1.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
2.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens
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Star Wars, The Force Awakens is a 2015 American epic space opera film directed, co-produced, and co-written by J. J. Abrams. The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Companys acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 and it was produced by Abrams, his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk, and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. John Williams, composer for the six films, returned to compose the films score. Lucas served as consultant during the films early production. Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland, with photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in England. It is the first live-action film in the franchise since Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars, The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14,2015, four days before its release worldwide. It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, two sequels, Star Wars, The Last Jedi and Episode IX, are scheduled for release in 2017 and 2019, respectively. Three decades after the destruction of the second Death Star, the First Order has risen from the fallen Galactic Empire, the Resistance, backed by the Republic and led by General Leia Organa, opposes them while searching for her brother, Luke Skywalker, to enlist his aid. Resistance pilot Poe Dameron meets village elder Lor San Tekka on the planet Jakku to obtain a map to Lukes location, stormtroopers commanded by Kylo Ren destroy the village and capture Poe, while Ren kills Tekka. Poes droid, BB-8, escapes with the map and encounters a scavenger named Rey near a junkyard settlement, Ren tortures Poe using the Force, and learns of BB-8. Stormtrooper FN-2187, unwilling to kill, frees Poe, and they escape in a stolen TIE fighter and they crash on Jakku, and Finn survives, but Poe is believed to have been killed in the crash. Finn encounters Rey and BB-8, but the First Order tracks them, Finn, Rey, and BB-8 flee the planet in the Millennium Falcon, which they steal from a junkyard. The Falcon is captured by a ship piloted by Han Solo and Chewbacca. Two rival gangs, seeking to settle debts with Han, board and attack, the gangs inform the First Order. At the First Orders Starkiller Base – a planet converted into a superweapon that harnesses energy from stars – Supreme Leader Snoke orders General Hux to use the weapon for the first time. Snoke questions Rens ability to deal with emotions relating to his father, Han Solo, the Falcon crew views BB-8s map and determines it is incomplete
3.
Lawrence Kasdan
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Lawrence Edward Kasdan is an American screenwriter, director and producer. He is best known as co-writer of the films The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark, Kasdan co-wrote the Star Wars sequel trilogy film Star Wars, The Force Awakens, and will co-write the series Han Solo spin-off film. He has been nominated for three Oscars, twice for Best Original Screenplay for The Big Chill and Grand Canyon and once for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Accidental Tourist and he is the father of directors Jake Kasdan and Jon Kasdan, and the father-in-law of musician Inara George. Kasdan was born in Miami, Florida, the son of Sylvia Sarah, an employment counselor, and Clarence Norman Kasdan and his brother is the writer/producer Mark Kasdan. He was raised in Morgantown, West Virginia, where he graduated from Morgantown High School in 1966 and he graduated from the University of Michigan with an MA in Education, originally planning on a career as an English teacher. He won a Hopwood Award for writing during the time of his studies and he was a student of Professor Kenneth Thorpe Rowe. Kasdan made his debut with Body Heat, which he also wrote. Lucas later commissioned Kasdan to write the screenplay for Return of the Jedi, Kasdan is known for both writing and directing his films, which have ranged from Westerns and romantic comedies to thought-provoking dramas. He has received four Academy Award nominations, for screenplays to The Big Chill, Grand Canyon, Grand Canyon won the Golden Bear at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival. The exception was 1995s French Kiss, which grossed $100 million, in 2001, Kasdan was the recipient of the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 2006, Kasdan received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America, Kasdan directed the 2012 dramedy Darling Companion, starring Diane Keaton and Kevin Kline. In October 2013, it was announced that JJ Abrams had taken over screenwriting duties for Star Wars Episode VII, working alongside Kasdan, lawrence Kasdan at the Internet Movie Database
4.
J. J. Abrams
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Jeffrey Jacob J. J. Abrams is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer. He is known for work in the genres of action, drama, Abrams wrote and/or produced feature films such as Regarding Henry, Forever Young, Armageddon, Cloverfield, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He created or co-created a number of TV drama series, including Felicity, Alias, Lost, Abrams won two Emmy Awards for Lost—Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series and Outstanding Drama Series. His directorial film work includes Star Trek and its sequel Star Trek Into Darkness, Mission, Impossible III, and Super 8. He also directed and co-wrote Star Wars, The Force Awakens, Abrams was born in New York City and raised in Los Angeles, the son of television producer Gerald W. Abrams and executive producer Carol Ann Abrams. His sister is screenwriter Tracy Rosen, Abramss first job in the movie business started at 15 when he wrote the music for Don Dohlers 1982 film Nightbeast. During his senior year at college, he teamed with Jill Mazursky to write a film treatment. Purchased by Touchstone Pictures, the treatment was the basis for Taking Care of Business, Abramss first produced film and he followed with Regarding Henry, starring Harrison Ford, and Forever Young, starring Mel Gibson. He also co-wrote with Mazursky the script for the comedy Gone Fishin starring Joe Pesci, Abrams worked on the screenplay for the 1998 film Armageddon with producer Jerry Bruckheimer and director Michael Bay. That same year, he made his first foray into television with Felicity and he also composed its opening theme music. Under his production company, Bad Robot, which he founded with Bryan Burk in 2001, Abrams created and executive-produced ABCs Alias and is co-creator and he later co-wrote the teleplay for Losts third season premiere A Tale of Two Cities. As with Felicity, Abrams also composed the theme music for Alias. In 2001, Abrams co-wrote and produced the thriller Joy Ride, in 2006, he served as executive producer of What About Brian and Six Degrees, also on ABC. Abrams directed and wrote the pilot for Lost and remained active producer for the first half of the season. That same year, he made his directorial debut in 2006 with Mission, Impossible III. Abrams spoke at the TED conference in 2007, in 2008, Abrams produced the monster movie Cloverfield. In 2009, he directed the fiction film Star Trek. In 2008, Abrams co-created, executive produced, and co-wrote the FOX science fiction series Fringe and he was featured in the 2009 MTV Movie Awards 1980s-style digital short Cool Guys Dont Look at Explosions, with Andy Samberg and Will Ferrell, in which he plays a keyboard solo
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Michael Arndt
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Michael Arndt is an American screenwriter. He is best known as the writer of the films Little Miss Sunshine, Toy Story 3 and Star Wars, Arndt won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Little Miss Sunshine and was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay for Toy Story 3. This made Arndt the first screenwriter ever to be nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and Best Adapted Screenplay for his first two screenplays and he has also been credited under the pseudonyms Michael deBruyn and Rick Kerb, which are mainly used for script revisions. Arndt was born in McLean, Virginia, Arndts father was a member of the Foreign Service, and as a result he lived in various countries, including Sri Lanka and India, he also lived in Virginia for a time. Arndt graduated from Langley High School in McLean, and also attended The Potomac School and he graduated from the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. Arndt was a reader for some time, and was a personal assistant to actor Matthew Broderick until late 1999. His identical twin brother, David, is a professor at St. Marys College of California, Arndt wrote the first draft of Little Miss Sunshine in three days between May 23–26,2000. From that initial draft, he made approximately 100 revisions over the course of a year, requesting input from friends and family. Arndt considered directing the film himself as a no-budget, DV feature due to his concern of the story being just too small, dayton and Faris were signed on by producer Marc Turtletaub, who purchased the script from Arndt for $250,000, on December 21,2001. The project was set up at Focus Features, where it was in stages of pre-production for approximately three years. During that time, Arndt was fired when he objected to centralizing the story on Richard Hoover, Arndt resumed work on the script, which continued through production and into post-production, The final scene of the movie was written and shot about eight weeks before, he said. Following its theatrical release on August 18,2006, Little Miss Sunshine won many prizes and he was later invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Arndt was one of several screenwriters brought on to perform script revisions for Men in Black 3, Arndt wrote the script for The Hunger Games sequel, The Hunger Games, Catching Fire, based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Suzanne Collins. In November 2012, Arndt was announced as the screenwriter for Star Wars, in October 2013, it was announced that Lawrence Kasdan and director J. J. Abrams were rewriting Arndts script. Closet screenwriter Arndt comes into light, archived from the original on August 15,2007. Michael Arndt at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Michael Arndt about writing Little Miss Sunshine
6.
Adam Driver
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Adam Douglas Driver is an American actor. He made his Broadway debut in Mrs. Warrens Profession, in 2011, he returned to Broadway in Man and Boy and made his feature film debut in J. Edgar. Driver has appeared in supporting roles in a range of films, including Lincoln, Frances Ha. He starred in While Were Young and won the Volpi Cup for his role in Hungry Hearts, as well as several best actor awards for his performance in Jim Jarmuschs Paterson. Driver gained worldwide attention and acclaim for playing the villain Kylo Ren in Star Wars, The Force Awakens and he is also the founder of Arts in the Armed Forces, a nonprofit that performs theater for all branches of the military, both in the US and abroad. Driver was born in Fontana, San Bernardino County, California, on November 19,1983, the son of Nancy Wright, a paralegal and his fathers family is from Arkansas and his mothers family is from Indiana. His stepfather, Rodney G. Wright, is a minister at a Baptist church, when Driver was seven years old, he moved with his mother and older sister April to her hometown of Mishawaka, Indiana, where he grew up. Driver had an upbringing, and sang in choir at church. Shortly after the September 11 attacks, Driver joined the United States Marine Corps and was assigned to Weapons Company, 1st Battalion and he served for two years and eight months with no deployments before breaking his sternum while mountain biking. He was medically discharged before his unit deployed to Iraq for the Iraq War, after leaving the Marine Corps, Driver attended the University of Indianapolis for a year, he transferred to the Juilliard School to study drama. Driver said that he was seen as an intimidating and volatile figure to his classmates and he was a member of the Drama Divisions Group 38, along with his future wife Joanne Tucker. He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2009, following his graduation from Juilliard, Driver began acting in New York City, appearing in both Broadway and off-Broadway productions. Like many other aspiring actors, he worked as a busboy. Driver appeared in television shows and short films. He made his film debut in Clint Eastwoods J. Edgar. In 2012, Driver was cast in the current HBO hit comedy-drama series Girls, to date, he has received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role. Apart from appearing in the short film Not Waving But Drowning and he played Samuel Beckwith in Steven Spielbergs Lincoln and played Lev Shapiro in Noah Baumbachs Frances Ha. Driver appeared in four films in 2013, Bluebird, The F Word, as musician Al Cody in the Coen Brothers Inside Llewyn Davis, for his role in Hungry Hearts, Driver won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the 71st Venice International Film Festival
7.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
8.
Disney Infinity 3.0
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It was developed by Avalanche Software, with additional help from Ninja Theory, Studio Gobo, Sumo Digital, and United Front Games. In contrast to how Disney Infinity 2.0 focused on Marvel characters, the game was announced on May 5,2015, and was released on August 28,2015 in Europe and on August 30,2015 in North America. Unlike the previous two games, this game was not released on handhelds and this game was the final video game published by Disney Interactive Studios and the end of the Disney Infinity series. Disney Infinity 3.0 features similar mechanics to Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity. Although sharing many key elements, the combat system has been redesigned to become more in-depth. The games combat system is influenced by the Star Wars, The Force Unleashed and its sequel, Kingdom Hearts, Devil May Cry, lightsabers have been integrated into combat, due to the inclusion of Star Wars characters. Characters who use lightsabers in combat can utilize additional weapons, for instance, playable character Luke Skywalker has the ability to use a blaster and a lightsaber, which used together can juggle enemies in the air. Full combos have been integrated, which allows the player to pause mid-combo, playable characters with the ability to use the Force, in Star Wars mythology, have the ability to push and pull enemies during combat. Special attacks, which were introduced in Disney Infinity, Marvel Super Heroes, have returned, only the bearer of a close-ranged type weapon, including the characters who have their own primary close-ranged weapons, and characters who can fly are able to perform an aerial combo. Instead of waiting for a bar to fill up for a special attack to be performed, a new feature allows the attack to be released early. Auto-lock when firing ranged weapons at targets has been enhanced, so no longer have to move closer to enemies in order to auto-lock on their positions. The Twilight of the Republic Playset storyline is based on the era of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, set during the events of Star Wars, The Clone Wars, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Anakin Skywalker, Yoda and Ahsoka Tano discover a reactivated Droid factory on the planet Geonosis. The four Jedi then decide to find out who is the mastermind behind the newly minted droid army, the Rise Against the Empire Playset storyline is based on the events of the classic Star Wars trilogy, with some differences. The Playset revolves around Luke Skywalker, his sister Leia, Han Solo, a playset based on Star Wars, The Force Awakens was released in December 2015, it was announced at the D23 Expo that the playset would feature Finn and Rey from the film. Kylo Ren and Poe Dameron were later confirmed as playable characters, in the Inside Out playset, Riley falls asleep watching a horror movie and chaos ensues in her subconscious. This scatters some of Rileys memories all over Imagination Land and the emotions must find, a play set featuring Marvel characters fighting each other on a series of levels. All Marvel characters from Disney Infinity 2.0 are playable in this playset, along with new characters introduced in 3.0, such as Hulkbuster, Ant-Man, Black Panther and this is also the first play set to utilize four-player local gameplay. In the Finding Dory playset, Dory learns of a flood at the Marine Life Institute that has washed the littlest fish into all the wrong tanks, together with Nemo, Marlin, Hank, Bailey and Destiny, she returns to rescue them and lead them out to safety
9.
Star Wars Rebels
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Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation. Imperial forces are hunting down the last of the Jedi Knights while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form, the visual style of Star Wars Rebels is inspired by the original Star Wars trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie. The series premiered as a 44-minute film, Star Wars Rebels, the first season consisted of 16 episodes and the series features new characters along with ones from the original trilogy. The second season of 22 episodes premiered on June 20,2015, the third season of 22 episodes premiered on September 24,2016, with the hour-long episode Steps Into Shadow. On March 3,2017, it was announced that the series is renewed for a season that is set to premiere in the third quarter. Dave Filoni, Simon Kinberg and Greg Weisman served as producers of season one. Weisman left the show after season one, the series has been generally well-received and has often received in excess of one million viewers per episode. Taylor Gray as Ezra Bridger Freddie Prinze, Jr, in Australia, the series premiered on October 17 on Disney XD. The Siege of Lothal premiered on June 28,2015 and the season debuted on October 18. In Canada, the series premiered on October 19 on the DHX-owned Disney XD, however, due to DHX Media losing the rights to Disney content, the show was later moved to Disney Channel. The second season premiered on November 7 and it was moved to the Corus-owned Disney XD channel on December 1, in the Middle East and Africa, Spark of Rebellion premiered on October 11 and the series debuted on October 18 on Disney XD. Siege of Lothal premiered on October 10, followed the season premiere on October 17. In Southeast Asia, Spark of Rebellion premiered on Disney XD on October 4, Siege of Lothal premiered on October 3 on Disney XD and Disney Channel and the second season was released on October 24. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series debuted on October 16 on Disney XD, Siege of Lothal premiered on July 18,2015 followed by the second season debut on October 17. Star Wars Rebels, Spark of Rebellion was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD in the US at all retailers on October 14,2014, DVD bonus features include character shorts, a 3D model kit of the Ghost ship, and a preview of season 1. The Complete Season One of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray on September 1,2015 in America, the Season 1 collection contains the expanded version of Spark of Rebellion with the Darth Vader/Grand Inquisitor prologue shown on ABC-TV. The Complete Season Two of Star Wars Rebels was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD, in the United States, the one hour special garnered 2.74 million viewers on Disney Channel and 2.40 million viewers on ABC. Worldwide, it delivered a total of 6.5 million viewers, on Disney Channel, the first and second episodes delivered 2.33 million and 1.92 million viewers, respectively
10.
Matthew Wood (sound editor)
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Matthew Russell Wood is an American sound engineer and employee of Skywalker Sound. For the last 15 years, he has worked on film projects, his work being credited as sound editing. He has been a force within the industry, pioneering new technologies for motion picture sound. He is currently a Supervising Sound Editor employed at Skywalker Sound in Marin County, California. He also voiced the character General Grievous in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Star Wars, The Clone Wars TV series, in Attack of the Clones he played Seboca and Magaloof. In the movie, he dubbed the voice of stuntman Kyle Rowling who played General Grievous utilizing motion capture and he would later come back to Star Wars and work with the Star Wars Expanded Universe. He reprised his role as General Grievous and the droids in the Star Wars, The Clone Wars movie. In the series, he again voiced Grievous as well as Wat Tambor, HELIOS-3D, senate guards. He provided the voice of RO-GR/Roger, a battle droid in Lego Star Wars. Wood made an appearance in Adult Swims Robot Chicken as Fygar, a Pooka, Matthew Wood - Skywalker Sound Matthew Wood at the Internet Movie Database
11.
Roger Craig Smith
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Roger Craig Smith is an American voice actor and former stand-up comedian. Born in St. Joseph, Michigan, Smith graduated from Chapman Universitys Dodge College of film, in 2004, his screenplay Modesto Rules was a semi-finalist in the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting competition. Out of a record-setting 6,073 screenplays submitted, Smiths was one of only 132 to make it to the semi-finals, since then, Smith has worked on projects for both the small and big screens. Smiths voice work has called upon by companies including Disney and Disney Television Animation, Cartoon Network, Microsoft Game Studios, Sony, Wal-Mart, Baskin-Robbins. Bleach – Ryusei Kenzaki / Kenryu, Shinji Hirako, Additional voices Code Geass – Gilbert G. P
12.
Human (Star Wars)
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The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, followed by five sequels and three prequels. Many species of creatures are depicted. The Falleen, a Star Wars species, are a race of human-like reptilian people who come from a world called Falleen in the Midrim region of the galaxy. They can change the color and hue of their skin to convey their emotional states, males of the race have strong pheromones which can attract women of most species easily. The females have the same talent, the Falleen seldom leave their world due to the belief that their species is superior to all others. A notable minor character from this race is Prince Xizor, another major villain was Darth Karrid of the Old Republic. They are probably the Yuuzhan Vong, who launched a siege on the galaxy from 25-30 ABY, the name Far-Outsiders is also used by the inhabitants of Zonama Sekot to describe the invaders that attacked their planet. The Ruling Families cant stop them, neither can any power in the region, suggesting that the term Far-Outsiders may apply to any unknown hostile race originating from outside the galaxy. Nym, a pirate from various Star Wars computer games was a Feeorin and it is said that Feeorins only grow stronger with age. Their homeworld was Odryn for a period of time in the Old Republic era, the controversial Jedi master Feln was a Feeorin leader. It has been stated in several Star Wars novels and comics that there are only roughly 1 million Feeorins left in the galaxy, not a well known species, the only reference is in Force Heretic 1-3 and Rogue Planet. They have icy blue skin, whitish hair, and live on Zonama Sekot, the planet provides them fleshy habitats constructed of its own mass. The Firrerreo are a species of near-humans from the planet Firrerre and they have two-toned hair and golden skin. In their culture, if someone says a Firrerreos name, the Firrerreo would be forced to serve the speaker and they no longer live on Firrerre, after the poisoning of their world by the Empire, they were loaded onto massive colony ships for a journey to another world. One of their own, a Force-sensitive named Hethrir, betrayed his people by the command of Darth Vader, after the deaths of Darth Vader and Palpatine, Hethrir returned and intercepted the colony ships. He disengaged the drives and left the sleeping Firrerre to drift in space and he plundered the ships for the valuable equipment onboard and took the children to sell as slaves. Hethrir kidnapped the children of Han Solo and Princess Leia Organa Solo, Anakin, Han was on a mission on the time and did not know of the kidnappings, so Princess Leia set out to find them herself. On her quest she stumbled upon the colony ships
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Jedi
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The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi
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Han Solo
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Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
15.
Princess Leia
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Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, later known as General Leia Organa, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and she thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empires cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi, Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vaders daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith establishes that the mother is Senator Padmé Amidala of Naboo. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan, in The Force Awakens, Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order and has a son with Han named Ben, who goes by the name Kylo Ren. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, One of the more popular Star Wars characters, Leia has been called a 1980s icon, a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines. She has appeared in many works and merchandising, and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows. Her cinnamon buns hairstyle from Star Wars and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons, Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas. In 1999, Lucas explained his early development of Leia, Luke and Obi-Wan Kenobi, The first talked about a princess, the second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter, the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamills character, There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the sister had to rescue him. In the fourth draft it was established that Leia Organa came instead from Alderaan, Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia, with actresses including Amy Irving, Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role. Asked about Streep in 2015, Fisher said, Bullshit, but Jodie Foster was up for it. That one I knew the most, the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were sent to the protection of friends in a distant system, the mother died shortly thereafter, and Lukes sister was adopted by Bens friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife. Fisher explained in 1983, Leias real father left her mother when she was pregnant, I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess. Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga, Princess Leias Theme was recorded as a concert suite for the score of the 1977 film
16.
Luke Skywalker
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Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star
17.
Darth Vader
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Darth Vader, also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors and his appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One, and his character is heavily referenced in Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series, video games, novels, literature and comic books. Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, he falls to the side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master. He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa, grandfather of Kylo Ren, Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture, and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever. The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in history on 100 Years. 100 Heroes and Villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates, however, other critics consider him a tragic hero, citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side. After the success of the original Star Wars, series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him and they held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Lukes father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Lukes father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke, Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her. With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself, in this draft, he made use of a new plot twist, Vader claiming to be Lukes father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, the new plot element of Lukes parentage had drastic effects on the series. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi. This change in character would provide a springboard to the Tragedy of Darth Vader storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy, after deciding to create the prequel trilogy, Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakins fall to the dark side. He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one story that started with Anakins childhood. This was the step towards turning the film series into a saga. For the first prequel, Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one-sheet poster showing him casting Vaders shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the characters eventual fate. The movie ultimately achieved a goal of introducing audiences to Anakin
18.
Bail Organa
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This list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the characters to appear in all films to date
19.
Breha Organa
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This list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the characters to appear in all films to date
20.
Shmi Skywalker
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The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars series. Within the series universe, the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force. In terms of the internal chronology, the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars. In this film, Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine, Qui-Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi-chlorians than any Jedi, even Yoda, counting to about 20,000. Shmi informs Qui-Gon that Anakin has no father, leading Qui-Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi-chlorians, as the film progresses, Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training. Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones reveals that, in Anakins absence, Shmi has married Cliegg Lars, Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers. As a Jedi Knight, Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars, while Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan. Shmi Skywalker is a character in the Star Wars universe. She appears in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace and Star Wars and she is the mother of Anakin Skywalker, paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and maternal great-grandmother to Kylo Ren. Her first name is derived from Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess, in The Phantom Menace, she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine. She welcomes Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn into their home, and tells him that Anakin has no father, Qui-Gon helps Anakin win his freedom, but cannot get Shmi out of slavery. She allows Anakin to leave with Qui-Gon, assuring her son that they will meet again. In Attack of the Clones, Anakin, now a teenaged Jedi apprentice and he travels to Tatooine to find her, and, upon arriving, learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars, but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders. He finds her one of their encampments, but its too late—beaten and tortured beyond help. Heartbroken and enraged, Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp and his mothers death ignites a strong anger in Anakin, and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader. Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father, Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the Chosen One of Jedi Prophecy, who will bring balance to the Force. After the death of Qui-Gon, he becomes the Padawan of Obi-Wan Kenobi and he also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala, the young senator of Naboo
21.
The Force (Star Wars)
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The Force is a metaphysical and ubiquitous power in the Star Wars fictional universe. It is wielded by characters in the films and in many of its spin-off books, games. In the story, the Jedi utilize the light side of the Force, the Force has been compared to aspects of several world religions, and the iconic phrase May the Force be with you has become part of the popular culture vernacular. George Lucas created the concept of the Force to address character and he also wanted to awaken a certain kind of spirituality in young audiences, suggesting a belief in God without endorsing any specific religion. He developed the Force as a religious concept, distill the essence of all religions, premised on the existence of God and distinct ideas of good. Lucas said there is a choice between good and bad, and the world works better if youre on the good side, the power of the Force of Others is kept secret by the Jedi Bendu of the Ashla, an aristocratic cult in the second draft. The second draft offers an explanation of the Force of Others and introduces its Ashla light side. The Ashla and Bogan are mentioned 10 and 31 times, respectively, in the second draft, Luke Starkillers mission is to retrieve the Kiber Crystal, which can intensify either the Ashla or Bogan powers. The films shorter third draft has no references to the Ashla, Lucas finished the fourth and near-final draft on January 1,1976. Producer Gary Kurtz, who studied comparative religion in college, had discussions with Lucas about religion. Kurtz told Lucas he was unhappy with drafts in which the Force was connected with the Kiber Crystal, Lucas and screenwriter Leigh Brackett decided that the Force and the Emperor would be the main concerns in The Empire Strikes Back. The focus on the Emperor was later shifted to the film, Return of the Jedi. Lucas based the concept on symbiogenesis, calling midi-chlorians a loose depiction of mitochondria, and its really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. They are necessary for us, we are necessary for them, using them in the metaphor, saying society is the same way, says we all must get along with each other. After selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012, Lucas said his biggest concern about the future was the Force being muddled into a bunch of gobbledegook. When writing The Force Awakens with Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams respected that Lucas had established midi-chlorians effect on some characters ability to use the Force. Abrams retained the idea of the Force having a light and a dark side, Star Wars Rebels producer Dave Filoni cites several influences on how the Force is used in the show. Filoni credits the films for better developing the concept of the Force
22.
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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The Galactic Empire, often referred to simply as the Empire, is a fictional dictatorship featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has collapsed and is remembered as the Old Empire. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi, Palpatines Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate, the Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatines decision. Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, by the time of Episode IV, A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Rebel Alliance. The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic, the crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor. When the extent of the Separatist threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate and this conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and his first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, the Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellors motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers and their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa, the film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the Separatists against each other. When the Jedi apprentice Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatines office and declares that he is under arrest, Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting I am the Senate. Palpatine quickly produces a lightsaber and dispatches all but Windu, when Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatines behalf by cutting off Windus hand, allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning, Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force, becoming Palpatines third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66, led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, a deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope
23.
Star Wars: The Last Jedi
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Star Wars, The Last Jedi is an upcoming American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the film in the Star Wars sequel trilogy following Star Wars. The film is produced by Lucasfilm and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It stars Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyongo, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Gwendoline Christie, new cast members include Benicio del Toro, Laura Dern, and Kelly Marie Tran in unconfirmed roles. It was Fishers final film role before her death in December 2016, the film was announced after Disneys acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It is produced by Ram Bergman and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy, John Williams, composer for the previous seven films, returns to compose the score. The Last Jedi is scheduled for release on December 15,2017, a sequel, Star Wars, Episode IX, is scheduled for 2019. Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker, an immensely powerful Jedi Master who has been in self-imposed exile on the planet Ahch-To, Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa, twin sister to Luke, former princess of Alderaan, and a leading general in the Resistance. The Last Jedi is Fishers final film role, she died on December 27,2016, Fisher had completed her work on the film before her death. Adam Driver as Kylo Ren, Supreme Leader Snokes loyal servant who is strong with the side of the Force. He was born Ben Solo, the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa, nephew of Luke Skywalker, Daisy Ridley as Rey, a highly Force-sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker. John Boyega as Finn, a stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance. Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron, an X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance, Lupita Nyongo as Maz Kanata, a pirate and longtime friend of Han Solo and Chewbacca. Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux, the head of the First Orders Starkiller Base. Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, a protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa. Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma, the commander of the First Orders stormtroopers, Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke, the mysterious leader of the First Order and Kylo Rens master. Tom Hardy will make an appearance as a stormtrooper. Gary Barlow also has an appearance in the film
24.
Lucasfilm
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LLC is an American film and television production company based in the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco, California. The studio is best known for creating and producing the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as its leadership in developing special effects, sound and computer animation for film. Lucasfilm was founded by filmmaker George Lucas in 1971 in San Rafael, California, the Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in 2012 at a valuation of $4.06 billion. Lucasfilm was founded by filmmaker George Lucas in 1971, and incorporated as Lucasfilm Ltd. on September 12,1977, on July 8,2005, Lucasfilms marketing, online, and licensing units moved into the new Letterman Digital Arts Center located in the Presidio in San Francisco. It shares the complex with Industrial Light & Magic, Lucasfilm had planned an expansion at Skywalker Ranch in Marin County, California, but shelved the plan in 2012 due to opposition from neighbors. However, it plans to expand elsewhere. Skywalker Sound remains the only Lucasfilm division based at Skywalker Ranch, in January 2012, Lucas announced his retirement from producing large-scale blockbuster films and instead re-focusing his career on smaller, independently budgeted features. She would in June 2013 and is now chairperson of Lucasfilm, on September 5,2012, Micheline Chau, who served as president and COO of Lucasfilm for two decades, announced that she was retiring. With her departure, senior executives for each of the Lucasfilm divisions will report directly to Kathleen Kennedy, Chau was credited with keeping the Lucasfilm and Star Wars brands strong, especially through animation spin-offs and licensing initiatives. Lucas told Iger he was considering retirement and planned to sell the company, on October 30,2012, Disney announced a deal to acquire Lucasfilm for $4.05 billion, with approximately half in cash and half in shares of Disney stock. Kathleen Kennedy, co-chairman of Lucasfilm, became president of Lucasfilm, additionally she serves as the brand manager for Star Wars, working directly with Disneys global lines of business to build, further integrate, and maximize the value of this global franchise. Kennedy serves as producer on new Star Wars feature films, with George Lucas originally announced as serving as creative consultant, the company also announced the future release of new Star Wars films, starting with Star Wars, The Force Awakens in 2015. Disney also acquired Lucasfilms portfolio of entertainment technologies, the intent was for Lucasfilm employees to remain in their current locations. Star Wars merchandising would begin under Disney in the fiscal year 2014, starting with Star Wars Rebels, certain products will be co-branded with the Disney brand, akin to what Disney has done with Pixar. On December 4,2012, the Disney-Lucasfilm merger was approved by the Federal Trade Commission, on December 18,2012, Lucasfilm Ltd. was reincorporated as Lucasfilm Ltd. LLC, and on December 21,2012, the deal was announced to be completed, in April 2013, the development arm of the LucasArts division was closed down and most of its staff was laid off. However, LucasArts remained open with a staff of fewer than ten employees so it could retain its function as a video game licensor. On May 6,2013, Disney announced a deal with Electronic Arts to produce Star Wars games for the core gaming market
25.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
26.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
27.
Schutzstaffel
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The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Party in Nazi Germany. It began with a guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich. In 1925, Heinrich Himmler joined the unit, which had by then been reformed, under his direction, it grew from a small paramilitary formation to one of the most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany. From 1929 until the collapse in 1945, the SS was the foremost agency of security, surveillance. The two main constituent groups were the Allgemeine SS and Waffen-SS, the Allgemeine SS was responsible for enforcing the racial policy of Nazi Germany and general policing, whereas the Waffen-SS consisted of combat units of troops within Nazi Germanys military. A third component of the SS, the SS-Totenkopfverbände, ran the concentration camps, additional subdivisions of the SS included the Gestapo and the Sicherheitsdienst organizations. The SS was the organization most responsible for the killing of an estimated 5.5 to 6 million Jews. Members of all of its branches committed war crimes and crimes against humanity during World War II, the SS was also involved in commercial enterprises and exploited concentration camp inmates as slave labor. After Nazi Germanys defeat, the SS and the NSDAP were judged by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg to be criminal organizations, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the highest-ranking surviving SS officer at the time, was found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials and hanged in 1946. By 1923, the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler had created a volunteer guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz to provide security at their meetings in Munich. The same year, Hitler ordered the formation of a bodyguard unit dedicated to his personal service. He wished it to be separate from the mass of the party, including the paramilitary Sturmabteilung. The new formation was designated the Stabswache, originally the unit was composed of eight men, commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold, and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a Freikorps of the time. The unit was renamed Stoßtrupp in May 1923, the Stoßtrupp was abolished after the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt by the NSDAP to seize power in Munich. In 1925, Hitler ordered Schreck to organize a new bodyguard unit and it was tasked with providing personal protection for Hitler at NSDAP functions and events. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to an organization and renamed successively the Sturmstaffel. Officially, the SS marked its foundation on 9 November 1925, the new SS was to provide protection for NSDAP leaders throughout Germany. Hitlers personal SS protection unit was enlarged to include combat units
28.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
29.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
30.
Teaser campaign
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These advertisements are called teasers or teaser ads. A teaser trailer for a film, television program, video game or similar, is usually released long in advance of the product. An early example of the trailer was the one for the 1978 Superman film by Richard Donner. The film was nearly a year late, it was designed to re-invigorate interest in the release. Teaser campaigns, or teaser advertising, can be defined as a set of communication activities designed to arouse interest without giving too much away. By doing this, brands can gain knowledge on how consumers are responding to aspects of the product before it is finalized and make changes if needed. Teasers can also be used to attention to a unique element of a brand rather than separate it completely from the market. Teaser campaigns allow brands to introduce themselves in a controlled and desired way in an attempt to change the publics current perception of the brand. Teaser campaigns from known brands give space for both the advertiser and the consumer to feel out the market before rebranding. When companies decided to present a product to the again in a different light, teasers can be successful in rebranding and creating fresh excitement for their products. Teaser campaigns are the creative advertising strategy which bodes well if a brand wants to be perceived as innovative. Through inter-related advertising content, the brand has the chance to reveal to the small parts of the final message at its own pace. Often, the messages the audience are receiving are so imaginative, a good example of this was internet campaign “Got Milk”. This served as a sort of public service announcement to increase nutritional awareness, teaser campaigns increase business to consumer interaction through dialogue. The advertisements start discussions between consumers, media outlets and on social media, teaser campaigns are a good way to create a business to consumer bond by forcing the audience to follow the campaigns journey in order to piece together the message. Film teasers are usually made for big-budget and popularly themed movies and their purpose is less to tell the audience about a movies content than simply to let them know that the movie is coming up in the near future, and to add to the hype of the upcoming release. Teaser trailers are made while the film is still in production or being edited. Often they contain no dialogue and some have made for use in the trailer only
31.
Lightsaber
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A lightsaber is a fictional energy sword featured in the Star Wars universe. A typical lightsaber usually consists of a metal hilt that projects a brightly lit energy blade, the lightsaber is the signature weapon of the Jedi Order and their Sith counterparts, both of whom can use them for close combat, or to deflect blaster bolts. Its distinct appearance was created using rotoscoping for the original films, the lightsaber first appeared in the original 1977 film A New Hope and has since appeared in every Star Wars movie. In 2008, a survey of approximately 2,000 film fans found it to be the most popular weapon in film history, in its most prominent showing, the lightsabers energy blade can cut, burn, and melt through most substances with little resistance. It leaves cauterized wounds in flesh, but can be deflected by another lightsaber blade, the blade has even been used as a tool to weld metal substances. Other times, the lightsaber has been shown to cause bleeding wounds in the flesh, some exotic saber-proof materials have been introduced in the Expanded Universe. An active lightsaber gives off a distinctive hum, which rises in pitch, bringing the blade into contact with another lightsabers blade produces a loud crackle. There are several precedents in science fiction for a sword of pure energy that can cut through anything, notably, Edmond Hamiltons story Kaldar. It was reprinted in one of Donald A, isaac Asimovs Lucky Starr series, The force-blade is a short shaft of stainless steel which can project a force field that can cut through anything, making it the most vicious weapon in the galaxy. Asimovs force-blade expands on his invention of a penknife with a force-field blade. Gordon R. Larry Nivens Ringworld, Louis Wu uses his flashlight laser as a sword of indefinite length, M. John Harrisons The Pastel City, the energy baan are used by the Methven, an order of knights sworn to protect their empire. For the original Star Wars film, the film prop hilts were constructed by John Stears from old press camera flash battery packs, the full sized sword props were designed to appear ignited onscreen, by later creating an in-camera glowing effect in post-production. The blade is a rod which was coated with a Scotchlite retroreflector array. A lamp was positioned to the side of the taking camera, set Decorator Roger Christian found the handles for the Graflex Flash Gun in a photography shop in Great Marlborough Street, in Londons West End. He then added cabinet T-track to the handles, securely attaching them with cyanoacrylate glue, adding a few greebles, Christian managed to hand-make the first prototype of a lightsaber prop for Luke before production began. George Lucas decided he wanted to add a clip to the handle, due to lack of preparation time, Christians prototype and a second spare were used for the shooting in Tunisia, where Star Wars filming began. It was discovered, however, that the effect was greatly dependent on the rods orientation to the camera. Because of this, the glow would be added in post-production through rotoscoping, korean animator Nelson Shin, who was working for an American company at the time, was asked by his manager if he could animate the lightsaber in the live action scenes of a film
32.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
33.
Topps
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The Topps Company, Inc. manufactures chewing gum, candy and collectibles. Based in New York City, Topps is best known as a producer of basketball cards, football cards, baseball cards, hockey cards. Topps itself was founded in 1938, but the company can trace its roots back to an earlier firm, founded in 1890 by Morris Shorin, the American Leaf Tobacco Co. imported tobacco to the United States and sold it to other tobacco companies. American Leaf Tobacco encountered difficulties during World War I, as it was cut off from Turkish supplies of tobacco, Shorins sons, Abram, Ira, Philip, and Joseph, decided to focus on a new product but take advantage of the companys existing distribution channels. To do this, they relaunched the company as Topps, with the name meant to indicate that it would be tops in its field, the chosen field was the manufacture of chewing gum, selected after going into the produce business was considered and rejected. At the time, chewing gum was still a relative novelty sold in individual pieces, topps’ most successful early product was Bazooka bubblegum, which was packaged with a small comic on the wrapper. When Topps next introduced baseball cards as a product, the cards immediately became its primary emphasis, the father of the modern baseball card was Sy Berger. The basic design is still in use today, the Shorins, in recognition of his negotiation abilities, sent Sy to London in 1964 to negotiate the rights for Topps to produce Beatles trading cards. Arriving without an appointment, Sy succeeded by speaking in Yiddish to Brian Epstein, Berger hired a garbage boat to remove leftover boxes of 1952 baseball cards stored in their warehouse, and rode with them as a tugboat pulled them off the New Jersey shore. The cards were then dumped into the Atlantic Ocean, the cards included Mickey Mantles first Topps card, the most valuable card of the modern era. No one at the time, of course, knew the value the cards would one day attain. Currently, a pack of 1952 Topps baseball cards is worth at least $5,000, since 2012, Topps began creating digital sports cards, starting with the Topps Bunt baseball card downloadable app. Today, they have expanded that market into other apps that include Topps Huddle football app, Topps Kick soccer app, the company began its existence as Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. a partnership between the four Shorin brothers. It later incorporated under New York law in 1947, the entire company originally operated at the Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, but production facilities were moved to a plant in Duryea, Pennsylvania, in 1965. Corporate offices remained at 254 36th Street in Brooklyn, a location in the waterfront district by the Gowanus Expressway, in 1994, the headquarters relocated to One Whitehall Street in lower Manhattan. After being privately held for decades, Topps offered stock to the public for the first time in 1972 with the assistance of investment banking firm White. The company returned to private ownership when it was acquired in a buyout led by Forstmann Little & Company in 1984. The new ownership group again made Topps into a publicly traded company in 1987, now renamed to The Topps Company, in this incarnation, the company was incorporated in Delaware for legal reasons, but company headquarters remained in New York
34.
Trading card
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There is a wide variation of different types of cards. Modern cards even go as far as to include swatches of game worn memorabilia, autographs, trading cards are traditionally associated with sports, baseball cards are especially well-known. Cards dealing with subjects like Pokémon are often considered a separate category from sports cards. These often feature cartoons, comic characters, television series. In the 1990s, cards designed specifically for playing games became popular enough to develop into a distinct category and these tend to use either fantasy subjects or sports as the basis for game play. Trade cards are the ancestors of trading cards, allen and Ginter in the U. S. in 1886, and British company W. D. & H. O. Wills in 1888, were the first tobacco companies to print advertisements, a couple years later, lithograph pictures on the cards with an encyclopedic variety of topics from nature to war to sports — subjects that appealed to men who smoked - began to surface as well. By 1900, there were thousands of card sets manufactured by 300 different companies. Children would stand outside of stores to ask customers who bought cigarettes for the promotional cards, World War II put an end to cigarette card production due to limited paper resources, and after the war cigarette cards never really made a comeback. After that collectors of prizes from retail products took to collecting tea cards in the UK, the first baseball cards were trade cards printed in the late 1860s by a sporting goods company, around the time baseball became a professional sport. Most of the baseball cards around the beginning of the 20th century came in candy and it was during this era that the most valuable baseball card ever printed was produced - the infamous T206 tobacco card featuring Honus Wagner. The T206 Set, distributed by the American Tobacco Company in 1909, is considered by collectors to be the most popular set of all time. In 1933, Goudey Gum Company of Boston issued baseball cards with players biographies on the backs and was the first to put baseball cards in bubble gum, the 1933 Goudey set remains one of the most popular and affordable vintage sets to this day. Bowman Gum of Philadelphia issued its first baseball cards in 1948, Topps Chewing Gum, Inc. now known as The Topps Company, Inc. Topps produced its first baseball trading card set in 1951, with the design resembling that of playing cards. Topps owner and founder Sy Berger created the first true baseball card set, complete with playing record and statistics. This is one of the most popular sets of all time, Topps purchased their chief competitor, Bowman Gum, in 1956. Topps was the leader in the trading industry from 1956 to 1980, not only in sports cards
35.
Mockup
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In manufacturing and design, a mockup, or mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mockup is an if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system. Mock-ups are used by designers mainly to acquire feedback from users, mock-ups address the idea captured in a popular engineering one-liner, You can fix it now on the drafting board with an eraser or you can fix it later on the construction site with a sledge hammer. Mockups are used as design tools virtually everywhere a new product is designed, mockups are used in the automotive device industry as part of the product development process, where dimensions, overall impression, and shapes are tested in a wind tunnel experiment. They can also be used to test consumer reaction, mockups, wireframes and prototypes are not so cleanly distinguished in software and systems engineering, where mockups are a way of designing user interfaces on paper or in computer images. A software mockup will thus look like the thing. A software prototype, on the hand, will look. In many cases it is best to design or prototype the user interface before source code is written or hardware is built, to avoid having to go back, early layouts of a World Wide Web site or pages are often called mockups. A large selection of proprietary or open-source software tools are available for this purpose, mockups are an integral part of the military acquisition process. Mockups are often used to test human factors and aerodynamics, for example, in this context, mockups include wire-frame models. They can also be used for display and demonstration purposes prior to the development of a prototype. Mockups are used in the consumer goods industry as part of the development process, where dimensions, human factors, overall impression. Mockups are commonly required by designers, architects, and end users for custom furniture, the intention is often to produce a full-sized replica, using inexpensive materials in order to verify a design. Mockups are often used to determine the proportions of the piece, relating to various dimensions of the piece itself, the ability to see how the design of the piece relates to the rest of the space is also an important factor in determining size and design. When designing a piece of furniture, such as a desk or table. Designs that fail to consider these issues may not be practical to use, mockups can also be used to test color, finish, and design details which cannot be visualized from the initial drawings and sketches. Mockups used for this purpose can be on a reduced scale, the cost of making mockups is often more than repaid by the savings made by avoiding going into production with a design which needs improvement. Software UI mockups can range from very simple hand drawn screen layouts, through realistic bitmaps, mockups are often used to create unit tests - there they are usually called mock objects
36.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
37.
Annie Leibovitz
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Anna-Lou Annie Leibovitz is an American portrait photographer. She photographed John Lennon on the day he was assassinated, and she is the first woman to have held an exhibition at London’s National Portrait Gallery. Leibovitz is much influenced by Richard Avedon, and his personal reportage, Born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on October 2,1949, Anna-Lou Leibovitz is the third of six children of Marilyn Edith and Samuel Leibovitz. She is a third-generation American, her fathers parents were Romanian-Jews and her mother was a modern dance instructor of Estonian-Jewish heritage. Her father was a lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Air Force, the family moved frequently with her fathers duty assignments, and she took her first pictures when he was stationed in the Philippines during the Vietnam War. At Northwood High School in Silver Spring, Maryland, she became interested in artistic endeavors and began to write. She attended the San Francisco Art Institute, where she studied painting, for several years, she continued to develop her photography skills while holding various jobs, including a stint on a kibbutz in Amir, Israel, for several months in 1969. When Leibovitz returned to the United States in 1970, she started her career as staff photographer, in 1973, publisher Jann Wenner named Leibovitz chief photographer of Rolling Stone, a job she would hold for 10 years. Leibovitz worked for the magazine until 1983, and her photographs of celebrities helped define the Rolling Stone look. While working for Rolling Stone, Leibovitz became more aware of the magazines and learned that she could work for magazines and still create personal work. She sought intimate moments with her subjects, who open their hearts and souls and she was awarded The Royal Photographic Societys Centenary Medal and Honorary Fellowship in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography in 2009. Photographers such as Robert Frank and Henri Cartier-Bresson influenced her during her time at the San Francisco Art Institute and their style of personal reportage—taken in a graphic way—was what we were taught to emulate. Leibovitz has also cited Richard Avedons portraits as an important and powerful example in her life, Leibovitz photographed the Rolling Stones in San Francisco in 1971 and 1972, and served as the concert-tour photographer for the Rolling Stones Tour of the Americas 75. Her favorite photo from the tour was a photo of Mick Jagger in an elevator, in 1978 Leibovitz became the first woman to photograph Joan Armatrading for an album. She did the photography for Armatradings fifth studio album To the Limit, Leibovitz also did the photography for Armatradings live album, Steppin Out. On December 8,1980, Leibovitz had a shoot with John Lennon for Rolling Stone. She had initially tried to get a picture with just Lennon alone, as Rolling Stone wanted, Leibovitz recalls, What is interesting is she said shed take her top off and I said, Leave everything on—not really preconceiving the picture at all. Then he curled up next to her and it was very, very strong and you couldnt help but feel that he was cold and he looked like he was clinging on to her
38.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
