1.
Harlem
–
Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
Harlem
–
Stately Harlem apartment buildings adjacent to
Morningside Park
Harlem
–
The
Apollo Theater on
125th Street, in November 2006.
Harlem
–
Rowhouse built for the African-American population of Harlem in the 1930s
Harlem
–
A condemned building in Harlem after the 1970s
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
3.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
4.
Hip hop music
–
It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
–
1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
–
DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
–
Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
–
Afrika Bambaataa (left)
5.
DJ
–
A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
DJ
–
A DJ performing at an event
DJ
–
Technics 1200 MK2, Technics 1210 MK2, and Pioneer DJM-500 shown in a common DJ configuration
DJ
–
A DJ at Sundance Film Festival 2003
DJ
–
A young woman plays a gramophone in an air raid shelter in north London (1940).
6.
Minister (Christianity)
–
The term is taken from Latin minister, which itself was derived from minus. In Catholic churches, the concept of a priesthood is emphasised, many ministers are styled as The Reverend, however some use Pastor as a title, and others do not use any specific form of address. The Church of England defines the ministry of priests as follows, Priests are called to be servants, with their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of Gods new creation. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christs name the absolution, with all Gods people, they are to tell the story of Gods love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit and they are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lords table and lead his people in worship, offering them a spiritual sacrifice of praise. They are to bless the people in Gods name and they are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death, guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all Gods people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith. All denominations require that the minister has a sense of calling. One of the clearest references is found in 1 Timothy 3, 1-16, moreover he must have a good report of them which are without, lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to wine, not greedy of filthy lucre. And let these also first be proved, then let them use the office of a deacon, even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children, the churches have three orders of ordained clergy, Bishops are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church. Priests administer the sacraments and lead local congregations, they cannot ordain other clergy, however, in some denominations, deacons play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy. Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the estate in Protestant Northern Europe. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of an hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth. Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class, High Church Anglicanism and High Church Lutheranism tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian Sacrament. Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals, among these central traditions have been baptism, Confirmation, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, marriage, the Mass or the Divine Service, and coronations
Minister (Christianity)
–
Charles Spurgeon, the famous 19th century Baptist minister.
Minister (Christianity)
–
Francis of Assisi with the ecclesiastical
tonsure. Francis was an ordained deacon.
Minister (Christianity)
–
Gilbert White,
Anglican priest and pioneering
naturalist and
ornithologist.
Minister (Christianity)
–
Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev, the first bishop to be martyred at the time of the
Russian Revolution
7.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
8.
Rapping
–
The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
Rapping
–
The
Memphis Jug Band, an early blues group, whose lyrical content and rhythmic singing predated rapping.
9.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
10.
The Breaks
–
The Breaks is a critically acclaimed 1980 hit single by Kurtis Blow from his self-titled debut album. It peaked at #87 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it was the first certified gold rap song for Hip Hop, and the second certified gold 12 inch single in the history of music. In 2008, the song ranked #10 on VH1s 100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs, the Breaks repeats the word break eighty-four times over six and a half minutes. It features six breakdowns while there are three definitions for break, to break or brakes used in the lyrics, unlike most hip-hop songs which sample prerecorded funk, the funk beat in this song is original. The single hit #87 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100, #4 on the U. S. Billboard R&B chart, and #9 on the U. S. Billboard dance chart. It sold over 500,000 copies, becoming only the second 12-inch single to earn a certification from the RIAA, following No More Tears by Barbra Streisand. Blow re-recorded the song on the album Tricka Technology by A Skillz and Krafty Kuts
The Breaks
–
12" single cover
11.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
–
45
rpm single record
12.
Music recording sales certification
–
Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
Music recording sales certification
–
A gold record for
The Beatles '
Hey Jude
Music recording sales certification
–
Gold record presented to
Artie Schroeck for his arrangement on "
Can't Take My Eyes Off You ", 1967
Music recording sales certification
–
Boy band
Plus One displaying their gold records.
Music recording sales certification
–
Somali singer
Saado Ali Warsame receiving a gold record Lifetime Achievement Award.
13.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
14.
Nyack College
–
Nyack has three campuses, New York City, NY, Rockland, NY, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Nyack offers both on campus and online courses as part of its undergraduate, graduate, and seminary programs, nyack’s Carnegie Classification is Master’s Level — Larger Programs. Simpson’s view was shared by many of his contemporaries, including church leaders, laborers. The Missionary Training Institute was later granted a charter by the New York Board of Regents, in 1953, the school was authorized to confer the Bachelor of Science degree and, in 1961, the Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1960, the corporation was authorized to conduct a program as the forerunner of the Alliance Theological Seminary. Nyack first received accreditation in 1962 from the Middle States Association of Colleges. In 1963, the became a member of the American Council on Education. After more than a decade of nomadic address changes for the Institute—including Eighth Avenue and 44th Street in Manhattan —28 acres of land were purchased in Rockland County, New York. In 1897, the relocated to the village of South Nyack and became widely known as a Bible college. The end of World War II brought great change to the institution, the school changed its name to Nyack Missionary College in 1956, achieved Middle States accreditation in 1962, and began offering a range of liberal arts programs in the 1960s. In conjunction with changes, the seminary was established in 1960 as the Jaffray School of Missions. The Jaffray School of Missions emphasized the interdisciplinary encounter between theology and the social sciences, in 1974, the Jaffray program was redesigned to include the preparation of students for ministry in North America and abroad. The name of the seminary was changed to the Alliance School of Theology. The school changed its name to Nyack College in 1972 and began offering degree programs like education. By the late 1990s the majority of the students were majoring in these professional and liberal arts programs. In 1997, the opened a branch campus in New York City. Classes began in the new facility in the fall of 2013, the college is led by an executive team with the top three officers — President, Provost, and Executive Vice President — who collectively have 84 years of service with the institution. As of fall 2015,284 faculty members teach in Nyacks schools and divisions, at Nyack, 47% of the instructional faculty members are asian, black or hispanic, 54% are male, and 46% are female
Nyack College
Nyack College
–
AB Simpson, founder of Nyack College and the Christian and Missionary Alliance
Nyack College
–
The students of 1894-95 when Nyack College was called the Missionary Training Institute
Nyack College
–
Simpson Hall in Nyack, NY before renovations
15.
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
Mercury Records
–
Divisions and subsidiaries
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records
16.
Music video
–
A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
Music video
–
Musicals of the 1950s led to short-form music videos
Music video
Music video
–
The Beatles in Help!
Music video
–
Michael Jackson in
Thriller.
17.
Billboard (magazine)
–
Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
–
An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
–
Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
18.
The Fat Boys
–
The Fat Boys are an American hip hop trio from Brooklyn, New York City, that emerged in the early 1980s. The group was known originally as the Disco 3. Prince Markie Dee Damon Wimbley a. k. a, the Human Beat Box Manager Charlie Stettler was a Swiss national who had embraced hip-hop culture. In 1983, putting the two together he contacted the nascent Swatch company and offered the talents of his group, Stettler, knowing the video channel was playing no hip-hop, readily agreed. Even with no fee he sensed the exposure would catapult his trio into youths mainstream, the company returned to The Fat Boys for a 1985 Christmas commercial, created by former MTV creative heads Alan Goodman and Fred Seibert. Big Buff Love, the Human Beatbox, was a pioneer in beatboxing and he and another contemporary, Doug E. Fresh, popularized beatboxing, inspiring other artists to innovate, including Biz Markie. For its 1987 album, Crushin, the Fat Boys made a version of The Surfaris hit Wipe Out with The Beach Boys singing back-up vocals. The single made it to #12 on the Billboard chart, the Fat Boys also recorded a version of The Twist with Chubby Checker, who performed it originally in 1960. Capitalizing on their personalities, the trio starred in the 1985 Run-D. M. C. The group was approached to record the theme song for A Nightmare on Elm Street 4, The Dream Master, called Are You Ready for Freddy. Attempting to capitalize on the name of the Fat Boys, another hip hop group dubbed itself the Skinny Boys. The popularity of groups was mild in comparison, however. The groups popularity declined by the 1990s, for example, in the 1992 feature film Boomerang, Chris Rocks character laments the breakup of the Fat Boys. He was later quoted by Jay-Z in his 2001 song the Heart of the City, prince Markie Dee left the group to pursue solo interests, which included producing many early tracks for Mariah Carey and Mary J. Blige which included her debut single, Real Love. In 1991, the two members, Kool Rock Ski and Buff Love, carried on as a duo and released Mack Daddy, but shortly thereafter. On December 10,1995, Buff Love died of an attack in Rosedale, Queens. He was 28 years old and reportedly weighed 450 pounds, prince Markie Dee is a current radio host for WEDR99 Jamz in Miami, Florida working weekends. Kool Rock-ski resides in New York, the surviving members of the Fat Boys launched its first official homepage, OriginalFatBoys. com, on November 5,2008
The Fat Boys
–
The Fat Boys, Prince Markie Dee (top), Kool Rock-ski (bottom)
19.
Run DMC
–
Run–D. M. C. was an American hip hop group from Hollis, Queens, New York, founded in 1981 by Joseph Simmons, Darryl McDaniels, and Jason Mizell. The group is widely acknowledged as one of the most influential acts in the history of hip hop culture. Run-D. M. C. is one of the most well-known hip hop acts of the 1980s who, along with LL Cool J, The Beastie Boys and they were the first group in the genre to have a gold album and be nominated for a Grammy Award. Run-D. M. C. was the hip hop act to perform at Live Aid in 1985. The group was among the first to highlight the importance of the MC, in 2004, Rolling Stone ranked them number 48 in their list of the greatest musical artists of all time. In 2007, Run-D. M. C. was named The Greatest Hip Hop Group of All Time by MTV. com, on April 4,2009, rapper Eminem inducted them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Became only the second hip hop group in history to be inducted, after Grandmaster Flash, as a teenager, Simmons was recruited into hip-hop by his older brother, Russell, who was then an up-and-coming hip-hop promoter. Simmons appeared onstage as a DJ for rapper Kurtis Blow, who was managed by Russell, known as DJ Run, Son of Kurtis Blow, Simmons soon began performing with Kurtis Blow. Previously, McDaniels had been focused on athletics than music. Simmons convinced McDaniels to start rapping, and though McDaniels would not perform in public, Mizell was known for his flashy wardrobe and b-boy attitude, which led to minor legal troubles as a teen. Thereafter, he decided to pursue music fame and began entertaining in the soon after. Eventually, Simmons and McDaniels rapped in front of Mizell at the park, following Russells success managing Kurtis Blow, he helped Run record his first single, a song called Street Kid. The song went unnoticed, but despite the failure, Runs enthusiasm for hip-hop was growing. Simmons soon wanted to record time with McDaniels, but Russell refused. After they completed school and started college in 1982, Simmons and McDaniels finally convinced Russell to let them record as a duo. A year later, in 1983, Russell agreed to help record a new single and land a record deal. A name which, incidentally, the group hated at first, DMC said later, We wanted to be the Dynamic Two, the Treacherous Two — when we heard that s**t we was like, Were gonna be ruined. After signing with Profile Records, Run-D. M. C, released their first single Its Like That/Sucker MCs, in late 1983
Run DMC
–
Run-D.M.C. in a promotional shot. From left to right:
Jam Master Jay,
Darryl McDaniels, and
Joseph Simmons.
Run DMC
–
Album cover for the group's single "My Adidas"
Run DMC
–
A
test pressing release for the single
"Faces" from the album Back from Hell
Run DMC
–
A single from Run–D.M.C.'s final album Crown Royal
20.
Full Force
–
Full Force is an American group of R&B singers and producers from Brooklyn, New York. Full Force produced UTFOs Roxanne Roxanne, a record that led to several answer records, the group produced Rihannas 2005 hit That La, La, La, which appears on her debut album Music Of The Sun. The Black Eyed Peas worldwide hit Dont Phunk With My Heart was also written as a collaboration between Full Force and will. i. am of the Peas. Full Force wrote and produced most of the singles from La Toya Jacksons fifth studio album La Toya, including Youre Gonna Get Rocked. You Blew, and Such a Wicked Love, as well as Patti LaBelles track I Got It Like That, Full Force provide backing vocals on two Bob Dylan songs recorded during sessions for Infidels, Death Is Not the End (released on Down in the Groove and Tell Me. Although not included on the soundtrack, Full Forces track Aint my Type of Hype was the used in the dance battle scene with Kid n Play in the 1990 film House Party. Full Forces biggest hit from the 1990s was the Backstreet Boys hit single All I Have to Give, Full Force worked with Princes ex-wife Mayte on her album Child of the Sun. However, the songs were all produced by Prince, so they remained unreleased. Full Force also contributed to the production on Blaques 2002 unreleased album, Blaque Out, in 2006 Paul Anthony had developed mantle cell lymphoma that cause him to go bald, It is mentioned on TV Ones Unsung Documentary. In addition to their production résumé, the group have released their own albums. They placed several hit singles under their own name on the US Billboard R&B chart during the half of the 1980s. Tracks such as Unselfish Lover and Temporary Love Thing received substantial airplay, All in My Mind became the groups first and only single to date to reach the R&B Top Ten in 1988. Their 1985 single Alice, I Want You Just for Me. only made the dance and R&B charts in the US, two greatest hits compilations are available, one by Thump Records and the other by Collectables. In 2007, on its Columbia release Legendary, the group has a dedicated to Oprah Winfrey titled Were Feeling You. It was inspired by the related members mothers love for Winfrey, Thump Records, a label known for its freestyle compilations, released the groups first greatest hits compilation. They appeared in the 1990 comedy film House Party and its sequel as the villains of Kid n Play. 1985, Full Force 1986, Full Force Get Busy 1 Time,1987, Guess Whos Comin to the Crib. 1995, Back Together Again 1995, Its All on My Face 1985, Krush Groove 1990, House Party 1991, House Party 21993, Whos the Man
Full Force
–
Full Force
21.
Russell Simmons
–
Russell Wendell Simmons is an American entrepreneur, producer and author. The Chairman and CEO of Rush Communications, he cofounded the hip-hop music label Def Jam Recordings and created the fashion lines Phat Farm, Argyleculture. Simmons had an estimate of $340 million in 2011. Simmons was born and raised in Queens, New York and his father is a public school administrator and his mother is a New York City park administrator. His brothers are painter Daniel Simmons, Jr. and Rev Run of Run-DMC, upon hearing Eddie Cheeba perform at Charles Gallery in Harlem in 1977, Simmons knew that hip hop would be his career. Simmons stated, Hearing Cheeba in 77 made me feel like I had just witnessed the invention of the wheel, Simmons co-founded Def Jam in 1983 with Rick Rubin who sold his share of the company for $120 million to Universal Music Group in 1996. In 1985 Russell Simmons co-produced and appeared in the film, Krush Groove, Simmons company, Rush Communications Inc. includes over ten businesses and three non-profits. In 2003, Russell Simmons co-founded RushCard, a debit card provider. Simmons met model Kimora Lee in November 1992 and they dated for four years and married on December 20,1998. On the island of Saint Barthélemy and they have two daughters, Ming Lee and Aoki Lee. In March 2006, Simmons announced his divorce from Lee, Russell Simmons has been vegan since 1999 and advocates Ahimsa and veganism, citing animal rights along with the environmental and health benefits. Simmons is a supporter of Farm Sanctuary, a working to end cruelty to farm animals. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals awarded him the 2001 PETA Humanitarian Award, in 2004, Simmons organized thousands of protestors and Hip-Hop celebrities in front of city hall demanding change of the harsh sentencing of the Rockefeller Drug Laws. Simmons became Chairman of Board of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding in 2002, in a similar vein, Simmons is a supporter of the Somaly Mam Foundation, and was honored at their 2011 gala dinner. Simmons officially endorses the second Muslim Jewish Conference 2011, together with Rabbi Marc Schneier he served as the official patron of the conference held July 2011 in Kiev, Ukraine. In 2011, he took part in the Occupy Wall Street protests, visiting the protesters at Zuccotti Park often, Simmons is also a longtime supporter for gay rights. In 2011, when the retail corporation Lowes withdrew funding from the show All-American Muslim, in 2012, Simmons supported Ohio congressman Dennis Kucinichs re-election campaign, appearing with the politician at various speaking events. In November 2013, he pledged support for New Yorks mayoral candidate Bill de Blasio in recognition of his support for animal rights, in 2017, Simmons was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 23 in the list of 200 Most Influential Social-Entrepreneurs and Philanthropists Worldwide
Russell Simmons
–
Simmons at the 2012
Tribeca Film Festival premiere of
Mansome
Russell Simmons
–
Russell Simmons
22.
Wyclef Jean
–
Nel Ust Wyclef Jean, best known by his professional name Wyclef Jean, is a Haitian rapper, musician and actor. At the age of nine, Jean immigrated as a child to the United States with his family and he first achieved fame as a member of the New Jersey hip hop group the Fugees. Jean has won three Grammy Awards for his musical work, on August 5,2010, Jean filed for candidacy in the 2010 Haitian presidential election. The Electoral Commission ruled him as ineligible to stand for office, Jeans efforts at earthquake relief, highly publicized in 2010 throughout Haiti and the United States, were channeled through his charitable organization, Yéle Haiti. The charity, which conducted education and welfare activities in Haiti between 2005 and 2010, effectively closed in 2012 and it was investigated for failure to file tax returns and mismanagement of funds, a high proportion of its money went to travel and administrative expense. The New York Times reported that much of the money raised by the organization in the Hope for Haiti Now telethon was retained by Jean for his own benefit, in 2012 Jean published his memoir Purpose, An Immigrant’s Story. Along with Carlos Santana, Avicii and Alexandre Pires, Jean was chosen to perform the ceremony at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Their single, Dar Um Jeito, the official World Cup anthem, was released on April 29,2014, Jean was born in Croix-des-Bouquets, Haiti. In 1982, he immigrated with his family as a child to the United States, after living in Brooklyn, New York, they settled in East Orange and Newark. He began to make music as a child and has cited reggae artist Bigga Haitian as one of his influences, as well as neighborhood heroes MC Tiger Paw Raw. His mother recognized his talent and bought him a guitar when he was in his teens. Jean graduated from Vailsburg High School, Newark, New Jersey, briefly attended Eastern Nazarene College, Jean has been a resident of Saddle River, South Orange, and North Caldwell, New Jersey. In 2009, Jean enrolled in the Berklee College of Music, Jean and other musicians formed a group in the 1980s under the name Tranzlator Crew. After they signed with Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records in 1993, they renamed their group as Fugees – an abbreviation of refugees, the groups debut album, Blunted on Reality, was released in 1994. It achieved limited success, peaking at number 62 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album peaked at number 122 on the UK Albums Chart in 1997, Blunted on Reality spawned three singles, Boof Baf, Nappy Heads and Vocab. Nappy Heads was the Fugees first single to be ranked on the US Billboard Hot 100, in 1996, the Fugees released their second album, titled The Score. The album achieved significant commercial success in the United States, topping the US Billboard 200 and it was later certified as six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America
Wyclef Jean
–
Wyclef Jean in 2008
Wyclef Jean
–
Wyclef Jean performing at a UNAIDS concert in 2006
Wyclef Jean
–
Jean at the
2008 Toronto International Film Festival
23.
King Holiday
–
King Holiday is an R&B/Hip-Hop single released on January 13,1986 by the King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew. All proceeds from the single were donated to the Martin Luther King Jr, the single peaked at No.30 on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart. The project was spearheaded by Martin Luther King, Jr. s youngest son, Dexter Scott King, King Holiday was produced by Phillip Jones and Kurtis Blow. Whodini King Holiday - the original mv at Youtube. com
King Holiday
–
"King Holiday"
24.
Martin Luther King
–
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
Martin Luther King
–
King in 1964
Martin Luther King
–
King's high school alma mater was named after African-American scholar
Booker T. Washington.
Martin Luther King
–
King at a Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C.
Martin Luther King
–
Lyndon Johnson and
Robert Kennedy with Civil Rights leaders, June 22, 1963
25.
Feature film
–
A feature film is a film with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole film to fill a program. The notion of how long this should be has varied according to time, the majority of feature films are between 70 and 210 minutes long. The Story of the Kelly Gang was the first dramatic film released. The first feature-length adaptation was Les Misérables, other early feature films include The Inferno, Quo Vadis. Oliver Twist, Richard III, From the Manger to the Cross, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, the American Film Institute, and the British Film Institute all define a feature as a film with a running time of 2400 seconds or longer. The term feature film came into use to refer to the film presented in a cinema. The term was used to distinguish the film from the short films typically presented before the main film, such as newsreels, serials, animated cartoons, live-action comedies. Early features had been produced in the United States and France and this left exhibitors the option of playing them alone, to view an incomplete combination of some films, or to run them all together as a short film series. The American company S. Lubin released a Passion Play titled Lubins Passion Play in January 1903 in 31 parts, the French company Pathé Frères released a different Passion Play, The Life and Passion of Jesus Christ, in May 1903 in 32 parts running about 44 minutes. There were also records of boxing matches, such as The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight, Reproduction Of The Corbett-Jeffries Fight. In 1900, the documentary film In the Army was made and it was over 1 hour in length and was about the training techniques of the British soldier. Defined by length, the first dramatic film was the Australian 70-minute film The Story of the Kelly Gang. The first Russian feature was Defence of Sevastopol in 1911, early Italian features were The Inferno, Quo Vadis. The Last Days of Pompeii, and Cabiria, the first UK features were the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India, filmed in Kinemacolor and Oliver Twist. The first American features were adaptations of Oliver Twist, From the Manger to the Cross, Cleopatra, the latter starring actor Frederick Warde starred in some of these movie adaptations. 1913 also saw Chinas first feature film, Zhang Shichuans Nan Fu Nan Qi, by 1915 over 600 feature films were produced annually in the United States. The most prolific year of U. S. feature production was 1921, with 682 releases, between 1922 and 1970, the U. S. and Japan alternated as leaders in the quantity of feature film production. Since 1971, the country with the highest feature output has been India, as time went on there were many technical advancements made in film
Feature film
–
Actor playing the Australian
bushranger Ned Kelly in
The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first dramatic feature-length film.
26.
Krush Groove
–
Krush Groove is a 1985 Warner Bros. film that was written by Ralph Farquhar and directed by Michael Schultz. This film is based on the days of Def Jam Recordings and up-and-coming record producer Russell Simmons. Russell Simmons was the films co-producer and story consultant, he also had a cameo in the film as an owner named Crocket. Russell Walker has signed all of the hottest acts to his Krush Groove record label, Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde, and Kurtis Blow. When Run-D. M. C. has a hit record and Russell doesnt have the money to press records, at the same time, Russell and his brother Run are both competing for the heart of R&B singer-percussionist Sheila E. Also appearing in the film are LL Cool J, Beastie Boys, New Edition, The Fat Boys and some of their songs, as well as others from the likes of Chaka Khan, Debbie Harry, and the Gap Band. Members of the R&B group Full Force also make a cameo in the film as bodyguards, the following appeared as themselves, except where noted, Blair Underwood Sheila E. Run-D. M. C. Chris Rock appeared uncredited as a man standing next to phone during the fight in the club, kara Vallow appeared uncredited as a Hip Hop Dancer. Coati Mundi was seen as a shop owner. Krush Groove is based on the inception of the Def Jam Recordings label, Simmons began his career trying to get his company Rush Management up and running. However, in the movie, he is shown as already being teamed up with producer Rick Rubin to form Def Jam, in reality, the label was started by Rubin in 1984 in his college dorm at New York University. The beginning of the opens with Run-D. M. C. in the studio performing King of Rock for Simmons, Rubin. However, the group was not always involved in the Def Jam scene as shown in the movie, Run and DMC had to persuade both Simmons and their original producer and bass player, Larry Smith, to give them a chance to record a demo. With the lyrics that Smith had once bought off of Run for $100, in the movie, the group also performs its track “My Adidas” from the album Raising Hell, which was created later after the success of the label. Larry Smith was the producer of Run-D. M. C. s first two albums, despite them being credited to Rick Rubin, who produced the third album. However, in the movie, Larry Smiths role as producer is not portrayed at all, later on, the team was joined by its first popular teen sensation, LL Cool J, who plays a very small role in the movie at the age of 17. In reality, LL Cool J was discovered in Rubins apartment, while going through a box of demos, Beastie Boy Ad-Rock stumbled across LLs demo tape. With this, he produced a beat and co-wrote I Need a Beat with LL and Rubin, the song I Cant Live without My Radio was made for the movie as a way for LL Cool J to star in it
Krush Groove
–
Krush Groove
Krush Groove
27.
Racism
–
Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
Racism
–
A rally against
school integration in 1959.
Racism
–
1902 use of the word "racism".
Racism
–
Students protesting against
racial quotas in
Brazil. The sign reads: "Want vacancy? Pass the
entry exam!"
Racism
–
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses, Germany, 1933
28.
Sun City (song)
–
Van Zandt was interested in writing a song about South Africas Sun City casino resort, to make parallels with the plight of Native Americans. As Van Zandt was writing it, Schechter suggested that he include the names of the artists who had played Sun City in defiance of a United Nations-sanctioned cultural boycott, I was probably still thinking of 20/20s exposé of conservative Africanists 15 years earlier, says Schechter. References to specific performers who had played in Sun City appeared in the demo but were omitted from the version of the song. Musically speaking, the song elements of hip-hop, R&B. The main hook is multiple successive artists singing I, I, I, I, I, I, when Van Zandt was finished writing Sun City, he, Baker and Schechter spent the next several months searching for artists to participate in recording it. Van Zandt initially declined to invite Bruce Springsteen, not wanting to take advantage of their friendship, Van Zandt also had reservations about inviting legendary jazz musician Miles Davis, whom Schechter also contacted, with minimal persuasion, Davis also accepted. 303 tracks were mixed-down to create Sun City, a music video directed by Jonathan Demme with Godley and Creme was also produced. Sun City only reached #38 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December 1985, only about half of American radio stations played Sun City. Some stations objecting to the explicit criticism of President Ronald Reagans policy of constructive engagement. Singer Joey Ramones lines in the song Our government tells us - Were doing all we can - Constructive engagement is - Ronald Reagans plan criticizes Reagan, ramone also expressed open discontent and criticism towards him with the Ramones song Bonzo Goes to Bitburg. Sun City was banned in Apartheid South Africa itself and it was also a top ten single in Canada in December 1985 and January 1986. Sun City was picked as record of the year by many of the most influential music critics, Van Zandt and Schechter also struggled to get the documentary seen. In 1987, WNYC-TV, the New York City-owned public television station, aired a version of the documentary. The film included updates about the Sun City resort and apartheid as well as the success of the Sun City video, in addition to airing the documentary, WNYC-TV made the film available over the PBS system to public television stations across the country for broadcast. The album and single raised more than a million U. S. dollars for anti-apartheid projects and it premiered at the United Nations, thanks to the Special Committee Against Apartheid and UN officers such as Aracelly Santana. The record never achieved the success of We Are the World, although Oliver Tambo. In South Africa, Sun City would later inspire musician Johnny Clegg to create an organization similar to Van Zandts. Since the end of the era, the song is rarely played on the radio
Sun City (song)
–
"Sun City"
29.
Jesse Jackson
–
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. He is the founder of the organizations merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son, Jackson was also the host of Both Sides with Jesse Jackson on CNN from 1992 to 2000. Jackson was born in Greenville, South Carolina, to Helen Burns, a 16-year-old high school student, Robinson was a former professional boxer who was an employee of a textile brokerage and a well-known figure in the black community. One year after Jesses birth, his mother married Charles Henry Jackson, Jesse was given his stepfathers name in the adoption, but as he grew up, he also maintained a close relationship with Robinson. He considered both men to be his father, as a young child, Jackson was taunted by the other children regarding his out-of-wedlock birth, and has said these experiences helped motivate him to succeed. Living under Jim Crow segregation laws, Jackson was taught to go to the back of the bus, upon graduating from high school in 1959, he rejected a contract from a minor league professional baseball team so that he could attend the University of Illinois on a football scholarship. Following his second semester at the predominantly white University of Illinois, Jackson transferred to the North Carolina A&T, there are differing accounts of the reasons behind this transfer. Jackson has claimed that he changed schools because racial prejudice prevented him from playing quarterback, edwards also suggested that Jackson had left the University of Illinois in 1960 because he had been placed on academic probation. However, the president of the University of Illinois reported in 1987 that Jacksons 1960 freshman year transcript was clean, while attending A&T, Jackson played quarterback and was elected student body president. He became active in civil rights protests against segregated libraries, theaters. He graduated with a B. S. in sociology in 1964 and he dropped out in 1966, three classes short of earning his masters degree, to focus full-time on the Civil Rights Movement. He was ordained a minister in 1968, and in 2000, was awarded his Master of Divinity Degree based on his previous credits earned, plus his life experience, Jackson has been known for commanding public attention since he first started working for Martin Luther King Jr. In 1965, Jackson participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches organized by James Bevel, King, when Jackson returned from Selma, he was charged with establishing a frontline office for the SCLC in Chicago. In 1966, King and Bevel selected Jackson to head the Chicago branch of the SCLCs economic arm, Operation Breadbasket, Operation Breadbasket had been started by the Atlanta leadership of the SCLC as a job placement agency for blacks. T. R. M. Jackson became involved in SCLC leadership disputes following the assassination of King on April 4,1968, when King was shot, Jackson was in the parking lot one floor below. Jackson told reporters he was the last person to speak to King, the Times also indicated that Jackson was being criticized as too involved with middle-class blacks, and for having an unattainable goal of racial unity
Jesse Jackson
–
Jesse Jackson
Jesse Jackson
–
Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, (
People United to Save Humanity) at its annual convention. July 1973. Photograph by
John H. White.
Jesse Jackson
–
Jackson surrounded by marchers carrying signs advocating support for the
Hawkins-Humphrey Bill for full employment, January 1975.
Jesse Jackson
–
Rainbow/PUSH national headquarters in
Kenwood, Chicago
30.
Operation Push
–
Rainbow/PUSH is a non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations founded by Jesse Jackson — Operation PUSH and the National Rainbow Coalition. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism, in December 1971, Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket after clashing with Rev. Ralph Abernathy and founded Operation PUSH. Jackson founded the National Rainbow Coalition in 1984 which merged with PUSH in 1996, the combined organization keeps its national headquarters on the South Side of Chicago and has branches in Washington, D. C. New York City, Los Angeles, Detroit, Houston, Atlanta, the Silicon Valley, Operation PUSH was successful at raising public awareness to initiate corporate action and government sponsorship. The National Rainbow coalition became a prominent political organization that raised awareness on numerous political issues. The merged entity has numerous social initiatives. The origins of Operation PUSH can be traced to a split in Operation Breadbasket. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. the head of the SCLC, appointed Jackson to head the Chicago chapter of Operation Breadbasket, after 1968, however, Jackson increasingly clashed with Kings successor at SCLC, Rev. Ralph Abernathy. The break became complete in December 1971 when Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy. ”Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket, called together his allies, from its inception, Jackson referred to its membership as a Rainbow Coalition. The name Rainbow Coalition was originated in 1968 by Chicago Black Panther leader Fred Hampton to describe the multi-ethnic revolutionary federation he founded, Jackson was not part of the Hampton Rainbow Coalition, and had a difficult relationship with the Panthers. Although money was a problem at first, initial backing came from Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton, Gary, Indiana Mayor Richard Hatcher, Aretha Franklin, Jim Brown, the organizational meeting of PUSH was in the Chicago home of Dr. T. R. M. Howard, a prominent black doctor and community leader on the South Side, before he moved to Chicago in 1956, Howard had developed a national reputation as a Mississippi civil rights leader, surgeon, and entrepreneur. Howard served on PUSHs board of directors and chaired the finance committee, through PUSH Jackson was able to continue pursuit of the same economic objectives that Operation Breadbasket had pursued. In addition, his new organization was able to expand areas of social and political development for blacks in Chicago. He also started a campaign against the legalization of abortion after the Roe vs Wade decision in 1973. The organization employed prayer vigils as a technique to call attention to issues, the organization opposed Ronald Reagans workfare initiative to compel that welfare recipients work for part of their benefits. The organization staged several boycotts including early 1980s boycotts of Anheuser Busch, the boycotts became so well known that at one point David Duke supporters referred to a boycott of Nike, Inc. as if whites were being oppressed by blacks. Nike spokesperson, Michael Jordan, disavowed the Nike boycott, the boycotts of Budweiser, and Coke as well as one against Kentucky Fried Chicken were touted for having won minority job concessions from white businesses
Operation Push
–
The Rev.
Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, at its annual convention, July 1973. Photograph by
John H. White.
Operation Push
–
Rainbow/PUSH Headquarters in the
Kenwood community area of
Chicago
Operation Push
–
Jesse Jackson speaks at 1973 PUSH National Convention
Operation Push
–
Lake Shore Drive Senior Citizens March (July 1973)
31.
Rainbow/PUSH
–
Rainbow/PUSH is a non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations founded by Jesse Jackson — Operation PUSH and the National Rainbow Coalition. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism, in December 1971, Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket after clashing with Rev. Ralph Abernathy and founded Operation PUSH. Jackson founded the National Rainbow Coalition in 1984 which merged with PUSH in 1996, the combined organization keeps its national headquarters on the South Side of Chicago and has branches in Washington, D. C. New York City, Los Angeles, Detroit, Houston, Atlanta, the Silicon Valley, Operation PUSH was successful at raising public awareness to initiate corporate action and government sponsorship. The National Rainbow coalition became a prominent political organization that raised awareness on numerous political issues. The merged entity has numerous social initiatives. The origins of Operation PUSH can be traced to a split in Operation Breadbasket. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. the head of the SCLC, appointed Jackson to head the Chicago chapter of Operation Breadbasket, after 1968, however, Jackson increasingly clashed with Kings successor at SCLC, Rev. Ralph Abernathy. The break became complete in December 1971 when Abernathy suspended Jackson for “administrative improprieties and repeated acts of violation of organizational policy. ”Jackson resigned from Operation Breadbasket, called together his allies, from its inception, Jackson referred to its membership as a Rainbow Coalition. The name Rainbow Coalition was originated in 1968 by Chicago Black Panther leader Fred Hampton to describe the multi-ethnic revolutionary federation he founded, Jackson was not part of the Hampton Rainbow Coalition, and had a difficult relationship with the Panthers. Although money was a problem at first, initial backing came from Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton, Gary, Indiana Mayor Richard Hatcher, Aretha Franklin, Jim Brown, the organizational meeting of PUSH was in the Chicago home of Dr. T. R. M. Howard, a prominent black doctor and community leader on the South Side, before he moved to Chicago in 1956, Howard had developed a national reputation as a Mississippi civil rights leader, surgeon, and entrepreneur. Howard served on PUSHs board of directors and chaired the finance committee, through PUSH Jackson was able to continue pursuit of the same economic objectives that Operation Breadbasket had pursued. In addition, his new organization was able to expand areas of social and political development for blacks in Chicago. He also started a campaign against the legalization of abortion after the Roe vs Wade decision in 1973. The organization employed prayer vigils as a technique to call attention to issues, the organization opposed Ronald Reagans workfare initiative to compel that welfare recipients work for part of their benefits. The organization staged several boycotts including early 1980s boycotts of Anheuser Busch, the boycotts became so well known that at one point David Duke supporters referred to a boycott of Nike, Inc. as if whites were being oppressed by blacks. Nike spokesperson, Michael Jordan, disavowed the Nike boycott, the boycotts of Budweiser, and Coke as well as one against Kentucky Fried Chicken were touted for having won minority job concessions from white businesses
Rainbow/PUSH
–
The Rev.
Jesse Jackson speaks on a radio broadcast from the headquarters of Operation PUSH, at its annual convention, July 1973. Photograph by
John H. White.
Rainbow/PUSH
–
Rainbow/PUSH Headquarters in the
Kenwood community area of
Chicago
Rainbow/PUSH
–
Jesse Jackson speaks at 1973 PUSH National Convention
Rainbow/PUSH
–
Lake Shore Drive Senior Citizens March (July 1973)
32.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
33.
Al Sharpton
–
In 2004, he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U. S. presidential election. He hosts his own talk show, Keepin It Real, and he makes regular guest appearances on Fox News, CNN. In 2011, he was named the host of MSNBCs PoliticsNation, in 2015, the program was shifted to Sunday mornings. Sharptons supporters praise his ability and willingness to defy the power structure that is seen as the cause of their suffering, President Barack Obama said that Sharpton is the voice of the voiceless and a champion for the downtrodden. A2013 Zogby Analytics poll found that one quarter of African Americans said that Sharpton speaks for them and his critics describe him as a political radical who is to blame, in part, for the deterioration of race relations. Sociologist Orlando Patterson has referred to him as a racial arsonist, while liberal columnist Derrick Z. Jackson has called him the equivalent of Richard Nixon. Sharpton sees much of the criticism as a sign of his effectiveness, in many ways, what they consider criticism is complimenting my job, he said. An activists job is to make public civil rights issues until there can be a climate for change, Alfred Charles Sharpton Jr. was born in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, to Ada and Alfred Charles Sharpton Sr. He preached his first sermon at the age of four and toured with gospel singer Mahalia Jackson, in 1963, Sharptons father left his wife to have a relationship with Sharptons half-sister. Sharpton graduated from Samuel J. Tilden High School in Brooklyn, in 1972, he accepted the position of youth director for the presidential campaign of African-American Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm. Between the years 1973 and 1980 Sharpton served as James Browns tour manager, in 1971 Sharpton founded the National Youth Movement to raise resources for impoverished youth. Bernhard Goetz shot four African-American men on a New York City Subway 2 train in Manhattan on December 22,1984, at his trial Goetz was cleared of all charges except for carrying an unlicensed firearm. Sharpton led several marches protesting what he saw as the prosecution of the case. Sharpton and other civil rights leaders said Goetzs actions were racist, a federal investigation concluded the shooting was due to an attempted robbery and not race. On December 20,1986, three African-American men were assaulted in the Howard Beach neighborhood of Queens by a mob of white men. The three men were chased by their attackers onto the Belt Parkway, where one of them, Michael Griffith, was struck, a week later, on December 27, Sharpton led 1,200 demonstrators on a march through the streets of Howard Beach. Residents of the neighborhood, who were white, screamed racial epithets at the protesters. A special prosecutor was appointed by New York Governor Mario Cuomo after the two surviving victims refused to co-operate with the Queens district attorney, Sharptons role in the case helped propel him to national prominence
Al Sharpton
–
Al Sharpton, January 2015
Al Sharpton
–
Sharpton leading the first protest march over the death of Yusef Hawkins in Bensonhurst, 1989
Al Sharpton
–
Al Sharpton at National Action Network's headquarters.
Al Sharpton
–
Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn, where Sharpton was imprisoned
34.
Southern California
–
Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
Southern California
–
Southern California Images top from bottom, left to right:
San Diego Skyline,
Downtown Los Angeles,
Village of La Jolla,
Santa Monica Pier,
Surfer at Black's Beach,
Hollywood Sign,
Disneyland,
Hermosa Beach Pier
Southern California
–
San Diego Marina district
Southern California
–
Sunset in
Venice, a district in Los Angeles
Southern California
–
Three Arch Bay in Laguna
35.
Sirius Satellite Radio
–
Sirius Satellite Radio was a satellite radio and online radio service operating in North America, owned by Sirius XM Holdings. Music streams on Sirius carry a variety of genres, broadcasting 24 hours daily, commercial-free. A subset of Sirius music channels is included as part of the Dish Network satellite television service, Sirius channels are identified by Nielsen Audio with the label SR. Its business model is to provide radio, analogous to the business model for premium cable television. Music channels are presented without commercials while talk channels, such as Howard Sterns Howard 100 and Howard 101, furthermore, all channels are free from FCC content regulation, thus songs are played unedited for language, and talk programs may feature explicit content if they wish. Subscriptions are prepaid and range in price from US$14.99 monthly to US$699.99 for lifetime subscription, there is a US$15 activation fee for every radio activated. Sirius announced it had achieved its first positive cash flow quarter for the period ending December 2006, Sirius launched its radio service in four states on February 14,2002, expanding service to the rest of the contiguous U. S. by July of that year. On July 29,2008, Sirius formally completed its merger with former competitor XM Satellite Radio, the combined company began operating under the name Sirius XM Radio. On November 12,2008, Sirius and XM began broadcasting with their new, on January 13,2011, Sirius Satellite Radio was dissolved as a separate entity and merged into Sirius XM Radio, Inc. As of Q12013, Sirius XM has a total of 24.4 million subscribers, on April 11,2016 Sirius XM announced crossing the 30 million subscriber threshold on the Howard Stern Show. Sirius was founded by Martine Rothblatt, David Margolese and Robert Briskman, in 1990, Martine Rothblatt founded Satellite CD Radio, Inc. in Washington, DC. The company was the first to petition the FCC to assign unused frequencies for radio broadcast, which “provoked a furor among owners of both large and small radio stations. ”Rothblatt had previously helped create the PanAmSat international satellite television system. In April 1992, she resigned as chairman and CEO of Sirius in order to start a research foundation. Former NASA engineer Robert Briskman, who designed the companys technology, was then appointed Chairman. Six months later, in November 1992, Rogers Wireless co-founder David Margolese, the company successfully bid $83.3 million to purchase their satellite radio license. In 1997, after Margolese had obtained regulatory clearance and effectively created the industry, the FCC also sold a license to XM Satellite Radio, Joe Clayton, former CEO of Global Crossing, followed as CEO from November 2001 until November 2004. Clayton stayed on as chairman until July 2008, Mel Karmazin, former president of Viacom, became CEO in November 2004, and remained in that position through the merger, until December 2012. On February 19,2007, Sirius announced a deal with XM Satellite Radio
Sirius Satellite Radio
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Yahoo! Widget
Sirius Satellite Radio
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Sirius Satellite Radio
36.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a hall of fame and museum located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. In 1986, Cleveland was chosen as the hall of fames permanent home.8 billion, the Foundation began inducting artists in 1986, but the Hall of Fame still had no home. The search committee considered several cities, including Philadelphia, Memphis, Detroit, Cincinnati, New York City, Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands. Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in money to fund the construction. A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis, on May 5,1986, the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland, the hall of fame shouldve been in Memphis, certainly, wrote Peter Guralnick, author of an acclaimed two-volume Elvis Presley biography. Cleveland may also have chosen as the organizations site because the city offered the best financial package. As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted, It was $65 million, Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money. During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum, ultimately, the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie, east of Cleveland Stadium. Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I. M. Pei in designs for the site, Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it. The museum tower was planned to stand 200 ft high. The buildings base is approximately 150,000 square feet, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7,1993. Pete Townshend, Chuck Berry, Billy Joel, Sam Phillips, Ruth Brown, Sam Moore of Sam and Dave, Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking. The museum was dedicated on September 1,1995, with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard, among others, the following night an all-star concert was held at the stadium. It featured Chuck Berry, Bob Dylan, Al Green, Jerry Lee Lewis, Aretha Franklin, Bruce Springsteen, Iggy Pop, John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, and many others. In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees, the documents the entire history of rock and roll. Hall of Fame inductees are honored in an exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie. Since 1986, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees, the formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 25 times, twice in Los Angeles, and four times in the Hall of Fames home in Cleveland
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The former Annex in Soho in New York City (now closed)
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (left) sits on the
Lake Erie shore next to the
Great Lakes Science Center (right) in Cleveland's
North Coast Harbor.
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, showing
Lake Erie in the foreground
37.
Nas
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Nasir Bin Olu Dara Jones, better known by his stage name Nas /ˈnɑːz/, is an American rapper, record producer, actor and entrepreneur. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, Nas has released eight consecutive platinum and multi-platinum albums and has sold over 25 million records worldwide. He is also an entrepreneur through his own label, he serves as associate publisher of Mass Appeal magazine and is the owner of a Fila sneaker store. He is currently signed to Mass Appeal Records and his musical career began in 1991 as featured artist on Main Sources Live at the Barbeque. His debut album Illmatic received universal acclaim from critics and the hip hop community and is frequently ranked as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time. Nas follow-up It Was Written debuted at one on the Billboard 200, stayed on top for four consecutive weeks. From 2001 to 2005, Nas was involved in a publicized feud with rapper Jay Z. Nas signed to Def Jam in 2006. In 2010, he released Distant Relatives, an album with reggae artist Damian Marley. His eleventh studio album, Life Is Good was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards, Nas is often named as one of the greatest hip hop artists. MTV ranked him at number 5 on their list of The Greatest MCs of All Time, in 2012, The Source ranked him number two on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time. In 2013, Nas was ranked fourth on MTVs Hottest MCs in the Game list. About. com ranked him first on their list of the 50 Greatest MCs of All Time in 2014, nasir bin Olu Dara Jones was born September 14,1973, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Olu Dara, is a jazz and blues musician and his mother, Fannie Ann Jones, was a Postal Service worker from North Carolina. He has one sibling, a brother named Jabari Fret who is best known as Jungle and his father took his name Olu Dara from the Yoruba people. His African DNA indicates he has roots in countries with high Yoruba populations Nigeria, Benin, Togo and Ghana – as well as Mali, the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Congo, and Senegal. His matrilineal DNA haplogroup is of African origin, found among the Yoruba and he also found that his Y-DNA traces directly back to Scandinavia, through which he is a descendant of the Vikings. As a young child, Nas and his family relocated to the Queensbridge Houses in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens and his neighbor, Willy Ill Will Graham, influenced Nass interest in hip hop by playing him records. His parents divorced in 1985, and he dropped out of school after the eighth grade and he educated himself about African culture through the Five Percent Nation and the Nuwaubian Nation
Nas
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Nas performing in
Paris in 2014.
Nas
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NAS performing at the 2015 Sugar Mountain festival, Melbourne, Australia
Nas
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Nas in 1998.
Nas
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Nas performing in 2003.
38.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
39.
Too Close (Next song)
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Too Close is a song by American R&B group Next, featuring uncredited vocals from Vee of Koffee Brown. It was released in September 1997 as the single from their debut album Rated Next. The song reached number one on the US Hot 100 and R&B charts and has gone Platinum making it their biggest and best known hit, in the 1998 US Billboard End-Year chart, the song reached number one. It contains a sample of Christmas Rappin by Kurtis Blow, too Close was a massive hit on Urban Contemporary radio stations by its fourth month of airplay in January 1998 and still the most played single by Next. In 2001, English boy band Blue released a version of the song as the second single from their debut studio album All Rise. The track was released on 24 August 2001 and became their first number one UK single produced by multi-platinum producer Ray Ruffin. It also reached five in Australia and number seventeen in Ireland, and number one in New Zealand. The song has received a silver sales certification for sales of over 200,000 copies in the UK. The band traveled to New York City to film the music video, the following month, Blue were being interviewed by British newspaper The Sun and Ryan commented that This New York thing is being blown out of proportion and asked What about whales. They are ignoring animals that are more important, animals need saving and thats more important. The other members of the tried to silence Ryan. This caused a media backlash that resulted in Blue losing a record deal in the United States. The parody gained fame within social media because of the poor production quality. Currently, the original Vine has been viewed over 76.1 million times, and has extended into a full music video for YouTube. Fraser also performed the parody along with the former Next member RL on the MTV2 show Uncommon Sense with Charlamagne, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Too Close (Next song)
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"Too Close"
Too Close (Next song)
40.
Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
Sampling (music)
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DJ Premier looking for samples he can use
Sampling (music)
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Girl Talk Producing Sample-Based Music Live
41.
ASCAP
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ASCAP collects licensing fees from users of music created by ASCAP members, then distributes them back to its members as royalties. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees and distributed $828.7 million in royalties to its members, as of July 2013, ASCAP membership included over 460,000 songwriters, composers, and music publishers. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music, Inc. and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers. Unlike collecting societies outside of the United States, ASCAP contract is non-exclusive, ASCAP has an office in the United Kingdom. As the artist agreement is non-exclusive, authors can license using a Creative Commons license, the ASCAP bill of rights states, we have the right to choose when and where our creative works may be used for free. If an author is going to use a Creative Commons license with anothers works, subsequently, many other prominent songwriters became members. In 1919, ASCAP and the Performing Rights Society of Great Britain, today, ASCAP has global reciprocal agreements and licenses the U. S. performances of hundreds of thousands of international music creators. The advent of radio in the 1920s brought an important new source of income for ASCAP, radio stations originally only broadcast performers live, the performers working for free. Later, performers wanted to be paid, and recorded performances became more prevalent, ASCAP started collecting license fees from the broadcasters. The Justice Department sued ASCAP in 1937 but abandoned the case, BMI also signed a consent decree in 1941, although the terms were much more favorable to BMI than those applied to ASCAP. In 1940, when ASCAP tried to double its license fees again, radio broadcasters formed a boycott of ASCAP and founded a competing royalty agency, Broadcast Music Incorporated. During a ten-month period lasting from January 1 to October 29,1941, no music licensed by ASCAP was broadcast on NBC, instead, the stations played regional music and styles that had been traditionally disdained by ASCAP. When the differences between ASCAP and the broadcasters were resolved in October 1941, ASCAP agreed to settle for a lower fee than they had initially demanded. ASCAPs membership diversified further in the 1940s, bringing along jazz and swing greats, including Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, classical-music composers Aaron Copland, Igor Stravinsky, and Leonard Bernstein brought their compositions into the ASCAP repertory in the 1940s. The rise of rock and roll derived from country music and rhythm and blues music caused airplay of BMI licensed songs to double that of ASCAP licensed songs. ASCAP officials decided that the practice of payola was the reason, so ASCAP spearheaded a congressional investigation into the practice of payola in 1959. In the 1950s and 1960s, television was introduced as a new revenue stream for ASCAP, with the birth of FM radio, new ASCAP members, including John Denver, Jimi Hendrix, Quincy Jones, Janis Joplin, and Carly Simon scored massive hits. Many Motown hits were written by ASCAP members Ashford & Simpson, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson, both The Beatles and The Rolling Stones licensed their works through ASCAP, and the very first country Grammy Award went to ASCAP writer Bobby Russell for Little Green Apples
ASCAP
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ASCAP and
Manhattan School of Music summer campers participate in daily symphonic band rehearsals. Since 1999, the two institutions have partnered with to offer a free music camp for students who attend New York City's public schools.
ASCAP
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American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers
42.
Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
Middle East
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The
Temple Mount in
Jerusalem
Middle East
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Map of the Middle East (green).
Middle East
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The
Kaaba, located in
Mecca,
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
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Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East. Here, Muslim men are
prostrating during prayer in a mosque.
43.
The Nutcracker
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The Nutcracker is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and it was given its premiere at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday, December 18,1892, on a double-bill with Tchaikovskys opera Iolanta. Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was, major American ballet companies generate around 40% of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker. Tchaikovskys score has become one of his most famous compositions, in particular the pieces featured in the suite. Among other things, the score is noted for its use of the celesta, for the ballet, Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa, with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty. The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E. T. A, Hoffmanns story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King by Alexandre Dumas père called The Tale of the Nutcracker. The plot of Hoffmanns story was simplified for the two-act ballet. Hoffmanns tale contains a flashback story within its main plot titled The Tale of the Hard Nut. This had to be excised for the ballet, Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number, down to the tempo and number of bars. The completion of the work was interrupted for a time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty-five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall. Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen, France, the first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovskys last opera, Iolanta, on 18 December 1892, at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa, who choreographed the first production has been debated. Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892, however, illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years, although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer, some contemporary accounts credit Petipa. The childrens roles, unlike many later productions, were performed by real children rather than adults, students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg, the first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success. The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent, while some critics praised DellEra on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy, one critic called her corpulent and podgy. Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as completely insipid, Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing, One can not understand anything. Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards – quite amateurish, the libretto was criticized for being lopsided and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale. Some found the transition between the world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt
The Nutcracker
The Nutcracker
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Swan Lake (1876)
Sleeping Beauty (1889) The Nutcracker (1892)
List of all compositions
The Nutcracker
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(Left to right) Lydia Rubtsova as Marianna, Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz, in the original production of The Nutcracker (Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, 1892).
The Nutcracker
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Olga Preobrazhenskaya as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Nikolai Legat as Prince Coqueluche in the Grand pas de deux in the original production of The Nutcracker. Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, c. 1900
44.
New Jersey Performing Arts Center
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The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, in downtown Newark, New Jersey, United States, is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. Home to the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, more than 9 million visitors have visited the center since it opened in October 1997 on the site of the former Military Park Hotel, NJPAC has been an important component in revitalization of New Jerseys largest city. The Prudential Center is just to the south, NJPAC has one of the largest arts education programs offered by a performing arts center in the nation. Prudential Hall, a 2, 800-seat hall arranged in four horseshoe-shaped tiers, with boxes, victoria Theatre, a 514-seat smaller theater. The Chase Room, with 350 seats, is home to centers cabaret performance series, bi-annual hip hop festival, the last reason was considered especially important. A major goal of NJPAC was to revitalize the city, bringing people back into blighted areas. The planning commission decided that the new center would be integrated into the city, encouraged walking. The master plan, executed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill consisted of plazas and pedestrian boulevards, after a selection process, the board chose Barton Myers as the lead architect, based on his experience with theaters and his contextual buildings. They instructed him to build a complex that was the opposite of the Kennedy Center or Lincoln Center, instead of a monument to the arts, Myers saw it as another part of the city tying it to residents and inviting them into it. He related the physical structure to the context by using brick, exposed steel, groundbreaking ceremonies took place in October 1993 with speeches by dignitaries and performances by Kathleen Battle and the Newark Boys Chorus, among others. During the bidding process, NJPAC President & CEO Lawrence Goldman mandated that most of the jobs had to go to local minorities. The board of the organization successfully implemented this program, suspending a contractor in 1995 for failing to do so, construction began in 1995 and was completed in 1997, receiving rave reviews by The New York Times architecture critic Herbert Muschamp upon its opening. The New Yorker has said that it one of the best modern concert halls on the Eastern Seaboard - handsome in appearance. A regular season is presented by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, NJPAC has attracted over 9 million patrons since its October 18,1997 Opening Night. In 2001 NJPAC was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal, in 2011, John Schreiber replaced Lawrence P. Goldman as President/CEO of the center, the 2010, Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival took place in Newark for the first time, with NJPAC hosting the festivals and many of its events. The Newark Peace Education Summit, attended by the 14th Dalai Lama and other dignitaries, NJPAC hosted the seventh season of the reality show competition Americas Got Talent. In October 2012, the Arts Center inaugurated the TD James Moody Democracy of Jazz Festival, Newarks first major festival in 15 years
New Jersey Performing Arts Center
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New Jersey Performing Arts Center
New Jersey Performing Arts Center
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The New Jersey Performing Arts Center
45.
They Might Be Giants
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They Might Be Giants is an American alternative rock band formed in 1982 by John Flansburgh and John Linnell. During TMBGs early years, Flansburgh and Linnell frequently performed as a duo, in the early 1990s, TMBG expanded to include a backing band. The duos current backing band consists of Marty Beller, Dan Miller, the group is best known for an unconventional and experimental style of alternative music. Over their career, they have success on the modern rock. More recently they have found success in childrens music. TMBG have released 19 studio albums, Flood has been certified platinum and their childrens music albums Here Come the ABCs, Here Come the 123s, and Here Comes Science have all been certified gold. The band has won two Grammy Awards, one in 2002 for their song Boss of Me, which is most famous as the song of the television series Malcolm in the Middle. They won their second in 2009 for Here Come the 123s, the band has sold over 4 million records. Linnell and Flansburgh first met as teenagers growing up in Lincoln and they began writing songs together while attending Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School but did not form a band at that time. The two attended separate colleges after high school and Linnell joined The Mundanes, a new group from Rhode Island. The two reunited in 1981 after moving to Brooklyn to continue their career, according to Dave Wilson, in his book Rock Formations, the name They Might Be Giants had been used and subsequently discarded by a friend of the band who had a ventriloquism act. The name was adopted by the band, who had been searching for a suitable name. A common misconception is that the name of the band is a reference to themselves, in an interview, John Flansburgh said that the words they might be giants are just a very outward-looking forward thing which they liked. He clarified this in the documentary movie Gigantic by explaining that the name refers to the world of possibilities that they saw as a fledgling band. In an earlier interview, John Linnell described the phrase as something very paranoid sounding. Their atypical instrumentation, along with their songs which featured unusual subject matter and clever wordplay and their performances also featured absurdly comical stage props such as oversized fezzes and large cardboard cutout heads of newspaper editor William Allen White. Many of these props would later turn up in their first music videos, from 1984–87, They Might Be Giants were the house-band at Darinka, a Lower East Side performance club. One weekend a month they played on the there and by the end of their three-year stint sold out every performance
They Might Be Giants
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They Might Be Giants performing in
Chicago at the
Vic Theater on 17 April 2015
They Might Be Giants
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They Might Be Giants performing at Bar None, in
Brooklyn, NY
They Might Be Giants
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They Might Be Giants perform a free show at
Amoeba Music in Hollywood, CA on March 25, 2005
They Might Be Giants
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They Might Be Giants' new logo
46.
Ice Cube
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OShea Jackson Sr. known professionally as Ice Cube, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor and filmmaker. He began his career as a member of the hip-hop group C. I. A. after leaving N. W. A in December 1989, he built a successful solo career in music and films such as a role in drama Boyz n the Hood. Additionally, he has served as one of the producers of the Showtime television series Barbershop, both of which are based upon films in which he portrayed the main character. Ice Cube is considered one of the artists in gangsta rap. He was ranked number 8 on MTVs list of the 10 Greatest MCs of All Time, allMusic has called him one of hip-hops best and most controversial artists, as well as one of raps greatest storytellers. In 2012, The Source ranked him number 14 on their list of the Top 50 Lyricists of All Time, in 2014, About. com ranked him number 11 on their list of the 50 Greatest MCs of All Time. He has a brother as well as a half-sister who was killed when Ice Cube was 12. In his early teens, Ice Cube developed an interest in hip hop music, Jackson penned his first rap song in the ninth grade after a friend, whom Jackson names Kiddo, challenged him to write a song during a typewriting class. He claims Kiddo lost the challenge, on the origins of his rapper name, Ice Cube says that it came from his older brother. He is quoted as saying He threatened to slam me into a freezer, I just started using that name, and it just caught on. At the age of 16, Jackson sold his first song to future N. W. A. member Eazy-E, Jackson also attended William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California. He enrolled at the Phoenix Institute of Technology in the fall of 1987 in Arizona, being passionate about architecture, he studied architectural drafting. He completed his diploma within one year and returned to Los Angeles to pursue a rap career, not sure of whether his rap career would work out, he would turn to become an architecture draftsman as a career backup. With friend Sir Jinx, Ice Cube formed the C. I. A. Dre soon entered the recording industry as a member of the World Class Wreckin Cru. Dre saw Cubes potential as a writer and had him assist with writing Wreckin Crus big L. A. hit track, Stereo Crew produced a twelve-inch record, Shes a Skag released on Epic Records in 1986. While Dr. Dre was DJing at L. A. dance club Eve After Dark, Ice Cube would rap over his music, one such example of this was the song My Penis, a parody of Run-DMCs My Adidas. In a 2015 interview, club-owner Alonzo Williams said that he felt that this damaged his reputation. In 1987, Ice Cube released the Dr. Dre produced single My Posse under with his group C. I. A, after the collaboration, Ice Cube showed Eazy-E the lyrics to Boyz-n-the-Hood
Ice Cube
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Ice Cube at a screening for
Ride Along in
Chicago in January 2014
Ice Cube
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Ice Cube as a senior in high school, 1987.
Ice Cube
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Ice Cube performing live in Metro City Concert Club on October 29, 2010.
47.
R.A. the Rugged Man
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Thorburn, better known by his stage name R. A. the Rugged Man, is an American rapper. He began his career at age 12, building a reputation locally for his lyrical skills. After a nine-label bidding war for his services, R. A. signed to major label Jive Records at age 18, eventually R. A. and the label parted ways. His first album, Night of the Bloody Apes, was never released. Since then, he has worked with the likes of Mobb Deep, Wu-Tang Clan, Kool G Rap, and Notorious B. I. G, as well as producers Erick Sermon, Trackmasters, DJ Quik, The Alchemist, J-Zone, and Ayatollah. He was featured on all three of Rawkus’s Soundbombing albums, as well as the platinum-selling WWF Aggression album, after a brief stint on Capitol Records, R. A. signed with independent label Nature Sounds and released his official debut, Die, Rugged Man, Die. In 2013, R. A. released his second album, the album was released on April 30,2013 by Nature Sounds. In addition to his hip hop career, Thorburn has been active as boxing commentator and he has contributed to Vibe, King, Complex, Rides, XXL, The Source, The Ring, among others. He wrote and produced the cult film Bad Biology, and also hosts the web series Film School on MTVs Film. com, in 1992, Thorburn signed with Jive Records, then in the mid-1990s signed with Priority Records/EMI. His contract was absorbed by Capitol Records but he began recording independently in the early 2000s. He has worked with MCs such as The Notorious B. I. G and he was featured on all three of Rawkus’s Soundbombing albums, as well as the platinum-selling WWF Aggression album, performing the theme song for Chris Jericho. In Ego Trip Vol.1, Issue 3, the Notorious B. I. G. was quoted as saying, I thought I was the illest, in 2004 he released his first album Die, Rugged Man, Die on the Brooklyn-based label Nature Sounds. Rolling Stone Magazine recently compared Thorburns rap flow to that of a blue-eyed Biggie Smalls, when reviewing his song On the Block, Vibe Magazine said, I love this song. A horror film fan, Thorburn has written three screenplays with cult film director Frank Henenlotter and is writer-producer of the Henenlotter film, Bad Biology. The film has a score by Josh Glazer with additional production by Prince Paul. Thorburn is working on his debut, a film based on his family, God Take. Thorburns second studio album Legends Never Die was released on April 30,2013, guest appearances include Brother Ali, Masta Ace, Tech N9ne, Talib Kweli, Hopsin, Eamon and Krizz Kaliko. His first single of the album was The Peoples Champ, the second single was Learn Truth Feat
R.A. the Rugged Man
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R.A. the Rugged Man in 2013
48.
Tom Tom Club
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Tom Tom Club is an American new wave band founded in 1981 by husband-and-wife team Tina Weymouth and Chris Frantz, both also known for being members of Talking Heads. Their best known hits include Wordy Rappinghood, Genius of Love, Records in the US and Island Records elsewhere in 1981. Another version, Genius Rap, by Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde, was the first cover version, max B also sampled Genius of Love in his single Get Outta Jail. A new single, a version of The Drifters Under the Boardwalk. The US version did not contain these modifications until the album was released on disc in the 1990s. The album was released on cassette and vinyl and was not released on CD until May 2009, the original British vinyl album was released in six different colors. One of the singles, Pleasure of Love, was sampled in Turning You On. As it happened with Its Nasty, the sample was re-recorded by a band rather than just taken from the original recording. Genius of Love was featured in the 1984 Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense, Frantz and Weymouth were credited as Tom Tom Club, but in this case the band was simply Talking Heads minus David Byrne. There was then a gap until the bands next album. By this stage, the bands deal with Island had expired. On the album, the group adapted a more rock style with a harder edged sound. The groups line-up was also solidified along more conventional commercial lines, whereas the previous two albums had been recorded by a loose collective of a dozen musicians, the band was now reduced to the trio of Weymouth, Frantz, and Weymouths sister Laura Weymouth. There were, however, a number of prominent guest musicians on the record, including Lou Reed, the fourth member of Talking Heads, Jerry Harrison, also featured on some tracks. As with Close to the Bone, the album was not a success although Suboceana received some radio play, mainly in the UK. Suboceana was also remixed for dance clubs by house music pioneer Marshall Jefferson, the following year, in a bid to recapture the attention of the US market, the group and Sire Records decided to issue a radically altered version of the album in the US. The US version of Boom Boom Chi Boom Boom replaced four songs with four others, one of which, the running order of the rest of the album was shuffled while the artwork was revamped. However, the changes had little effect on the albums US commercial success, in 1991, Frantz and Weymouth built the Clubhouse, a painting and music studio, over their garage near Gamecock Island, Connecticut
Tom Tom Club
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Tina Weymouth with Tom Tom Club, 1986
49.
Martin (TV series)
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Martin is an American sitcom that aired for five seasons on Fox from August 27,1992 to May 1,1997. Reflecting the rising popularity of the Fox network throughout the 1990s, set in Detroit, the series stars Martin Lawrence in the role of Martin Payne, a disc jockey with a girlfriend named Gina Waters. Martin works for the radio station WZUP and later for local Public-access television station Channel 51. A common theme of the series is Martins ornery and wayward nature, episodes often center on Martins inconsiderate behaviors and incessant smart mouth towards his friends, neighbors, and whoever else finds themselves in his presence. When all is said and done, however, Martin loves his family, as the series progressed, plotlines saw Martin eventually move on to become the host of the talk show Word on the Street, which aired on the small Detroit public-access television station Channel 51. He retained this position until the final episode, in which he and Gina prepared to move to Los Angeles. The move coincided fortuitously with Ginas promotion by her boss Mr. Whitaker to head up his companys new Los Angeles headquarters, after having shut down the Detroit office. Pam, whom Whitaker let go two episodes due to this consolidation and downsizing, went on to pursue a career in the music industry as an artists & repertoire executive at Keep It Real Records. And at series end, Cole proposed to his even more dimwitted, but attractive and devoted girlfriend Shanise, the only actor to appear in every episode as the same character is Thomas Mikal Ford as Tommy. In early episodes, Lawrence began with a monologue of him speaking to the camera, HBO Studios eventually settled the case with Campbell so that the shows last season could be completed. Campbell did return to the Martin set to film the series finale of the show under the condition that she would not share any scenes with or interact in any way with Martin Lawrence. In the episode, Martin and Gina kept entering and exiting the sets at different times, Martin Payne Martin, the title character, is a sweetheart deep down, but on the outside a very ornery, arrogant wise guy. Martin carries himself in an urban youth manner, and urban expressions. His girlfriend turned wife, Gina Waters, has tried to straighten him out. Martin is not much of a physical fighter despite trying to come off as such and he has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Ginas best friend Pam. Regina Gina Waters-Payne, Martins professional, fun-loving, eternally romantic and forgiving girlfriend and she often acts as a peacemaker, admonishing others when they trade barbs and insults and breaking up fights. Gina works for a public-relations firm and she complements Martins street savvy by serving as a voice of reason. Thomas Tommy Strawn, one of Martins best friends, level-headed, intelligent, and charming, Tommy serves as another voice of reason, especially during Martins schemes
Martin (TV series)
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Martin
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