1.
Neighborhoods in the Bronx
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This article features a list of neighborhoods in the Bronx, one of the five boroughs of New York City. When using this article, note that names of neighborhoods in the Bronx are popular based on their historical pedigree. Riverdale, Throggs Neck, and others have greater popularity, generally speaking, there are two major systems of dividing the Bronx into regions which often conflict with one another. It is a reflection on the Bronxs history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River. In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages, areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895. e. The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps Islands City Island – The only inhabited island, hart Island High Island Hunter Island Rat Island Twin Island North Brother Island South Brother Island Rikers Island – The location of New York Citys prison. List of Brooklyn neighborhoods List of Manhattan neighborhoods List of Queens neighborhoods List of Staten Island neighborhoods
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
6.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
7.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
9.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
10.
Bronx Community Board 8
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Bronx Community Board 8 is a local representative government unit of New York City. This area of 3.4 square miles, encompasses the neighborhoods of Fieldston, Kingsbridge, Kingsbridge Heights, Marble Hill, Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil and its current chairman is Daniel Padernacht. There is one Community Board for each of the Bronxs 12 Community Districts, each Board consists of up to 50 voting unsalaried members who serve for staggered terms of two years, one half of the membership is appointed each year. The members are appointed by the Bronx Borough President, with half nominated by the City Council Members who represent the community district, all City Council Members whose districts form part of the Community District are non-voting Board members. Board members are selected by the Borough Presidents from among active, involved people of each community, Board members must be New York City residents who live in or have a business, professional or other significant interest in the district. No more than 25 percent of the members may be city employees, the monthly meetings are open to the public. Bronx Community Board No 8 meets the second Tuesday of every month except in July, at these meetings, committee chairs report on committee meetings, and members address items of concern to the community. Board meetings are open to the public, and a portion of each meeting is reserved for the Board to hear from members of the public, the Board committees do most of the planning and work on the issues that are acted on at Board meetings. Each Board establishes the structure and procedures it feels will best meet the needs of its district. The Charter permits community residents who are not Board members to serve on Board committees, Bronx Community Board No.8 has fifteen committees that meet regularly. Boards have an important advisory role in dealing with land use and zoning matters, the City budget, municipal service delivery, Community Boards must be consulted on placement of most municipal facilities in the community and on other land use issues. They may also initiate their own plans for the growth and well being of their communities, Community Boards assess the needs of their own neighborhoods, meet with City agencies, and make recommendations in the Citys budget process to address them. Any problem that affects part or all of the community, from a problem to deteriorating housing, is a proper concern of a Community Board. The Community Board, its District Manager, and its office staff serve as advocates and service coordinators for the community and they cannot order any City agency or official to perform any task, but Boards are usually successful in resolving the problems they address. Each Community Board has its own office, District Manager, the District Manager and the Board staff are hired by a Community Board and serve at the Boards pleasure. The District Manager establishes an office, manages the staff, District Managers play many different roles. They are project managers, strategic planners, complaint takers, municipal managers, information sources, community organizers, mediators, advocates, the main responsibility of the District office is to receive and resolve complaints from community residents. Many Board offices have assumed the responsibility of providing additional services and these might include assisting with Senior Citizen Rent Increase Exemption Forms, processing liquor licenses and permits for block parties, street fairs, etc
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area codes 718, 347, and 929
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North American area codes 718,347, and 929 are New York City telephone area codes in the boroughs of The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, as well as the Marble Hill section of Manhattan. They are overlaid by area code 917, which covers the entirety of New York City, in 1947, area code 212 was created as one of the original 86 North American area codes assigned by AT&T. It served the five boroughs of New York City. On September 1,1984, area code 718 was created as a split from 212 and was assigned to the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, in 1992, the borough of The Bronx and the Manhattan neighborhood of Marble Hill were moved from 212 to 718. On October 1,1999, area code 347 was added as an overlay to area code 718, on December 16,2009, the New York Public Service Commission approved an additional overlay of the 718/347 area code region. On January 22,2010, NeuStar-NANPA issued a release that 929 is to be the new area code to further overlay the New York City 718 and 347 area codes of boroughs outside Manhattan. Area code 929 went into effect on April 16,2011, Area code 917 overlays area codes 718,347, and 929, as well as area codes 212 and 646 in Manhattan. One Manhattan neighborhood, Marble Hill, is not in the 212/646 area code, Marble Hill used to be attached to Manhattan Island. After the Harlem River Ship Canal was built in 1895, Marble Hill was physically separated from Manhattan Island, soon after, the Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in with landfill, physically connecting Marble Hill to the Bronx. The Greater New York Charter of 1897 officially stated that Marble Hill is part of the borough of Manhattan, when the Bronxs area code was about to be changed from 212 to 718 in 1992, Marble Hill residents fought to stay in 212. This area code was celebrated in the 19982 Skinnee Js song 718, hip-hop group Theodore Unit released an album entitled 718, an homage to their home of Staten Island, which is contained within the 718 area code. Rapper/actor Mos Def refers to the 718 area code in his song Sunshine,718 is a track produced by DJ Premier from Jaz-O & Immobilarie album Kingz Kounty. The area code was mentioned in the song Dont Be One by American Metal band Emmure. The mixtape Return of the PLK contains the song titled 718 Nigga by Rapper Lloyd Banks, the FannyPack album See You Next Tuesday contains the song Seven One Eight. This song was featured in the Dont Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 episode Paris, the area code was mentioned as part of Barney Stinsons citation of many New York area codes in the How I Met Your Mother episode No Tomorrow. On the episode of Seinfeld entitled The Maid, Elaine says that she used to be a 718 which made her cry every night,718 was referred to in the Salon of the Dead episode of Gossip Girl as the slums. Included in the 2001 song Area Codes as one of the locations where rapper Ludacris has hoes. A number from the area code appears as Come forth and call 489-4608, and Ill be here in the lyrics of Diary
13.
Area code 917
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Area code 917 is an area code for all five boroughs of New York City. It was the first cellular/pager/voicemail area code for the city and is an overlay to Manhattans 212/646, occasionally,917 is also assigned to landlines, most commonly in Manhattan, in large part because of the particularly severe shortage of numbers there. Introduced on February 4,1992, area code 917 is the first overlay area code in the North American Numbering Plan, when it was established, all cellphones in New York City were switched to 917, freeing up telephone numbers for additional landlines. Shortly after its implementation, the FCC announced that any new area codes going forth must not be service-specific and it is the last area code added under the original X1X format, whose last digit was not 0. com,917 Area Code
14.
Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
15.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
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Van Cortlandt Park
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Van Cortlandt Park is a 1, 146-acre park located in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The park, which is the citys third-largest, was named for the Van Cortlandt family and it was established in 1888 and now contains facilities for sports such as golf, cross-country running, and cricket. Contained within the park is the Van Cortlandt House Museum, the oldest surviving building in the Bronx, and the Van Cortlandt Golf Course, Van Cortlandt Park is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It is managed with assistance from the Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy, the forest in what is now Van Cortlandt Park has been around for 17,000 years, since the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. The Wiechquaskeck Lenapes were among the first recorded people to inhabit in the now referred to as Van Cortlandt Park. They settled in the area around the 14th or 15th centuries, the Lenapes used the geographic features of the area, such as Tibbetts Brook for fishing and flatland areas for farming, to support their community. The strip of land on the Hudson Rivers east bank, between the current-day Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Yonkers, was sold to the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century, adriaen van der Donck, a Dutch settler, bought the land from the company in 1646. Van der Donck also paid the Indian chief Tacharew, whose tribe used to live on the land and he named the land Colen Donck and built a house upon the land. The house was built between current-day Van Cortlandt Lake and Broadway and it faced south, probably because this was the location of a natural marshland. What is now the ground was used by van der Donck for farming. Upon van der Doncks 1655 death, the Indians launched an attack on the colony and this forced the settlers to flee back to Manhattan, including van der Doncks widow. Following the takeover of the New Netherland colony by the British in 1664, the claim to the estate was awarded to Hugh ONeale, the new husband of van der Doncks widow. In 1668, a portion of the land was sold to William Betts, an English turner, and his son-in-law George Tippett and this property included the modern park parade grounds. Next, Doughty sold a 2, 000-acre tract of land, including the current site of the Van Cortlandt House, to Frederick Philipse, Thomas Delavall, and Thomas Lewis. Philipse bought out Delavalls and Lewiss land shares, making the part of the Philipsburg Manor. Philipses wife died, and he remarried Olof Stevense Van Cortlandts daughter, Philipses daughter Eva later married Jacobus Van Cortlandt, who was Mrs. Philipses brother. The land that Van Cortlandt Park now occupies was acquired by Van Cortlandt from Philipse in the mid-to-late 1690s, in 1699, Van Cortlandt dammed Tibbetts Brook in order to power a sawmill, creating Van Cortlandt Lake as a mill pond in the process. In 1732, Van Cortlandt acquired a parcel from the Tippett family
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Major Deegan Expressway
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The Major Deegan Expressway, officially named the Major William Francis Deegan Expressway and locally known as the Deegan, is a north–south expressway in the New York City borough of the Bronx. In between, the Major Deegan Expressway winds through Van Cortlandt Park, intersects with I-95 near the George Washington Bridge, the expressway was completed in 1956 and became part of I-87 when that highway was assigned as part of the creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1957. It is named for William Francis Deegan, who died in 1932 and he was an architect, a Major in the Army Corps of Engineers and a Democratic political leader in New York City. The Major Deegan Expressway begins at an interchange with the Bruckner Expressway in the South Bronx, the route heads northwestward from the junction, loosely paralleling the Harlem River as it carries I-87 through Mott Haven. After 1 mile, the highway makes a turn to the north and it passes by Yankee Stadium on its way to Highbridge, where the Deegan connects to the Cross Bronx Expressway at the eastern approach to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge. The Deegan remains in close proximity to the Harlem River until the waterway turns westward at Kingsbridge to form the edge of Manhattan. Mosholu Parkway also links the Deegan to the Henry Hudson and Saw Mill River parkways, which run parallel to the Major Deegan Expressway through the western Bronx and Manhattan. Past Jerome Avenue, the freeway gains a pair of roads and heads north to the New York City line. The last northbound exit on the Deegan connects to McLean Avenue, the exit 14 ramp leads to the service road in the Bronx but does not meet McLean Avenue until it crosses the county line. Southbound access to McLean Avenue is provided by Thruway exit 1 in Yonkers and this route would connect the brand-new Triborough Bridge to the proposed New York State Thruway in Westchester County. A1. 5-mile section of the expressway from the bridge to the Grand Concourse was completed in April 1939, the highway was adorned with Whitestone-style light posts placed every 75 feet of the 6-lane highway, each of which were 12 feet in width. The expressway was designated as New York State Route 1B c. 1941, however, in 1945, public works planner Robert Moses proposed extending the highway to the proposed Thruway. Construction on the began in 1950, and the new route was opened in 1956. The Deegan became part of I-87 when that highway was assigned as part of the creation of the Interstate Highway System in August 1957. In the wake of former New York Yankees player Joe DiMaggios death on March 8,1999, however, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani favored renaming the West Side Highway for DiMaggio instead. Pataki agreed to Giulianis proposal one week later, on January 4,2014, a single-engine fixed-wing Piper PA28 made an emergency landing on the expressway, near exit 13. The entire route is in the New York City borough of The Bronx
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Kingsbridge, Bronx
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Kingsbridge is a working- and middle-class residential neighborhood geographically located in the northwest portion of The Bronx in New York City. Kingsbridge is actually made up of three neighborhoods, Kingsbridge proper, Kingsbridge Heights, and Van Cortlandt Village. The neighborhood is considered a part of Bronx Community Board 8, Kingsbridge propers ill-defined boundaries are Van Cortlandt Park to the north, Bailey Avenue to the east, West 230st Street to the south, and Broadway to the west. Kingsbridge is patrolled by the New York City Police Departments 50th Precinct, Kingsbridge has detached, semi detached, and attached homes, and Broadway has apartment buildings where many Dominicans reside. Streets connecting Riverdale and Kingsbridge include step streets, with stairways of as many as 160 steps climbing the slope, some jokingly refer to Riverdale as the rich uncle of Kingsbridge which has its origins during the Irish period. The neighborhood is part of a business improvement district that is home to 200 merchants. River Plaza Shopping Center is located nearby but it is not part of the improvement district. During the past several years there have been significant improvements in the infrastructure of the community, for example, the parks have been improved significantly and there are new elementary schools on 230th Street. The neighborhood is named for the Kings Bridge, erected in 1693 by Frederick Philipse, the bridge spanned a now-filled-in section of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, roughly parallel to todays 230th Street. The Kings Bridge was part of Boston Post Road, connecting southern Westchester County with Marble Hill, once part of Manhattan Island, the bridge is said to still be in place, having been buried when the creek bed was filled in. The creeks water flow was redirected to the new and deeper shipping canal, until the latter part of the 19th century Riverdale, Kingsbridge, and other areas now in the northwest Bronx were part of the Town of Yonkers. The areas that are inside the modern-day New York city line broke off to form the Town of Kingsbridge, in 1874, the City of New York annexed three towns that later became the western half of The Bronx, including the Town of Kingsbridge. As the trains to Manhattan were built in the 20th century and this gave rise to the Riverdale neighborhood. The remainder of the old Town of Kingsbridge developed into the modern-day Kingsbridge neighborhood, Kingsbridge has a population of over 10,000. It was once a neighborhood of predominately Irish immigrants, from the late 1970s the Irish population has decreased significantly, being replaced by large numbers of African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Albanians, and Greeks. The largest Hispanic group in Kingsbridge today are Dominicans, replacing the earlier Puerto Ricans and Cubans, there still is a strong Irish population centered on Bailey Avenue and Tibbett Avenue. The Dominicans predominantly live along Broadway and adjacent side streets, with a mixed ethnic area east and west of Broadway. The Irish legacy can still be seen in the Roman Catholic churches and schools that serve the current residents, in northern Kingsbridge the Visitation Roman Catholic Church and School is located on West 239th street
19.
Throggs Neck
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Throggs Neck is a narrow spit of land in the southeastern portion of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It demarcates the passage between the East River, and Long Island Sound, the neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 10. Throggs Neck was largely exempt from the urban decay that affected much of the Bronx in the 1970s. Throggs Neck is at the approach to the Throgs Neck Bridge. The Throgs Neck Lighthouse formerly stood at its southern tip, on September 17,2012, News12 reported a story about the differences in spelling. The landscape is a long breezy bluff about 50 to 60 ft above the water, there are two beaches below and along Indian Trail, the latter, a popular place to live that is right on the river. From the southern end of Indian trail, Ft Schuyler is visible at the tip of Throggs Neck, at the northern end the trail opens up into a common area that the locals call the green grass. From there, there are views of the Throggs Neck Bridge to the left. Beneath the Whitestone Bridge the Manhattan skyline straddles the western horizon, both strawberry fields and the green grass were popular drinking spots for teenagers in the area. The peninsula was called Vriedelandt, Land of Peace, by the New Netherlanders, the current name comes from John Throckmorton, English immigrant and associate of Roger Williams in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Dutch allowed Throckmorton to settle in this area of New Amsterdam in 1642. At this time, the peninsula was known as Maxsons point as the Maxson family lived there. Many of the settlers, including Anne Hutchinson and her family, were murdered in a 1643 uprising of Native Americans, in 1668, the peninsula appeared on maps as Frockes Neck. The peninsula was virtually an island at high tide, in 1776, George Washingtons headquarters wrote of a potential British landing at Frogs Neck. A farm in the area owned by the Stephenson family was sold in 1795 to Abijah Hammond, in the 19th century, the area remained the site of large farms, converted into estates. After the Civil War, Collis P. Huntington, the builder, owned an extensive parcel. Huntingtons property was owned by Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. the sugar magnate, and the Havemeyer-Huntington mansion is now home to Preston High School, New York
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2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
22.
People of the Dominican Republic
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Dominicans are a multi-ethnic people who originate from the Dominican Republic. Dominican was historically the demonym for the inhabitants of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the majority of Dominicans reside in the Dominican Republic, although there is also a large Dominican diaspora, mainly in the United States. The population of the Dominican Republic in 2007 was estimated by the United Nations at 9,760,000, for most of its history the colony was known as Santo Domingo, the name of its present capital, and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. Hence the residents were called Dominicanos, which is the form of Domingo. It was often referred to as the Republic of San Domingo in English language 19th Century publications, another name thats been commonly used is Quisqueyanos. In the national anthem of the Dominican Republic the author uses the poetic term Quisqueyanos, the word Quisqueya is a derivative from a native tongue of the Taino Indians which means, Mother of all Lands. It is often used in songs as another name for the country, the genetic makeup of the Dominican Republics population is estimated to be 52. 15% European,39. 57% Black African, and 8. 28% Native American on average according to recent genealogical DNA testing. African input is higher in the plain, and generally in coastal areas. Most Dominicans fall within three major ethno-racial groups, the last census conducted in the country estimated the population as 73% mixed race, 16% White European, and 11% Black African. Other groups in the include the descendants of West Asians—mostly Lebanese. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians can also be found throughout the population, some of the Sephardic Jews still presently reside in Sosúa while others are dispersed throughout the country. In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs, Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers, waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist Peoples Liberation Army, arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 50,000, the Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate. They worked on plantations and docks and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macorís and Puerto Plata. There is a number of Puerto Rican immigrants in and around Santo Domingo. Before and during World War II800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic, nationwide, there are an estimated 100 Jews left. Immigration from Europe and the United States is at an all-time high,82,000 Americans,40,000 Italians,1,900 French,1,400 Britons, and 800 Germans. The 2010 Census registered 311,969 Haitians,24,457 Americans,6,691 Spaniards,5,763 Puerto Ricans, and 5,132 Venezuelans
23.
Van Cortlandt Village
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Van Cortlandt Village is a subsection of the Kingsbridge Heights section of the New York City borough of the Bronx. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 8, named after Van Cortlandt Park, it is bordered by the Major Deegan Expressway to the west, the Jerome Park Reservoir to the east, West 238th Street to the south, and Van Cortlandt Park to the north. Van Cortlandt Village has traditionally classified as part of Kingsbridge Heights. The area is predominantly low-density residential, with a significant number of one-, even the multifamily apartment buildings in the area are seldom taller than 70 feet. Its housing stock is diverse, including spacious single-family homes, multiple-family attached homes, the New York Times describes the area as a serene enclave of quaint homes, winding streets and abundant trees. A garland of greenery wends through the neighborhood, in the heart of the area, on twisting hilly streets like Giles Place and Cannon Place, are elegant brick homes with porticos and manicured hedges. Along the broader avenues are handsome co-op buildings, capped on the end by the Amalgamated Cooperative Houses. With nearly 1,500 units in 11 buildings, the complex was founded in 1927 by leaders of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, close nearby, to the west and southwest of Van Cortlandt Village, two new large commercial shopping malls were constructed and opened in 2014. As elsewhere in the city, street parking is scarce and some co-ops have resident parking lots, in 1975, a member of the local community board proposed that the Amalgamated and its surroundings be renamed, and a sign was unveiled designating the area Van Cortlandt Village. The Historic Districts Council in early January 2012 recognized Van Cortlandt Village as a New York City neighborhood in need of preservation, in Van Cortlandt Village, the Fort Independence Park Neighborhood Association has been fighting a handful of land grabs and new housing projects. The community sits atop the ruins of a Revolutionary War fort and was designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. It boasts small Tudor revival homes and during the 1920s became a mecca for socialist factory workers fleeing the tenements of the lower East Side to build cooperative housing. Originally named Yiddish Cooperative Heimgesellschaft, the historic Shalom Aleichem Houses cooperative housing project was started by socialist Yiddish members of the Socialist and Communist Parties, construction on the 15-building Neo-Tudor fortress-like structure culminated in 1927. The multi-ethnic rental complex is located in what is considered to be the heart of the Van Cortlandt Village community, as part of the Office of the Bronx Borough Presidents Bronx 2008 historic preservation project, the Shalom Aleichem Co-operative complex is being reviewed for landmark status. The community, eventually named for legendary Yiddish author Shalom Aleichem, was founded as one of the countrys first housing cooperatives and it failed during the Great Depression and became a rental complex. But the close-knit community produced a generation of scientists and artists. Shalom Aleichems garden courtyard is still lush and beautiful, tended by its diverse, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Van Cortlandt Village was 50,100, a decrease of 507 from the 50,607 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 506.77 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 98.9 inhabitants per acre
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Leonard Jerome
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Leonard Walter Jerome was a Brooklyn, New York, financier and maternal grandfather of Winston Churchill. Leonard Jerome was the son of Aurora Murray and Isaac Jerome, Isaac was a descendant of Timothy Jerome, a French Huguenot immigrant who arrived in the New York Colony in 1717. Jerome was born on a farm in the Central New York town of Pompey and he later moved to New York City, where he became a stock speculator and promoter. Jerome was a flamboyant and successful stock speculator and he made and lost several fortunes, and was known as The King of Wall Street. He held interests in railroad companies and was often a partner in the deals of Cornelius Vanderbilt. He was a patron of the arts, and founded the Academy of Music, during the New York Draft Riots, Jerome defended the New York Times office building with a Gatling Gun. Although he had significant holdings in the Times, he was not the majority shareholder as is erroneously claimed. It was later sold and housed a series of private clubs, the mansion was torn down in 1967. He enjoyed yachting with his friend, William K. Vanderbilt and they shared a special passion for thoroughbred horse racing and helped found the American Jockey Club. In the late 1860s, Jerome was part of hunting trips in the American West. These trips were guided by Buffalo Bill Cody, in 1866, Jerome bought the estate and mansion of James Bathgate near Old Fordham Village in what was then rural Westchester County, but is now The Bronx. Jerome and financier August Belmont, Sr. built Jerome Park Racetrack on the Bathgate land, Jerome and his brother Lawrence had a wide boulevard made from Macombs Dam to the track, which city authorities attempted to name Murphy Avenue after a local politician. This incensed Jeromes wife so much that she had bronze plaques saying Jerome Avenue made up and bolted into place along the road, the racetrack was acquired and demolished by the city in 1894, to make way for Jerome Park Reservoir. The Bathgate mansion served as a home for the Jerome family. In the early 1900s, the mansion was razed and replaced by the Kingsbridge Armory, Jerome became a resident of Brooklyn. He, Vanderbilt, and other founded the Coney Island Jockey Club which in 1884 built the Sheepshead Bay Race Track. Jerome married Clarissa Hall in Palmyra, New York on 5 April 1849, one daughter, Camille, died at age eight. The other three – Jeanette, Clarita, and Leonie – became known, in quarters, as the Good, the Witty
25.
Jerome Park Racetrack
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Jerome Park Racetrack was an American thoroughbred horse racing facility from 1866 until 1894. It was located in a part of Westchester County, New York that was annexed into the Bronx in 1874, the racetrack opened in 1866 in the northwest part of Fordham, Westchester County, New York. Built on the old Bathgate estate, and operated by the American Jockey Club, its owner/members were led by financier Leonard W. Jerome and August Belmont, a luxurious clubhouse was built near a rise that looked over the race course on what was known as The Bluff. In those days, many would come to the park by horse, coach and carriage, or by railroad at Fordham Station, located at the bottom of Fordham Hill. Later in the century, it would connect to Bedford Park Station, the first Belmont Stakes, the oldest of the three U. S. Triple Crown races which was named in honor of August Belmont, Sr. was held at Jerome Park Racetrack, in the spring of 1876, a group of polo enthusiasts founded the Westchester Polo Club at Jerome Park Racetrack. On May 13 of that year, the track was the site of the first outdoor polo match ever held in the United States. It is alleged that Lord Randolph Churchill first met Jeromes daughter, Jennie Jerome, later to be courted and married, at the race park, but this allegation is false. The track closed on October 4,1894 to make way for the Jerome Park Reservoir that was needed for the metropolitan New York City water supply system
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Jerome Park Reservoir
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The Jerome Park Reservoir is a reservoir located in Jerome Park, a neighborhood in the North Bronx, New York City. The reservoir was built in 1906 to serve the New Croton aqueduct as part of the New York City water supply system. It is named for Jerome Park Racetrack, a part of the former Old Bathgate Estate which opened in 1866, the racetrack was condemned, bought by New York City and closed in 1889 to make way for the reservoir. In 1996, residents organized under the leadership of Jerome Park Conservancy to stop the city from converting the site to a treatment plant. It was thought that the noise, chemicals, and unsightly construction would decrease the quality of life for area residents, the reservoir was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The related High Pumping Station had been listed in 1983, the treatment plant was built in another part of the Bronx underneath Van Cortlandt Park. In connection with work, the Croton system was taken offline. It was refilled and returned to service in early 2014, in November 2015, the DEP experimentally opened the perimeter to the public for tours. Jerome Park, at New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Jerome Park Reservoir, Bronx, Kadinsky, Sergey Hidden Waters Blog January 5,2017
27.
Croton Aqueduct
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The Croton Aqueduct or Old Croton Aqueduct was a large and complex water distribution system constructed for New York City between 1837 and 1842. Although the aqueduct was supplemented and largely superseded by the New Croton Aqueduct, which was built in 1890, before the aqueduct was constructed, residents of New York obtained water from cisterns, wells, natural springs, and other bodies of water. But rapid population growth in the 19th century, and encroachment on these areas as Manhattan moved further north of Wall Street, the unsanitary conditions caused an increase in disease. Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged the city. 6% in 1830, then in 1832 cholera first reached New York in the deadliest epidemic to that date. The need for a new supply of water was crucial. In March 1833, Major David Bates Douglass, engineering professor at West Point Military Academy, was appointed to survey and estimate the proposed route. In 1837 construction began on an engineering project, to divert it from sources upstate, following a route surveyed by Douglass and supervised by Douglass successor. The Croton River was dammed, aqueducts were built, tunnels dug, piping laid, the gravity-fed aqueduct dropped 13 inches per mile, 1/4 per 100. Hydraulic cement was added where the aqueduct crossed rivers, the Receiving Reservoir was a rectangular tank within fortress-like rusticated retaining walls,1,826 feet long and 836 feet wide, it held up to 180,000,000 US gallons of water. 35,000,000 US gallons flowed into it daily from northern Westchester and this reservoir was built to resemble ancient Egyptian architecture. New Yorkers came up from town for the view of the city obtained from atop its walls. The Aqueduct opened to use with great fanfare on October 14,1842. The day-long celebration culminated in a fountain of water that spouted to a height of 50 feet from the beautifully decorated cast-iron Croton Fountain in City Hall Park. Water started flowing through the aqueduct on June 22,1842, even though only 6,175 houses had been connected to the system by 1844, the Croton water had already dramatically improved both domestic hygiene and interior design. Baths and running water were being built in the homes of wealthy New Yorkers. The water system had another inadvertent consequence, the decline in the number of residents drawing water from the citys wells resulted in a rise in the water table which flooded many cellars. To address this problem, the city sewers in many residential streets. By 1852,148 miles of sewers had already been constructed, despite its size, the capacity of the Old Croton Aqueduct could not keep up with the growth of New York City, and construction on a New Croton Aqueduct began in 1885 a few miles east
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Kingsbridge Armory
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The Kingsbridge Armory, also known as the Eighth Regiment Armory, is located on West Kingsbridge Road in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It was built in the 1910s, from a design by the firm of then-state architect Lewis Pilcher to house the National Guards Eighth Coastal Artillery Regiment unit which relocated from Manhattan in 1917 and it is possibly the largest armory in the world. In addition to its function, it has been used over the years for exhibitions, boxing matches. After World War II the city offered it to the United Nations as a meeting place. In 1974 it was designated a city landmark, and eight years later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its military use ended and it was turned over to city management in 1996. In 2013, a new plan to redevelop it as the worlds largest indoor ice center was announced, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center, one National Guard unit has continued to use an annex in the rear until a new headquarters can be found. The armory complex occupies almost the entire 5-acre block between West Kingsbridge on the south, Jerome Avenue on the east, West 195th Street on the North, barnhill Square, the junction of Kingsbridge and Reservoir, is on the southwest corner. Above Jerome is the Kingsbridge Road station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line New York City Subways 4 train, an empty moat runs across the front entrance of the building. There are parking lots and sidewalks along the side, in the center of the north side, on West 195th, are two smaller buildings, one a garage and the other a locker room and classrooms. Both are considered non-contributing to the Register listing, on the north are public schools 86 and 340, with Jerome Park Reservoir to the northwest and Lehman College of the City University of New York about a block north. On the other three sides is dense urban mixed-use development, st. James Park is a few blocks to the southeast, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, overlooking the Harlem River and Major Deegan Expressway, two blocks to the east. The terrain slopes slightly toward the river, the building itself is a nine-story red brick edifice with a curved, sloping metal roof, with glass in the field at either end. Its brickwork has been considered among the citys finest, stone is used for trim, especially around the slit windows at regular intervals. A corbeled stone string course runs below the roof the length of the building. Above the corbels, and at the corners, are turrets, in the middle of the south elevation is the two-story office wing and main entrance, a section known as the headhouse. Two semi-engaged towers with conical roofs rise at its front above the roofline, the transition to the office wing from the main wall is marked by angled walls, two low round towers with conical roofs and cupolas and two square towers. Between them is the entrance, a round arch with heavy iron gates and paneled double doors with stone steps. They are topped with a projection on corbels and a crenellated parapet
29.
White flight
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The term has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa, or parts of that continent, driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective desegregation by means of forced busing in some areas led to families moving out of former areas. However, some historians have challenged the white flight as a misnomer whose use should be reconsidered. Such conditions are considered to have contributed to the emigration of other populations, according to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization contribute to contemporary environmental racism. The result was severe urban decay that, by the 1960s, prior to national data available in the 1950 US census, a migration pattern of disproportionate numbers of whites moving from cities to suburban communities was easily dismissed as merely anecdotal. Because American urban populations were still growing, a relative decrease in one racial or ethnic component eluded scientific proof to the satisfaction of policy makers. In essence, data on urban population change had not been separated into what are now familiarly identified its components, the first data set potentially capable of proving white flight was the 1950 census. But original processing of data, on older-style tabulation machines by the US Census Bureau. It was not simply a more powerful calculating instrument that placed the reality of white flight beyond a high hurdle of proof required for policy makers to consider taking action. In other words, central cities had been bringing back their new suburbs, real estate prices often fall in areas of economic erosion, allowing persons with lower income to establish homes in such areas. Since the 1960s and changed immigration laws, the United States has received immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, Asia, immigration has changed the demographics of both cities and suburbs, and the US has become a largely suburban nation, with the suburbs becoming more diverse. In addition, Latinos, the fastest growing minority group in the US, began to migrate away from traditional entry cities and to cities in the Southwest, such as Phoenix, in 2006, the increased number of Latinos had made whites a minority group in some western cities. Blacks were effectively barred from pursuing homeownership, even when they were able to afford it, after World War II, aided by the construction of the Interstate Highway System, many White Americans began leaving industrial cities for new housing in suburbs. The roads served to transport suburbanites to their city jobs, facilitating the development of suburbs and this may have exacerbated urban decay. In Birmingham, Alabama, the government used the highway system to perpetuate the racial residence-boundaries the city established with a 1926 racial zoning law. Constructing interstate highways through majority-black neighborhoods eventually reduced the populations to the poorest proportion of people unable to leave their destroyed community. The real estate business practice of blockbusting was a for-profit catalyst for white flight, the remaining white inhabitants, fearing devalued residential property, would quickly sell, usually at a loss. Losses happened when they sold en masse, and would sell the properties to the black families, profiting from price arbitrage
30.
MTA Regional Bus Operations
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Both NYCT and MaBSTOA operate service pursuant to a lease agreement with the City of New York. MTABC operates service pursuant to an agreement with the City of New York under which all expenses of MTABC and this brought almost all bus transportation in New York City under its control. After the bus mergers were completed in 2006, the MTA then moved to streamline its operations through consolidation of management function, MTA Regional Bus also included the MTA Long Island Bus division until January 2012, when its services were transferred to a private operator by Nassau County. Other changes have included eliminating the MTA Bus call center, folding it into that of MTA New York City Transit, Regional Bus Operations is currently only used in official documentation, and not publicly as a brand. The seven former companies were, Command Bus Company, Inc. Green Bus Lines, Queens Surface Corp. and Triboro Coach Corp. The most common scheme is a blue stripe across the sides of the bus against a white base, with no colors on the front or back. From 1977 until late 2007, the livery was a full all-around stripe with a rear, and until late 2010. Buses operated in Select Bus Service bus rapid transit service are wrapped with a light blue-and-white wrap below the windows. In spring 2016, a new livery was introduced based on blue, light blue, and gold, with a mostly blue front and sides, a light blue and gold wave. Access-A-Ride paratransit services are provided by independent contractors, using vehicles owned by the MTA. In addition, MTA Regional Bus Operations operated bus and paratransit service in Nassau County under the name Long Island Bus until December 31,2011 and this service was operated by the MTA under an agreement with Nassau County, who owned its facilities and equipment. In 2011, the MTA asked Nassau County to provide funding for Long Island Bus than they were at the time. The county refused to provide funding, and the MTA voted to end operation of the system at the end of 2011. The county then decided to hire Veolia Transportation, a transportation company. Eventually all of these routes were transferred to private management, another city acquisition was the Bridge Operating Company, which ran the Williamsburg Bridge Local trolley, acquired in 1921 by the DP&S. Unlike the other lines, this one remained city-operated, and was replaced by the B39 bus route on December 5,1948, on February 23,1947, the Board of Transportation took over the Staten Island bus network of the Isle Transportation Company. The final Brooklyn trolleys were the Church Avenue Line and McDonald Avenue Line, discontinued on October 31,1956, though the privately operated Queensboro Bridge Local remained until 1957. Thus, in the late 1950s, the city operated all local service in Staten Island and Brooklyn, about half the service in Queens
31.
Grand Concourse buses
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The Bx1 and Bx2 are two bus routes that run on the Grand Concourse in the Bronx, New York City, United States. The routes, which are operated by the MTA Regional Bus Operations, also follow Sedgwick Avenue, as the numbers suggest, these were the first two bus franchises in the Bronx. Except at their northern and southern ends, the Bx1. In Kingsbridge Heights, only the Bx1 continues down into Riverdale along 231 Street, at their ends, a divergence occurs as noted above. As of September 2010, the Bx1 operates as a service during the daytime on weekdays and Saturdays. Before September 2010, both routes had a limited-stop variant, Concourse Bus Line, Inc. was incorporated in early July 1921 by Major Emit Leindorf, deputy police commissioner in charge of motor transport under Mayor Hylan. The company soon began operating on the Grand Concourse as part of Hylans emergency bus lines, the franchises were reassigned to the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, which began operating the routes on October 11,1924, for ten cents. On September 14,1927, the routes were again reassigned to the Surface Transportation Corporation, in January 1993, limited-stop service was implemented on the Bx1. IND Concourse Line, the line that runs along Grand Concourse. Media related to Grand Concourse buses at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Riverdale, Bronx
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Riverdale is an upper middle class residential neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx, a borough in New York City. Riverdale, which has a population of 47,850 as of the 2000 United States Census, in 1642, Anthony Van Corlaer died while attempting to swim across the Hudson from nearby Spuyten Duyvil. A witness to Van Corlaers death stated that the devil in the shape of a giant fish swam up and proceeded to seize the sturdy Anthony by the leg and this may be the earliest recorded shark attack in the New World. In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek, kings Bridge, which was located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693. At the turn of the century, the new popularity of railroad commute enabled wealthy businessmen to make Riverdale their year-round residence, Fieldston, owned by a private association, is a particularly intact example of a turn-of-the century upper class suburb. The Hudson Hill neighborhood retains many of its historic mansions, Riverdales elite private schools and historic churches also reflect this past. Development of the began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central. This is the still used by Metro-North today. The first house was begun in 1910 and finished in 1911, by the beginning of the 21st century, Fieldston, as the 20th century progressed, upscale apartment buildings and smaller houses were added to the neighborhood. To this day, Riverdale continues to maintain its character as an affluent enclave in the city of New York, the rich history of Riverdale has led to the creation of the Riverdale Historic District. In May 2009, the FBI ran an operation to prevent a bombing plot in which two Riverdale synagogues were the suggested targets. This followed a Molotov cocktail attack in 2000 on a different Riverdale synagogue, on July 26,2010, the National Weather Service confirmed that an EF1 tornado had hit Riverdale the day before. There were no fatalities, but seven people were injured, on December 1,2013, a train derailment near Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in four deaths and over 70 injuries, of which 11 were critical. Riverdale covers about three miles in area. It has one of the highest elevations in New York City, affording it views of the Empire State Building, George Washington Bridge, Hudson River and it is also noted for the numerous parks and expanses of greenery and original forest that complement its hilly landscape. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by the city of Yonkers in Westchester County, and on the west by the Hudson River, the AIA Guide to New York City gives Broadway as the eastern boundary, and the Harlem River as the southern. There is also a 15-acre Riverdale Historic District in the northwest of the neighborhood, Riverdales ZIP codes are 10463 and 10471. While 10471 is entirely in Riverdale,10463 also covers the adjacent neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, administratively, Riverdale is part of Bronx Community Board 8
33.
6 (New York City Subway service)
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The 6 Lexington Avenue/Pelham Local and <6> Lexington Avenue Local/Pelham Express are two rapid transit services in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored apple green since they use the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. Local service is denoted by a 6 in a bullet, and express service is denoted by a <6> in a diamond-shaped bullet, on the R62A cars. Rollsigns on the R62A cars also feature LED signs around the logo to indicate local or express service to riders, a green circle for 6 local trains. 6 trains operate local at all times between Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx and Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall in Lower Manhattan, during weekdays in the peak direction, <6> Pelham Express trains replace 6 local ones north of Parkchester, and run express between that station and Third Avenue–138th Street. During this time,6 Pelham Local trains short turn at Parkchester, weekdays from 9,00 to 11,00 a. m. select Manhattan-bound <6> trains run local from Parkchester to Hunts Point Avenue while select Parkchester-bound 6 trains run express in that section. On October 27,1904, local and express service opened on the subway in Manhattan. From there, the service traveled west on 42nd Street on the route of the present 42nd Street Shuttle, the current H configuration—with separate services along Lexington Avenue and Broadway – Seventh Avenue—was introduced in 1917. Full Lexington Avenue local service from City Hall to 125th Street opened on July 17,1918, on August 1,1918, Third Avenue–138th Street opened with trains running between there and City Hall, making all stops. On January 17,1919 trains were extended from 138th Street to Hunts Point Avenue, on October 24,1920,6 service was extended again to Westchester Square. On December 20,1920,6 service was extended to Pelham Bay Park, from that point on, the current 6 service was formed. All trains ran local between Pelham Bay Park and Brooklyn Bridge, with trains terminating at the City Hall loop. Effective December 31,1945, City Hall station closed with the former Brooklyn Bridge station being the permanent southern terminal, however, the 6 train still uses the loop to get from the southbound to the northbound local track at Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall. On May 10,1946, late-night service was extended from 125th Street to its previous terminus at Brooklyn Bridge when late night service on the 4 was restored. This express service saved eight minutes between Third Avenue and East 177th Street, during this time,6 trains that ran local in the Bronx when express trains operated began to terminate at East 177 Street to make room for express trains to Pelham Bay Park. On September 22,1948,54 additional cars were placed in service on the 6 train, from December 15 to 22,1950, the weekday rush trains from Pelham Bay Park were extended to South Ferry. On June 23,1956, Saturday morning express service began operating local on the 6 train. From March 1,1960 to October 17,1965, the 4 and 6 trains also ran together in Manhattan late nights when late night express service on the 4 was discontinued for a time
34.
Grand Concourse (Bronx)
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The Grand Concourse is a major thoroughfare in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Some of the neighborhoods that Grand Concourse runs through include Claremont, Concourse, Fordham, Mott Haven, Mount Eden, Mount Hope, risse first conceived of the road in 1890, as a means of connecting the borough of Manhattan to the northern Bronx. Construction began on the Grand Concourse in 1894 and it was opened to traffic in November 1909, the cost of the project was $14 million. In 1923, Yankee Stadium opened near the Grand Concourse at 161st Street, South of Fordham Road, the palatial Loews Paradise theater, one of the Loews Wonder Theatres and at one time the largest movie theater in New York City, was constructed in 1929. Development of the Concourse was further encouraged by the opening of the IND Concourse Line in 1933, by the mid-1930s, almost three hundred apartment buildings had been built along the Concourse. Even though the Great Depression, which was happening at the time, ended the period of tremendous growth, furthermore, work was done on the Grand Concourse as part or WPA programs. During this period, the Bronx had more amenities than other boroughs, in 1934, almost 99% of residences had private bathrooms, and 95% had central heating. However, these plans were abandoned following the extension of the Bronx River Parkway in the 1940s. The south and central Bronx began to deteriorate in the 1960s. White flight drained many residents of the South Bronx, pulled by the dream of suburban life, at the same time, over 170,000 people displaced by slum clearance in Manhattan, mostly African American and Puerto Rican, moved to the Bronx. The city also adopted policies of relocating welfare recipients to the area, many if not most buildings in the area were damaged by arson, vandalism, and a lack of maintenance. Even along the Grand Concourse, some buildings and apartments were left abandoned and boarded or bricked shut, starting in the 1990s, when the Bronxs population began to grow for the first time in twenty years, a wave of affordable housing construction came to the area. These improvements continued along the corridor through 2006. As an experiment, the NYCDOT also completely rebuilt the section between 161st Street and 167th Streets starting in 1999, as a demonstration project. The Grand Concourse underwent an $18 million restoration and landscaping to widen and landscape the medians, improve lighting, add new signage and this resulted in a 69% drop in accidents along this section between 1998 and 2005. The final part of the project was completed in 2008. Later, this was expanded to a capital project between 161st Street and Fordham Road as part of a Capital Project, which would receive funding directly from the city. A reconstruction of the Grand Concourse between 166th and 171st Street began in 2013 and is expected to be finished in June 2017, funding is being allocated for a reconstruction of the Grand Concourse from 171st Street to 175th Street, which is already in planning
35.
Bx3 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
36.
1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
37.
George Washington Bridge Bus Station
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George Washington Bridge Bus Station is a commuter bus terminal located at the east end of the George Washington Bridge in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan in New York City, New York. The bus station is owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York, on a typical weekday, approximately 20,000 passengers on about 1,000 buses use the station. The building, an example of 1960s urban renewal, has described as a blight on its surrounding environment. The work started in late 2013 and is expected to be completed in mid-2017, the building was designed by noted Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and is one of only a few buildings he designed outside of Italy. It opened January 13,1963 as a replacement for a series of sidewalk bus loading areas that existed between 166th and 167th streets further south. The building is constructed of huge steel-reinforced concrete trusses, fourteen of which are cantilevered from supports in the median of the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, the building contains murals as well as busts of George Washington and Othmar Amman, the civil engineer who designed the bridge. The building received the 1963 Concrete Industry Board’s Award, the first floor of the bus terminal will have additional space for stores. A renovation project is underway in the terminal. The project is expected to cost US$183 million, the project is a partnership between the Port Authority and a private company known as GWBBS Development Venture, LLC. Tutor Perini received a million construction contract in August 2013. Construction, which was delayed, began at the end of 2013. The renovated building will be improved with better access to local subway stops, displays of bus departure and arrival times and it will increase retail space from 30,000 to 120,000 square feet with large tenants like Marshalls, Key Food, and Blink Fitness. It will be fully ADA compliant for accessibility to those with disabilities, some portions of the terminal are wheelchair-accessible, but many of the bus platforms are not. The bus station is also walking distance of the 181st Street station of the same line. As of 2016, the bus lines detailed below serve the terminal for the New York City Transit Authority, New Jersey Transit, Coach USA, Service is also provided by Spanish Transportation with its Express Service jitneys. Local buses stop at a level and on the streets outside the station. Local service includes, M4 on the Ft. Washington Av side, M5, M100 and Bx7 M98, Bx3, Bx11, Bx13, Bx35 and Bx36
38.
Bx9 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
United States
New York
New York City
The Bronx
