1.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
2.
Eastern Orthodox Church
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The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith, the Eastern Orthodox Church is a communion of autocephalous churches, each typically governed by a Holy Synod. It teaches that all bishops are equal by virtue of their ordination, prior to the Council of Chalcedon in AD451, the Eastern Orthodox had also shared communion with the Oriental Orthodox churches, separating primarily over differences in Christology. Eastern Orthodoxy spread throughout the Roman and later Eastern Roman Empires and beyond, playing a prominent role in European, Near Eastern, Slavic, and some African cultures. As a result, the term Greek Orthodox has sometimes used to describe all of Eastern Orthodoxy in general. However, the appellation Greek was never in use and was gradually abandoned by the non-Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox churches. Its most prominent episcopal see is Constantinople, there are also many in other parts of the world, formed through immigration, conversion and missionary activity. The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Orthodox Catholic Church and it is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, in official publications, and in official contexts or administrative documents. Orthodox teachers refer to the Church as Catholic and this name and longer variants containing Catholic are also recognized and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Orthodox writers. The common name of the Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, is a shortened practicality that helps to avoid confusions in casual use, for this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as Greek, even before the great schism. After 1054, Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople and this identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. Today, many of those same Roman churches remain, while a large number of Orthodox are not of Greek national origin. Eastern, then, indicates the element in the Churchs origin and development, while Orthodox indicates the faith. While the Church continues officially to call itself Catholic, for reasons of universality, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in a letter written about 110 AD from one Greek church to another. Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, thus, almost from the very beginning, Christians referred to the Church as the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same Church, a number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim, the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Assyrian Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church, not directly from the Orthodox Church, the depth of this meaning in the Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word Orthodox itself, a union of Greek orthos and doxa
3.
Cultus confirmation
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Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead persons entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name. Local bishops had the power of beatifying until 1634, when Pope Urban VIII, in the apostolic constitution Cœlestis Jerusalem of 6 July, reserved the power of beatifying to the Apostolic See. The requirement of a miracle is not relevant to the canonization of those who died in martyrdom, the feast day for a Blessed person is not universal, but is celebrated only in regions where the person receives particular veneration. For instance, Saint Kateri Tekakwitha was especially honored in the United States, the person may also be honored in a particular religious order, diocese, or organization, such as John Duns Scotus among the Franciscans, the Archdiocese of Cologne and other places. Pope John Paul II markedly changed previous Catholic practice of beatification, by October 2004, he had beatified 1,340 people, more than the sum of all of his predecessors since Pope Sixtus V, who established a beatification procedure similar to that used today. The Pope himself still can preside, as happened on 19 September 2010, cultus confirmation is a somewhat different procedure, wherein the church recognizes a local cult of a person, asserting that veneration of that person is acceptable. Such a confirmation is more an official sanctioning of folk Catholicism than a step in a canonization procedure. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles. Juris Canonici et Juris Canonico-Civilis Compendium Nova Editio, Tomus Tertius, Pars Secunda List of all Blesseds in the Catholic Church by GCatholic. org
4.
Canonization
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Originally, persons were recognized as saints without any formal process. Later, different processes were developed, such as used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The first persons honored as saints were the martyrs, pious legends of their deaths were considered affirmations of the truth of their faith in Christ. The Roman Rites Canon of the Mass contains only the names of martyrs, along with that of the Blessed Virgin Mary and, since 1962, that of St. Joseph her spouse. By the fourth century, however, confessors—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word, examples of such people are Saint Hilarion and Saint Ephrem the Syrian in the East, and Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Hilary of Poitiers in the West. Their names were inserted in the diptychs, the lists of saints venerated in the liturgy. Since the witness of their lives was not as unequivocal as that of the martyrs and this process is often referred to as local canonization. This approval was required even for veneration of a reputed martyr, and Saint Cyprian recommended that the utmost diligence be observed in investigating the claims of those who were said to have died for the faith. Evidence was sought from the records of the trials or from people who had been present at the trials. Saint Augustine of Hippo tells of the procedure which was followed in his day for the recognition of a martyr, the bishop of the diocese in which the martyrdom took place set up a canonical process for conducting the inquiry with the utmost severity. Other churches still use the older practice, in the Catholic Church, canonization is a decree that allows universal veneration of the saint in the liturgy of the Roman Rite. For permission to venerate merely locally, only beatification is needed, only acceptance of the cultus by the Pope made the cultus universal, because he alone can rule the universal Catholic Church. In the Medieval West, the Apostolic See was asked to intervene in the question of canonizations so as to more authoritative decisions. Swibert by Pope Leo III in 804, thereafter, recourse to the judgment of the Pope was had more frequently. Pope Urban II, Pope Calixtus II, and Pope Eugene III conformed to this discipline, a decree of Pope Alexander III1170 gave the prerogative to the ope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned. However, the procedure initiated by the decretal of Pope Alexander III was confirmed by a bull of Pope Innocent III issued on the occasion of the canonization of St. Cunegunda in 1200. The bull of Pope Innocent III resulted in increasingly elaborate inquiries to the Apostolic See concerning canonizations and he further regulated both of these acts by issuing his Decreta servanda in beatificatione et canonizatione Sanctorum on 12 March 1642. His work published from 1734-8 governed the proceedings until 1917, the article Beatification and canonization process in 1914 describes the procedures followed until the promulgation of the Codex of 1917
5.
Calendar of saints
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The word feast in this context does not mean a large meal, typically a celebratory one, but instead an annual religious celebration, a day dedicated to a particular saint. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, a calendar of saints is called a Menologion, Menologion may also mean a set of icons on which saints are depicted in the order of the dates of their feasts, often made in two panels. As the number of recognized saints increased during Late Antiquity and the first half of the Middle Ages, eventually every day of the year had at least one saint who was commemorated on that date. To deal with this increase, some saints were moved to days in some traditions or completely removed. For example, St. Perpetua and Felicity died on 7 March, when the 1969 reform of the Catholic calendar moved him to 28 January, they were moved back to 7 March. Both days can thus be said to be their feast day, the Roman Catholic calendars of saints in their various forms, which list those saints celebrated in the entire church, contains only a selection of the saints for each of its days. A fuller list is found in the Roman Martyrology, and some of the saints there may be celebrated locally, Saint Martin of Tours is said to be the first or at least one of the first non-martyrs to be venerated as a saint. The title confessor was used for saints, who had confessed their faith in Christ by their lives rather than by their deaths. Martyrs are regarded as dying in the service of the Lord, a broader range of titles was used later, such as, Virgin, Pastor, Bishop, Monk, Priest, Founder, Abbot, Apostle, Doctor of the Church. Pope Pius XII added a common formula for Popes, the 1962 Roman Missal of Pope John XXIII omitted the common of Apostles, assigning a proper Mass to every feast day of an Apostle. The present Roman Missal has common formulas for the Dedication of Churches, the Blessed Virgin Mary, Martyrs, Pastors, Doctors of the Church, Virgins, some Christians continue the tradition of dating by saints days, their works may appear dated as The Feast of Saint Martin. Poets such as John Keats commemorate the importance of The Eve of Saint Agnes, as different Christian jurisdictions parted ways theologically, differing lists of saints began to develop. In the present ordinary form of the Roman Rite, feast days are ranked as solemnities and those who use even earlier forms of the Roman Rite rank feast days as Doubles, Semidoubles, and Simples. See Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite, in the Eastern Orthodox Church the ranking of feasts varies from church to church. In the Russian Orthodox Church they are, Great Feasts, middle, each portion of such feasts may also be called feasts as follows, All-Night Vigils, Polyeleos, Great Doxology, Sextuple. There are also distinctions between Simple feasts and Double, in Double Feasts the order of hymns and readings for each feast are rigidly instructed in Typikon, the liturgy book. In the Church of England, there are Principal Feasts and Principal Holy Days, Festivals, Lesser Festivals, and Commemorations. com
6.
Saint symbolism
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Christianity has used symbolism from its very beginnings. Each saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life, symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church. A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, the study of these forms part of iconography in art history. They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene and they are often carried in the hand by the Saint. Attributes often vary with time or geography, especially between Eastern Christianity and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, many of the most prominent saints, like Saint Peter and Saint John the Evangelist can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type – as can Christ. Some attributes are general, such as the palm frond carried by martyrs, the use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes, a New Dictionary of Saints, East and West. Catholic Forum Patron Saints Index Saints Badges or Shields On the Canonizations of John Paul II
7.
Patron saint
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Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges. Historically, a practice has also occurred in many Islamic lands. With regard to the omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote. Traditionally, it has been understood that the saint of a particular place prays for that places wellbeing and for the health. Saints often become the patrons of places where they were born or had been active, professions sometimes have a patron saint owing to that individual being involved somewhat with it, although some of the connections were tenuous. Lacking such a saint, an occupation would have a patron whose acts or miracles in some way recall the profession and it is, however, generally discouraged in some Protestant branches such as Calvinism, where the practice is considered a form of idolatry. In Islam, the veneration or commemoration and recognition of saints is found in many branches of traditional Sunnism
8.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin
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The Archdiocese of Dublin, is a Roman Catholic archdiocese in eastern Ireland centred on the republics capital city – Dublin. The archdiocese is led by the Archbishop of Dublin, who serves as pastor of the church, St Marys Pro-Cathedral. It was formally recognised as a province in 1152 by the Synod of Kells. Its second archbishop, Lorcán Ua Tuathail, is also its patron saint, as of 2013 the incumbent Ordinary is Diarmuid Martin. The Province of Dublin is one of four provinces that together form the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland. As well as Dublin city, the diocese also contains several towns, Arklow, Balbriggan, Bray, Celbridge, Greystones, Leixlip, Malahide, Maynooth. Altogether it covers an area of 698,277 statute acres, the suffragan dioceses of the province are, Ferns Kildare and Leighlin Ossory. The Dublin area was Christian long before the establishment of the diocese. There are vestigial remains and memory of monasteries that were famous before that time at Finglas, Glasnevin, Glendalough, Kilnamanagh, Rathmichael, Swords, Tallaght and they witness to the faith of earlier generations and to a flourishing Church life. Several of these functioned as churches, the most important of which was Glendalough. The monastic basis of the church power vested the greatest authority in the abbots of the major communities. While there were bishops, they were not organised dioceses in the modern sense, in many cases, the offices of abbot and bishop were often comprised in one person. Although Wares Antiquities of Ireland mentions Bishops of Dublin dating as far back as 633, when formal organised dioceses began to emerge in Ireland, all of the current Diocese of Dublin, and more, was comprised within the Diocese of Glendalough. This new diocese was not part of the church in Ireland, sitric also provided for the building of Christ Church Cathedral in 1028 with the lands of Baldoyle, Raheny and Portrane for its maintenance. At the Synod of Rathbreasail, convened in 1111 on papal authority by Gillebert, Bishop of Limerick, Dublin was not included, the city being described as lying in the Diocese of Glendalough. However, the Danish bishopric continued, still attached to Canterbury, in 1151, Pope Eugene III commissioned Cardinal Paparo to go to Ireland and establish four ecclesiastical provinces, appointing to each a metropolitan. At the general synod of Kells in 1152, the provinces of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel. The part of northern County Dublin known as Fingall was taken from Glendalough Diocese, the new archdiocese had 40 parishes grouped in deanaries that were based on the old senior monasteries
9.
Irish saint
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This is a list of the saints of Ireland, which attempts to give an overview of saints from Ireland or venerated in Ireland. The vast majority of these saints lived during the 4th—10th centuries, the introduction of Christianity into Ireland was during the end of the 4th century. Its exact introduction is obscure, though the strict nature of monasticism in Ireland. Although there were some Christians in Ireland before him, Patrick from Britain played a significant role in its full Christianisation, some of the most well known saints are the Twelve Apostles of Ireland and Brigit of Kildare. The sources for the history of Ireland, ecclesiastical, New York MacNeill. The Festival of Lughnasa, A Study of the Survival of the Celtic Festival of the Beginning of Harvest, plummer, Charles, A tentative catalogue of Irish hagiography, Miscellanea Hagiographica Hibernica, Subsidia Hagiographica 15, Brussels, pp. 171–285 Breatnach, Padraig A. An inventory of Latin Lives of Irish saints from St. Anthonys College, Louvain, c
10.
Glendalough
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Glendalough is a glacial valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, renowned for an Early Medieval monastic settlement founded in the 6th century by St Kevin. Kevin, a descendant of one of the families in Leinster. During this time, he went to Glendalough and he was to return later, with a small group of monks to found a monastery where the two rivers form a confluence. Kevins writings discuss his fighting knights at Glendalough, scholars believe this refers to his process of self-examination. His fame as a holy man spread and he attracted numerous followers, for six centuries afterwards, Glendalough flourished and the Irish Annals contain references to the deaths of abbots and raids on the settlement. Around 1042, oak timber from Glendalough was used to build the second longest Viking longship ever recorded, a modern replica of that ship was built in 2004 and is currently located in Roskilde, Denmark. At the Synod of Rath Breasail in 1111, Glendalough was designated as one of the two dioceses of North Leinster, the Book of Glendalough was written there about 1131. St. Laurence OToole, born in 1128, became Abbot of Glendalough and was known for his sanctity and hospitality. Even after his appointment as Archbishop of Dublin in 1162, he returned occasionally to Glendalough and he died in Eu, in Normandy in 1180. In 1214, the dioceses of Glendalough and Dublin were united, from that time onwards, the cultural and ecclesiastical status of Glendalough diminished. The destruction of the settlement by English forces in 1398 left it a ruin but it continued as a church of local importance, Glendalough features on the 1598 map A Modern Depiction of Ireland, One of the British Isles by Abraham Ortelius as Glandalag. Descriptions of Glendalough from the 18th and 19th centuries include references to occasions of riotous assembly on the feast of St. Kevin on 3 June, the present remains in Glendalough tell only a small part of its story. The monastery in its heyday included workshops, areas for manuscript writing and copying, guest houses, the buildings which survive probably date from between the 10th and 12th centuries. Glendalough is currently a titular see in the Catholic Church and it is used for bishops who hold no ordinary power of their own and thus are titular bishops. Raymond DMello Marian Przykucki Donal Murray Diarmuid Martin Guy Sansaricq See Annals of Inisfallen AI800.2 Minndenach, abbot of Glenn dá Locha, aI809.2 Échtbrann, abbot of Glenn dá Locha. AI1003.6 Dúnchad Ua Mancháin, abbot of Glenn dá Locha, the Gateway to the monastic city of Glendalough is one of the most important monuments, now totally unique in Ireland. It was originally two-storeyed with two fine, granite arches, the antae or projecting walls at each end suggest that it had a timber roof. Inside the gateway, in the west wall, is a cross-inscribed stone and this denoted sanctuary, the boundary of the area of refuge
11.
County Wicklow
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County Wicklow is a county in Ireland. The second last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed, as late as 1606 and it is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló, which means Vikings Meadow. Wicklow County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county is 142,332 according to the 2016 census, Wicklow is colloquially known as the Garden of Ireland. It is the 17th-largest of Irelands 32 counties by area, being thirty-three miles in length by twenty miles in breadth and it is the fourth-largest of Leinsters twelve counties by size and the fifth-largest in terms of population. Between 2011 and 2016 the population of the county grew by 4. 2%, the adjoining counties are Wexford to the south, Carlow to the south-west, Kildare to the west and Dublin to the north. The Wicklow Mountains range is the largest continuous upland region in Ireland, the highest mountain in the range, Lugnaquilla, rises to 925 metres, making Wicklow the second-highest county peak after Kerry. The River Slaney is in the part of the county. The Turlough Hill pumped-storage scheme, a significant civil engineering project, was carried out in the mountains in the 1960s and 1970s, the lakes are small but numerous, located mainly in mountain valleys or glacial corries. They include Lough Dan, Lough Tay, Lough Brae, the lakes of Glendalough as well as the Poulaphouca reservoir, County Wicklow was the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired in 1606 from land previously part of counties Dublin and Carlow. Established as a county, it was aimed at controlling local groups such as the OByrnes. It provided them access to an area that had been a hotbed of Irish rebellion for centuries. Several barracks to house the soldiers were built along the route, the ancient monastery of Glendalough is located in County Wicklow. During the Cromwellian invasion of Ireland, local authorities immediately surrendered without a fight, the local government authority is Wicklow County Council which returns 32 councillors from five municipal districts. All of the previous Town Councils were abolished under a new Local Government Act at the 2014 Local Elections, for elections to Dáil Éireann, the entire county in included in the Wicklow constituency along with some eastern parts of County Carlow. The constituency returns five TDs to the Dáil, mermaid, County Wicklow Arts Centre is based in Bray. Two of the festivals take place in Arklow, the Arklow music Festival. The county is a popular film-making location in Ireland, the BBC series Ballykissangel was also filmed in County Wicklow
12.
John Colgan
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John Colgan, O. F. M. was an Irish Franciscan friar noted as a hagiographer and historian. Colgan was born c.1592 at Priestown near Carndonagh and he joined the Franciscan Order and was sent to study in the Irish Franciscan College of St. Anthony of Padua in Leuven in present-day Belgium in 1612. He was ordained as a priest in 1618, here he is said to have acted as professor of theology for some time, but he soon forsook the professorial chair to devote himself to the Irish studies for which that college was famous. Father Hugh Ward had projected a complete history of the Irish saints, Ward died before he could make any progress in his work, but the materials that had been gathered remained. Colgan, being a competent master of the Irish language, had thus ready at hand an excellent collection of manuscripts of Irish hagiology and he undertook a great work, to be published in six volumes, dealing with the whole range of Irish ecclesiastical history and antiquities. In 1645 he published at Louvain the third volume of this series, containing the lives of the Irish saints whose feasts occur in the calendar for the months of January, February, and March. The lives of the saints whose feasts occur in the months were to have been published in the last three volumes of the series. The second volume of the series, entitled Trias Thaumaturga, etc. appeared at Louvain in 1647 and it deals with the three great national saints of Ireland, Patrick, Brigid, and Columbcille. In it are contained seven of the ancient lives of St. Patrick, five of St. Columba, and six of St. Brigid. For a long time the Trias Thaumaturga was nearly the only source of information on St. Patrick, Colgan gives a Latin version of the Vita Tripartita which represents a different text from that edited by Stokes, Colgans manuscript seems to have entirely disappeared. In 1655 he published at Antwerp a life of Duns Scotus, in which he undertook to prove that this great Franciscan doctor was born in Ireland, and not in Scotland, as was then frequently asserted. In the Bibliotheca Franciscana Colgan is said to have died in 1647, in 1652 Colgan resigned as a professor, dying at St. Anthonys, Leuven, on 15 January 1658. Colgans work on Irish hagiology is of undoubted value, though unfortunately of very weak constitution, he was a man of great ability and industry, and with a sound critical sense. Colgan, though a fluent Irish speaker, had not, and from the nature of things could not have, hence his judgments about the dating of the manuscripts and about the meaning of certain difficult expressions ought not to be put forward as irreversible. In other words, Colgan should be judged by the criteria of his time, but his opinions are not decisive. The Colgan Heritage Weekend is held annually in Carndonagh, Co, donegal, his home place, at the end of June. His principal works are, Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae, long title, Acta Sanctorum veteris et majoris Scotiae seu Hibernix, Sanctorum Insulae, partim ex variis per Europam MS. Codicibus exscripta, partim ex antiquis monumentis et probatis Auctoribus eruta et congesta, tomus primus qui de Sacris Hiberniae Antiquitatibus est tertius, Januarium, Februarium et Martium complectens
13.
Kingdom of Leinster
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Leinster is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the east of Ireland. It comprises the ancient Kingdoms of Mide, Osraige and Leinster, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties, Leinster has no official function for local-government purposes. However, the province is an officially recognised subdivision of Ireland and it is listed on ISO 3166-2 as one of the four provinces of Ireland and IE-L is attributed to Leinster as its country sub-division code. Leinster had a population of 2,630,720 according to the results of the 2016 census. The traditional flag of Leinster features a harp on a green background. The first part of the name Leinster derives from Laigin, the name of a tribe that once inhabited the area. The latter part of the name either from the Irish tír or from the Old Norse staðr. Úgaine Mór, who built the hill-fort of Dún Ailinne, near Kilcullen in County Kildare. He is a likely, but uncertain candidate as the first historical king of Laigin in the 7th century BC, circa 175/185 AD, following a period of civil wars in Ireland, the legendary Cathair Mor re-founded the kingdom of Laigin. The legendary Finn Mac Cool, or Fionn mac Cumhaill, reputedly built a stronghold at the Hill of Allen, on the edge of the Bog of Allen, in Wales some of the Leinster-Irish colonists left their name on the Llŷn Peninsula, which derives its name from Laigin. In the 5th century the emerging Uí Néill dynasties from Connacht conquered areas of Westmeath, Meath and Offaly from the Uí Enechglaiss, Uí Néill Ard Righ attempted to exact the Boroimhe Laighean from the Laigin from that time, in the process becoming their traditional enemies. This southern dynasty provided all the later Kings of Leinster, the ancient Kingdom of Mide today encompasses much of counties Meath and Westmeath with five west County Offaly baronies. The Offaly parishes of Annally and Lusmagh were formerly part of Connacht while the baronies of Ballybritt, County Louth was formerly part of Ulster. The last major changes occurred with the formation of County Wicklow, from lands in the north of Carlow. The provincial borders were redrawn by Cromwell for administration and military reasons, later minor changes dealt with islands of one county in another. By the late 1700s, Leinster looked as shown in the map of 1784. Leinster represents the extended English Pale, counties controlled directly from Dublin, gradually Leinster subsumed the term of The Pale, as the difference between the old Pale area and the wider province, now under English administration, grew less distinct
14.
Kevin
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Kevin is a male first name of Gaelic origin. Among the earliest famous bearers of the name were Saints Kevin of Glendalough, caoimhghín derives from the Irish caomh kind, honest, handsome and -gin birth. Kevin influenced the similarly Irish-derived Kelvin, as well as the Latin Calvin, Kevin is one of the top 100 male baby names in Chile, France, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden and the United States. It can also be spelled Kevyn, Keven, or Kevan, in the United Kingdom, its popularity peaked during the 1950s and 1960s, when it was frequently among the 20 most popular male first names, but by the 1990s it had fallen out of the top 100. In France, the name was popular during the 1980s and 1990s. There is wide variation both on the pronunciation and accentation, a more Franco-Celtic pronunciation is often written as Kévin, while a consciously Anglo-American pronunciation is written without the accent. For example, French horseman Kevin Stauts and French runner Kévin Hautcœurs official websites differ, the female version of Caoimhín is Caoimhe. Kevin Abernathy, American editor and occasional host of shows on the Game Grumps platform Kevin Abley, Australian rules footballer Kevin J. Anderson, American science fiction author Kevin T
15.
Saint Petroc
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Saint Petroc or Petrock was a British prince and Christian saint. Probably born in South Wales, he ministered to the Britons of Devon and Cornwall, where he is associated with a monastery at Padstow. Padstow appears to have been his earliest major centre. Bodmin monastery became one of the wealthiest Cornish foundations by the eleventh century, there is a second ancient dedication to him nearby at Little Petherick or Saint Petroc Minor. In Devon ancient dedications total a probable seventeen, mostly coastal and including one within the old Roman walls of Exeter as well as the villages of Petrockstowe, in Wales his name is commemorated at St Petrox near Pembroke, Ferwig near Cardigan and Llanbedrog on the Llŷn peninsula. He also became a saint in Brittany by the end of the tenth century. He studied in Ireland, where later he is said to have been the teacher of Saint Kevin, Petroc founded churches in Little Petherick and Bodmin and in many parts of Britain, Wales and Brittany. He is said to have converted Constantine of Cornwall to Christianity by saving a deer Constantine was hunting, after thirty years, legend says that he went on the pilgrimage to Rome by way of Brittany. The place of his death was reputedly at a house belonging to a family named Rovel, with Saint Piran and Saint Michael, he is one of the patron saints of Cornwall. He was described by Thomas Fuller as the captain of Cornish saints, the legendary tales surrounding Petroc are exceptionally vivid and imaginative and may represent interpolation from pagan tales. In iconography, like several other British saints, Petroc is usually shown with a stag, in 936, King Athelstan of England annexed Cornwall and granted privilege of sanctuary to Padstow, there only being two other churches in Cornwall with this privilege. His major shrine was always at St Petrocs Church, Bodmin, in 1177, a Breton stole his relics from Bodmin and gave them to the Abbey of St Meen. However, Henry II restored them and, though the relics were thrown out during the English Reformation and his remains were reputed to have ended in the bay of Hailemouth near Padstow. The Flag of Devon is dedicated to Saint Petroc and this flag, designed by Ryan Sealey, was the winner of a competition organised by the BBC in 2003, and represents the traditional county. It has been used by residents, and since October 2006 by Devon County Council, the merger of North and East Devon Colleges led to them being re-branded under the name Petroc. Doble, G. H. Saint Petrock, a Cornish Saint, 3rd ed. Doble, the Saints of Cornwall, part 4. Truro, Dean and Chapter, pp. 132–166 Jankulak, Karen The Medieval Cult of St. Petroc Boydell Press ISBN 978-0-85115-777-1 Orme, English Church Dedications, with a Survey of Cornwall and Devon. Orme, Nicholas The Saints of Cornwall Oxford, U. P. ISBN 978-0-19-820765-8 Stacey, Robin Chapman, the Medieval Cult of St. Petroc Albion, A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol.34, No
16.
Cornwall
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Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues
17.
Bollandist
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Their most important publication has been the Acta Sanctorum. They are named after Jean Bolland or Bollandus, the idea of the Acta Sanctorum was first conceived by the Dutch Jesuit Heribert Rosweyde, who was a lecturer at the Jesuit college of Douai. Rosweyde used his time to collect information about the lives of the saints. His principal work, the 1615 Vitae Patrum, became the foundation of the Acta Sanctorum, Rosweyde contracted a contagious disease while ministering to a dying man, and died himself on October 5,1629, at the age of sixty. Father Jean Bolland was prefect of studies in the Jesuit college of Mechelen, upon the death of Rosweyde, Bolland was asked to review Rosweydes papers. Bolland then continued the work from Antwerp and he was then assigned an assistant, Godfrey Henschen or Henschenius. The first two volumes of the Acta, by Bolland and Henschen, were published in Antwerp in 1643, unlike Rosweyde and Bolland, Henschen was allowed to devote himself exclusively to the writing of the Acta. He solved many problems relating to chronology, geography and the interpretation of the sources. February, March, and April took up three volumes each, May covered eight, and June seven volumes, by the time of his death,24 volumes had appeared, moreover, Henschen left many notes and commentaries for the following volumes. It can therefore be said that the Acta owe their form to Henschen. In 1659, Bolland and Henschen were joined by Daniel van Papenbroeck or Papebrochius, from July 1660 until December 1662, Henschen and van Papenbroeck travelled through Germany, Italy and France in order to collect copies of hagiographic manuscripts. Another Bollandist of this period was Jean Gamans, with publication of the first volume of April, the Bollandists became embroiled in a lengthy controversy with the Carmelites. But learning that the attacks could jeopardize the work of the group, he, from 1681 to 1698 a series of letters, pamphlets and other documents was issued by each side. The Carmelites were supported by a Spanish tribunal, while the Bollandists had the support of Jean de Launoy, in November 1698, Pope Innocent XII ordered an end to the controversy. By the time of the death of Father Papenbroek in 1714, work continued in the following years, led by Conrad Janninck among others. By the time the Society of Jesus was suppressed by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 and their library was acquired by the Premonstratensians of the Abbey of Tongerloo, who endeavored to carry on the work. The fifty-third volume was published by the abbot of Tongerloo in 1794, the 53 volumes of the first series covered the saints from January 1 to October 14. After the re-establishment of the Society of Jesus in Belgium, a new Society of Bollandists was formed in the quarter of the nineteenth century under the patronage of the Belgian government
18.
Lent
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Lent is a solemn religious observance in the Christian liturgical calendar that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends approximately six weeks later, before Easter Sunday. The purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer through prayer, doing penance, mortifying the flesh, repentance of sins, almsgiving and this event is observed in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Methodist, and Roman Catholic Churches. Some Anabaptist and evangelical churches also observe the Lenten season, in Lent, many Christians commit to fasting, as well as giving up certain luxuries in order to replicate the sacrifice of Jesus Christ’s journey into the desert for 40 days. Many Christians also add a Lenten spiritual discipline, such as reading a daily devotional or praying through a Lenten calendar, the Stations of the Cross, a devotional commemoration of Christs carrying the Cross and of his execution, are often observed. Throughout Christendom, some adherents mark the season with the abstention from the consumption of meat. The English word Lent is a form of the Old English word lenten, meaning spring season. A dated term in German, lenz, is also related, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the shorter form seems to be a derivative of *laŋgo- long. And may possibly have reference to the lengthening of the days as characterizing the season of spring. The origin of the -en element is clear, it may simply be a suffix, or lencten may originally have been a compound of *laŋgo- long. In languages spoken where Christianity was earlier established, such as Greek and Latin, in modern, Greek the term is Σαρακοστή, derived from the earlier Τεσσαρακοστή, meaning fortieth. In other languages, the name used refers to the activity associated with the season, thus it is called fasting period in Czech, German, and Norwegian, and it is called great fast in Polish and Russian. The terms used in Filipino are kuwaresma and Mahál na Araw, various Christian denominations calculate the 40 days of Lent differently. The way they observe Lent also differs, in the Roman Rite, the definition of Lent varies according to different documents. Lent ends on either Holy Thursday or Good Friday, though some sources try to reconcile this with the phrase forty days by excluding Sundays and extending Lent through Holy Saturday no official documents support this interpretation. The day for beginning the Lenten fast is the following Monday, the special Ash Wednesday fast is transferred to the first Friday of the Ambrosian Lent. The period of Lent observed in the Eastern Catholic Churches corresponds to that in churches of Eastern Christianity that have similar traditions. In the Byzantine Rite, i. e. the Eastern Orthodox Great Lent is the most important fasting season in the church year, Great Lent is broken only after the Paschal Divine Liturgy. The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the traditional Churchs teaching on fasting, the rules for lenten fasting are the monastic rules
19.
Michael Dwyer
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Michael Dwyer was a United Irishmen leader in the 1798 rebellion. He later fought a campaign against the British Army in the Wicklow Mountains from 1798–1803. Dwyer was born in Camara, a townland in the Glen of Imaal County Wicklow and he was the eldest of seven children of farmer John Dwyer and his wife Mary, who had a farm in the widespread fields of Wicklow and supplied the men of the rebellion with food. In 1784 the family moved to a farm in Eadestown, Dwyer was a cousin of Anne Devlin, who would later achieve fame for her loyalty to the rebel cause following the suppression of Robert Emmets rebellion. Dwyer joined the Society of United Irishmen and, in the summer of 1798, he fought with the rebels as captain under General Joseph Holt in battles at Arklow, Vinegar Hill, Ballyellis and Hacketstown. Under Holts leadership, he withdrew to the safety of the Wicklow Mountains in mid-July, Dwyer and Holt tied down thousands of troops. Dwyer and his men began a campaign targeting local loyalists and yeomen, attacking small parties of the military, due to the constant hunt for him, Dwyer was forced to split and reassemble his forces and hide amongst civilian sympathisers to elude his pursuers. On 15 February 1799 at Dernamuck, he and about a dozen comrades were sheltering in three cottages when an informer led a force of the British soldiers to the area. In the hopeless gunfight which followed, the cottage caught fire, at this stage, Dwyers comrade, Antrim man Sam McAllister, stood in the doorway to draw the soldiers fire on him, which allowed Dwyer to slip out and make an incredible escape. Dwyer later made contact with Robert Emmet and was apprised of plans for his revolt but was reluctant to commit his followers to march to Dublin unless the rebellion showed some initial success. The subsequent failure of Emmets rising led to a period of repression, Dwyer arrived in Sydney on 14 February 1806 on the Tellicherry and was given free settler status. He was accompanied by his wife Mary and their eldest children and also by his companions, Hugh Vesty Byrne and Martin Burke, along with Arthur Devlin and he was given a grant of 40.5 ha of land on Cabramatta Creek in Sydney. Although he had hoped to be sent to the United States of America. This statement had been used against him and he was arrested in February 1807, on 11 May 1807, Dwyer was charged with conspiring to mount an Irish insurrection against British rule. An Irish convict stated in court that Michael Dwyer had plans to march on the seat of Government in Australia, Dwyer did not deny that he had said that all Irish will be free but he did deny the charges of organising an Irish insurrection in Sydney. On 18 May 1807, Dwyer was found not guilty of the charges of organising an Irish insurrection in Sydney, governor William Bligh disregarded the first trial acquittal of Michael Dwyer. Michael Dwyer was later to become Chief of Police at Liverpool, New South Wales but was dismissed in October for drunken conduct, in December 1822 he was sued for aggrandising his by now 620 acre farm. Here he evidently contracted dysentery, to which he succumbed in August 1825, originally interred at Liverpool, his remains were reburied in the Devonshire Street Cemetery, Sydney, in 1878, by his grandson John Dwyer, dean of St Marys Cathedral
20.
County Westmeath
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County Westmeath is a county in Ireland. It is in the province of Leinster and is part of the Midlands Region and it originally formed part of the historic Kingdom of Meath. It was named Mide because kingdom was located in middle of Ireland, Westmeath County Council is the government for the county, the capital is Mullingar. The population of the county is 88,396, following the failure of male heirs, the Lordship was split between de Lacys great-granddaughters. The western part was awarded to Margery and her husband, John de Verdun, son of Walter de Lacy while the eastern part, the official establishment of County Westmeath dates to 1543, and it was named after the kingdom of Mide. Westmeath is the 20th largest of Irelands 32 counties by area and it is the sixth largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and eighth largest in terms of population. It was named after the kingdom and province of Meath. Westmeath was shired under The Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act of 1543, the summit of Mullaghmeen is the highest point in County Westmeath. At just 258 metres this makes it the lowest county top in Ireland, the head office of Westmeath County Council is located in Mullingar. The three electoral areas of Westmeath are Athlone, Mullingar-Coole and Mullingar-Kilbeggan, the Local Government Act 1898, provided the framework for the establishment of County Councils throughout Ireland. The first meeting of Westmeath County Council was held on 22 April 1899, westmeaths population growth has been stronger than the national average. After the Great Famine, the population of Westmeath declined dramatically and it stabilized in the middle of the 20th century, and has continued to grow. Westmeaths proximity to Dublin with good facilities and frequent rail service has made commuting popular. County Westmeath saw a decline in population during 18th and 19th century, the largest town in the county is Athlone, followed by the County town Mullingar. Westmeath is the largest county by population in the Irish Midlands, important commercial and marketing centres include Moate, Kilbeggan, Kinnegad, Ballinahown, Delvin, Rochfortbridge, Killucan and Castlepollard. According to the 2011 census 51. 9% of Westmeath households have at least one Irish speaker, Westmeath is one of oldest counties in Ireland to have census in 1841. Some of the records of that census have been digitized and maintained by the National Archives of Ireland. According to the latest census of April 2011 Westmeath had a population of 86,164 and it was also revealed by central statistics office that despite being overall increase in population, rural population still faced declination. The population of age was 6,882, of primary school going age was 10,111
21.
Columba
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Saint Columba was an Irish abbot and missionary credited with spreading Christianity in what is today Scotland at the start of the Hiberno-Scottish mission. He founded the important abbey on Iona, which became a dominant religious and he is the Patron Saint of Derry. He was highly regarded by both the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Picts, and is remembered today as a Christian saint, Columba studied under some of Irelands most prominent church figures and founded several monasteries in the country. He remained active in Irish politics, though he spent most of the remainder of his life in Scotland, three surviving early medieval Latin hymns may be attributed to him. Columba was born to Fedlimid and Eithne of the Cenel Conaill in Gartan, near Lough Gartan, in modern County Donegal, on his fathers side, he was great-great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish high king of the 5th century. He was baptised in Temple-Douglas, in the County Donegal parish of Conwal, by his teacher and foster-uncle Saint Crunathan. When sufficiently advanced in letters he entered the school of Movilla, at Newtownards. He was about twenty, and a deacon when, having completed his training at Movilla, he travelled southwards into Leinster, on leaving him, Columba entered the monastery of Clonard, governed at that time by Finnian, noted for sanctity and learning. Here he imbibed the traditions of the Welsh Church, for Finnian had been trained in the schools of St. David, in early Christian Ireland the druidic tradition collapsed due to the spread of the new Christian faith. The study of Latin learning and Christian theology in monasteries flourished, Columba became a pupil at the monastic school at Clonard Abbey, situated on the River Boyne in modern County Meath. During the sixth century, some of the most significant names in the history of Irish Christianity studied at the Clonard monastery and it is said that the average number of scholars under instruction at Clonard was 3,000. Columba was one of students of St. Finnian who became known as the Twelve Apostles of Ireland. He became a monk and eventually was ordained a priest, another preceptor of Columba was St. Mobhi, whose monastery at Glasnevin was frequented by such famous men as St. Canice, St. Comgall, and St. Ciaran. A pestilence which devastated Ireland in 544 caused the dispersion of Mobhis disciples, and Columba returned to Ulster and he was a striking figure of great stature and powerful build, with a loud, melodious voice which could be heard from one hilltop to another. The following years were marked by the foundation of important monasteries, Derry, County Londonderry, Durrow, County Offaly, Kells, County Meath. While at Derry it is said that he planned a pilgrimage to Rome and Jerusalem, thence he brought a copy of those gospels that had lain on the bosom of St. Martin for the space of 100 years. This relic was deposited in Derry, tradition asserts that, sometime around 560, he became involved in a quarrel with Saint Finnian of Movilla Abbey over a psalter. Columba copied the manuscript at the scriptorium under Saint Finnian, intending to keep the copy, Saint Finnian disputed his right to keep the copy
22.
Comgall
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Saint Comgall, an early Irish saint, was the founder and abbot of the great Irish monastery at Bangor in present-day Northern Ireland. Comgall was born sometime between 510 and 520 in Dál nAraidi, Ulster according to the Irish annals near the now known as Magheramorne in present-day County Antrim. Comgalls father was Setna, a Pictish warrior, his mothers name was Briga, after serving as a soldier in his early life, he was educated under Fintan of Clonenagh and also studied under Finnian of Movilla, Mobhí Clárainech at Glasnevin, and Ciarán of Clonmacnoise. He was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Lugidius, either at Clonmacnoise or Connor and he lived for a while in Ulster on an island on Lough Erne, accompanied by a few friends who followed a severe form of monastic life. The regime was so austere that seven companions died of cold, initially intending to go to Britain, Comgall was dissuaded by Lugidius, the bishop who ordained him, at whose advice he remained in Ireland to spread the monastic life throughout the country. He founded a monastery at Bangor, County Down on the shore of Belfast Lough. According to the Irish annals, Bangor was founded no later than 552, though James Ussher and he is said to have governed in Bangor and other houses over four thousand monks, all which religious men were employed in tillage or other manual labour. Life in the monasteries was very severe, herbs, water, and bread was customary. Even milk was considered an indulgence, at Bangor only one meal was allowed, and that not until evening. Confession was in public before the community, severe acts of penance were frequent. Silence was observed at meals and at times also, conversation being restricted to the minimum. Comgall was a friend to Brendan, Saint Cormac, Cainnech of Aghaboe and it is believed that among the monks trained by Comgall at Bangor, were Columbanus of Luxeuil-les-Bains and Saint Moluag. After a period of suffering, Comgall received the Eucharist from Saint Fiacre. The year of his death was either 602, according to Annals of Tigernach and Chronicon Scotorum, or 597 and his relics, which were kept at Bangor, were scattered during Viking raids in 822. Comgall belonged to what is known as the Second Order of Irish Saints and these flourished in the Irish Church during the sixth century. They were for the most part educated in Britain, or received their training from those who had grown up under the influence of the British Schools and they were the founders of the great Irish monastic schools, and contributed much to the spread of monasticism in the Irish Church. In other words, did St. Congall give his monks at Bangor a strict monastic rule resembling the Rule of Saint Benedict and this, however, is not conclusive, since Columbanus might have derived inspiration from the Benedictine Rule then widely spread over the Iberian Peninsula. St. Comgall is mentioned in the Life of Columbanus by Jonas, as the superior of Bangor, under whom St. Columbanus had studied
23.
Clonmacnoise
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The monastery of Clonmacnoise is situated in County Offaly, Ireland on the River Shannon south of Athlone. Clonmacnoise was founded in 544 by St. Ciarán, a man from Rathcroghan. Until the 9th century it had associations with the kings of Connacht. From the ninth until the eleventh century it was allied with the kings of Meath, many of the high kings of Tara and Connacht were buried here. In the modern day, the stands as a preserved ruin under the management of the Office of Public Works. An interpretive center and facilities for visitors have been built around the site, the graveyard surrounding the site continues to be in use and religious services are held regularly on the site in a modern chapel. This was a wooden structure and the first of many small churches to be clustered on the site. Diarmuid was to be the first Christian crowned High King of Ireland, in September 549, not yet thirty-three years of age, Ciarán died of a plague, and was reportedly buried under the original wooden church, now the site of the 9th-century stone oratory, Temple Ciarán. While he was there he prophesied about the debates in the churches of Ireland about the dating of Easter. Towards the close of the century a plague carried off a large number of its students. Clonmacnoises period of greatest growth came between the 8th and 12th centuries and it was attacked frequently during these four centuries, mostly by the English, the Irish, the Vikings and Normans. The Book of the Dun Cow a vellum manuscript dating to the 12th century, was written here, by the 12th century Clonmacnoise began to decline. The reasons were varied, but without doubt the most debilitating factor was the growth of the town of Athlone to the north of the site from the late-12th century. Athlone became the trading town for the midlands of Ireland. The influx of religious orders such as the Franciscans, Augustinians, Benedictines, Cluniacs. Irelands move from a framework to a diocesan one in the twelfth century similarly diminished the sites religious standing, as it was designated the seat of a small. In 1552 the English garrison at Athlone destroyed and looted Clonmacnoise for the final time, the monastery ruins were one of the stops on the itinerary of Pope John Paul II during his visit to Ireland in 1979. The site includes the ruins of a cathedral, seven churches, most of the churches have recently undergone comprehensive conservation works, mostly re-pointing, with the Nuns Church, currently under wraps while it too undergoes the same process
24.
Cieran
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Ciarán was bishop of Saighir and remains the patron saint of its successor, the diocese of Ossory. He is identified with the Saint Piran who is venerated in Cornwall, Wales and his feast day is celebrated on 5 March. He is sometimes called Saint Ciarán the Elder to distinguish him from the other 6th-century Irish Saint Ciarán and he shares the feast date of March 5th with his mother, St. Liadán, and his disciple and episcopal successor, St. Carthach the Elder. Various medieval traditions about the saint are recorded in a number of hagiographic works, the shortest Latin Life is preserved in the Codex Salmanticensis, while the longer one is found in the Codex Kilkenniensis. The latter was rendered into Irish and a second Irish Life was produced after the Protestant Reformation, the latter, though the latest of the four, is thought to draw on the oldest traditions when it deals sympathetically with the Osraige. Primarily intended to edify, educate and entertain, it is unclear to what extent they are a representation of events. Before he was conceived Ciaráns mother had a dream that a star fell into her mouth. She related this dream to the druids who were knowledgeable of such things, Cape Clear Island south west of County Cork is regarded as his birthplace and it is said that a church was built by him on the island. Ciaráns biography is full of obscurities and it is commonly said, however, that he left Ireland before the arrival of St Patrick. Already a Christian, and of royal Osraige blood, he had determined to study for the Church, hence, he secured an education at Tours, by one account Patrick sent Ciarán to precede him and directed him to build a monastery at the site of a well. When Ciarán asked how he should find this well, Patrick gave him a little bell, on his return from Rome, he built himself a little cell in the woods of Upper Ossory. A tradition shared by all four Lives describes Ciarán as a man wearing skins. This corresponds to the image of him as a Western John the Baptist, wearing skins and dwelling in the wilderness, seemingly as a forerunner to St. Patrick as John was to Christ. His mother, Liadan, is said to have gone to Saighir with a group of women who devoted their lives to the service of God and the members of her sons community. Sier Kieran became the church of the Osraighe, a center for the preaching of the Gospel. It was superseded by the monastic foundation of St Canice at nearby Aghaboe. Like the saints Ailbe of Emly, Declán of Ardmore and Abbán, Ciarán is credited with a career in Munster. This tradition may reflect interaction with Christians of south Wales before St Patrick came to Ireland, Ciarán is said to have met Patrick in Italy and made allegiance to him
25.
Pilgrimage
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A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance. Typically, it is a journey to a shrine or other location of importance to a persons beliefs and faith, a person who makes such a journey is called a pilgrim. As a common experience, pilgrimage has been proposed as a Jungian archetype by Wallace Clift. The Holy Land acts as a point for the pilgrimages of the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity. Baháulláh decreed pilgrimage to two places in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, the House of Baháulláh in Baghdad, Iraq, and the House of the Báb in Shiraz, later, Abdul-Bahá designated the Shrine of Baháulláh at Bahji, Israel as a site of pilgrimage. Other pilgrimage places in India and Nepal connected to the life of Gautama Buddha are, Savatthi, Pataliputta, Nalanda, Gaya, Vesali, Sankasia, Kapilavastu, Kosambi, Rajagaha, Varanasi, other famous places for Buddhist pilgrimage include, India, Sanchi, Ellora, Ajanta. Thailand, Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Doi Suthep, tibet, Lhasa, Mount Kailash, Lake Nam-tso. Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa, Temple of the Tooth, Anuradhapura, malaysia, Kek Lok Si, Cheng Hoon Teng, Maha Vihara Myanmar, Bagan, Sagaing Hill. The Four Sacred Mountains Japan, Shikoku Pilgrimage,88 Temple pilgrimage in the Shikoku island, Japan 100 Kannon, pilgrimage composed of the Saigoku, Bandō and Chichibu pilgrimages. Saigoku 33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Kansai region, Bandō33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Kantō region. Chichibu 34 Kannon, pilgrimage in Saitama Prefecture, Chūgoku 33 Kannon, pilgrimage in the Chūgoku region. Christian pilgrimage was first made to sites connected with the birth, life, pilgrimages were, and are, also made to Rome and other sites associated with the apostles, saints and Christian martyrs, as well as to places where there have been apparitions of the Virgin Mary. A popular pilgrimage journey is along the Way of St. James to the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, in Galicia, Spain, chaucers The Canterbury Tales recounts tales told by Christian pilgrims on their way to Canterbury Cathedral and the shrine of Thomas Becket. According to Karel Werners Popular Dictionary of Hinduism, most Hindu places of pilgrimage are associated with events from the lives of various gods. Almost any place can become a focus for pilgrimage, but in most cases they are sacred cities, rivers, lakes, Hindus are encouraged to undertake pilgrimages during their lifetime, though this practice is not considered absolutely mandatory. Most Hindus visit sites within their region or locale, Kumbh Mela, Kumbh Mela is one of the largest gatherings of humans in the world. The location is rotated among Allahabad, Haridwar, Nashik, Char Dham, The four holy sites Puri, Rameswaram, Dwarka, and Badrinath compose the Char Dham pilgrimage circuit. Kanwar Pilgrimage, The Kanwar is Indias largest annual religious pilgrimage, as part of this phenomenon, millions of participants gather sacred water from the Ganga and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings in Śiva shrines
26.
Pope Pius X
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Pope Saint Pius X, born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was Pope from August 1903 to his death in 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and his most important reform was to order the codification of the first Code of Canon Law, which collected the laws of the Church into one volume for the first time. He was also considered a pastoral pope, in the sense of encouraging personal holiness, piety and he was born in the town of Riese, which would later append Pio X to the towns name. Pius X believed that there was no surer or more direct road than by the Virgin Mary to achieve this goal. His immediate predecessor, Pope Leo XIII, had promoted a synthesis between the Catholic Church and secular culture, faith and science, and divine revelation and reason. Pius X defended the Catholic faith against popular 19th-century attitudes and views such as indifferentism and relativism which his predecessors had warned against as well and he followed the example of Leo XIII by promoting Thomas Aquinas and Thomism as the principal philosophical method to be taught in Catholic institutions. Pius X vehemently opposed modernism, which claimed that Roman Catholic dogma should be modernized and blended with nineteenth-century philosophies and he viewed modernism as an import of secular errors affecting three areas of Roman Catholic belief, theology, philosophy, and dogma. Personally, Pius X combined within himself a strong sense of compassion, benevolence and poverty, but also stubbornness and he wanted to be pastoral in the sense that he was the only pope in the 20th century who gave Sunday homily sermons in the pulpit every week. After the 1908 Messina earthquake he filled the Apostolic Palace with refugees and he rejected any kind of favours for his family, his brother remained a postal clerk, his favourite nephew stayed on as village priest, and his three sisters lived together close to poverty in Rome. He often referred to his own origins, taking up the causes of poor people. I was born poor, I have lived poor, and I wish to die poor, considered a holy person by many, public veneration of Pope Pius X began soon after his death. Numerous petitions resulted in a process of beatification which started in the 1920s. The Society of Saint Pius X, a Traditionalist Catholic group, is named in his honor, a gigantic statue of him is enshrined within Saint Peters Basilica, while the town of his birthplace was also renamed after his canonization. Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto was born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia and he was the second born of ten children of Giovanni Battista Sarto and Margarita Sanson. He was baptised 3 June 1835, giuseppes childhood was one of poverty, being the son of the village postman. Though poor, his parents valued education, and Giuseppe walked 3.75 miles to each day. At a young age, Giuseppe studied Latin with his village priest, on 18 September 1858, Sarto was ordained a priest, and became chaplain at Tombolo. While there, Father Sarto expanded his knowledge of theology, studying both Saint Thomas Aquinas and canon law, while carrying out most of the functions of the parish pastor, in 1867, he was named archpriest of Salzano
27.
Seamus Heaney
–
Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature, born near Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, the family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy. Heaney became a lecturer at St. Josephs College in Belfast in the early 1960s, after attending Queens University and he lived in Sandymount, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, from 1976 until his death. He also lived part-time in the United States from 1981 to 2006, Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997, from 1989 to 1994, he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In 1996, was made a Commandeur de lOrdre des Arts et Lettres, in 2011, he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012, a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust. His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland, American poet Robert Lowell described him as the most important Irish poet since Yeats, and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have said that he was the greatest poet of our age. Robert Pinsky has stated that with his gift of eye. Upon his death in 2013, The Independent described him as probably the best-known poet in the world, one of his best known works is Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Marys Church, Bellaghy, County Londonderry, the headstone bears the epitaph WALK ON AIR AGAINST YOUR BETTER JUDGEMENT, from one of his poems. Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the farmhouse called Mossbawn. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy, a few miles away and his father, Patrick Heaney, was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his commitment was to cattle dealing. Heaneys mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann, who bore nine children and her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill, and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owners family. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School, when he was years old, he won a scholarship to St. Columbs College. Heaneys brother, Christopher, was killed in an accident at the age of four while Heaney was studying at St. Columbs. The poems Mid-Term Break and The Blackbird of Glanmore are related to his brothers death, in 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queens University Belfast. During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughess Lupercal, suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life, he said
28.
Clive Hicks-Jenkins
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Clive Hicks-Jenkins is a British artist known especially for narrative paintings and artist’s books. His paintings are represented in all the public collections in Wales, as well as others in the United Kingdom. A substantial multi-author book devoted to his work was published by Lund Humphries in 2011, in which Simon Callow called him ‘one of the most individual, Clive Hicks-Jenkins was born in Newport, south Wales, in 1951. His father worked for the Central Electricity Generating Board and his mother was a hairdresser, in the late 1960s he was a performer and puppeteer with Cardiff’s Caricature Theatre. Since the 1990s he has concentrated on his work as a visual artist and he contributed a short autobiographical essay to a substantial monograph about his work, Clive Hicks-Jenkins by Simon Callow et al. His work has included in over 80 group exhibitions. He is an Honorary Fellow of Aberystwyth University School of Art and he is a member of The Welsh Group and 56 Group Wales. He has lived in London, Newport and Cardiff and currently lives near Aberystwyth, Clive Hicks-Jenkins works through the mediums of painting, drawing, printmaking, ceramics, maquettes, animation and artist’s books. Nicholas Usherwood in Galleries has described his work as ‘reflective, expressive painting of the highest order’, robert Macdonald wrote in Planet in 2002, Hicks-Jenkins has emerged in recent years as one of the most powerful figurative painters in Wales. Since 2010 the artist has discussed his methods in a regular Artlog about his ongoing work, the earliest of these was his series drawing on the experiences of his father as a small boy terrified by the Welsh folk tradition of the Mari Lwyd. Another sequence of works titled the Temptations of Solitude examined present-day traumas, other series have been based on stories of saints and animals, such as St Kevin and the blackbird, Elijah and the raven, Hervé and the wolf and St Francis preaching to the birds. As a teen Jenkins acted in a few shows including multiple appearances in Tom Grattans War. This resulted in five artist’s books between 1998 and 2009, two were editions of the Elizabethan poet Richard Barnfield, The Affectionate Shepheard and Sonnets. Two others were written by the contemporary poet Catriona Urquhart, Palmyra Jones, the most recent is the first illustrated edition of Sir Peter Shaffer’s play Equus. He has produced cover images and text decorations for commercially published books, such as Val/Orson, Thaliad, The Foliate Head, Glimmerglass and Maze of Blood, Poets have been drawn to respond to Hicks-Jenkins’ work, as discussed in an essay by Professor Damian Walford Davies. An illustrated anthology was produced in 2011, The Book of Ystwyth, ‘Profile, Clive Hicks-Jenkins’, Art Review May 2001, p
29.
Ascetic
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Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Asceticism is classified into two types, Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism and Judaism. Mainstream Islam has lacked asceticism, except for its minority Sufi sect whose long tradition has included strict asceticism, the practitioners of these religions eschewed worldly pleasures and led an abstinent lifestyle, in the pursuit of redemption, salvation or spirituality. Asceticism is seen in the ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation, where the simple is sufficient, the bliss is within, the adjective ascetic derives from the ancient Greek term askēsis, which means training or exercise. The original usage did not refer to self-denial, but to the training required for athletic events. Its usage later extended to rigorous practices that are used in all religious traditions, in varying degrees to attain redemption. Asceticism has been classified into natural and unnatural forms of asceticism, natural asceticism is defined as a lifestyle where material aspects of life are reduced to utmost simplicity and minimum. This may include minimal, simple clothing, sleeping on floor or caves, natural asceticism, state Wimbush and Valantasis, does not include maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer. Self-discipline and abstinence in some form and degree are parts of religious practice within many religious, ascetic lifestyle is associated particularly with monks, nuns, fakirs in Abrahamic religions, and bhikkhus, munis, sannyasis, yogis in Indian religions. Christian authors of antiquity such as Origen, St. Jerome, St. Ignatius, John Chrysostom. Scriptural examples of asceticism could be found in the lives of John the Baptist, Jesus, the twelve apostles, the Dead Sea Scrolls revealed ascetic practices of the ancient Jewish sect of Essenes who took vows of abstinence to prepare for a holy war. An emphasis on a religious life was evident in both early Christian writings and practices. Other Christian practitioners of asceticism include individuals such as Simeon Stylites, Saint David of Wales, according to Richard Finn, much of early Christian asceticism has been traced to Judaism, but not to traditions within Greek asceticism. Some of the thoughts in Christianity nevertheless, Finn states, have roots in Greek moral thought. Virtuous living is not possible when an individual is craving bodily pleasures with desire, the deserts of the Middle East were at one time inhabited by thousands of Christian hermits including St. Anthony the Great, St. Mary of Egypt, and St. Simeon Stylites. In 963 CE, an association of monasteries called Lavra was formed on Mount Athos and this became the most important center of orthodox Christian ascetic groups in the centuries that followed. In the modern era, Mount Athos and Meteora have remained a significant center, sexual abstinence such as those of the Encratites sect of Christians was only one aspect of ascetic renunciation, and both natural and unnatural asceticism have been part of Christian asceticism. The natural ascetic practices have included simple living, begging, fasting and ethical practices such as humility, compassion, patience, such ascetic practices were linked to the Christian concepts of sin and redemption
30.
Folk song
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
31.
The Dubliners
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The Dubliners were an Irish folk band founded in Dublin in 1962. The band started off as The Ronnie Drew Ballad Group, named in honour of its founding member, the group line-up saw many changes over their fifty-year career. However, the success was centred on lead singers Luke Kelly and Ronnie Drew. The band garnered success with their lively Irish folk songs, traditional street ballads. The band were regulars on the scenes in both Dublin and London in the early 1960s, until they were signed to the Major Minor label in 1965 after backing from Dominic Behan. They went on to receive airplay on Radio Caroline, and eventually appeared on Top of the Pops in 1967 with hits Seven Drunken Nights. During this time the bands popularity began to spread across mainland Europe, the groups success remained steady right through the 1970s and a number of collaborations with The Pogues in 1987 saw them enter the UK Singles Chart on another two occasions. The Dubliners were instrumental in popularising Irish folk music in Europe, though they did not quite surpass the popularity of The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem in the United States. They influenced many generations of Irish bands, and their legacy can to this day be heard in the music of such as The Pogues, Dropkick Murphys. Much adored in their country, covers of Irish ballads by Ronnie Drew. One of the most influential Irish acts of the 20th century, they celebrated 50 years together in 2012, also in 2012, the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards bestowed them with a Lifetime Achievement Award. The Dubliners announced their retirement in the autumn of 2012, after 50 years of playing, following the death of the last of the founding members, Barney McKenna. However, the members of the group, with the exception of John Sheahan. As of 2016, there are two of the members still in this group, Seán Cannon and Eamonn Campbell. The Dubliners, initially known as The Ronnie Drew Ballad Group, formed in 1962, the change of name came about because of Ronnie Drews unhappiness with it, together with the fact that Luke Kelly was reading Dubliners by James Joyce at the time. Founding members were Drew, Kelly, Ciarán Bourke and Barney McKenna, Drew, McKenna and Thomas Whelan had originally teamed up for a fundraising concert and then went on to work in a revue with the Irish comedian John Molloy at the Gaiety Theatre in Dublin. They used to sing songs between acts, before joining the Dubliners full-time, Kelly had spent some time playing at English folk clubs such as the Jug oPunch in Birmingham, run by the folk singer Ian Campbell. The group played at the Edinburgh Festival in 1963 and that led to them being featured on a BBC programme called Hootenanny, the extra exposure helped them to win a contract with Transatlantic Records, with whom they recorded their first album, called simply The Dubliners
32.
Kevin Smith
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Kevin Patrick Smith is an American filmmaker, actor, comedian, public speaker, comic book writer, author, and podcaster. He came to prominence with the comedy film Clerks, which he wrote, directed, co-produced. Jay and Silent Bob have appeared in Smiths follow-up films Mallrats, Chasing Amy, Dogma, and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back which were set primarily in his home state of New Jersey. Smith also directed and produced such as the buddy cop action comedy Cop Out, the horror film Red State, and the horror comedy Tusk. Smith is the owner of Jay and Silent Bobs Secret Stash and he also hosts the movie-review television show Spoilers. As a podcaster, Smith co-hosts several shows on his own SModcast Podcast Network, including SModcast, Fatman on Batman, Smith is well known for participating in long, humorous Q&A sessions that are often filmed for DVD release, beginning with An Evening with Kevin Smith. Kevin Smith was born on August 2,1970 in Red Bank, New Jersey, the son of Grace, a homemaker, and Donald E. Smith and he has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Smith, Jr. He was raised in a Catholic household, in the nearby clamming town of Highlands, as a child, Smiths days were scheduled around Donalds late shifts at the post office. Donald grew to despise his job, which greatly influenced Smith, Smith vowed never to work at something that he did not enjoy. Smith later attended Henry Hudson Regional High School, where as a B and C student, he would videotape school basketball games, an overweight teen, he developed into a comedic observer of life in order to successfully socialize with friends and girls. After high school, Smith attended the New School in New York, but did not graduate On his 21st birthday, Smith went to see Richard Linklaters comedy Slacker. Smith relates, It was the movie that got me off my ass, it was the movie that lit a fire under me, and I had never seen a movie like that before ever in my life. To finance the film, Smith maxed out more than a credit cards and sold his much-treasured comic book collection. He cast friends and acquaintances in the major parts. Clerks was screened at the Sundance Film Festival in 1994, where it won the Filmmakers Trophy, at a restaurant following the screening, Miramax executive Harvey Weinstein invited Smith to join him at his table, where he offered to buy the movie. In May 1994, it went to the Cannes International Film Festival, released in October 1994 in two cities, the film went on to play in 50 markets, never playing on more than fifty screens at any given time. Despite the limited release, it was a critical and financial success, initially, the film received an NC-17 rating from the MPAA, solely for the sexually graphic language. Smiths second film, Mallrats, which marked Jason Lees debut as a leading man and it received a critical drubbing and earned merely $2.2 million at the box office, despite playing on more than 500 screens
33.
Sold Out: A Threevening with Kevin Smith
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Sold Out, A Threevening with Kevin Smith is the third film in Kevin Smiths Evening With series. Footage for the release was shot at a Q&A performance on August 2,2007, Smiths 37th birthday, in front of a crowd at the Count Basie Theatre in Red Bank. Smith was introduced by his wife Jennifer Schwalbach Smith and his daughter, the film includes 4 hours edited from the original 7 hour performance. It was also revealed that because of his work on Live Free or Die Hard, Bruce Willis contacted him about working together, the film was released on October 21,2008. Sold Out, A Threevening with Kevin Smith at the Internet Movie Database
34.
Marly Youmans
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Marly Youmans is an award-winning American poet, novelist and short story writer. Her work reflects certain recurring themes such as nature, magic, faith and redemption, marly Youmans grew up in Louisiana, North Carolina, and elsewhere. She currently lives in the village of Cooperstown, New York, with her husband and she graduated from Hollins College, Brown University, and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She taught at State University of New York but quit academia after receiving promotion and her published work consists of four books of poetry, seven novels and two fantasies for young readers, as well as uncollected short stories, essays and poems. Across all these idioms, her work displays a commitment to rhythm and her novels have been described as literary fiction at its finest in Books and Culture while The Advocate has cited her skill at mastering poetic forms. The editor of Books and Culture says, Youmans is the best-kept secret among contemporary American writers and she provided the title poems for an illustrated anthology, The Book of Ystwyth, Six Poets on the Art of Clive Hicks-Jenkins. Youmans has been awarded many book of the year and best of the citations by magazines, newspapers. She is the winner of The Michael Shaara Award for Excellence in Civil War Fiction for The Wolf Pit, her third novel, which was also on the short list for The Southern Book Award. She is a winner of the Theodore Hoepfner Award for the short story. Her latest awards are The Ferrol Sams Award for Fiction and the Silver in fiction, little Jordan, a novel ISBN 978-1-56792-029-1 Catherwood. Formy-Duval, A Death at the White Camellia Orphanage, About. com Contemporary Literature,2012 D. G, marly Youmans at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
35.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
36.
Gerald of Wales
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Gerald of Wales was a Cambro-Norman archdeacon of Brecon and historian. As a royal clerk to the king and two archbishops, he travelled widely and wrote extensively and he both studied and taught in France and visited Rome several times, meeting the Pope. He was nominated for several bishoprics but turned them down in the hope of becoming bishop of St Davids and his final post was as archdeacon of Brecon, from which he retired to academic study for the remainder of his life. Born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle in Pembrokeshire, Wales, he was of mixed Norman and Welsh descent. His mother was Angharad FitzGerald, a daughter of Gerald FitzWalter of Windsor, Constable of Pembroke Castle, and his wife Nest ferch Rhys, daughter of Rhys ap Tewdwr, the last King of South Wales. Gerald received his education at the Benedictine house of Gloucester, followed by a period of study in Paris from c. 1165–74. He was appointed in 1174 archdeacon of Brecon, to which was attached a residence at Llanddew and he obtained this position by reporting the existence of the previous archdeacons mistress, the man was promptly fired. While administrating this post, Gerald collected tithes of wool and cheese from the populace, upon the death of his uncle, the Bishop of St Davids, in 1176, the chapter nominated Gerald as his successor. St Davids had long-term aims of becoming independent of Canterbury, such an appointment would only give strength to the Welsh and increase their pride. The chapter acquiesced in the decision, and Gerald, disappointed with the result, 1179-8, he studied and taught canon law and theology. He returned to England and spent an additional five years studying theology, in 1180, he received a minor appointment from the Bishop of St. Davids, which he soon resigned. Gerald became a clerk and chaplain to King Henry II of England in 1184. He was chosen to one of the kings sons, John. He followed it up, shortly afterwards, with an account of Henrys conquest of Ireland, both works were revised and added to several times before his death, and display a notable degree of Latin learning, as well as a great deal of prejudice against a foreign people. His account of that journey, the Itinerarium Cambriae was followed by the Descriptio Cambriae in 1194. It is uncertain whether Gerald was a Welsh speaker, although he quotes Welsh proverbs and appears familiar with the language and he turned them all down, possibly in the hopes of landing a more prominent bishopric in the future. He was acquainted with Walter Map whose career shares some similarities with Gerald, retiring from royal service, he lived in Lincoln from c. 1196 to 1198 where his friend William de Montibus was now chancellor of the Cathedral. It was in period that De instructione principis was probably first written
37.
Topographia Hibernica
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Topographia Hibernica, also known as Topographia Hiberniae, is an account of the landscape and people of Ireland written by Gerald of Wales around 1188, soon after the Norman invasion of Ireland. It was the longest and most influential work on Ireland circulating in the Middle Ages, Giraldus Cambrensis was born about 1146 AD within the aristocratic FitzGerald/de Barri family in the castle of Manorbeer in Wales with the birth name of Gerald de Barri. Gerald made his first visit to Ireland in 1183 and returned in 1185 and his first visit to see members of his family who had played a prominent role in the Angevin invasion of the country in 1169 was not more than a year in duration. His second visit was undertaken at the command of King Henry II in the company of the kings youngest son Prince John, all of Geraldus Cambrensiss writings were in Latin and have been translated into English. Based on the evidence of the Topographia, it would appear that Geralds travels within Ireland were not extensive and he spent most of this first visit in Waterford and Cork. During his second visit he visited Dublin, Wicklow, Meath, Kildare and, possibly, Athlone, whether or not he visited some of the places he wrote about or whether he simply related tales he heard from others, is debatable. The work is divided into three parts, the first primarily deals with the landscape, flora and fauna of the country, the second with the miracles and marvels of Ireland and the third with the history of the people and their culture. The work reflects the breadth of Geralds learning and interests, Gerald claimed to have based his book primarily on his own observations and on reliable eyewitness testimony rather than on written sources. Among the few works he did use was the Irish Lebor Gabala. They resemble the marsh-geese, but are smaller, being at first, gummy excrescenses from pine-beams floating on the waters, and then enclosed in shells to secure their free growth, they hang by their beaks, like seaweeds attached to the timber. I have often seen with my own eyes more than a thousand minute embryos of birds of species on the seashore, hanging from one piece of timber, covered with shells. For, if anyone had eaten part of the thigh of our first parent, which was really flesh although not born of flesh I should think him not guiltless of having eaten flesh. Repent, O unhappy Jew, recollect, though late, that man was first generated from clay without being procreated by male and female, in the second place, woman was generated of the man, without the intervention of the other sex. The third mode of generation only by male and female, as it is the one, obstinate as you are, you admit. But the fourth, from which alone came salvation, namely, birth from a woman, without union with a man, you utterly reject with perverse obstinacy, to your own perdition. At least recur to nature, which in confirmation of the faith for our best teaching, the first creature was begotten of clay, this last is engendered of wood. The one, proceeding from the God of nature for only, was a stupendous miracle. But, human nature is so constituted, that it holds nothing to be precious and admirable but what is uncommon, among the other islands is one newly formed, which they call the phantom isle, which had its origin in this manner
38.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
