleet
40.
Calgary International Airport
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The airport offers scheduled non-stop flights to major cities in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, Europe and East Asia. YYC Calgary International Airport serves as headquarters for WestJet and as a hub airport for Air Canada, the airport is one of eight Canadian airports with US Border Preclearance facilities. The airport is operated by The Calgary Airport Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System and it is Canadas fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic and 3rd by aircraft movements, handling 15,680,616 passengers in 2016 and 250,953 movements in 2014. In October 2008, The Calgary Airport Authority was named one of Albertas Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc, YYC has both the longest runway and the tallest free-standing control tower in Canada. The airport underwent an expansion project with its new International Facilities Project. The airport opened in 1938 as McCall Field, named in honour of World War I ace and it is actually Calgarys third airport. The original facility was an airstrip in the then-town of Bowness. In 1928, it was replaced with Calgary Municipal Airport, in the Renfrew area, in 1940, McCall Field was taken over by the Department of Transport, and not returned to the city until 1949. A new terminal opened in 1956, but quickly became obsolete with the dawn of the jet age, the city did not have nearly enough funding for the necessary upgrades, and sold it to Transport Canada in 1966, who renamed it Calgary International Airport. This led to a media firestorm and a second petition to not change the name. In October 2016, days prior to opening the new international terminal and we are very pleased that this brand has been formally incorporated into our official airport name. ”The airport is divided into two terminals. The Domestic Terminal consists of concourses A, B, and C, the International Terminal opened on October 31,2016, and handles all International and USA-bound flights. It consists of Concourses D and E, all concourses are connected behind security by a connections corridor, consisting of walkways, moving sidewalks, and a fleet of electric shuttles called YYC Link. Domestic Terminal The domestic terminal consists of Concourses A, B, and C and this was the airports only terminal before the new International Terminal opened on October 31,2016. The terminal was designed by Stevenson, Raines, Barret, Hutton, Seton and Partners, Gates 1 to 24 are located on this concourse, most of which are used primarily by WestJet. Gates 1 to 6 comprise regional operations for WestJet Encore, there are five security lanes dedicated to Concourse A flights. The A concourse contains the Swissport Calgary Chinook lounge, Concourse A used to handle international flights, but it no longer does as of October 31,2016 with the opening of the new International Terminal. Gates 21 to 40 are swing gates, Gates 21 to 24 will swing between Concourse A and B
41.
Edmonton International Airport
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Edmonton International Airport is the primary air passenger and air cargo facility in the Edmonton region of the Canadian province of Alberta. The airport offers scheduled flights to major cities in Canada, the United States, Mexico. It is a hub facility for Northern Alberta and Northern Canada and it is Canadas largest major airport by total land area, the 5th busiest airport by passenger traffic and by aircraft movements. Operated by Edmonton Airports and located 26 kilometres south southwest of downtown Edmonton in Leduc County on highway 2 opposite of the city of Leduc and it served 7,981,074 passengers in 2015. Transport Canada selected the current site for Edmonton International Airport and purchased over 7,000 acres of land, when the airport opened on November 15,1960, its first terminal was an arch hangar. Today, it is in use by Canadian North, in 1963, a passenger terminal, built in the international style, was opened. It remains in use as the North Terminal, artwork, fired by Alberta Natural Gas, adorned the departures area exterior. A large mural, commissioned by the Canadian government in 1963 for CAD$18,000 titled Bush Pilot in Northern Sky by Jack Shadbolt, an appraisal in 2005 indicated that the mural was worth $750,000, and a restoration of the mural was undertaken in 2007. During the 1970s, the experienced a rapid growth in traffic as the city of Edmonton grew. However, from the early 1980s until 1995, traffic declined and this decline was attributed to the continued usage of Edmonton City Centre Airport as well as to a slowing economy. In a municipal plebiscite in that year, 77% of voting Edmontonians voted to consolidate all scheduled jet service at Edmonton International Airport. In 1998, the airport underwent a $282 million 1998–2005 Redevelopment Project, the three-phase project included the construction of a south terminal and central hall concept, a commuter facility, doubling of the apron, and a multi-storey parkade. This redevelopment project expanded the capacity to 5.5 million. By the time the project was completed in 2005, continued passenger growth triggered planning for another expansion. A new 107, 000-square-foot control and office tower was added in 2009, further expansion was completed in 2013. Functional highlights include seven new gates,14 boarding bridges, six new elevators and moving walkways, over 100 security doors. Incremental improvements like improving de-icing capacity and implementing common use systems for airlines were also delivered, the Renaissance Hotel and the iconic snow-drift inspired control and office tower are recent major additions to the airport landscape. In 2016, the Edmonton International Airport expected to begin twinning Highway 19, the realignment of the highway will allow for the airport to finalize engineering and begin construction on the airports third runway - runway 11/29
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Air Canada Rouge
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Air Canada Rouge, stylized Air Canada rouge, is the vacation and leisure airline subsidiary of Air Canada. Air Canada Rouge is fully integrated into the Air Canada mainline and Air Canada Express networks, the airline was launched in December 2012 and began services on July 1,2013 as part of the Air Canada Leisure Group. At the time of the launch it had a fleet of four aircraft,2 Airbus A319s and 2 Boeing 767s and its fleet expanded to 28 aircraft within 18 months and was expected to reach 16 Boeing 767s,20 Airbus A319s and 5 Airbus A321s by mid-2016. By early September 2016, the airline had expanded its Boeing 767 fleet to 19 aircraft, a seasonal service from Vancouver to Osaka/Kansai started in May 2015. Air Canada Rouge serves predominantly leisure destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, South America, Central America, Mexico and the United States. Destinations in the Caribbean include Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, Haiti, the Bahamas, Grenada, Barbados, St. Maarten, destinations in Africa include Algiers and Casablanca. In December 2015 new routes were announced including Toronto to Miami, Fort Myers, Charlottetown, montreal to Miami will now be year round and Vancouver to San Diego and Mexico City and Calgary to Phoenix, which will now be year-round. The Air Canada Rouge fleet consists of the following registered aircraft, the Air Canada Rouge Airbus A319 has 16 more seats than a regular Air Canada Airbus A319 with 136 seats, the first four rows being for Rouge Plus and Premium Rouge passengers. The Air Canada Rouge Boeing 767-300ER carries 71 more passengers than most regular Air Canada Boeing 767-300ER aircraft, of these 223 are economy,35 Rouge Plus and 24 Premium Rouge. The 29-inch seat pitch is one of the smallest in North America, laptop use requires the Flash plug-in. IPads are available for rental to Economy Class passengers for a cost of $10 and are complimentary for Premium Rouge customers, the rental iPads are loaded with additional premium content on the Player Plus app. Baggage policy is the same as Air Canadas, and catering is complimentary on flights to/from Europe and Asia, Premium Rouge food and beverages are complimentary. Air Canadas mainline economy class fare services as well as full-fare, media related to Air Canada Rouge at Wikimedia Commons Official website
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Toronto Pearson International Airport
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The airport is named in honour of Toronto-born Lester B. Pearson, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and 14th Prime Minister of Canada, Pearson Airport is the largest and busiest airport in Canada. Pearson handles more international passengers than any airport in North America other than John F. Kennedy International Airport, Pearson is the main hub for Air Canada. It is also a hub for passenger airline WestJet and cargo airline FedEx Express, Pearson Airport is operated by the Greater Toronto Airports Authority as part of Transport Canadas National Airports System. In 1952, the became the first in the world to provide facilities for United States border preclearance. An extensive network of domestic flights is operated from Pearson by several airlines to all major. As of 2017, over 75 airlines operate around 1,100 daily departures from Toronto Pearson to more than 180 destinations across all six of the inhabited continents. In 1937, the Government of Canada agreed to support the building of two airports for Toronto, one site was downtown, todays Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport. The other was to be outside the city, as a backup for the downtown field, a site near the town of Malton, northwest of Toronto, was chosen and the Toronto Harbour Commission purchased and acquired several farms to provide the land for the airfield. The first scheduled flight for the new Malton Airport was a Trans-Canada Air Lines DC-3 that landed on August 29,1939. During World War II, the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan operated No.1 Elementary Service Flying School, in 1958, the City of Toronto sold the Malton Airport to Transport Canada, who subsequently changed the name of the facility to Toronto International Airport. The airport was officially renamed Lester B. Pearson International Airport in 1984, Pearson, the fourteenth Prime Minister of Canada and recipient of the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize. The Greater Toronto Airports Authority assumed management, operation, and control of the airport in 1996, Toronto Pearson International Airport has two active terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 3. A third terminal, the Infield Terminal, is not used for regular operations at Pearson. Measuring over 567,000 square metres, Terminal 1 is the largest terminal at Pearson Airport and is among the largest buildings in the world by floor space, Air Canada and all other Star Alliance airlines that serve Toronto Pearson operate out of Terminal 1. The terminal is used by non-alliance airline Emirates. Terminal 1 was designed by a joint venture known as Airports Architects Canada, comprising Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, Adamson Associates Architects and Moshe Safdie and Associates. It contains 58 gates, D1, D3, D5, D7-D12, D20, D22, D24, D26, D28, D31–D45, D51, D53, D55, D57, F60–F63, F64A–F64B, F65, F66A–F66B, F/E67–F/E81, F91, and F93
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