1.
Balinese script
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With some modifications, the script is also used to write the Sasak language, used in the neighboring island of Lombok. The script is a descendant of the Brahmi script, and so has similarities with the modern scripts of South. The Balinese script, along with the Javanese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia, the script is mainly used today for copying lontar or palm leaf manuscripts containing religious texts. There are 47 letters in the Balinese script, each representing a syllable with inherent vowel /a/ or/ə/ at the end of a sentence, which changes depending on the diacritics around the letter. Pure Balinese can be written with 18 consonant letters and 9 vowel letters, while Sanskrit transliteration or loan words from Sanskrit, a set of modified letters are also used for writing the Sasak language. Each consonant has a form called gantungan which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous syllable. Punctuation includes a comma, period, colon, as well as marks to introduce, musical notation uses letter-like symbols and diacritical marks in order to indicate metrical information. Text are written left to right without word boundaries, There is also a set of holy letters called aksara modre which appears in religious texts and protective talismans. Most of them are constructed using diacritic ulu candra with corresponding characters, a number of additional characters, known to be used inline in text, remains under study and those characters are expected to be proposed as Balinese extensions in due course. A basic letter in Balinese is called aksara, and each letter stands for a syllable with inherent vowel /a/, consonants are called wianjana or aksara wianjana. Balinese script has 33 consonants, however only 18 consonants called wreṣāstra are used for writing basic vocabulary in Balinese language, the rest consonants are, known as sualalita, mainly used for writing Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords in Balinese language. The consonants can be arranged into Sanskrit order and hanacaraka traditional order, the consonants can be arranged in hanacaraka traditional order. The sequence forms a poem of 4 verses narrating the myth of Aji Saka, however, the hanacaraka sequence only has the 18 consonants of aksara wreṣāstra and exclude aksara sualalita. However, this table below include aksara sualalita as the current romanization have no diacritics for the consonants, as other Brahmic scripts, consonants in Balinese script can be arranged into Sanskrit order. Thus, Balinese script had been influenced by Shiksha, the table below uses Sanskrit order. They are, in order, ha na ca ra ka / da ta sa wa la / ma ga ba nga / pa ja ya nya. ^2 The consonant ha is sometimes not pronounced. For example, ᬳᬸᬚᬦ᭄ hujan is pronounced ujan. ^3 The exact form of ca laca is unknown because only the form is left. Vowels, called suara or aksara suara, can be written as independent letters when vowels appear in initial position
2.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
3.
Provinces of Indonesia
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Indonesian territory is composed of 34 provinces. A province is the highest tier of the local government divisions of Indonesia, provinces are further divided into regencies and cities, which are in turn subdivided into sub-districts. Each province has its own government, headed by a governor. The governor and members of representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. Five provinces have special status, Aceh, for the use of the law as the regional law of the province. Special Region of Yogyakarta, a sovereign monarchy within Indonesia with the sultan Hamengkubuwono as hereditary Governor, SR Yogyakarta refused to call themselves as the province according to Law No. 12/2012 about The Speciality of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Papua, for implementation of sustainable development. West Papua, for granting implementation of sustainable development, the provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units. This clickable map shows provinces of Indonesia as of 25 October 2012, click on a province name to go to its main article. A considerable number of new provinces have been proposed in addition to the 34 existing provinces of Indonesia, as of 2013, the government has targeted the creation of eight new provinces by 2020, by splitting several of the existing provinces. On 25 October 2013, the Indonesian House of Representatives began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies and 8 new provinces
4.
Bali
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Bali is an island and province of Indonesia. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and it is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the part of the island. With a population of 3,890,757 in the 2010 census, and 4,225,000 as of January 2014, the island is home to most of Indonesias Hindu minority. According to the 2010 Census,83. 5% of Balis population adhered to Balinese Hinduism, followed by 13. 4% Muslim, Christianity at 2. 5%, Bali is a popular tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy and it is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali, in March 2017, Tripadvisor named the island the worlds top destination in its Travelers choice award. Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, in this area alone over 500 reef building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about 7 times as many as in the entire Caribbean, most recently, Bali was the host of the 2011 ASEAN Summit,2013 APEC and Miss World 2013. Bali is the home of the Subak Irrigation System, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the islands west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora, each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead. Inscriptions from 896 and 911 dont mention a king, until 914 and they also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Sivaism were practiced simultaneously. Mpu Sindoks great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta, married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa around 989 and this marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150, jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. Balinese culture was influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture. The name Bali dwipa has been discovered from inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation, some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period
5.
Tourist
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
6.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
7.
Ngurah Rai International Airport
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Ngurah Rai International Airport, also known as Denpasar International Airport or I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, is the main airport in Bali, located 13 km south of Denpasar. Ngurah Rai is the third busiest airport in Indonesia after Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, in 2011 Ngurah Rai International Airport recorded 39,509 international and 64,262 domestic flights which carried 6,177,044 and 6,594,830 passengers respectively. The 2011 passengers were doubled within 5 years, the airport has category IX and is capable of serving aircraft up to the size of Boeing 747-400. Airport Council International has awarded Ngurah Rai International Airport as the third best airport in 2016 based on their services. The airport is located in Tuban between Kuta and Jimbaran and is close to the tourist locations of southern Bali, the center of Kuta is 2.5 km north of the airport. The capital of Bali, Denpasar, is located nearby, the Pelabuhan Udara Tuban, or Tuban airfield, was established in 1931 at the narrowest point on the southern coast of Bali. The airport was built as a simple 700 m long airstrip by the Dutch Colonial administrations Voor Verkeer en Waterstaats public works office. When first established the site only had a few huts and a grass runway. The northern end lay in the Tuban village graveyard and in the south it occupied previously vacant land, the location in this area of the island has subsequently facilitated arrivals and departures over the ocean with minimal noise and overflights intruding upon populated areas. The current airport has an east–west aligned runway and associated taxiway, in 1942 the airstrip was in use to stage fighter and bomber operations and received bombing damage from Japanese forces. It was repaired using PSP pierced steel planking, the Japanese armed forces occupied Bali during the Second World War seizing the airport on 19 February 1942. A poorly motivated garrison of 600 Dutch led Balinese militia deserted almost immediately as the Japanese invaded the island and their Dutch commander was to learn that through a misunderstanding of his orders, Tuban airfield had not been destroyed by explosives as he had ordered. Apparently his order not to delay the demolition was misread by the engineers at the airstrip who thought instead that he wanted the operation delayed. This confusion allowed the Japanese to take the airfield completely intact, during the occupation period the Japanese made improvements to the runway at the airport. In the five years from 1942 to 1947 the length of the runway was extended to 1,200 m from the original 700 m, many Balinese identified the Japanese invaders as being potential liberators from the Dutch colonial authorities who were unpopular on the island. More so the taking of Tuban airfield and the island of Bali deprived the allied forces of a staging field en route from Australia to defend Java. At the time the airport was still called Tuban Airfield, named after the fishing village. In 1949 a Terminal building and other facilities were constructed
8.
2002 Bali bombings
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The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. A further 209 people were injured, various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, were convicted in relation to the bombings, including three individuals who were sentenced to death. On 8 November 2008, Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Huda bin Abdul Haq were executed by firing squad on the prison of Nusakambangan at 00,15 local time. On 9 March 2010, Dulmatin, nicknamed the Genius – believed to be responsible for setting off one of the Bali bombs with a mobile phone – was killed in a shoot-out with Indonesian police in Jakarta. The bombing occurred during one of the busiest tourist periods of the year in Kuta Beach, damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb left a one metre deep crater. The local Sanglah hospital was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly burn victims. There were so many people injured by the explosion that some of the injured had to be placed in pools near the explosion site to ease the pain of their burns. Many of the injured were forced to be flown extreme distances to Darwin and it was reportedly packed with human excrement. A report released in August 2005 by the United States-Indonesia Society described the events as follows, The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, Idris and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new Yamaha motorbike, Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U. S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest, the first bomber headed to Paddys Pub. Idris then left the bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Denpasar, Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices, Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries, the largest group among those killed were holidayers from Australia with 88 fatalities. On 14 October, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1438 condemning the attack as a threat to international peace, there were many acts of individual heroism
9.
2005 Bali bombings
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The 2005 Bali bombings were a series of terrorist suicide bomb and a series of car bombs and attacks that occurred on 1 October 2005, in Bali, Indonesia. Bombs exploded at two sites in Jimbaran Beach Resort and in Kuta 30 km away, both in south Bali, the terrorist attack claimed the lives of 20 people and injured more than 100 others. The three bombers also died in the attacks. The Indonesian national news agency, ANTARA, reported that the first two explosions occurred at 6,50 p. m. local time, near a Jimbaran food court, other reports claim that the blasts occurred at around 7,15 p. m. At least 3 blasts were reported, one of the blasts struck Rajas Restaurant at the Kuta Square shopping mall in central Kuta. Another two bombs exploded at warungs along the Jimbaran beach, one of which was near the Four Seasons Hotel and these areas are generally popular with Western tourists. Police later said they had found three unexploded bombs in Jimbaran and they had apparently failed to go off after the security forces hastily shut down the island’s mobile telephone network following the first blasts. The remnants of backpacks and excessively mutilated bodies are believed to be evidence of suicide bombings, there remains also a possibility that backpacks were hidden inside the target restaurants before detonation. A medical officers x-rays showed foreign objects described as pellets in many victims bodies, the attack came during the school holiday period in some states of Australia, when an estimated 7,500 Australians are believed to have been visiting Bali. The latest report cites 20 dead and between 101 and 129 injured, some earlier reports put the number of fatalities at between 26 and 36 people, but those figures have since been lowered. Among those killed were 15 Indonesians,4 Australians, and a Japanese national, the wounded included many Indonesians, mostly Hindus while the rest were 19 Australians,8 South Koreans,6 Americans,4 Japanese,3 Canadians and 1 Briton. As there were no records at the hospitals or morgues on the locations from where the victims arrived, most of the casualties were sent to Balis Sanglah General Hospital, and mostly treated for injuries caused by broken glass. Others were sent to Griya Asih Hospital, as in the 2002 bombings, some of the injured, primarily foreign nationals, were evacuated to medical facilities in Australia and Singapore. However, the Australian government claimed that it received no specific warning of a terrorist attack being imminent in Bali. Minister Downer also played down any knowledge of signs of the potential event. DFAT warned Australians against non-essential travel to Indonesia since before the 2002 attacks – a warning still in effect, the department advises travellers against congregating in areas popular with Western tourists. In May 2005, the US State Department issued a warning against non-essential trips to Indonesia. The travel warning was last updated January 9,2007, on August 31,2005, one month before the second Bali bombing, terrorists managed to put a partially assembled bomb on the 4th floor of Kuta Paradiso hotel
10.
Sanur, Bali
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Sanur is a coastal stretch of beach of Denpasar city of southeast Bali, about 30 minutes drive from Ngurah Rai International Airport, which has grown into a little town in its own right. A5.1 kilometer area of Sanurs coastline, from Matahari Terbit Beach to Mertasari Beach, was reclaimed in 2008, in 1906 the northern part of Sanur beach was used as the landing site for the Dutch invasion troops during the intervention in Bali. During World War II, Sanur was again the entry point through which the Japanese forces landed to occupy the island of Bali, Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno president in 1963, and boosted tourism in Bali. Prior to it only three hotels existed on the island, construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Today Sanur contains a number of resorts such as the Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali and Bali Hyatt. Sanur is also home to a number of popular villa resorts. Traditional fishing boats can be seen on the beach of Sanur offering a view of the island Nusa Penida. Adrien Jean Le Mayeur de Merpes, a Belgian painter, lived in Sanur from 1932 -1958 and his house was transformed into a museum, Museum Le Mayeur, where about 80 of his most important paintings are exhibited. Bali Orchid Garden, a park about 3 km north of Sanur is worth a visit as well, another interesting sight can be visited in the south of Sanur in Jalan Danau Poso Street beside Pura Blanjong, a small Hindu temple. A stone column measuring 1.77 metres can be seen under a roof at the end of a small and this is the oldest object produced by men on Bali. The column bears inscriptions dating from the 9th century written in Sanskrit, various objects made of stone possibly dating from the same period are exhibited as well. The Bali International School is located in Sanur, the Sanur Independence School is located also in Sanur Rumah Kecil is a playgroup for children between 1–6 years old
11.
Jimbaran
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Jimbaran is a fishing village and tourist resort in Bali, Indonesia. Lately, Jimbaran is developing a more affordable accommodation such as The Open House Bali Boutique Hotel. Tourism in Jimbaran has increased rapidly so that it has boosted the local economy, however, the tourism industry has recovered. Diners select the live seafood that they wish to eat, and it is immediately prepared and it is administered under Kuta South District along with Nusa Dua peninsula. Jimbaran lies on the neck of the peninsula in Bali. Media related to Jimbaran at Wikimedia Commons Jimbaran travel guide from Wikivoyage
12.
Denpasar
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Denpasar is the capital of Bali. Situated on the Bali island, it is worldwide as a major tourist destination. The city is also a hub for cities in the Lesser Sunda Islands. With the rapid growth of the industry in Bali, Denpasar has encouraged and promoted business activities and ventures. The population of Denpasar was 834,881 in 2012, up from 788,445 at the 2010 Census, the surrounding metropolitan area has roughly 2 million residents. The municipalitys area extent, population, and density are similar to San Francisco, in the 18th and 19th century, Denpasar functioned as the capital of the Hindu Majapahit Kingdom of Badung. Thus, the city was formerly called Badung, the royal palace was looted and razed during the Dutch intervention in 1906. In 1958 Denpasar became the seat of government for the Province of Bali and it remained the administrative centre of both Badung Regency and the City of Denpasar. Both Denpasar and Badung Regency have experienced physical, economic. Denpasar has become not only the seat of government, but also the centre of commerce, education, industry, average population growth of 4. 05% per annum, accompanied by rapid development, led to a variety of urban problems. It was resolved that meeting the needs and demands of the urban community would best be addressed by giving Denpasar administrative independence from Badung Regency. Agreement was reached to raise the status of Denpasar to that of an autonomous City and it was inaugurated by the Minister of Home Affairs on 27 February 1992. On 16 November 2009, in an administrative realignment, Regulation Number 67 shifted the capital of Badung Regency from Denpasar to Mangupura. Denpasar is located at a height of 0-75 mdpl, while the total area of 127.78 km² or 2. 18% of the total area of Bali Province. From the use of land,2,768 hectares of land are paddy,10,001 hectares are dry land, Badung River divides Denpasar, after which the river empties into the Gulf of Benoa. Denpasar, located just south of the equator, has a wet and dry climate, with hot. Due to this there is little change throughout the year. Unlike many cities outside Indonesia with this climate, there is little seasonal temperature change
13.
Badung Regency
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Badung is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. Its regency seat is in Mangupura and it has an area of 418.52 km2 and population of 543,332 and a density of 1,293.37 per square kilometer. It has undergone a boom in the last decade, and has grown into the largest of the suburban regions of Greater Denpasar. It covers Balis most heavy tourist regions, including Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, Jimbaran, Nusa Dua, Canggu, Uluwatu, Badung, and Mengwi. The northern part of the regency is relatively unpopulated, and the part near the coast and west of Denpasar from Jimbaran, ngurah Rai International Airport is located within the Regency. The Regency is divided into six districts, listed below with their 2010 Census populations and it is further subdivided into subdistricts/villages. 20 of the came from various zoos in Europe, another 3 came from Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. If the breeding program gets success, some of them will be released into the wild,4 of the stock to Koelner Zoo and 3 to Jurong Bird Park. There were currently about 500 birds throughout Bali,287 of them in breeding centers, south Bali travel guide from Wikivoyage Official site Map of Badung Regency
14.
Nusa Dua
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Nusa Dua is an area in the southern part of Bali, Indonesia, known as an enclave of large 5-star resorts. It is located 22 kilometers from Denpasar, the capital of Bali. Nusa Dua means two islands, because there are 2 islands in the bay of Bali Tourism Development Corporation area. On the southern side lies Peninsula Island, and on the side lies Nusa Dharma Island, which is smaller but shadier. Geger Beach is located in Sawangan, about 3 kilometers from the area of Nusa Dua. The sea here is calm, so farmers grow seaweed here, water Blow is a spot where a giant splash of sea water occurs resulting from waves hitting a rock. It is located in Indonesia Tourism Development Centre area, immediately north of the Nusa Dua enclave is the peninsula of Tanjung Benoa, which includes cheaper hotels as well as Benoa village. A multi-denominational area, it includes a mosque and Chinese and Hindu temples in close proximity to each other, much of the beachs sand was eroded away following the mining of the nearby barrier reef for construction materials. Benoa Port, also located here, was previously for yachts, in December 2012, it became Benoa Cruise International Terminals turnaround port, serving as both embarkation and debarkation point for cruise passengers. As turnaround port, tourists can arrive or leave Benoa Port by either plane or cruise ship, on December 26,2012, the Bali Governor signed a permit to utilize, develop and manage the Benoa Bay area. A complex of five-religion places of worship, Christian church, Catholic church, mosque, temple, vihara Pecatu beach resort area
15.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
16.
Redgum
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For eucalyptus species, see Red Gum, or for the deciduous tree see American Sweetgum. All four had been students at Flinders University and together developed a political voice. They are best known for their protest song exploring the impact of war in the 1980s I Was Only Nineteen, the song is in the Australasian Performing Right Association list of Top 30 of All Time Best Australian Songs created in 2001. Redgum also covered Australian consumer influences on surrounding nations in 1984s Ive Been To Bali Too, the Diamantina Drover, written by Timms replacement, violinist/vocalist Hugh McDonald and Poor Ned, written by Trevor Lucas of Fairport Convention, are examples of their bush songs. Lucas produced their best performed album, the June 1983 live LP Caught in the Act, Schumann left the band and pursued a solo career from 1986, Atkinson left in 1987 and Redgum finally disbanded in 1990. From 2005, Schumann and McDonald performed together as part of John Schumann, Redgum was formed in 1975 when three students at Flinders University, John Schumann, Michael Atkinson and Verity Truman, collaborated for a musical assessment piece for their Politics and Art course. The trio quickly gained fame around the University community for their forthright songs, the group were soon in demand for parties, pubs and rallies throughout South Australia and Victoria. On the first album, If You Dont Fight You Lose Redgum showed it was one of the few Australian bands prepared to tackle domestic politics and culture. One More Boring Night in Adelaide for some will remain, despite some of its dated references and they released a songbook The Redgum Songbook, Stubborn Words, Flagrant Vices. The song precipitated a Royal Commission into the use and effects of agents in the Vietnam War by the Australian military. The album included The Diamantina Drover and The Last Frontier which are indicative of their music style. The band released their next LP, Frontline with its single Ive Been to Bali Too, late in 1985, Schumann announced that he had signed a solo deal with CBS Records and would be quitting. Redgum released one album of new material, Midnight Sun. There were plans to release another album but this didnt occur, after this was achieved Redgum disbanded. He was later employed by the Democrats as a staffer and he left the Democrats in 2000 and returned to further solo works. Schumann returned to recording in 2005 with the Vagabond Crew and new albums were released in 2005 and 2008, Chris Timms left to further a career in Adult Education within the Dept. of TAFE in South Australia. He was active within the Australian Labor Party for a time, other members of Redgum continue to work in the Australian music scene. Atkinson has worked in film and television and he composed the music for films including Heavens Burning, starring Russell Crowe
17.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
18.
Pecatu
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Pecatu is a beach resort located in the southern peninsula of Bali, at the southwestern part of the peninsula. The also popular resort area of Nusa Dua is also located in south-eastern end of the peninsula, unlike Nusa Dua which is a mostly plain area, Pecatu is hilly with limestone cliffs isolating small, short beaches. The area is popular for surfers and also due to its location behind the cliffs with limited access. Pecatu is located in South Kuta District of the Badung Regency, for decades, beaches around Pecatu had been well known by surfers and also nudists due to its location behind the cliffs with limited access. Some of the Macadam small roads were built before the 1997 Asian financial crisis, after the Asian financial crisis the number of tourists dropped significantly, but it remained popular with surfers and they were among the first to come back. One of the beaches found to be popular with Australian surfers was named Dreamland Beach. In order to reach this one had to hike down a small path. During that time some illegal simple warungs were built on the beach and provided food, indonesia and Bali were not affected by the Global financial crisis 2007, so these projects are well underway and growing rapidly. Not only the name is changing, where Dreamland used to be modest and simple, New Kuta Beach in Pecatu is the expression of hope and dreams come true with its luxurious clifftop views and remote location. It boasts being more remote than Nusa Dua. With the narrow beach just below the walls it is perfect for watching the sunset or the amazingly skilled surfers. This is a big attraction as these waves are not for beginners, the warungs have been moved from the beach and upgraded into nice shops though not as easily accessible from the beach they are much improved. The Entry/Parking Fee has also increased, to fulfill the freshwater needs, the seawater desalination plant currently provides 1,000 cubic meters of clean water per day from its total capacity of 3,000 cubic meters. Paragliding can be done at Timbis Hill, not far away from the Pandawa Beach, there are no hotel or condotel in the beach and access road area, because there are reluctancy from Kutuh people. Balangan Beach is one of the Bukit Peninsula surf spots located just north of New Kuta Beach, with its clear blue waves, white sandy beach and easy access, Balangan is not as crowded as Kuta or other surfing beach in Bali. In the north coast, there is a hill which we can see fishing boats returning from sea to shore of Kedonganan. Located just one kilometer from New Kuta Beach to the south, the beach is loaded with surfers from around the world between May and October, but its pristine beach makes the beach more appealing for non-water activities than New Kuta Beach. Impossible Beach is located between Bingin and Padang Padang and it is called Impossible Beach due to has a fast racy wave that it is impossible to surf, but very picturesque
19.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
20.
Tuban, Kuta
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Tuban, Kuta is a village and subdistrict in Badung, Bali, Indonesia. It is served by Ngurah Rai International Airport, with Kelan bordering south, Kelan is a part of Tuban subdistricts, Kuta Subdistrict, Badung, Bali. Tuban is bordering north to Kuta, bordering east to Benoa Port, bordering south to Jimbaran and bordering west to Indian Ocean
21.
Tourism in Indonesia
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Tourism in Indonesia is an important component of the Indonesian economy as well as a significant source of its foreign exchange revenues. The vast country of sprawling archipelago has much to offer, from natural beauty, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council, the direct contribution of travel and tourism to Indonesias GDP in 2014 was IDR325,467 billion constituting 3. 2% of the total GDP. By 2019, the Indonesian government wants to have doubled this figure to 8 percent of GDP, the tourism sector ranked as the 4th largest among goods and services export sectors. Singapore, Malaysia, China, Australia, and Japan are the top five sources of visitors to Indonesia, the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015 ranks Indonesia 50th out of 141 countries overall. The report ranks the price competitiveness of Indonesias tourism sector the 3rd out of 141 countries and it mentions that Indonesia has quite good travel and tourism policy and enabling conditions. The country also scores quite good on natural and cultural resources, however, the country scored rather low in infrastructure sub-index, as some aspect of tourist service infrastructure are underdeveloped. In 2016, the government was reported to be investing more in development by attracting more foreign investors. As quoted in the Jakarta Post, the government is aiming for 275 million trips by domestic tourists by end of 2019. The government has also secured commitments from investors, totalling US$70 million in the areas of building accommodation, marina. Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism, the natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a tropical climate, a vast archipelago of 17,508 islands,6,000 of them being inhabited, the second longest shoreline in the world after Canada. It is the worlds largest and most populous country situated only on islands, the beaches in Bali, diving sites in Bunaken, Mount Bromo in East Java, Lake Toba and various national parks in Sumatra are just a few examples of popular scenic destinations. These natural attractions are complemented by a cultural heritage that reflects Indonesias dynamic history. One fact that exemplifies this richness is that 719 living languages are used across the archipelago, the ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja, Yogyakarta, Minangkabau, and of course Bali, with its many Hindu festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism. Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism, International tourism campaigns have been focusing largely on its tropical destinations with white sand beaches, blue sky, and cultural attractions. Beach resorts and hotels have developed in some popular tourist destinations. The tourism industry in Indonesia has also faced setbacks due to related to security. In 2015, based on World Economic Forum survey, Indonesia got Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index score 4.04 and rank at number 50, from 141 countries. Aspects that need to be improved to move up the ladder are, tourism and ICT infrastructures, health and hygiene, environmental sustainability
22.
Sumatra
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Sumatra is a large island in western Indonesia that is part of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island that is entirely in Indonesia and the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2, Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest-southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the west, northwest, and southwest sides of Sumatra with the chain of Simeulue, Nias. On the northeast side the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, on the southeast the narrow Sunda Strait separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra borders the Andaman Islands, while on the eastern side are the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait. The Bukit Barisan mountains, which several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeast sides are outlying lowlands with swamps, mangrove. The equator crosses the island at its center on West Sumatra, the climate of the island is tropical, hot and humid with lush tropical rain forest once dominating the landscape. Sumatra was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Swarnadwīpa and Swarnabhūmi, the first word mentioning the name of Sumatra was the name of Srivijayan Haji Sumatrabhumi, who sent an envoy to China in 1017. Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, late in the 14th century the name Sumatra became popular in reference to the kingdom of Samudra Pasai, which was a rising power until it was replaced by Sultanate of Aceh. Sultan Alauddin Shah of Aceh, on letters written in 1602 addressed to Queen Elizabeth I of England, referred to himself as king of Aceh, the word itself is from Sanskrit Samudra, meaning gathering together of waters, sea or ocean. European writers in the 19th century found that the inhabitants did not have a name for the island. The Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya, Srivijaya was a Buddhist monarchy centred in what is now Palembang. Dominating the region trade and conquest throughout the 7th to 9th centuries. The empire was a thalassocracy or maritime power that extended its influence from island to island, Palembang was a center for scholarly learning, and it was there the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim I Ching studied Sanskrit in 671 CE before departing for India. On his journey to China, he spent four years in Palembang translating Buddhist texts, Srivijayan influence waned in the 11th century after it was defeated by the Chola Empire of southern India. At the same time, Islam made its way to Sumatra through Arabs, by the late 13th century, the monarch of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and Ibn Battuta visited twice during 1345–1346, Samudra was succeeded by the powerful Aceh Sultanate, which survived to the 20th century. With the coming of the Dutch, the many Sumatran princely states fell under their control
23.
Ampera Bridge
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Ampera Bridge is a Vertical-lift bridge in the city of Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia, which is the landmark of the city. It connects Seberang Ulu and Seberang Ilir, two regions of Palembang and it can no longer be opened to allow ships to pass. The bridge was planned during the era of Indonesias first president, the funds for the construction came from Japanese war reparations, with the Fuji Car Manufacturing Co. Ltd being given responsibility for design and construction, however, at the time, Japan had no bridges of this type, and Fuji Car had no bridge-building experience. At first, the bridge was known as the Bung Karno Bridge, after the president, but following his fall, it was renamed the Ampera Bridge. For a few years after it was opened, the span could be lifted at a speed of approximately 10 meters per minute to allow ships of up to 44. 5m in height to pass underneath. However this only occurred a few times, and after 1970 it could no longer be opened. The official reason for this was that the 30 minutes needed to raise the bridge was causing unacceptable delays, and that in any case silting of the river had made it impassable for large ships. However, according to architect Wiratman, who acted as a consultant before the construction and he maintains that his concerns were ignored for political reasons, and that as the towers foundations shifted, the bridge deformed to the extent that it could no longer be opened. The ballast weights needed to balance the wight of the bridge were removed in 1990 to prevent possible accidents were they to fall, the bridge has been changed its colour three times. At the first it was built the colour is grey, and finally since 2002 when Indonesia lead by Megawati as president the Ampera bridge colour is changed again to be red till nowadays
24.
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
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Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a Mosque located in the center of Banda Aceh city, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is a symbol of religion, culture, spirit, strength, struggle, the mosque is a landmark of Banda Aceh and has survived the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The original Masjid Raya was built in 1612 during the reign of Sultan Iskandar Muda, some say the original mosque was built even earlier in 1292 by Sultan Alaidin Mahmudsyah. The original royal mosque featured a thatched roof, a typical feature of Acehnese architecture. When the Colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies attacked the Kraton During the First Aceh Expedition on 10 April 1873, from some flares shot onto the thatched roof, the mosque caught fire. General van Swieten promised the rulers he would rebuild the mosque. In 1879 the Dutch rebuilt the Mosque Baiturrahman as a gift to —, many Acehnese initially refused to pray at Baiturrahman because it was built by the Dutch, whom they were warring against. Nowadays, however, it is a source of pride for Banda Aceh, at first, the mosque featured only one dome and one minaret. More domes and minarets were added in 1935,1958 and 1982, today the mosque has seven domes and eight minarets, including the highest in Banda Aceh. The mosque survived the 2004 earthquake and tsunami with minor damages such as wall cracks, the earthquake had slightly tilted and cracked the 35-meter minaret by the main gate. During the disaster, the served as a temporary shelter for displaced persons. The mosque was designed by the Dutch architect Gerrit Bruins. The design was adapted by L. P. Luijks, who supervised the construction work done by contractor Lie A Sie. The design chosen is Mughal revival style, characterized by grand domes, the unique black domes are constructed from hard wood shingles combined as tiles. The interior is decorated with relieved wall and pillars, marble staircase and floor from China, stained-glass windows from Belgium, well-decorated wooden doors, the building stones are from the Netherlands. Today however, the mosque has become the pride of Banda Aceh, today, the mosque has 7 domes,8 minarets, and 32 pillars. A miniature of Baiturrahman Grand Mosque is featured in Minimundus miniature park, a scene of the blessing of buffaloes at the end of the fasting month of Ramadan was captured by Dutch photographer Christiaan Benjamin Nieuwenhuis
25.
Barelang Bridge
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The Barelang Bridge is a chain of 6 bridges of various types that connect the islands of Batam, Rempang, and Galang, Riau Islands. Barelang also refers to the islands themselves, which are all part of the municipality of Batam. The smaller islands of Tonton, Nipah, and Setotok connect Batam, the entire Barelang region covers 715 km². Some locals call the bridge Jembatan Habibie after Dr. Jusuf Habibie, the concept design for the 6 bridges were proposed by Bruce Ramsay of VSL. Dr. Overtime the bridge sites have grown more into a tourist attraction rather than a transportation route, the full stretch of all 6 bridges total to 2 kilometers. Travelling from the first bridge to the last is about 50km, construction of the bridges started in 1992 and took names from fifteenth to eighteenth-century rulers of the Riau Sultanate. The Tengku Fisabilillah bridge connects Batam and Tonton island and it stretches for 642 meters and is the most popular bridge of all, being a cable-stayed bridge with two 118 m high pylons and main span 350 m. Tonton-Nipah Bridge is a bridge with total length 420 m. Setoko-Nipah Bridge is a bridge with total length 270 m. Setoko-Rempang Bridge is a bridge with total length 365 m. Barelang Bridge is a bridge with total length 385 m. Your best Batam Island Info guide
26.
Bintan Island
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Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island in the Riau archipelago of Indonesia. It is part of the Riau Islands province, the capital of which, Tanjung Pinang, Bintans land area is 2,402.28 square kilometres. Its administrative region is designated the Bintan Island Regency, one of the six regions of the Riau Islands province. The city of Tanjung Pinang is an area within the Bintan Island. Bintans history is traced to the early 3rd century, in the 12th century, the Bintan island in the Strait of Malacca was known as the Pirate Island since the Malay pirates used to loot trading ships sailing in these waters. Singapore, the closest major city, is a 45-50 minute trip by motorised catamaran across the Singapore Strait from Bintan Resort area in the northwest of the island. The island has beaches with beach-front International hotels and resorts, the most prominent of these beaches is the Bintan Resorts set over an area of 300 hectares of tropical environment, the archipelago of the Riau islands is right opposite to this resort across the South China Sea. Indonesia is promoting Bintan as the next best tourist destination after Bali, on account of Bintan Islands strategic location and size on the India-China trade route, it has a rich history. Along with the local ethnic Malays and the Bugis, domination by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the Arabs, and the British at different times has been a part of Bintans rich history. Many local internal feuds between the Malays and Bugis, and battles in the sea, with and between foreign invasion forces, have been part of Bintans history and its straits. From mid-16th century, the Sultan of Johor-Riau kingdom had moved their kingdom between Johor, Riau and Lingga, the earliest history of Bintan is linked to the history of Nagoya Hills, which is integral with Batam, near Bintan island and other islands of the Riau archipelago. The Chinese chronicles have mentioned that Batam was inhabited by 231 AD when Singapore island was still called Pulau Ujung, Bintan came under the control of the Malacca kingdom from the 13th century. Later, the Sultan of Johor ruled from here and his reign lasted till the 18th century, Riau Islands were central to the greater Malay kingdoms or Sultanates, known as the Malay World, which had its control from eastern Sumatra to Borneo. For centuries, Riau was the home of Malay and Orang Laut people and these two communities were the backbone of most Malay kingdoms from the time of Srivijaya to the Sultanate of Johor. They had full control of routes going through the straits. Migrants from China and Indo-China, though came here later, settled in area of Asia. After the fall of Melaka in 1511, Riau islands became the centre of power of the mighty Sultanate of Johor or Johor – Riau. They were considered the centre of Malay culture, from the 12th to 13th centuries, the Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra held sway over Bintan island
27.
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
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Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is a national park in Sumatra, Indonesia. The park located along the Bukit Barisan mountain range, has an area of 3,568 km2. Together with Gunung Leuser and Kerinci Seblat national parks it forms a World Heritage Site, the national park stretching along the Bukit Barisan mountain range is in average only 45 km wide but 350 km long. The northern part is mountainous with its highest point at Gunung Pulung and it is covered by montane forest, lowland tropical forest, coastal forest and mangrove forest. Plants in the park include Nipa palm, Casuarina equisetifolia, Anisoptera curtisii and Gonystylus bancanus, as well as Sonneratia, Pandanus, Shorea, large flowers in the park include the Rafflesia arnoldii, Amorphophallus decus-silvae, Amorphophallus titanum and the worlds largest orchid the Grammatophyllum speciosum. Other animals in the park are the Malayan tapir, siamang, Sumatran surili, sun bear, there are over 300 species of bird in the park, like the critically endangered Sumatran ground-cuckoo. The area was first protected by the Dutch East Indies government in 1935, the area became a national park in 1982. Since the 1970s there have been numerous squatters established within the park, in 2006 it was estimated that the squatter encroachment by about 127,000 people covered an area of 55,000 ha. For the period between 1972 and 2006, it is estimated that 63,000 ha of primary forest cover has been lost and this represents 20% of the forests lost to illegal agriculture. List of national parks of Indonesia
28.
Gunongan Historical Park
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Gunongan Historical Park is located in the Aceh Province of Sumatra, Indonesia. This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on October 19,1995 in the Cultural category and it is a great place to visit in Indonesia. Gunongan Historical Park - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Accessed 2009-02-27, eliot, J & Jane Bickersteth, Sumatra Handbook, Footprint Travel Guides
29.
Jam Gadang
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Jam Gadang is a clock tower and major landmark and tourist attraction in the city of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located in the centre of the city, near the main market and it has large clocks on each face. Jam Gadang is located in central Bukittinggi, a city in the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra and it sits in the middle of the Sabai Nan Aluih Park, near the Ateh Market and palace of Mohammad Hatta. The structure was built in 1926, during the Dutch colonial era and it was designed by architects Yazin and Sutan Gigi Ameh, reportedly at a cost of 3,000 guilder. Originally a rooster figure was placed on the apex, but it was changed into a Jinja-like ornament during the Japanese occupation, following Indonesian independence, the towers top was reshaped to its present form, which resembles traditional Minang roofs. Local oral tradition holds that the mechanisms of the clock are twin to those of Elizabeth Tower in London. On March 6,2007, the Jam Gadang tower was damaged by two earthquakes that struck western Sumatra, over the following years it was refurbished by the Indonesia Heritage Trust. Funding for the 600 million rupiah restoration came from the Netherlands, the refurbished tower was inaugurated on December 22,2010, as part of Bukittinggis 262nd anniversary celebrations. The Jam Gadang tower has been as an observation posts during fires, during Ramadhan, the call to prayer that marks the breaking of the fast is sounded from the tower. The tower has four clocks made in Rotterdam, each clock face has a diameter of 80 centimetres. The towers base is 13 by 4 metres and it stands 26 metres tall, the clocks use IIII for the number 4 instead of the traditional Roman number IV. According to one story, the four vertical lines represents the four workers who died while constructing the building. Another story suggests that the clocks used IIII to avoid rumors that IV stood for a Dutch victory, the laying of the towers cornerstone was done by the 6-year-old son of Rook Maker, the city secretary of Bukittinggi at the time. The Jam Gadang tower is considered an icon of Bukittinggi and the main tourist attraction. Given its iconic appearance, the structure is a frequent object of local souvenirs and it is printed on apparel, painted, used as model for sculpting and magnet design, and so forth. It is common for tourists visiting Bukittinggi to take photographs in front of the tower, tourists visiting the tower were once allowed to climb to the top, but as of 2016 require written permission to do so. Many hotels are located near Jam Gadang, as are traditional horse-drawn carriages called bendi, the Jam Gadang plaza has, since 2016, hosted traditional Minang dances for tourists. It also serves as the centre of New Year celebration in Bukittinggi
30.
Kerinci Seblat National Park
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Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest national park on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. It has an area of 13,791 km2, and spans four provinces, West Sumatra, Jambi, Bengkulu. It is located between 100°3118E - 102°4401E and 1°0713S - 3°2614S, the park completely encircles the populated Kerinci valley. The park is home to flora and fauna. The fauna include Sumatran tigers, and the park is recognised under the Global Tiger Initiative as one of the 12 most important protected areas in the world for tiger conservation. A recent study shows that the Kerinci Seblat National Park in central Sumatra has the highest population of tigers on the island, the park also was shown to have the highest tiger occupancy rate of the protected areas, with 83% of the park showing signs of tigers. In fact, more tigers are in the Kerinci Seblat National Park than in all of Nepal, and more than in China, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam combined. The national park is home for other kinds of big, medium, and small cats, clouded leopard/macan dahan, marbled cat/kucing batu, leopard cat/kucing hutan, and Asian golden cat/kucing emas. The Asian golden cats can be everywhere in the national park, as they adapt well to various kinds of habitat. One camera trap image gave a rare photo of a cat mother moving a cub to another location with her mouth. Other highly endangered species include Sumatran dhole, Sumatran rhinoceros, Sumatran elephants, Sunda clouded leopard, Malayan tapir, the park also protects more than 370 bird species, including the Sumatran ground-cuckoo rediscovered in the park in 2002. The Kerinci area is home to more than 300 bird species, including 17 of Sumatras 20 endemic birds, making it of particular importance to ornithologists and bird-watching enthusiasts. The population of Sumatran rhinoceros in the park was estimated to number around 500 in the 1980s, but due to poaching, together with Bukit Barisan Selatan and Gunung Leuser National Parks, it forms a World Heritage Site, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. Kerinci Seblat National Park is also recognised as an ASEAN Heritage Site, to practicing personal relations with Sumatran elephants, Seblat Elephant Conservation Center in Bengkulu Province is the sole center which receives local and foreign students. Until June 2012, the students came from France, Russia, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Belgium, at the 7-day course, they learn how an elephant tamer takes care of the elephants. They also help feeding and bathing the 19 elephants at the center feeding milk to an elephant calf. The students make a report once they return to their home countries. Geography of Indonesia Kerinci Seblat National Park travel guide from Wikivoyage
31.
Krakatoa
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Krakatoa, or Krakatau, is a volcanic island situated in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in the Indonesian province of Lampung. The explosion is considered to be the loudest sound heard in modern history. The shock waves from the explosion were recorded on barographs worldwide for days afterward, in 1927 a new island, Anak Krakatau, or Child of Krakatoa, emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 and is the current location of eruptive activity. The most notable eruptions of Krakatoa culminated in a series of explosions over August 26–27,1883. The 1883 eruption ejected approximately 25 km3 of rock, the cataclysmic explosion was heard 4,800 km away in Alice Springs, as well as on the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius,4,653 km to the west. According to the records of the Dutch East Indies colony,165 villages and towns were destroyed near Krakatoa. At least 36,417 people died, and many thousands were injured. The eruption destroyed two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa, eruptions in the area since 1927 have built a new island at the same location, named Anak Krakatau. Periodic eruptions have continued since, with recent eruptions in 2009,2010,2011, as of late 2011, this island has a radius of roughly 2 kilometres, and a high point of about 324 metres above sea level, growing 5 metres each year. About two dozen variants have found, including Crackatouw, Cracatoa, and Krakatao. The first known appearance of the spelling Krakatau was by Wouter Schouten, the origin of the Indonesian name Krakatau is uncertain. The Smithsonian Institutions Global Volcanism Program cites the Indonesian name, Krakatau, as the correct name, while Krakatoa is more common in the English-speaking world, the Indonesian Krakatau tends to be favored by others, including geologists. Indonesia has over 130 active volcanoes, the most of any nation and they make up the axis of the Indonesian island arc system, which was produced by northeastward subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate. A majority of volcanoes lie along Indonesias two largest islands, Java and Sumatra. These two islands are separated by the Sunda Strait, which is located at a bend in the axis of the island arc. At some point in prehistory, an earlier caldera-forming eruption had occurred, leaving as remnants Verlaten, Lang, Poolsche Hoed, later, at least two more cones formed and eventually joined with Rakata, forming the main island of Krakatoa. At the time of the 1883 eruption, the Krakatoa group comprised Lang, Verlaten, and Krakatoa itself, there were also the tree-covered islet near Lang and several small rocky islets or banks between Krakatoa and Verlaten. There were three volcanic cones on Krakatoa island, Rakata, to the south, Danan, near the center, and Perboewatan, to the north
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Lake Maninjau
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Lake Maninjau is a caldera lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located 36 km to the west of Bukittinggi, at 0°19′S 100°12′E, the Maninjau caldera was formed by a volcanic eruption estimated to have occurred around 52,000 years ago. Deposits from the eruption have been found in a radial distribution around Maninjau extending up to 50 km to the east,75 km to the southeast, the deposits are estimated to be distributed over 8500 km² and have a volume of 220–250 km³. The caldera has a length of 20 km and a width of 8 km, Lake Maninjau has an area of 99.5 km², being approximately 16 km long and 7 km wide. The average depth is 105 m, with a depth of 165 m. The natural outlet for water is the Antokan river, located on the west side of the lake. It is the lake in Sumatra which has a natural outlet to the west coast. Since 1983 this water has been used to generate power for West Sumatra. Most of the people who live around Lake Maninjau are ethnically Minangkabau, villages on the shores of the lake include Maninjau and Bayur. Maninjau is a notable tourist destination in the due to its scenic beauty. It is also used as a site for paragliding, two endemic species collected from the lake for local consumption and for export to markets outside the crater are pensi, a species of small mussel, and palai rinuak, a type of small fish. One method of preparing palai rinuak is to grill a mixture of the fish along with coconut and spices, the lake is used for aquaculture, using karamba floating net cages. The technique was introduced in 1992, and by 1997 there were over 2,000 cage units with over 600 households engaged, each cage may have 3-4 production cycles each year. There is evidence of pollution around some karamba area, on the edge of the lake, the landuse includes rice fields in the swamps and the lower slopes. The villages are bordered uphill by a belt of forestlike tree gardens. The tree gardens include three typical components, Fruit trees including durian, jack fruit, cempedak, rambutan, langsat, golden berries, timber species including Toona sinensis and Pterospermum javanicum. Spice trees including cinnamon, coffee, nutmeg and cardamum, the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, visited the area in early June 1948. A pantun he wrote about the lake reads, Jangan dimakan arai pinang, Jangan datang ke Ranah Minang, Kalau tidak singgah ke Maninjau
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Lake Singkarak
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Lake Singkarak is a lake in West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located between the cities of Padang Panjang and Solok and it has an area of 107.8 km², being approximately 21 km long and 7 km wide. The natural outlet for water is the Ombilin river which flows eastward to the Strait of Malacca. A hydroelectric project, however, has diverted most of the outflow to the Anai river which flows westward into the Indian Ocean near Padang. This Singkarak power station uses water to generate power for the West Sumatra. A species of fish called ikan bilih is endemic to the lake, a railway line, which connects Padang and Sawahlunto-Sijunjung, skirts the length of the lake on the eastern side
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Lake Toba
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Lake Toba is a large natural lake occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is about 100 kilometres long,30 kilometres wide and it is the largest lake in Indonesia and also the largest volcanic lake in the world. Lake Toba is the site of a massive supervolcanic eruption estimated at VEI8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago and it is the largest known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. It has been accepted that the eruption of Toba led to a winter with a worldwide decrease in temperature between 3 to 5 °C, and up to 15 °C in higher latitudes. The Toba caldera complex in Northern Sumatra, comprises four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the Sumatran volcanic front, the fourth and youngest caldera is the worlds largest Quaternary caldera and intersects the three older calderas. Following this eruption, a resurgent dome formed within the new caldera, at least four cones, four stratovolcanoes, and three craters are visible in the lake. The Tandukbenua cone on the edge of the caldera has only sparse vegetation. Also, the Pusubukit volcano on the edge of the caldera is solfatarically active and is a Geology Sanctuary. The Toba eruption occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 75000±900 years ago and it was the last in a series of at least four caldera-forming eruptions at this location, with earlier calderas having formed around 788000±2200 years ago. This last eruption had an estimated VEI=8, making it the largest known volcanic eruption within the last 25 million years. However, based on the new method, Toba possibly erupted 3200 km³ of ignimbrite and co-ignimbrite, the pyroclastic flows of the eruption destroyed an area of least 20,000 km2, with ash deposits as thick as 600 m by the main vent. In addition it has been calculated that 10,000 million tonnes of sulfurous acid or 6,000 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide were ejected into the atmosphere by the event. The subsequent collapse formed a caldera that, after filling with water, the island in the center of the lake is formed by a resurgent dome. The eruption lasted perhaps two weeks, and the ensuing volcanic winter resulted in a decrease in global temperatures by 3.0 to 3.5 °C for several years. Greenland ice cores record a pulse of starkly reduced levels of carbon sequestration. Very few plants or animals in southeast Asia would have survived, however, the global cooling has been discussed by Rampino and Self. Their conclusion is that the cooling had already started before Tobas eruption and this conclusion was supported by Lane and Zielinski who studied the lake-core from Africa and GISP2. They concluded that there was no volcanic winter after Toba eruption, however, this hypothesis is not widely accepted because similar effects on other animal species have not been observed, and paleoanthropology suggests there was no population bottleneck
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Lumbini Natural Park
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Lumbini Natural Park is a Buddhist temple located at Desa Dolat Rayat, Berastagi in North Sumatra. It was inaugurated with a ceremony in October 2010. The ceremony was attended by more than 1300 monks and more than 200 lay people from around the world, taman Alam Lumbiniis a replica of “Shwedagon Pagoda” in Yangon, Myanmar. The architecture is similar to a Thai pagoda, covered in gold and it hosts an elephant statue and the door appears like an India craft. The temple is based on the Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar, the project was successfully completed in 2010. It is 46.8 meters in height,68 meters in length and 68 meters in width. The replica is the second highest among pagodas outside of Myanmar. This replica consists of,1 unit Large Pagoda,8 units Small Pagoda with the scale of 7.18 meters in height,5.38 meters in length,5.38 meter in width. 1 unit Ashoka Pillar with the scale of 19.8 meters in height and 0.8 meters in diameter pole,4 units Sakyamuni Buddha Statue made from the green Jade of Myanmar
Kuta travel guide from Wikivoyage
