1.
Terry Branstad
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Terry Edward Branstad is an American politician who is the 42nd Governor of Iowa, in office since January 2011. Branstad was also the states 39th governor from 1983 to 1999, currently serving his sixth, four-year term, he is a member of the Republican Party. Branstad is the governor in American history. In his 2010 return to politics, Branstad won a primary election for the Republican nomination to run for governor in the general election. He faced incumbent Governor Chet Culver, a Democrat and four party candidates on November 2,2010. Branstad entered the 2010 Iowa governor race as the front runner for both the primary and general elections, Independent polling in 2009 indicated that his favorability ratings hovered in the 70% range. He was widely seen as the front runner for the Republican nomination and he won the Republican primary with 50. 4% of the popular vote,9.5 percentage points ahead of his nearest competitor. In the election on November 4,2014, Branstad was elected to an unprecedented sixth term as Iowa governor. On December 14,2015, he became the governor in U. S. history. On December 8,2016, Branstad accepted President Donald Trumps nomination of him for the post of United States Ambassador to China. Should he take office as China Ambassador, Lt. Gov. Kim Reynolds will replace Branstad as Iowa Governor, Branstad was born in Leland, Iowa, the son of Rita L. and Edward Arnold Branstad, a farmer. His mother was Jewish, and his father was from a Norwegian American Lutheran family, Branstad himself was raised Lutheran, through his mother, Branstad is a second cousin of Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland. Branstad received a bachelor of arts in political science from the University of Iowa in 1969 and a juris doctorate from Drake University Law School in 1974. Branstad served three terms in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979 and served as the 41st Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1979 to 1983, the year he was elected Governor of Iowa. When elected governor at age 36, Branstad was the youngest chief executive in Iowa’s history and he served as Chairman of the National Governors Association during 1989–1990, and also was Chair of the Midwestern Governors Association. In 1997, he chaired the Education Commission of the States, the Republican Governors Association, in 1983, he vetoed a bill that would allow a state lottery. Iowa’s unemployment rate went from 8. 5% when he took office to a record low 2. 5% by the time he left office in 1999, in his first year as governor, the state budget had a $90 million deficit. It took several years until the budget was balanced and he said that he did not have enough support in the legislature to approve budget reforms until 1992
2.
Joni Ernst
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Joni Kay Ernst /ˈdʒoʊni ˈɜːrnst/ is an American politician who is the junior United States Senator from Iowa, elected in the November 2014 election. She previously served as a Republican member of the Iowa Senate from 2011 to 2014, Ernst is the first woman to represent Iowa in the United States Congress and the first female veteran from any state to serve in the United States Senate. Ernst was born Joni Kay Culver in Montgomery County, Iowa and she was valedictorian of her class at Stanton High School. Ernst earned a degree in psychology from Iowa State University. While in college, Ernst took part in an exchange to the Soviet Union. Ernst served as officer and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Iowa National Guard. Near the end of her career, she served as the officer of the 185th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Camp Dodge. Upon her retirement from the military in 2015, Ernst had served 23 years between the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard and she spent 12 months in Kuwait in 2003–04 as the company commander of the 1168th Transportation Company during the Iraq War. Ernst was elected the Montgomery County Auditor in 2004 and re-elected in 2008, Ernst was elected to the Iowa State Senate in a special election in 2011 and re-elected in 2012. She represented District 12, which serves the southwest part of the state, Ernst was a member of the Education, Appropriations, Veterans Affairs, Rules and Administration and Health and Human Services committees of the Iowa State Senate. Following her election to the U. S. Senate, she resigned from the Iowa State Senate effective November 28,2014, in July 2013, Ernst announced that she would seek the Senate seat held by retiring Democratic Senator Tom Harkin. Ernst received the endorsement of Iowa Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds in October 2013 and she was also endorsed by 23 current and former state legislators. In March the Ernst campaign was endorsed by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, in May 2014, she was endorsed by the U. S. Chamber of Commerce. After it aired, a Suffolk University poll in early April showed her with a narrow lead, by May, she was being described by the media as the strong front-runner. Ernst stated, If had any sort of service like I have, I have not been AWOL, I will never be AWOL. The other 105 missed votes represented 57 percent of the Iowa Senate votes that session, on October 23, Ernst cancelled a scheduled meeting with the Des Moines Registers editorial board, citing as a reason the newspapers negative editorials about her. The newspapers editorial board endorsed Ernsts opponent, Democrat Bruce Braley, on June 16,2014, in an event organized by Americans for Prosperity, at a panel titled The Senate, A Window of Policy Opportunity for Principled Leaders, Ernst thanked the group for its fundraising. In July 2014, Ernsts campaigning was temporarily paused while she participated in two weeks of National Guard duty, on August 29, Ernst and Braley announced their agreement to hold three televised debates in Davenport, Des Moines, and Sioux City
3.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
4.
Northwest Missouri State University
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Northwest Missouri State University is a state university in Maryville, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1905 as a college, it offers both undergraduate and graduate programs. The campus, based on the design for Forest Park at the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair, is the official Missouri State Arboretum, the school is governed by a state-appointed Board of Regents and headed by President Dr. John Jasinski. The Northwest Bearcats compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association and Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association for mens and womens sports and they have won six NCAA Division II football national championships and finished four times as runner-up. The Northwest Bearcats cheerleading squad have won three Universal Cheerleaders Association Division II National Champions, the Northwest Bearcat Mens Basketball team has won one national championship. Becoming the first Division II school to win both a football and basketball championship in the academic year. In 1905 the Missouri Legislature created five districts in the state to establish normal schools, Maryville won the competition for the Northwest district with an offer to donate 86 acres and $58,000 on the site of a Methodist Seminary. The other districts in the network were to be at Kirksville, Cape Girardeau, Springfield, the original mission of the school, initially known as the Fifth District Normal School, was to teach elementary school teachers. Classes began on June 13,1906 with a lab school teaching Maryvilles children in kindergarten through third grade, the school was later expanded to a full-fledged high school before dropping back to its current configuration of kindergarten through sixth grade. In 1919 the school was renamed Northwest Missouri State Teachers College, in 1949 the name was shrunk to Northwest Missouri State College by the Board of Regents. In 1969, Missouri Governor Warren Hearnes pushed for switching St. Joseph Junior College from a school into a four-year state college. Opening a new state school within 45 miles of Maryville was perceived in Maryville as an attempt to kill the school. Those fears came to the forefront in 1988 when Shalia Aery, commissioner of education under Governor John Ashcroft. On August 14,1972, Northwest was elevated to university status so that it could offer masters degrees and its name changed to Northwest Missouri State University. The university currently holds four Missouri Quality Awards, granted in 1997,2001,2005, Northwest is the only educational institution to receive multiple Missouri Quality Awards. In 1987, Northwest unveiled its Electronic Campus Program, the first such program among public U. S. colleges, the campus design was inspired by the Forest Park design for the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair which evolved into the campus for Washington University. In 1993 the state legislature designated Northwest the official Missouri State Arboretum, the defining landmark of the campus is the Administration Building, very similar to Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis. Brookings Hall served as the Administration Building of the 1904 St. Louis Worlds Fair, the master St. Louis design was created by Cope & Stewardson, famed for designing schools throughout the country based on the Oxford University style
5.
Upper Iowa University
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The university offers distance education programs that include 15 centers in the U. S. an online program, an independent study program, and centers in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. UIU has a student enrollment of more than 6,000 students with a 24,1 student-to-faculty ratio. It operates on two terms per semester, allowing students to take two classes per term. UIU is the only NCAA Division II Athletics Program in the state of Iowa and a member of the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. In 1854, Elizabeth Alexander, a living near what is now Fayette, Iowa, proposed the idea of a college to her husband, Robert. Their son-in-law, Samuel Robertson, donated $5,000 and 10 acres of land, in 1856, the first Board of Trustees meeting was held, articles of Incorporation were adopted, and classes began January 7,1857. The university was affiliated with the Methodist Church until 1928, in 1861, a company of male students and faculty members enlisted in the Army to fight in the American Civil War. Student-soldiers participated in 17 major battles, carrying a flag hand-sewn by UIU women students, by 1920, a systematic program of extension work throughout northeast Iowa had begun, with Upper Iowa referred to as a pioneer in the field. Those students who joined the service to fight in World War II took advantage of the G. I, bill to complete their education, which dramatically increased Upper Iowa enrollment between 1947 and 1950. Record enrollments were also seen after the Vietnam War, in 1972, Upper Iowa launched an external degree program that included Independent Study and Online Programs. In 1984 to present, UIU expanded to locations across the U. S. It was also during 1994 to 2003 that UIU underwent an aggressive landscaping and building renovation that brought changes to its Fayette campus and this included the construction of Lee Tower Residence Halls, the acquisition of a new physical plant building and the construction of a recreation center. In 2004, the new Andres Center for Business and Education was built, Upper Iowas traditional 100-acre residential campus is in Fayette, Iowa. Fayette County is ranked at 26th in the Midwest list of “Best Places to Live, the Fayette campus is primarily for undergraduate students, but a masters degree in education is also offered, along with two-week IXEL classes in the summer. Students can choose from 40 majors, with the most popular being Elementary Education and Teaching, Marketing/Marketing Management, General, the Pleggenkuhle Prairie, donated by the Pleggenkuhle family to UIU, is 3 acres of virgin prairie northwest of Hawkeye. It is used as a tool for students to learn about the prairie ecosystem and to conduct prescribed burns. The academic facilities on the Fayette campus are state-of-the-art due to a renovation of the old buildings over the past decade. The Fayette campus has free wireless Internet access, the recreational facilities include free student events, a free fitness center, and free golf at the local 18-hole course
6.
Iowa State University
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Iowa State University of Science and Technology is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States. Iowa State is classified as a Research University with very high activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Iowa State is also a member of the Association of American Universities, Iowa State has also been designated an Innovation and Economic Prosperity University, a designation awarded to only 54 public universities in the U. S. D. Level, plus a degree program in Veterinary Medicine. Iowa State Universitys athletic teams, the Cyclones, compete in Division I of the NCAA and are a member of the Big 12 Conference. The Cyclones field 16 varsity teams and have won numerous NCAA national championships, in 1856, the Iowa General Assembly enacted legislation to establish the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. This institution was established on March 22,1858, by the General Assembly. Story County was chosen as the location on June 21,1859, beating proposals from Johnson, Kossuth, Marshall, the original farm of 648 acres was purchased for a cost of $5,379. Iowa was the first state in the nation to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862, Iowa subsequently designated Iowa State as the land-grant college on March 29,1864. From the start, Iowa Agricultural College focused on the ideals that higher education should be accessible to all and these ideals are integral to the land-grant university. The institution was coeducational from the first preparatory class admitted in 1868, the formal admitting of students began the following year, and the first graduating class of 1872 consisted of 24 men and two women. The Farm House, the first building on the Iowa State campus, was completed in 1861 before the campus was occupied by students or classrooms. It became the home of the superintendent of the Model Farm and in later years, Iowa States first president, Adonijah Welch, briefly stayed at the Farm House and penned his inaugural speech in a second floor bedroom. The colleges first farm tenants primed the land for agricultural experimentation, the Iowa Experiment Station was one of the universitys prominent features. Practical courses of instruction were taught, including one designed to give a training for the career of a farmer. Courses in mechanical, civil, electrical, and mining engineering were also part of the curriculum, in 1870, President Welch and I. P. Robert, professor of agriculture, held three-day farmers institutes at Cedar Falls, Council Bluffs, Washington, and Muscatine. These became the earliest institutes held off-campus by a land grant institution and were the forerunners of 20th century extension, in 1872, the first courses were given in domestic economy and were taught by Mary B. Iowa State became the first land grant university in the nation to offer training in economy for college credit
7.
Obergefell v. Hodges
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Obergefell v. Hodges,576 U. S. Nelson and found such bans to be constitutional. This created a split between circuits and led to an almost inevitable Supreme Court review and this legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States, and its possessions and territories. Prior to Obergefell, thirty-six states, the District of Columbia, the status of same-sex marriage in American Samoa remains uncertain. The U. S. Supreme Court case of Obergefell v. Hodges is not the culmination of one lawsuit. Ultimately, it is the consolidation of six cases, originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency. Those cases came from Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, all six federal district court rulings found for the same-sex couples and other claimants. One case came from Michigan, involving a couple and their three children. April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse held a commitment ceremony in February 2007, a son was born on January 25,2009, and adopted by Rowse in November. A daughter was born on February 1,2010, and adopted by DeBoer in April 2011, a second son was born on November 9,2009, and adopted by Rowse in October 2011. Michigan law allowed only by single people or married couples. Richard Snyder, the defendant, was then governor of Michigan. The plaintiffs amended their complaint accordingly on September 7, during a hearing on March 7,2013, Judge Friedman decided he would delay the case until the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor and Hollingsworth v. Perry, hoping for guidance. On October 16, Friedman set trial for February 25,2014, having failed to establish such an interest in the context of same-sex marriage, the cannot stand. Two cases came from Ohio, the first ultimately involving a couple, a widower. In June 2013, following the U. S. Supreme Courts decision in United States v. Windsor, James Jim Obergefell and they married in Maryland on July 11. The lead defendant was Ohio Governor John Kasich, as the case progressed, on July 22, District Judge Timothy S. Ohio Attorney General Mike DeWine indicated he would not appeal the preliminary order, on August 13, Black extended the temporary restraining order until the end of December and scheduled oral arguments on injunctive relief, which is permanent, for December 18. Meanwhile, on July 22,2013, David Michener and William Herbert Ives married in Delaware, on August 27, William Ives died unexpectedly in Cincinnati, Ohio
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
United States Ambassador to China
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The United States Ambassador to China is the chief American diplomat to Peoples Republic of China. The United States has sent diplomatic representatives to China since 1844, commissioners represented the United States in China from 1844 to 1857. Until 1898, the Qing Empire did not have a system in place for the Emperor to accept the Letters of Credence of foreign representatives, from 1858 to 1935, the U. S. representative in China was formally Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to China. The American legation in Nanjing was upgraded to an Embassy in 1935, during the republican era, the U. S. recognized the Beiyang Government in Beijing from 1912 to 1928 and the Nationalist Government in Nanjing from 1928 onwards. However, in 1973, the U. S. established a Liaison Office in Beijing to represent its interests in mainland China, in 1976, the Chief of the Liaison Office was promoted to the rank of Ambassador. In December 1978, the U. S. severed official relations with the Republic of China and in January 1979, Liaison Office in Beijing was upgraded to an embassy on March 1,1979. The American Institute in Taiwan was established in 1979 to serve as the unofficial U. S. representative to Taiwan, jon M. Huntsman, Jr. served as U. S. Ambassador to China from 2009 until April 30,2011. On March 7,2011, President Obama announced his intention to nominate Commerce Secretary Gary Locke as Huntsmans replacement, lockes nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 27,2011 by unanimous consent. On December 18,2013, Politico reported that the White House had selected long-time U. S, senator Max Sieben Baucus from Montana to be the next Ambassador. On February 6,2014, the Senate voted and confirmed Max Baucus to be Ambassador to the Peoples Republic of China, on December 8,2016, Iowa Governor Terry Branstad accepted President Donald Trumps nomination of him for the post of United States Ambassador to China. S. The United States did not recognize the new government of the Peoples Republic of China upon its founding in October 1949, for a list of de facto U. S. Ambassadors to Taiwan since 1979, see list of AIT Directors at American Institute in Taiwan, between May 1973 and March 1979 prior to the official establishment of diplomatic relations, the United States dispatched a head of U. S. The United States established diplomatic relations with the Peoples Republic of China, the American Embassy at Taipei closed February 28,1979, while the American Liaison Office at Beijing was redesignated the American Embassy on March 1,1979. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm. United States Department of State, Chiefs of Mission for China United States Department of State, China United States Embassy in Beijing
10.
Chet Culver
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Chester John Chet Culver is American politician who served as the 41st Governor of Iowa, holding the position from 2007 to 2011. He was also elected as the Federal Liaison for the Democratic Governors Association for 2008-2009 and he founded the Chet Culver Group, an energy sector consulting firm, in 2011. Culver was born in Washington, D. C and he is the son of Ann and John Culver, a former U. S. Culver attended Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School in Bethesda, Maryland before attending Virginia Tech on a football scholarship and he earned a B. A. degree in political science in 1988. Later, he received a M. A. degree in Education from Drake University in 1994, after college, Culver moved to Iowa and worked as a staff member for the state Democratic Party. He worked with Bonnie Campbell on her 1990 campaign for attorney general. Culver previously worked as a lobbyist under the guidance of Campbells husband, from 1991 to 1995, Culver worked as a consumer and environmental advocate in the attorney generals office. After completing his masters degree, he took a job as a teacher in Des Moines, working first at Roosevelt High School and then Hoover High School, he taught government and history. Culver coached sophomore football and eighth grade boys basketball during his tenure, in 1998, Culver ran for Iowa Secretary of State and won. At the age of 32, he was the youngest Secretary of State in the United States at the time and he was reelected to a second term in 2002 by a large margin. While serving at this post, he created the Iowa Student Political Awareness Club, during his tenure, Culver received accolades for modernizing the office, increasing voter registration, and ensuring voter accessibility for people with disabilities. In 2005, Culver announced his candidacy for Governor of Iowa, Culvers main opponents for the Democratic nomination were former director of the Iowa Department of Economic Development Mike Blouin and seven-term State Representative Ed Fallon. Secretary of Agriculture Patty Judge was also running for the nomination, Culver won the Democratic primary with 39% of the vote. Culver is also the first Democratic governor in Iowa since Nelson G. Kraschel in 1937 to be elected to succeed another Democrat, Culver ran unsuccessfully for re-election with Incumbent Lieutenant Governor Patty Judge. He was challenged by Republican four-term former governor Terry Branstad, who was running with State Senator Kim Reynolds, one of Culvers first initiatives was to sign legislation easing limits on types of stem cell research in Iowa. The new legislation allows medical researchers to create stem cells through cloning. While allowing for research, it prohibits reproductive cloning of humans. Culver said lifting the ban will give hope to suffering from diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinsons
11.
Republican Party of Iowa
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The Republican Party of Iowa is the affiliate of the United States Republican Party in Iowa. The State Central Committee is led by Chairman Jeff Kaufmann, the RPI sponsors the Iowa Straw Poll and runs the Republican side of the Iowa Caucus. As of 2016, the Republican Party controls five of the seven offices in Iowa. Republicans also hold both of the states U. S. Senate seats and three of its four U. S. House seats, chuck Grassley Joni Ernst Rod Blum, 1st District David Young, 3rd District Steve King, 4th District Governor, Terry E. The number of Central Committee members that each district is allotted is based on the following table. The Republican Party of Iowas State Central Committee also consists of executive officers, including Chairman, Co-Chairman, State Finance Chair. These executive members do not need to be seated members of the central committee. These members also do not have a vote on standard proceedings, the State Chairman may vote only in the case of a tie or to create a tie during a meeting which he is presiding over. The Republican Party of Iowa is unique in that it has committees of the party that can conduct local business. In particular, the party can have a Legislative Campaign Committee in each Congressional District with the purpose of helping Republicans win legislative races, each county in Iowa may form a County Central Committee. Additionally, the county central committee elects a, Chairman, Co-Chairman, Treasurer, the Republican Party of Iowa also develops an in-depth platform about what the state party stands for. In general this statement is a general document cementing the principle of the Republican Party while leaving some issues up to individual party voters, the RPI was founded on an anti-slavery platform in 1856 by citizens dissatisfied with the existing Whig and Democratic Parties. Samuel J. Kirkwood, abolitionist and later Iowas Civil War governor, is credited as one of the principal founders. Summoned from his mill at Coralville and still coated in flour dust, many people credited Kirkwoods speech and subsequent work with the success of the party in Iowa. At the Republican State Convention in 1865, Russell introduced the resolution declaring negro suffrage in Iowa and his more famous son, Charles Edward Russell, went on to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Pro-Union sentiment during and after the Civil War helped the party to expand in importance, between 1858 and 1932 the Republicans won every Iowa gubernatorial election, with the exception of 1890, when Horace Boies, a former Republican, was elected because of his opposition to Prohibition. In 1932 electoral frustration with the Great Depression and Prohibition led to the re-emergence of the Democratic Party in Iowa, historically the party has held the Governors office –30 of Iowas 41 governors have been Republicans. Since 1979, the RPI has held a poll in Iowa in each year preceding a presidential election
12.
Voter turnout
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Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Eligibility varies by country, and the population should not be confused with the total adult population. Age and citizenship status are often among the criteria used to determine eligibility, after increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1980s. In general, low turnout is attributed to disillusionment, indifference, low turnout is usually considered to be undesirable. As a result, there have been efforts to increase voter turnout. In spite of significant study into the issue, scholars are divided on the reasons for the decline and its cause has been attributed to a wide array of economic, demographic, cultural, technological, and institutional factors. Different countries have very different voter turnout rates, for example, turnout in the United States 2012 presidential election was about 55%. In both Belgium, which has compulsory voting, and Malta, which not, participation reaches about 95%. The chance of any one vote determining the outcome is low, some studies show that a single vote in a voting scheme such as the Electoral College in the United States has an even lower chance of determining the outcome. Other studies claim that the Electoral College actually increases voting power, Studies using game theory, which takes into account the ability of voters to interact, have also found that the expected turnout for any large election should be zero. Since P is virtually zero in most elections, PB is also near zero, for a person to vote, these factors must outweigh C. Experimental political science has found that even when P is likely greater than zero, enos and Fowler conducted a field experiment that exploits the rare opportunity of a tied election for major political office. Informing citizens that the election to break the tie will be close has little mobilizing effect on voter turnout. Riker and Ordeshook developed the understanding of D. Other political scientists have since added other motivators and questioned some of Riker, all of these concepts are inherently imprecise, making it difficult to discover exactly why people choose to vote. Recently, several scholars have considered the possibility that B includes not only a personal interest in the outcome, note that this motivation is distinct from D, because voters must think others benefit from the outcome of the election, not their act of voting in and of itself. There are philosophical, moral, and practical reasons that people cite for not voting in electoral politics. High voter turnout is often considered to be desirable, though among scientists and economists specializing in public choice
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