1.
Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories
2.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
3.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
Bronx Community Board 8
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Bronx Community Board 8 is a local representative government unit of New York City. This area of 3.4 square miles, encompasses the neighborhoods of Fieldston, Kingsbridge, Kingsbridge Heights, Marble Hill, Riverdale, Spuyten Duyvil and its current chairman is Daniel Padernacht. There is one Community Board for each of the Bronxs 12 Community Districts, each Board consists of up to 50 voting unsalaried members who serve for staggered terms of two years, one half of the membership is appointed each year. The members are appointed by the Bronx Borough President, with half nominated by the City Council Members who represent the community district, all City Council Members whose districts form part of the Community District are non-voting Board members. Board members are selected by the Borough Presidents from among active, involved people of each community, Board members must be New York City residents who live in or have a business, professional or other significant interest in the district. No more than 25 percent of the members may be city employees, the monthly meetings are open to the public. Bronx Community Board No 8 meets the second Tuesday of every month except in July, at these meetings, committee chairs report on committee meetings, and members address items of concern to the community. Board meetings are open to the public, and a portion of each meeting is reserved for the Board to hear from members of the public, the Board committees do most of the planning and work on the issues that are acted on at Board meetings. Each Board establishes the structure and procedures it feels will best meet the needs of its district. The Charter permits community residents who are not Board members to serve on Board committees, Bronx Community Board No.8 has fifteen committees that meet regularly. Boards have an important advisory role in dealing with land use and zoning matters, the City budget, municipal service delivery, Community Boards must be consulted on placement of most municipal facilities in the community and on other land use issues. They may also initiate their own plans for the growth and well being of their communities, Community Boards assess the needs of their own neighborhoods, meet with City agencies, and make recommendations in the Citys budget process to address them. Any problem that affects part or all of the community, from a problem to deteriorating housing, is a proper concern of a Community Board. The Community Board, its District Manager, and its office staff serve as advocates and service coordinators for the community and they cannot order any City agency or official to perform any task, but Boards are usually successful in resolving the problems they address. Each Community Board has its own office, District Manager, the District Manager and the Board staff are hired by a Community Board and serve at the Boards pleasure. The District Manager establishes an office, manages the staff, District Managers play many different roles. They are project managers, strategic planners, complaint takers, municipal managers, information sources, community organizers, mediators, advocates, the main responsibility of the District office is to receive and resolve complaints from community residents. Many Board offices have assumed the responsibility of providing additional services and these might include assisting with Senior Citizen Rent Increase Exemption Forms, processing liquor licenses and permits for block parties, street fairs, etc
6.
Van Cortlandt Park
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Van Cortlandt Park is a 1, 146-acre park located in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The park, which is the citys third-largest, was named for the Van Cortlandt family and it was established in 1888 and now contains facilities for sports such as golf, cross-country running, and cricket. Contained within the park is the Van Cortlandt House Museum, the oldest surviving building in the Bronx, and the Van Cortlandt Golf Course, Van Cortlandt Park is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It is managed with assistance from the Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy, the forest in what is now Van Cortlandt Park has been around for 17,000 years, since the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. The Wiechquaskeck Lenapes were among the first recorded people to inhabit in the now referred to as Van Cortlandt Park. They settled in the area around the 14th or 15th centuries, the Lenapes used the geographic features of the area, such as Tibbetts Brook for fishing and flatland areas for farming, to support their community. The strip of land on the Hudson Rivers east bank, between the current-day Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Yonkers, was sold to the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century, adriaen van der Donck, a Dutch settler, bought the land from the company in 1646. Van der Donck also paid the Indian chief Tacharew, whose tribe used to live on the land and he named the land Colen Donck and built a house upon the land. The house was built between current-day Van Cortlandt Lake and Broadway and it faced south, probably because this was the location of a natural marshland. What is now the ground was used by van der Donck for farming. Upon van der Doncks 1655 death, the Indians launched an attack on the colony and this forced the settlers to flee back to Manhattan, including van der Doncks widow. Following the takeover of the New Netherland colony by the British in 1664, the claim to the estate was awarded to Hugh ONeale, the new husband of van der Doncks widow. In 1668, a portion of the land was sold to William Betts, an English turner, and his son-in-law George Tippett and this property included the modern park parade grounds. Next, Doughty sold a 2, 000-acre tract of land, including the current site of the Van Cortlandt House, to Frederick Philipse, Thomas Delavall, and Thomas Lewis. Philipse bought out Delavalls and Lewiss land shares, making the part of the Philipsburg Manor. Philipses wife died, and he remarried Olof Stevense Van Cortlandts daughter, Philipses daughter Eva later married Jacobus Van Cortlandt, who was Mrs. Philipses brother. The land that Van Cortlandt Park now occupies was acquired by Van Cortlandt from Philipse in the mid-to-late 1690s, in 1699, Van Cortlandt dammed Tibbetts Brook in order to power a sawmill, creating Van Cortlandt Lake as a mill pond in the process. In 1732, Van Cortlandt acquired a parcel from the Tippett family
7.
Major Deegan Expressway
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The Major Deegan Expressway, officially named the Major William Francis Deegan Expressway and locally known as the Deegan, is a north–south expressway in the New York City borough of the Bronx. In between, the Major Deegan Expressway winds through Van Cortlandt Park, intersects with I-95 near the George Washington Bridge, the expressway was completed in 1956 and became part of I-87 when that highway was assigned as part of the creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1957. It is named for William Francis Deegan, who died in 1932 and he was an architect, a Major in the Army Corps of Engineers and a Democratic political leader in New York City. The Major Deegan Expressway begins at an interchange with the Bruckner Expressway in the South Bronx, the route heads northwestward from the junction, loosely paralleling the Harlem River as it carries I-87 through Mott Haven. After 1 mile, the highway makes a turn to the north and it passes by Yankee Stadium on its way to Highbridge, where the Deegan connects to the Cross Bronx Expressway at the eastern approach to the Alexander Hamilton Bridge. The Deegan remains in close proximity to the Harlem River until the waterway turns westward at Kingsbridge to form the edge of Manhattan. Mosholu Parkway also links the Deegan to the Henry Hudson and Saw Mill River parkways, which run parallel to the Major Deegan Expressway through the western Bronx and Manhattan. Past Jerome Avenue, the freeway gains a pair of roads and heads north to the New York City line. The last northbound exit on the Deegan connects to McLean Avenue, the exit 14 ramp leads to the service road in the Bronx but does not meet McLean Avenue until it crosses the county line. Southbound access to McLean Avenue is provided by Thruway exit 1 in Yonkers and this route would connect the brand-new Triborough Bridge to the proposed New York State Thruway in Westchester County. A1. 5-mile section of the expressway from the bridge to the Grand Concourse was completed in April 1939, the highway was adorned with Whitestone-style light posts placed every 75 feet of the 6-lane highway, each of which were 12 feet in width. The expressway was designated as New York State Route 1B c. 1941, however, in 1945, public works planner Robert Moses proposed extending the highway to the proposed Thruway. Construction on the began in 1950, and the new route was opened in 1956. The Deegan became part of I-87 when that highway was assigned as part of the creation of the Interstate Highway System in August 1957. In the wake of former New York Yankees player Joe DiMaggios death on March 8,1999, however, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani favored renaming the West Side Highway for DiMaggio instead. Pataki agreed to Giulianis proposal one week later, on January 4,2014, a single-engine fixed-wing Piper PA28 made an emergency landing on the expressway, near exit 13. The entire route is in the New York City borough of The Bronx
8.
Kingsbridge, Bronx
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Kingsbridge is a working- and middle-class residential neighborhood geographically located in the northwest portion of The Bronx in New York City. Kingsbridge is actually made up of three neighborhoods, Kingsbridge proper, Kingsbridge Heights, and Van Cortlandt Village. The neighborhood is considered a part of Bronx Community Board 8, Kingsbridge propers ill-defined boundaries are Van Cortlandt Park to the north, Bailey Avenue to the east, West 230st Street to the south, and Broadway to the west. Kingsbridge is patrolled by the New York City Police Departments 50th Precinct, Kingsbridge has detached, semi detached, and attached homes, and Broadway has apartment buildings where many Dominicans reside. Streets connecting Riverdale and Kingsbridge include step streets, with stairways of as many as 160 steps climbing the slope, some jokingly refer to Riverdale as the rich uncle of Kingsbridge which has its origins during the Irish period. The neighborhood is part of a business improvement district that is home to 200 merchants. River Plaza Shopping Center is located nearby but it is not part of the improvement district. During the past several years there have been significant improvements in the infrastructure of the community, for example, the parks have been improved significantly and there are new elementary schools on 230th Street. The neighborhood is named for the Kings Bridge, erected in 1693 by Frederick Philipse, the bridge spanned a now-filled-in section of Spuyten Duyvil Creek, roughly parallel to todays 230th Street. The Kings Bridge was part of Boston Post Road, connecting southern Westchester County with Marble Hill, once part of Manhattan Island, the bridge is said to still be in place, having been buried when the creek bed was filled in. The creeks water flow was redirected to the new and deeper shipping canal, until the latter part of the 19th century Riverdale, Kingsbridge, and other areas now in the northwest Bronx were part of the Town of Yonkers. The areas that are inside the modern-day New York city line broke off to form the Town of Kingsbridge, in 1874, the City of New York annexed three towns that later became the western half of The Bronx, including the Town of Kingsbridge. As the trains to Manhattan were built in the 20th century and this gave rise to the Riverdale neighborhood. The remainder of the old Town of Kingsbridge developed into the modern-day Kingsbridge neighborhood, Kingsbridge has a population of over 10,000. It was once a neighborhood of predominately Irish immigrants, from the late 1970s the Irish population has decreased significantly, being replaced by large numbers of African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Albanians, and Greeks. The largest Hispanic group in Kingsbridge today are Dominicans, replacing the earlier Puerto Ricans and Cubans, there still is a strong Irish population centered on Bailey Avenue and Tibbett Avenue. The Dominicans predominantly live along Broadway and adjacent side streets, with a mixed ethnic area east and west of Broadway. The Irish legacy can still be seen in the Roman Catholic churches and schools that serve the current residents, in northern Kingsbridge the Visitation Roman Catholic Church and School is located on West 239th street
9.
Throggs Neck
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Throggs Neck is a narrow spit of land in the southeastern portion of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It demarcates the passage between the East River, and Long Island Sound, the neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 10. Throggs Neck was largely exempt from the urban decay that affected much of the Bronx in the 1970s. Throggs Neck is at the approach to the Throgs Neck Bridge. The Throgs Neck Lighthouse formerly stood at its southern tip, on September 17,2012, News12 reported a story about the differences in spelling. The landscape is a long breezy bluff about 50 to 60 ft above the water, there are two beaches below and along Indian Trail, the latter, a popular place to live that is right on the river. From the southern end of Indian trail, Ft Schuyler is visible at the tip of Throggs Neck, at the northern end the trail opens up into a common area that the locals call the green grass. From there, there are views of the Throggs Neck Bridge to the left. Beneath the Whitestone Bridge the Manhattan skyline straddles the western horizon, both strawberry fields and the green grass were popular drinking spots for teenagers in the area. The peninsula was called Vriedelandt, Land of Peace, by the New Netherlanders, the current name comes from John Throckmorton, English immigrant and associate of Roger Williams in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Dutch allowed Throckmorton to settle in this area of New Amsterdam in 1642. At this time, the peninsula was known as Maxsons point as the Maxson family lived there. Many of the settlers, including Anne Hutchinson and her family, were murdered in a 1643 uprising of Native Americans, in 1668, the peninsula appeared on maps as Frockes Neck. The peninsula was virtually an island at high tide, in 1776, George Washingtons headquarters wrote of a potential British landing at Frogs Neck. A farm in the area owned by the Stephenson family was sold in 1795 to Abijah Hammond, in the 19th century, the area remained the site of large farms, converted into estates. After the Civil War, Collis P. Huntington, the builder, owned an extensive parcel. Huntingtons property was owned by Frederick C. Havemeyer Jr. the sugar magnate, and the Havemeyer-Huntington mansion is now home to Preston High School, New York
10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
11.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
12.
People of the Dominican Republic
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Dominicans are a multi-ethnic people who originate from the Dominican Republic. Dominican was historically the demonym for the inhabitants of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the majority of Dominicans reside in the Dominican Republic, although there is also a large Dominican diaspora, mainly in the United States. The population of the Dominican Republic in 2007 was estimated by the United Nations at 9,760,000, for most of its history the colony was known as Santo Domingo, the name of its present capital, and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. Hence the residents were called Dominicanos, which is the form of Domingo. It was often referred to as the Republic of San Domingo in English language 19th Century publications, another name thats been commonly used is Quisqueyanos. In the national anthem of the Dominican Republic the author uses the poetic term Quisqueyanos, the word Quisqueya is a derivative from a native tongue of the Taino Indians which means, Mother of all Lands. It is often used in songs as another name for the country, the genetic makeup of the Dominican Republics population is estimated to be 52. 15% European,39. 57% Black African, and 8. 28% Native American on average according to recent genealogical DNA testing. African input is higher in the plain, and generally in coastal areas. Most Dominicans fall within three major ethno-racial groups, the last census conducted in the country estimated the population as 73% mixed race, 16% White European, and 11% Black African. Other groups in the include the descendants of West Asians—mostly Lebanese. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians can also be found throughout the population, some of the Sephardic Jews still presently reside in Sosúa while others are dispersed throughout the country. In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs, Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers, waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist Peoples Liberation Army, arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 50,000, the Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate. They worked on plantations and docks and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macorís and Puerto Plata. There is a number of Puerto Rican immigrants in and around Santo Domingo. Before and during World War II800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic, nationwide, there are an estimated 100 Jews left. Immigration from Europe and the United States is at an all-time high,82,000 Americans,40,000 Italians,1,900 French,1,400 Britons, and 800 Germans. The 2010 Census registered 311,969 Haitians,24,457 Americans,6,691 Spaniards,5,763 Puerto Ricans, and 5,132 Venezuelans
13.
Van Cortlandt Village
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Van Cortlandt Village is a subsection of the Kingsbridge Heights section of the New York City borough of the Bronx. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 8, named after Van Cortlandt Park, it is bordered by the Major Deegan Expressway to the west, the Jerome Park Reservoir to the east, West 238th Street to the south, and Van Cortlandt Park to the north. Van Cortlandt Village has traditionally classified as part of Kingsbridge Heights. The area is predominantly low-density residential, with a significant number of one-, even the multifamily apartment buildings in the area are seldom taller than 70 feet. Its housing stock is diverse, including spacious single-family homes, multiple-family attached homes, the New York Times describes the area as a serene enclave of quaint homes, winding streets and abundant trees. A garland of greenery wends through the neighborhood, in the heart of the area, on twisting hilly streets like Giles Place and Cannon Place, are elegant brick homes with porticos and manicured hedges. Along the broader avenues are handsome co-op buildings, capped on the end by the Amalgamated Cooperative Houses. With nearly 1,500 units in 11 buildings, the complex was founded in 1927 by leaders of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union, close nearby, to the west and southwest of Van Cortlandt Village, two new large commercial shopping malls were constructed and opened in 2014. As elsewhere in the city, street parking is scarce and some co-ops have resident parking lots, in 1975, a member of the local community board proposed that the Amalgamated and its surroundings be renamed, and a sign was unveiled designating the area Van Cortlandt Village. The Historic Districts Council in early January 2012 recognized Van Cortlandt Village as a New York City neighborhood in need of preservation, in Van Cortlandt Village, the Fort Independence Park Neighborhood Association has been fighting a handful of land grabs and new housing projects. The community sits atop the ruins of a Revolutionary War fort and was designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. It boasts small Tudor revival homes and during the 1920s became a mecca for socialist factory workers fleeing the tenements of the lower East Side to build cooperative housing. Originally named Yiddish Cooperative Heimgesellschaft, the historic Shalom Aleichem Houses cooperative housing project was started by socialist Yiddish members of the Socialist and Communist Parties, construction on the 15-building Neo-Tudor fortress-like structure culminated in 1927. The multi-ethnic rental complex is located in what is considered to be the heart of the Van Cortlandt Village community, as part of the Office of the Bronx Borough Presidents Bronx 2008 historic preservation project, the Shalom Aleichem Co-operative complex is being reviewed for landmark status. The community, eventually named for legendary Yiddish author Shalom Aleichem, was founded as one of the countrys first housing cooperatives and it failed during the Great Depression and became a rental complex. But the close-knit community produced a generation of scientists and artists. Shalom Aleichems garden courtyard is still lush and beautiful, tended by its diverse, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Van Cortlandt Village was 50,100, a decrease of 507 from the 50,607 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 506.77 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 98.9 inhabitants per acre
14.
Leonard Jerome
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Leonard Walter Jerome was a Brooklyn, New York, financier and maternal grandfather of Winston Churchill. Leonard Jerome was the son of Aurora Murray and Isaac Jerome, Isaac was a descendant of Timothy Jerome, a French Huguenot immigrant who arrived in the New York Colony in 1717. Jerome was born on a farm in the Central New York town of Pompey and he later moved to New York City, where he became a stock speculator and promoter. Jerome was a flamboyant and successful stock speculator and he made and lost several fortunes, and was known as The King of Wall Street. He held interests in railroad companies and was often a partner in the deals of Cornelius Vanderbilt. He was a patron of the arts, and founded the Academy of Music, during the New York Draft Riots, Jerome defended the New York Times office building with a Gatling Gun. Although he had significant holdings in the Times, he was not the majority shareholder as is erroneously claimed. It was later sold and housed a series of private clubs, the mansion was torn down in 1967. He enjoyed yachting with his friend, William K. Vanderbilt and they shared a special passion for thoroughbred horse racing and helped found the American Jockey Club. In the late 1860s, Jerome was part of hunting trips in the American West. These trips were guided by Buffalo Bill Cody, in 1866, Jerome bought the estate and mansion of James Bathgate near Old Fordham Village in what was then rural Westchester County, but is now The Bronx. Jerome and financier August Belmont, Sr. built Jerome Park Racetrack on the Bathgate land, Jerome and his brother Lawrence had a wide boulevard made from Macombs Dam to the track, which city authorities attempted to name Murphy Avenue after a local politician. This incensed Jeromes wife so much that she had bronze plaques saying Jerome Avenue made up and bolted into place along the road, the racetrack was acquired and demolished by the city in 1894, to make way for Jerome Park Reservoir. The Bathgate mansion served as a home for the Jerome family. In the early 1900s, the mansion was razed and replaced by the Kingsbridge Armory, Jerome became a resident of Brooklyn. He, Vanderbilt, and other founded the Coney Island Jockey Club which in 1884 built the Sheepshead Bay Race Track. Jerome married Clarissa Hall in Palmyra, New York on 5 April 1849, one daughter, Camille, died at age eight. The other three – Jeanette, Clarita, and Leonie – became known, in quarters, as the Good, the Witty
15.
Jerome Park Racetrack
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Jerome Park Racetrack was an American thoroughbred horse racing facility from 1866 until 1894. It was located in a part of Westchester County, New York that was annexed into the Bronx in 1874, the racetrack opened in 1866 in the northwest part of Fordham, Westchester County, New York. Built on the old Bathgate estate, and operated by the American Jockey Club, its owner/members were led by financier Leonard W. Jerome and August Belmont, a luxurious clubhouse was built near a rise that looked over the race course on what was known as The Bluff. In those days, many would come to the park by horse, coach and carriage, or by railroad at Fordham Station, located at the bottom of Fordham Hill. Later in the century, it would connect to Bedford Park Station, the first Belmont Stakes, the oldest of the three U. S. Triple Crown races which was named in honor of August Belmont, Sr. was held at Jerome Park Racetrack, in the spring of 1876, a group of polo enthusiasts founded the Westchester Polo Club at Jerome Park Racetrack. On May 13 of that year, the track was the site of the first outdoor polo match ever held in the United States. It is alleged that Lord Randolph Churchill first met Jeromes daughter, Jennie Jerome, later to be courted and married, at the race park, but this allegation is false. The track closed on October 4,1894 to make way for the Jerome Park Reservoir that was needed for the metropolitan New York City water supply system
16.
Jerome Park Reservoir
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The Jerome Park Reservoir is a reservoir located in Jerome Park, a neighborhood in the North Bronx, New York City. The reservoir was built in 1906 to serve the New Croton aqueduct as part of the New York City water supply system. It is named for Jerome Park Racetrack, a part of the former Old Bathgate Estate which opened in 1866, the racetrack was condemned, bought by New York City and closed in 1889 to make way for the reservoir. In 1996, residents organized under the leadership of Jerome Park Conservancy to stop the city from converting the site to a treatment plant. It was thought that the noise, chemicals, and unsightly construction would decrease the quality of life for area residents, the reservoir was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The related High Pumping Station had been listed in 1983, the treatment plant was built in another part of the Bronx underneath Van Cortlandt Park. In connection with work, the Croton system was taken offline. It was refilled and returned to service in early 2014, in November 2015, the DEP experimentally opened the perimeter to the public for tours. Jerome Park, at New York City Department of Parks and Recreation Jerome Park Reservoir, Bronx, Kadinsky, Sergey Hidden Waters Blog January 5,2017
17.
Croton Aqueduct
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The Croton Aqueduct or Old Croton Aqueduct was a large and complex water distribution system constructed for New York City between 1837 and 1842. Although the aqueduct was supplemented and largely superseded by the New Croton Aqueduct, which was built in 1890, before the aqueduct was constructed, residents of New York obtained water from cisterns, wells, natural springs, and other bodies of water. But rapid population growth in the 19th century, and encroachment on these areas as Manhattan moved further north of Wall Street, the unsanitary conditions caused an increase in disease. Epidemics of yellow fever ravaged the city. 6% in 1830, then in 1832 cholera first reached New York in the deadliest epidemic to that date. The need for a new supply of water was crucial. In March 1833, Major David Bates Douglass, engineering professor at West Point Military Academy, was appointed to survey and estimate the proposed route. In 1837 construction began on an engineering project, to divert it from sources upstate, following a route surveyed by Douglass and supervised by Douglass successor. The Croton River was dammed, aqueducts were built, tunnels dug, piping laid, the gravity-fed aqueduct dropped 13 inches per mile, 1/4 per 100. Hydraulic cement was added where the aqueduct crossed rivers, the Receiving Reservoir was a rectangular tank within fortress-like rusticated retaining walls,1,826 feet long and 836 feet wide, it held up to 180,000,000 US gallons of water. 35,000,000 US gallons flowed into it daily from northern Westchester and this reservoir was built to resemble ancient Egyptian architecture. New Yorkers came up from town for the view of the city obtained from atop its walls. The Aqueduct opened to use with great fanfare on October 14,1842. The day-long celebration culminated in a fountain of water that spouted to a height of 50 feet from the beautifully decorated cast-iron Croton Fountain in City Hall Park. Water started flowing through the aqueduct on June 22,1842, even though only 6,175 houses had been connected to the system by 1844, the Croton water had already dramatically improved both domestic hygiene and interior design. Baths and running water were being built in the homes of wealthy New Yorkers. The water system had another inadvertent consequence, the decline in the number of residents drawing water from the citys wells resulted in a rise in the water table which flooded many cellars. To address this problem, the city sewers in many residential streets. By 1852,148 miles of sewers had already been constructed, despite its size, the capacity of the Old Croton Aqueduct could not keep up with the growth of New York City, and construction on a New Croton Aqueduct began in 1885 a few miles east
18.
Kingsbridge Armory
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The Kingsbridge Armory, also known as the Eighth Regiment Armory, is located on West Kingsbridge Road in the New York City borough of the Bronx. It was built in the 1910s, from a design by the firm of then-state architect Lewis Pilcher to house the National Guards Eighth Coastal Artillery Regiment unit which relocated from Manhattan in 1917 and it is possibly the largest armory in the world. In addition to its function, it has been used over the years for exhibitions, boxing matches. After World War II the city offered it to the United Nations as a meeting place. In 1974 it was designated a city landmark, and eight years later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its military use ended and it was turned over to city management in 1996. In 2013, a new plan to redevelop it as the worlds largest indoor ice center was announced, called the Kingsbridge National Ice Center, one National Guard unit has continued to use an annex in the rear until a new headquarters can be found. The armory complex occupies almost the entire 5-acre block between West Kingsbridge on the south, Jerome Avenue on the east, West 195th Street on the North, barnhill Square, the junction of Kingsbridge and Reservoir, is on the southwest corner. Above Jerome is the Kingsbridge Road station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line New York City Subways 4 train, an empty moat runs across the front entrance of the building. There are parking lots and sidewalks along the side, in the center of the north side, on West 195th, are two smaller buildings, one a garage and the other a locker room and classrooms. Both are considered non-contributing to the Register listing, on the north are public schools 86 and 340, with Jerome Park Reservoir to the northwest and Lehman College of the City University of New York about a block north. On the other three sides is dense urban mixed-use development, st. James Park is a few blocks to the southeast, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, overlooking the Harlem River and Major Deegan Expressway, two blocks to the east. The terrain slopes slightly toward the river, the building itself is a nine-story red brick edifice with a curved, sloping metal roof, with glass in the field at either end. Its brickwork has been considered among the citys finest, stone is used for trim, especially around the slit windows at regular intervals. A corbeled stone string course runs below the roof the length of the building. Above the corbels, and at the corners, are turrets, in the middle of the south elevation is the two-story office wing and main entrance, a section known as the headhouse. Two semi-engaged towers with conical roofs rise at its front above the roofline, the transition to the office wing from the main wall is marked by angled walls, two low round towers with conical roofs and cupolas and two square towers. Between them is the entrance, a round arch with heavy iron gates and paneled double doors with stone steps. They are topped with a projection on corbels and a crenellated parapet
19.
White flight
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The term has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa, or parts of that continent, driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective desegregation by means of forced busing in some areas led to families moving out of former areas. However, some historians have challenged the white flight as a misnomer whose use should be reconsidered. Such conditions are considered to have contributed to the emigration of other populations, according to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization contribute to contemporary environmental racism. The result was severe urban decay that, by the 1960s, prior to national data available in the 1950 US census, a migration pattern of disproportionate numbers of whites moving from cities to suburban communities was easily dismissed as merely anecdotal. Because American urban populations were still growing, a relative decrease in one racial or ethnic component eluded scientific proof to the satisfaction of policy makers. In essence, data on urban population change had not been separated into what are now familiarly identified its components, the first data set potentially capable of proving white flight was the 1950 census. But original processing of data, on older-style tabulation machines by the US Census Bureau. It was not simply a more powerful calculating instrument that placed the reality of white flight beyond a high hurdle of proof required for policy makers to consider taking action. In other words, central cities had been bringing back their new suburbs, real estate prices often fall in areas of economic erosion, allowing persons with lower income to establish homes in such areas. Since the 1960s and changed immigration laws, the United States has received immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, Asia, immigration has changed the demographics of both cities and suburbs, and the US has become a largely suburban nation, with the suburbs becoming more diverse. In addition, Latinos, the fastest growing minority group in the US, began to migrate away from traditional entry cities and to cities in the Southwest, such as Phoenix, in 2006, the increased number of Latinos had made whites a minority group in some western cities. Blacks were effectively barred from pursuing homeownership, even when they were able to afford it, after World War II, aided by the construction of the Interstate Highway System, many White Americans began leaving industrial cities for new housing in suburbs. The roads served to transport suburbanites to their city jobs, facilitating the development of suburbs and this may have exacerbated urban decay. In Birmingham, Alabama, the government used the highway system to perpetuate the racial residence-boundaries the city established with a 1926 racial zoning law. Constructing interstate highways through majority-black neighborhoods eventually reduced the populations to the poorest proportion of people unable to leave their destroyed community. The real estate business practice of blockbusting was a for-profit catalyst for white flight, the remaining white inhabitants, fearing devalued residential property, would quickly sell, usually at a loss. Losses happened when they sold en masse, and would sell the properties to the black families, profiting from price arbitrage
20.
Grand Concourse buses
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The Bx1 and Bx2 are two bus routes that run on the Grand Concourse in the Bronx, New York City, United States. The routes, which are operated by the MTA Regional Bus Operations, also follow Sedgwick Avenue, as the numbers suggest, these were the first two bus franchises in the Bronx. Except at their northern and southern ends, the Bx1. In Kingsbridge Heights, only the Bx1 continues down into Riverdale along 231 Street, at their ends, a divergence occurs as noted above. As of September 2010, the Bx1 operates as a service during the daytime on weekdays and Saturdays. Before September 2010, both routes had a limited-stop variant, Concourse Bus Line, Inc. was incorporated in early July 1921 by Major Emit Leindorf, deputy police commissioner in charge of motor transport under Mayor Hylan. The company soon began operating on the Grand Concourse as part of Hylans emergency bus lines, the franchises were reassigned to the Fifth Avenue Coach Company, which began operating the routes on October 11,1924, for ten cents. On September 14,1927, the routes were again reassigned to the Surface Transportation Corporation, in January 1993, limited-stop service was implemented on the Bx1. IND Concourse Line, the line that runs along Grand Concourse. Media related to Grand Concourse buses at Wikimedia Commons
21.
Riverdale, Bronx
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Riverdale is an upper middle class residential neighborhood in the northwest portion of the Bronx, a borough in New York City. Riverdale, which has a population of 47,850 as of the 2000 United States Census, in 1642, Anthony Van Corlaer died while attempting to swim across the Hudson from nearby Spuyten Duyvil. A witness to Van Corlaers death stated that the devil in the shape of a giant fish swam up and proceeded to seize the sturdy Anthony by the leg and this may be the earliest recorded shark attack in the New World. In the late 17th century, Frederick Philipse, the lord of Philipse Manor in Westchester County, received permission to construct a bridge across Spuyten Duyvil Creek, kings Bridge, which was located roughly south of and parallel to where West 230th Street lies today, opened in 1693. At the turn of the century, the new popularity of railroad commute enabled wealthy businessmen to make Riverdale their year-round residence, Fieldston, owned by a private association, is a particularly intact example of a turn-of-the century upper class suburb. The Hudson Hill neighborhood retains many of its historic mansions, Riverdales elite private schools and historic churches also reflect this past. Development of the began in the latter half of the 19th century once the New York Central. This is the still used by Metro-North today. The first house was begun in 1910 and finished in 1911, by the beginning of the 21st century, Fieldston, as the 20th century progressed, upscale apartment buildings and smaller houses were added to the neighborhood. To this day, Riverdale continues to maintain its character as an affluent enclave in the city of New York, the rich history of Riverdale has led to the creation of the Riverdale Historic District. In May 2009, the FBI ran an operation to prevent a bombing plot in which two Riverdale synagogues were the suggested targets. This followed a Molotov cocktail attack in 2000 on a different Riverdale synagogue, on July 26,2010, the National Weather Service confirmed that an EF1 tornado had hit Riverdale the day before. There were no fatalities, but seven people were injured, on December 1,2013, a train derailment near Spuyten Duyvil station resulted in four deaths and over 70 injuries, of which 11 were critical. Riverdale covers about three miles in area. It has one of the highest elevations in New York City, affording it views of the Empire State Building, George Washington Bridge, Hudson River and it is also noted for the numerous parks and expanses of greenery and original forest that complement its hilly landscape. The neighborhood is bordered on the north by the city of Yonkers in Westchester County, and on the west by the Hudson River, the AIA Guide to New York City gives Broadway as the eastern boundary, and the Harlem River as the southern. There is also a 15-acre Riverdale Historic District in the northwest of the neighborhood, Riverdales ZIP codes are 10463 and 10471. While 10471 is entirely in Riverdale,10463 also covers the adjacent neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, administratively, Riverdale is part of Bronx Community Board 8
22.
6 (New York City Subway service)
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The 6 Lexington Avenue/Pelham Local and <6> Lexington Avenue Local/Pelham Express are two rapid transit services in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored apple green since they use the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. Local service is denoted by a 6 in a bullet, and express service is denoted by a <6> in a diamond-shaped bullet, on the R62A cars. Rollsigns on the R62A cars also feature LED signs around the logo to indicate local or express service to riders, a green circle for 6 local trains. 6 trains operate local at all times between Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx and Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall in Lower Manhattan, during weekdays in the peak direction, <6> Pelham Express trains replace 6 local ones north of Parkchester, and run express between that station and Third Avenue–138th Street. During this time,6 Pelham Local trains short turn at Parkchester, weekdays from 9,00 to 11,00 a. m. select Manhattan-bound <6> trains run local from Parkchester to Hunts Point Avenue while select Parkchester-bound 6 trains run express in that section. On October 27,1904, local and express service opened on the subway in Manhattan. From there, the service traveled west on 42nd Street on the route of the present 42nd Street Shuttle, the current H configuration—with separate services along Lexington Avenue and Broadway – Seventh Avenue—was introduced in 1917. Full Lexington Avenue local service from City Hall to 125th Street opened on July 17,1918, on August 1,1918, Third Avenue–138th Street opened with trains running between there and City Hall, making all stops. On January 17,1919 trains were extended from 138th Street to Hunts Point Avenue, on October 24,1920,6 service was extended again to Westchester Square. On December 20,1920,6 service was extended to Pelham Bay Park, from that point on, the current 6 service was formed. All trains ran local between Pelham Bay Park and Brooklyn Bridge, with trains terminating at the City Hall loop. Effective December 31,1945, City Hall station closed with the former Brooklyn Bridge station being the permanent southern terminal, however, the 6 train still uses the loop to get from the southbound to the northbound local track at Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall. On May 10,1946, late-night service was extended from 125th Street to its previous terminus at Brooklyn Bridge when late night service on the 4 was restored. This express service saved eight minutes between Third Avenue and East 177th Street, during this time,6 trains that ran local in the Bronx when express trains operated began to terminate at East 177 Street to make room for express trains to Pelham Bay Park. On September 22,1948,54 additional cars were placed in service on the 6 train, from December 15 to 22,1950, the weekday rush trains from Pelham Bay Park were extended to South Ferry. On June 23,1956, Saturday morning express service began operating local on the 6 train. From March 1,1960 to October 17,1965, the 4 and 6 trains also ran together in Manhattan late nights when late night express service on the 4 was discontinued for a time
23.
Grand Concourse (Bronx)
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The Grand Concourse is a major thoroughfare in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. Some of the neighborhoods that Grand Concourse runs through include Claremont, Concourse, Fordham, Mott Haven, Mount Eden, Mount Hope, risse first conceived of the road in 1890, as a means of connecting the borough of Manhattan to the northern Bronx. Construction began on the Grand Concourse in 1894 and it was opened to traffic in November 1909, the cost of the project was $14 million. In 1923, Yankee Stadium opened near the Grand Concourse at 161st Street, South of Fordham Road, the palatial Loews Paradise theater, one of the Loews Wonder Theatres and at one time the largest movie theater in New York City, was constructed in 1929. Development of the Concourse was further encouraged by the opening of the IND Concourse Line in 1933, by the mid-1930s, almost three hundred apartment buildings had been built along the Concourse. Even though the Great Depression, which was happening at the time, ended the period of tremendous growth, furthermore, work was done on the Grand Concourse as part or WPA programs. During this period, the Bronx had more amenities than other boroughs, in 1934, almost 99% of residences had private bathrooms, and 95% had central heating. However, these plans were abandoned following the extension of the Bronx River Parkway in the 1940s. The south and central Bronx began to deteriorate in the 1960s. White flight drained many residents of the South Bronx, pulled by the dream of suburban life, at the same time, over 170,000 people displaced by slum clearance in Manhattan, mostly African American and Puerto Rican, moved to the Bronx. The city also adopted policies of relocating welfare recipients to the area, many if not most buildings in the area were damaged by arson, vandalism, and a lack of maintenance. Even along the Grand Concourse, some buildings and apartments were left abandoned and boarded or bricked shut, starting in the 1990s, when the Bronxs population began to grow for the first time in twenty years, a wave of affordable housing construction came to the area. These improvements continued along the corridor through 2006. As an experiment, the NYCDOT also completely rebuilt the section between 161st Street and 167th Streets starting in 1999, as a demonstration project. The Grand Concourse underwent an $18 million restoration and landscaping to widen and landscape the medians, improve lighting, add new signage and this resulted in a 69% drop in accidents along this section between 1998 and 2005. The final part of the project was completed in 2008. Later, this was expanded to a capital project between 161st Street and Fordham Road as part of a Capital Project, which would receive funding directly from the city. A reconstruction of the Grand Concourse between 166th and 171st Street began in 2013 and is expected to be finished in June 2017, funding is being allocated for a reconstruction of the Grand Concourse from 171st Street to 175th Street, which is already in planning
24.
Bx3 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
25.
1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
26.
George Washington Bridge Bus Station
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George Washington Bridge Bus Station is a commuter bus terminal located at the east end of the George Washington Bridge in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan in New York City, New York. The bus station is owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York, on a typical weekday, approximately 20,000 passengers on about 1,000 buses use the station. The building, an example of 1960s urban renewal, has described as a blight on its surrounding environment. The work started in late 2013 and is expected to be completed in mid-2017, the building was designed by noted Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and is one of only a few buildings he designed outside of Italy. It opened January 13,1963 as a replacement for a series of sidewalk bus loading areas that existed between 166th and 167th streets further south. The building is constructed of huge steel-reinforced concrete trusses, fourteen of which are cantilevered from supports in the median of the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, the building contains murals as well as busts of George Washington and Othmar Amman, the civil engineer who designed the bridge. The building received the 1963 Concrete Industry Board’s Award, the first floor of the bus terminal will have additional space for stores. A renovation project is underway in the terminal. The project is expected to cost US$183 million, the project is a partnership between the Port Authority and a private company known as GWBBS Development Venture, LLC. Tutor Perini received a million construction contract in August 2013. Construction, which was delayed, began at the end of 2013. The renovated building will be improved with better access to local subway stops, displays of bus departure and arrival times and it will increase retail space from 30,000 to 120,000 square feet with large tenants like Marshalls, Key Food, and Blink Fitness. It will be fully ADA compliant for accessibility to those with disabilities, some portions of the terminal are wheelchair-accessible, but many of the bus platforms are not. The bus station is also walking distance of the 181st Street station of the same line. As of 2016, the bus lines detailed below serve the terminal for the New York City Transit Authority, New Jersey Transit, Coach USA, Service is also provided by Spanish Transportation with its Express Service jitneys. Local buses stop at a level and on the streets outside the station. Local service includes, M4 on the Ft. Washington Av side, M5, M100 and Bx7 M98, Bx3, Bx11, Bx13, Bx35 and Bx36
27.
Bx9 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
28.
2 (New York City Subway service)
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The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
29.
5 (New York City Subway service)
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The 5 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored apple green since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. The 5 operates between Dyre Avenue in Eastchester, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, the 5 short turns at Bowling Green in Financial District, Manhattan on evenings and weekends, and at East 180th Street during late nights. Limited rush hour service also terminates at Wakefield–241st Street instead of Dyre Avenue in the Bronx, upon its closure in 1937, the entire property was put up for sale. Beginning on April 28,1930, Saturday 5 service to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue began, as of 1934, trains normally ran from Wakefield–241st Street or East 180th Street to Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center. During weekday rush hours and weekend afternoons they were extended to Utica Avenue, from July 24,1938 to September 18,1938 there was Sunday daytime 5 service to New Lots Avenue. Beginning on July 10,1939, Sunday afternoon 5 service to New Lots began, on December 22,1946, alternate Sunday morning 5 service to New Lots began. However, on March 5,1950,5 service was cut back to Utica Avenue all day on Sundays, starting on April 23,1953,5 trains began using the middle express track between East 180th Street and 149th Street weekday rush in the peak direction. Starting on October 2,1953, the track was used by peak trains south of Gun Hill Road. Beginning on May 3,1957, limited rush hour 5 service ran to Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College replacing the 4 service, evening, Saturday afternoon, and Sunday trains were cut back to South Ferry. Beginning on March 1,1960 evening trains making all stops in Manhattan. Beginning on April 8,1960, weekday evening service was discontinued, starting on April 18,1965, most daytime service was rerouted to Dyre Avenue, replacing Dyre Shuttle except evenings and late nights. Some weekday rush service to 241st Street was retained, while Saturday and Sunday evening trains were cut back from 241st Street to East 180th Street. Also, Saturday morning trains were cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry, starting on May 3,1965, trains to or from 241st Street began making all stops between Gun Hill Road and East 180th Street. Beginning on May 23,1976,5 service began starting late on Sunday mornings, as of May 24,1976, weekday midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green from Atlantic Avenue. In 1979, with the coding of subway routes based on their trunk line in Manhattan. 5 service was re-extended May 15,1980 to Atlantic Avenue, on July 10,1983, all rush hour service ran to Flatbush Avenue, with limited service to/from Utica or New Lots Avenue. Beginning on January 18,1988, all midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green, in 1995, rush hour service to 241st Street was cut back to Nereid Avenue
30.
Bx10 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
31.
D (New York City Subway service)
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The D Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the D runs express in Manhattan and makes all stops on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn at all times. The D also makes all stops in the Bronx except when it runs express in the peak direction during rush hours, the D runs express on Fourth Avenue at all times except nights when it serves all stops. D service began on December 15,1940 when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, D service was increased on October 24,1949 in order to offset the loss off CC service. On December 29,1951, peak direction express service in the Bronx was discontinued, on October 30,1954, a connection between the IND South Brooklyn Line and BMT Culver Line opened. D service was rerouted via these two lines to Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue with limited rush hour trains to Church Avenue, between 1957 and 1959, limited rush hour trains ran express and/or local to Euclid Avenue. From December 4 to 27,1962, a special service labeled DD was provided due to a main break. On November 26,1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened, adding express service on the Sixth Avenue Line, D service was switched over to BMT Brighton Line via this new connector. It became the express service weekdays to Brighton Beach and the local to Stillwell Avenue at other times, in Manhattan, it ran express from West 4th Street to 34th Street rush hours only. It would become the full-time Sixth Avenue Express when non-rush hours B service was extended to 57th Street – Sixth Avenue, at this time, D/Q skip-stop service ran in Brooklyn on weekdays. On December 11,1988, the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge reopened. The D now ran as the full-time Brighton Local to Stillwell Avenue, in May 1995, the north tracks were closed during midday and weekends and D service was cut south of 34th Street-Herald Square. On July 22,2001, it was closed at all times, in Brooklyn, it was replaced by Q local service. After September 11,2001, C service was suspended, on weekends, the D ran local on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 59th Street to fill in the gap in service caused by the suspension. The D was moved to the West End Line instead of returning to the Brighton Line, moving the D to the West End Line meant it could now provide 24-hour service to both the Concourse Line in the Bronx and West End Line in Brooklyn. This eliminated the need to run late-night and/or weekend shuttles on either the West End or Concourse lines, from May 24,2004 to Fall 2004, construction on the IND Concourse Line, required the suspension of D express service in the Bronx. At the time, the D used the IND Culver Line to Coney Island, biz Markies song Pickin Boogers from his debut album Goin Off features the line I was chillin one day/with my partner Kane/headed up to the rooftop/ridin the D train. The opening track on Yoko Onos 2009 album Between My Head And The Sky is titled Waiting For The D Train, the D passes through 72nd Street but never stops there, as it is a local station
32.
Bx22 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
33.
Castle Hill, Bronx
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Castle Hill is primarily a residential neighborhood geographically located in the South Central section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 9, Castle Hill Avenue runs from East Tremont Avenue in the north to Castle Hill Park in the south. The area is patrolled by the NYPDs 43rd Precinct located at 900 Fteley Avenue, New York City Housing Authority property in the area is patrolled by P. S. A. Castle Hill is a density, urban neighborhood. The area has a diverse population, primarily consisting of African Americans. Like most neighborhoods in New York City the vast majority of households are renter occupied, there is significant income diversity on a block by block basis. Castle Hill is dominated by multi-unit,2 and 3 story homes, in the 1990s and 2000s, construction of modern 2 and 3 unit row-houses and apartment buildings have increased the percentage of owners versus renters. There is also a slither of industry located along the Hutchinson River, the area gradually comes to peak elevation along Castle Hill Avenue. The Castle Hill Avenue Business Improvement District was started with the assistance of Councilwoman Annabel Palma, relatively undeveloped, the neighborhood began sprouting along the now defunct Castle Hill Avenue street-car system. Later, the became more dense surrounding the construction of the Westchester Avenue Elevated. Castle Hill soon became home to many European immigrants looking for an alternative to the immigrant communities found in Lower Manhattan. Traditionally an urban neighborhood, an influx of lower-income earners. Like most neighborhoods in NYC, the area went through a period of decay beginning in the 1950s and 1960s with a flight of moderate-income earners, the most severe flight occurred in the areas surrounding the Castle Hill Houses, a massive low-income public housing development. Since the late 1980s, and particularly since the 2000s, significant renewal has taken place, many new residential and mixed use properties have been constructed and formally abandoned properties rehabilitated. For example, a New York City project to change the water throughout the neighborhood has rejuvenated the area by rebuilding all sidewalks. On the southern end of Castle Hill Avenue is Castle Hill Point Park, the renovated greenspace features boat ramps, fishing piers, and spectacular views of the Throgs Neck and Whitestone Bridges. Castle Hill YMCA, which features indoor and outdoor pools, a field, basketball court, gym. The Kips Bay Boys and Girls Club located at 1930 Randall Avenue, the Castle Hill Hall of Fame was officially created on June 9,2006, and announced the sole induction of Jennifer Lopez
34.
Bx32 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a number of bus routes in the Bronx, New York, United States. Many of them are the descendants of streetcar lines. All local buses are operated by the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority, seven Metro-North Railroad feeder routes are run by the brand name of Hudson Rail Link, operated by Logan Bus Company under contract. All of these routes are listed below and this table gives details for the routes prefixed with Bx - in other words, those considered to run primarily in the Bronx by the MTA. All routes are operated under New York City Bus except for the Bx23, routes marked with an asterisk run 24 hours a day. The Hudson Rail Link is a bus system operated by Logan Bus Company for Metro-North Railroad. It connects the Riverdale and Spuyten Duyvil stations on the Hudson Line to the neighborhoods of the same name, as of 2014, more than half of the daily commuters who use Spuyten Duyvil station arrive using the feeder bus. Service operates on weekdays only, connecting to and from Metro-North trains and it accepts MetroCard, and UniTickets are available at a discount for rail passengers. All routes originate at the station listed and were created in 1991. On July 1,1974, some suffixed routes were renumbered, including the following, On February 18,1984, the entire Bronx bus system was revamped, with several routes renumbered and merged. The changes were as follows, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service Media related to Buses in the Bronx, New York City at Wikimedia Commons Bronx Bus Map and Service Guide
35.
BxM3 (New York City bus)
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates 76 express bus routes in New York City. Below is a list of all bus lines operating within the City of New York. The unidirectional fare, payable in coins or MetroCard, is $6.50, routes X1 to X22A, X30 to X31, and X42 are operated by New York City Transit. Routes X23 and X24 are operated by Academy Bus and these routes do not operate on Sundays. All routes are operated by MTA Bus, eight special routes, which was operated by Pioneer Bus then Command Bus Company. Note, An additional route, the BM2S bus route, ran from Starrett City to Downtown Manhattan ran via Flatlands Avenue between East 80th Street and East 105th Street. In addition, Command operated ferry shuttle buses around the Bay Ridge area from the Brooklyn Army Terminal after September 11,2001, both Pioneer Bus then Command Bus operated bus service to/from Roosevelt Raceway. From late 1988 to early 1990, Queens Surface Corporation temporarily outsourced these lines to Caravan Transit due to equipment shortages with the approval of the NYCDOT. Caravan Transit returned the lines to Queens Surface Corp. when 50 new MCI Classics suburban type buses were delivered new to that company during 1989, metro Apple Express operated buses in Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens and to Jones Beach during its existence. They didnt have fare boxes on the bus so the drivers were able to make changes and their bus schedules were color-coded for each route, BM10 was black, BM11 was blue, BM12 was green and BM15 was red. All routes going into Manhattan terminate at Midtown on East 59th Street, all routes traveled via into West Shore Expressway, Goethals Bridge into New Jerseys New Jersey Turnpike, Lincoln Tunnel, in Manhattan, 34th Street, Madison Avenue and 5th Avenue. All of these routes have been rebranded or eliminated, MTA NYC Transit - Bus Service
36.
Yonkers, New York
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Yonkers is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of New York, and the most populous city in Westchester County, with a population of 195,976. It is an suburb of New York City, directly to the north of the Bronx. Yonkerss downtown is centered on a known as Getty Square. The area also houses significant local businesses and non-profits, and serves as a retail hub for Yonkers. This grant was purchased in July 1645 by Adriaen van der Donck, van der Donck was known locally as the Jonkheer or Jonker, a word from which the name Yonkers is directly derived. Van der Donck built a saw mill near where the Nepperhan Creek met the Hudson, van der Donck was killed in the Peach War. His wife, Mary Doughty, was taken captive and ransomed later, near the site of van der Doncks mill is Philipse Manor Hall, a Colonial-era manor house which today serves as a museum and archive, offering many glimpses into life before the American Revolution. The original structure was built around 1682 by Frederick Philipse and his wife Margaret Hardenbroeck, Frederick was a wealthy Dutchman who by the time of his death had amassed an enormous estate, which encompassed the entire modern City of Yonkers, as well as several other Hudson River towns. Philipses great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III, was a prominent Loyalist during the American Revolution, all the lands that belonged to the Philipse family were confiscated and sold. For its first two hundred years, Yonkers was a farming town with an active industrial waterfront. Yonkerss later growth rested largely on developing industry, in 1853, Elisha Otis invented the first safety elevator and the Otis Elevator Company, opened the first elevator factory in the world on the banks of the Hudson near what is now Vark Street. It relocated to larger quarters in the 1880s, the community was incorporated as a village in the northern part of the Town of Yonkers in 1854 and as a city in 1872. In 1874 the southern part of Yonkers, including Kingsbridge and Riverdale, was annexed by New York City as The Bronx, in 1898, Yonkers voted on a referendum to determine if they wanted to become part of New York City. Still, some call the city the Sixth Borough referring to its location on the New York City border, its urban character. The New York City and Northern Railway Company connected Yonkers to Manhattan, a three-mile spur to Getty Square existed until 1943. Aside from being a center, Yonkers also played a key role in the development of entertainment in the United States. In 1888, Scottish-born John Reid founded the first golf course in the United States, St. Andrews Golf Club, bakelite, the first completely synthetic plastic, was invented in Yonkers circa 1906 by Leo Baekeland, and manufactured there until the late 1920s. Early in the 20th century, Yonkers also hosted a brass era automobile maker, Colt Runabout Company, despite the cars seemingly glowing performance, Yonkers was also the headquarters of the Waring Hat Company, at the time the nations largest hat manufacturer
37.
Midtown Manhattan
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Midtown Manhattan, or Midtown, represents the central lengthwise portion of the borough and island of Manhattan in New York City. Along Manhattans north-south long axis, Midtown Manhattan separates Lower Manhattan from Upper Manhattan, the majority of New York Citys skyscrapers, including its tallest hotels and apartment towers, lie within Midtown. Midtown spans the island of Manhattan along an east-west axis, being bounded by the East River on its east. The Encyclopedia of New York City defines Midtown as being from 34th Street to 59th Street and it is sometimes broken into Midtown East and Midtown West, or north and south as in the New York City Police Departments Midtown North and Midtown South precincts. Midtown South can refer to the part of Midtown between 23rd Street and around 42nd Street, Midtown West can refer to the area between 34th and 59th Streets, and between 5th and 12th Avenues. Midtown East can refer to the area between 42nd and 59th Streets, and between 5th Avenue and the East River, in other sources these districts are referred to as separate central business districts. Midtown Manhattan, along with Lower Manhattan, is one of the leading financial centers. Midtown Manhattan is the countrys largest central business district and it has the headquarters of major companies, including 4Kids Entertainment, Barnes & Noble, Bloomberg L. P. The New York Institute of Finance is located in Midtown Manhattan, Haier operates its United States offices in the Haier Building at 1356 Broadway, the building used to be a building of the Greenwich Savings Bank. Haier held the ceremony on March 4,2002. Sumitomo Corporation operates its New York Office, the headquarters of the corporations United States operations, el Als North American headquarters are in Midtown. The Air France USA regional headquarters are in 125 West 55th Street in Midtown Manhattan, hachette Book Group USA has its headquarters in 237 Park Avenue. In 1994 Alitalia considered moving its USA headquarters from Midtown to Lower Manhattan, global Infrastructure Partners has an office in Midtown Manhattan. Biotechnology is emerging in Midtown Manhattan, bolstered by the strength in academic scientific research and public. Aer Lingus had its United States offices in Midtown, in 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters to Melville, New York, in Suffolk County. New York City Department of Education public schools in Midtown Manhattan include Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School, private schools include The Beekman School, Rebecca School, and a number of private language and music centers. The La Scuola dItalia Guglielmo Marconi Italian international school will move to West Midtown in 2016, in addition to its well-known Main Branch research library—now known as the Stephen A. Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal are major railroad stations located in Midtown Manhattan, the Port Authority Bus Terminal is also in Midtown
38.
Kingsbridge Road (IRT Jerome Avenue Line)
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Kingsbridge Road is a rehabilitated local station on the elevated IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Kingsbridge Road and Jerome Avenue in the Bronx, the station has three tracks and two side platforms. The middle track is not used in revenue service. It is a typical IRT elevated station, the Kingsbridge Armory rises immediately to the west of the station. Kingsbridge Road station was opened on June 2,1917. The station has a mezzanine under the tracks. Exit stairs go to both corners of Jerome Avenue and Kingsbridge Road. There are two stairs to the northeast corner and one to the northwest
