1.
Novel
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A novel is any relatively long piece of written narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically published as a book. The genre has also described as possessing, a continuous. This view sees the novels origins in Classical Greece and Rome, medieval, early modern romance, the latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The romance is a closely related long prose narrative, Romance, as defined here, should not be confused with the genre fiction love romance or romance novel. Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel, a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo, a novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences. Most European languages use the word romance for extended narratives, fictionality is most commonly cited as distinguishing novels from historiography. However this can be a problematic criterion, historians would also invent and compose speeches for didactic purposes. Novels can, on the hand, depict the social, political and personal realities of a place and period with clarity. Even in the 19th century, fictional narratives in verse, such as Lord Byrons Don Juan, Alexander Pushkins Yevgeniy Onegin, vikram Seths The Golden Gate, composed of 590 Onegin stanzas, is a more recent example of the verse novel. Both in 12th-century Japan and 15th-century Europe, prose fiction created intimate reading situations, on the other hand, verse epics, including the Odyssey and Aeneid, had been recited to a select audiences, though this was a more intimate experience than the performance of plays in theaters. A new world of Individualistic fashion, personal views, intimate feelings, secret anxieties, conduct and gallantry spread with novels, the novel is today the longest genre of narrative prose fiction, followed by the novella, short story, and flash fiction. However, in the 17th century critics saw the romance as of epic length, the length of a novel can still be important because most literary awards use length as a criterion in the ranking system. Urbanization and the spread of printed books in Song Dynasty China led to the evolution of oral storytelling into consciously fictional novels by the Ming dynasty, parallel European developments did not occur for centuries, and awaited the time when the availability of paper allowed for similar opportunities. By contrast, Ibn Tufails Hayy ibn Yaqdhan and Ibn al-Nafis Theologus Autodidactus are works of didactic philosophy, in this sense, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan would be considered an early example of a philosophical novel, while Theologus Autodidactus would be considered an early theological novel. Epic poetry exhibits some similarities with the novel, and the Western tradition of the novel back into the field of verse epics. Then at the beginning of the 18th century, French prose translations brought Homers works to a wider public, longus is the author of the famous Greek novel, Daphnis and Chloe. Romance or chivalric romance is a type of narrative in prose or verse popular in the circles of High Medieval. In later romances, particularly those of French origin, there is a tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love
Novel
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Madame de Pompadour spending her afternoon with a book, 1756.
Novel
Novel
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Paper as the essential carrier:
Murasaki Shikibu writing her
The Tale of Genji in the early 11th century, 17th-century depiction
Novel
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Chaucer reciting
Troilus and Criseyde: early-15th-century manuscript of the work at
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
2.
Madame de La Fayette
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Christened Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, she was born in Paris to a family of minor but wealthy nobility. At 16, de la Vergne became the maid of honour to Queen Anne of Austria and began also to acquire an education from Gilles Ménage. Ménage would lead her to join the fashionable salons of Madame de Rambouillet and Madeleine de Scudéry. Her father, Marc Pioche de la Vergne, had died a year before, and the year her mother married Renaud de Sévigné, uncle of Madame de Sévigné. In 1655, de la Vergne married François Motier, comte de La Fayette and she accompanied him to country estates in Auvergne and Bourbonnais although she made frequent trips back to Paris, where she began to mix with court society and formed her own successful salon. Her sister-in-law was Louise de La Fayette, favourite of Louis XIII of France, some of her acquaintances included Henrietta of England, future Duchess of Orleans, who asked La Fayette to write her biography, Antoine Arnauld, and the leading French writers Segrais and Huet. Earlier on, during the Fronde, La Fayette had also befriended the Cardinal de Retz with whom her stepfather was associated, settling permanently in Paris in 1659, La Fayette published, anonymously, La Princesse de Montpensier in 1662. From 1665 onwards she formed a relationship with François de La Rochefoucauld, author of Maximes. 1669 saw the publication of the first volume of Zaïde, a Hispano-Moorish romance which was signed by Segrais but is almost certainly attributable to La Fayette, the second volume appeared in 1671. The title ran through reprints and translations mostly thanks to the preface Huet had offered, La Fayettes most famous novel was La Princesse de Clèves, first published anonymously in March 1678. An immense success, the work is taken to be the first true French novel. Her correspondence showed her as the acute diplomatic agent of Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, duchess of Savoy, the death of La Rochefoucauld in 1680 and her husband in 1683 led La Fayette to lead a less active social life in her later years. Three works were published posthumously, La Comtesse de Tende, Histoire dHenriette dAngleterre and her baptism took place March 18,1634 in the Church of Saint-Sulpice. Her godfather was Urbain de Maillé-Brézé, Marshal of France, and her godmother was Marie-Madelaine de Vignerot, lady Combalet, later Duchess of Aiguillon and she married on February 15,1655 François Motier, Count de La Fayette. He held several lands in the Auvergne region such as de La Fayette, de Goutenoutouse, de Médat and de Forest. She gave him two sons, Louis de Lafayette, baptized March 7,1658, commendatory abbot of Notre-Dame de Valmont, Armand Renaud de La Fayette, Brigadier des armées, count, La Princesse de Montpensier,1662, 2nd edition 1674 and 1675. 1, vol 2, Paris, Claude Barbin,1671, La Princesse de Clèves, Paris, Claude Barbin,16 mai 1678. Romans et Nouvelles, Paris, Classiques Garnier,1989, ISSN 0750-2176, Histoire de madame Henriette dAngleterre, première femme de Philippe de France, Duc dOrléans, Amsterdam, M. -C
Madame de La Fayette
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Madame de La Fayette
Madame de La Fayette
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Marie de LaFayette's La Princesse de Clèves (1678)
3.
Henry II of France
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Henry II was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. The second son of Francis I, he became Dauphin of France upon the death of his elder brother Francis III, Duke of Brittany, as a child, Henry and his elder brother spent over four years in captivity in Spain as hostages in exchange for their father. Henry pursued his fathers policies in matter of arts, wars and he persevered in the Italian Wars against the House of Habsburg and tried to suppress the Protestant Reformation, even as the Huguenot numbers were increasing drastically in France during his reign. Henry suffered a death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis at the conclusion of the Eighth Italian War. The kings surgeon, Ambroise Paré, was unable to cure the infected wound inflicted by Gabriel de Montgomery and he was succeeded in turn by three of his sons, whose ineffective reigns helped to spark the French Wars of Religion between Protestants and Catholics. Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris and his father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by the forces of his sworn enemy, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, and held prisoner in Spain. To obtain his release, it was agreed that Henry and his brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for four years. Henry married Catherine de Medici, a member of the family of Florence, on 28 October 1533. The following year, he became involved with a thirty-five-year-old widow. They had always very close, she had publicly embraced him on the day he set off to Spain. Diane became Henrys mistress and most trusted confidante and, for the next years, wielded considerable influence behind the scenes. Extremely confident, mature and intelligent, she left Catherine powerless to intervene and she did, however, insist that Henry sleep with Catherine in order to produce heirs to the throne. When his elder brother Francis, the Dauphin and Duke of Brittany, died in 1536 after a game of tennis and he succeeded his father on his 28th birthday and was crowned King of France on 25 July 1547 at Reims Cathedral. Henrys reign was marked by wars with Austria and the persecution of Protestants, Henry II severely punished them, particularly the ministers, for example by burning at the stake or cutting off their tongues for uttering heresies. Even those only suspected of being Huguenots could be imprisoned and it also strictly regulated publications by prohibiting the sale, importation or printing of any unapproved book. It was during the reign of Henry II that Huguenot attempts at establishing a colony in Brazil were made, persecution of Protestants at home did not prevent Henry II from becoming allied with German Protestant princes at the Treaty of Chambord in 1552. Simultaneously, the continuation of his fathers Franco-Ottoman alliance allowed Henry II to push for French conquests towards the Rhine while a Franco-Ottoman fleet defended southern France, an early offensive into Lorraine was successful
Henry II of France
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Henry II
Henry II of France
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Henry as a child
Henry II of France
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Entrance of Henri II in
Metz in 1552, after the signature of the
Treaty of Chambord.
Henry II of France
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Engraving of Henry II
4.
Jacques, Duke of Nemours
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Jacques of Savoy, 2nd Duke of Nemours was the son of Philippe, Duke of Nemours, and became Duke of Nemours on his fathers death in 1533. He distinguished himself at the sieges of Lens and Metz, at the Battle of Renty and he was a supporter of the house of Guise, and had to retire for some time into Savoy in consequence of a plot. On his return to France he fought the Huguenots, and signalized himself by his successes in Dauphiné and he devoted his last years to letters and art, and died at Annecy. He married, on 29 April 1566, Anna dEste, daughter of Duke Ercole II of Ferrara and Renée of France and he was succeeded as Duke of Nemours by his sons, Charles Emmanuel de Savoie, 3rd Duc de Nemours and Henri I, Duke of Nemours. A fictionalized version of the second Duke of Nemours serves as the love interest in the early novel La Princesse de Clèves, which takes place at the court of Henry II of France
Jacques, Duke of Nemours
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Portrait of Jacques of Savoie by an anonymous artist
5.
King Louis XIV
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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood
King Louis XIV
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Louis XIV by
Hyacinthe Rigaud (1701)
King Louis XIV
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Louis-Dieudonné,
Dauphin of France, in 1643 by
Claude Deruet
King Louis XIV
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Louis XIV as a child, unknown painter
King Louis XIV
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1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god
Jupiter
6.
La Belle Personne
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The Beautiful Person is a 2008 French film directed by Christophe Honoré. It is a adaptation of the seventeeth-century French novel La Princesse de Clèves. Honoré was inspired to make the film after then French president Nicolas Sarkozy repeatedly criticized the book as irrelevant in regard to modern life, after the death of her mother, Junie transfers to the school that her cousin Mathias attends. She catches the attention of a lot of people, especially Otto and Nemours, in Italian class, a record of Maria Callas singing Lucia plays, which causes Junie to rush out crying, leaving her affairs behind. Nemours sees a photo of her taken by student and swipes it. After this, Nemours pursues her even though she has mixed feelings about it and he is so enamored by her that he breaks off his relationships with Florence Perrin, a teacher, and Marie, a student. Nemours switches seats with Mathias during a field trip, Marie sees a letter left on the seat and it spreads throughout the student body. This letter is a letter that all of the students think was written by Nemours. Junie, upon reading the letter, becomes upset, believing that Nemours is in love with somebody else. Mathias goes to Nemours and explains that it was his letter from another boy named Martin, one of Ottos friends from the Russian language class is asked to spy on her after Junie acts cold to Otto and sees Nemours acting tender to Junie. He mistakes it for kissing and Otto confronts Junie about the misunderstanding and she denies it and goes home. Otto kills himself the day by jumping from a very high floor at school. After Ottos suicide, Junie skips school for three weeks coming only after Nemours tells Mathias that he will be taking leave until the end of the semester. Nemours follows Junie around and she decides to approach him and he asks for some time to talk to her and they are seen running around the city like children. He takes her back to his room where she starts talking about love and he takes her home where they set a date for 5pm the day after next. Nemours waits till seven, then calls Mathias, Mathias comes down and tells Nemours that Junie left yesterday, and he is not allowed to say where and to forget about her. She also said she never wanted to see him again, Junie is seen on a ship departing for somewhere else. In parenthesis are the characters from La Princesse de Clèves
La Belle Personne
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The Beautiful Person
7.
Jean Delannoy
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Jean Delannoy was a French actor, film editor, screenwriter and film director. Although Delannoy was born in a Paris suburb, his family was from Haute-Normandie in the north of France and he was a student in Paris when he began acting in silent films. He eventually landed a job with Paramount Studios Parisian facilities, working his way up to film editor. In 1934 he directed his first film and went on to a long career, in 1946, his film about a Protestant minister titled La symphonie pastorale was awarded the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1960, his film, Maigret tend un piège was nominated for a BAFTA award for Best Film from any Source, in recognition of his long service to the French motion picture industry, in 1986 Delannoy received an Honorary César Award. Delannoy died on 18 June 2008, at the age of 100
Jean Delannoy
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Jean Delannoy, 2000s.
8.
Jean Cocteau
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Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau was a French writer, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants Terribles, and the films Blood of a Poet, Les Parents Terribles, Beauty and the Beast and Orpheus. Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, a town near Paris, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte and his father was a lawyer and amateur painter who committed suicide when Cocteau was nine. From 1900–1904, Cocteau attended the Lycée Condorcet where he met and he published his first volume of poems, Aladdins Lamp, at nineteen. Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as The Frivolous Prince, edith Wharton described him as a man to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City. In his early twenties, Cocteau became associated with the writers Marcel Proust, André Gide, in 1912, he collaborated with Léon Bakst on Le Dieu bleu for the Ballets Russes, the principal dancers being Tamara Karsavina and Vaslav Nijinsky. During World War I Cocteau served in the Red Cross as an ambulance driver and this was the period in which he met the poet Guillaume Apollinaire, artists Pablo Picasso and Amedeo Modigliani, and numerous other writers and artists with whom he later collaborated. Russian impresario Sergei Diaghilev persuaded Cocteau to write a scenario for a ballet and it was produced by Diaghilev, with sets by Picasso, the libretto by Apollinaire and the music by Erik Satie. The piece was expanded into a full opera, with music by Satie, Francis Poulenc. If it had not been for Apollinaire in uniform, wrote Cocteau, with his skull shaved, the scar on his temple and he denied being a Surrealist or being in any way attached to the movement. Cocteau wrote the libretto for Igor Stravinskys opera-oratorio Oedipus rex, which had its performance in the Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt in Paris on 30 May 1927. An important exponent of avant-garde art, Cocteau had great influence on the work of others, in the early twenties, he and other members of Les six frequented a wildly popular bar named Le Boeuf sur le Toit, a name that Cocteau himself had a hand in picking. The popularity was due in no small measure to the presence of Cocteau, in 1918 he met the French poet Raymond Radiguet. They collaborated extensively, socialized, and undertook many journeys and vacations together, Cocteau also got Radiguet exempted from military service. Some contemporaries and later commentators thought there might have been a component to their friendship. Cocteau himself was aware of this perception, and worked earnestly to dispel the notion that their relationship was sexual in nature, there is disagreement over Cocteaus reaction to Radiguets sudden death in 1923, with some claiming that it left him stunned, despondent and prey to opium addiction. Opponents of that point out that he did not attend the funeral. Cocteau himself much later characterised his reaction as one of stupor and his opium addiction at the time, Cocteau said, was only coincidental, due to a chance meeting with Louis Laloy, the administrator of the Monte Carlo Opera
Jean Cocteau
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Jean Cocteau in 1923
Jean Cocteau
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Amedeo Modigliani, Jean Cocteau, 1916,
Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan to the
Princeton University Art Museum
Jean Cocteau
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Portrait of Jean Cocteau by Federico de Madrazo de Ochoa, ca. 1910-1912
Jean Cocteau
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Marie Laurencin, Portrait de Jean Cocteau, 1921
9.
Manoel de Oliveira
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Manoel Cândido Pinto de Oliveira GCSE, GCIH was a Portuguese film director and screenwriter born in Cedofeita, Porto. He first began making films in 1927, when he and some attempted to make a film about World War I. In 1931 he completed his first film Douro, Faina Fluvial, among the numerous factors that prevented Oliveira from making more films during this time period were the political situation in Portugal, family obligations and money. He continued making films of growing ambition throughout the 1970s and 1980s, gaining critical acclaim, Beginning in the late 1980s he was one of the most prolific working film directors and made an average of one film per year past the age of 100. In March 2008 he was reported to be the oldest active film director in the world, and was possibly the second oldest film director ever after George Abbott and he was also the only filmmaker whose active career spanned from the silent era to the digital age. Oliveira was born on 11 December 1908 in Porto, Portugal, to Francisco José de Oliveira and his family were wealthy industrialists and agricultural landowners. His father owned a factory, produced the first electric light bulbs in Portugal. Oliveira was educated at the Colegio Universal in Porto before attending a Jesuit boarding school in Galicia, as a teenager his goal was to become an actor. At 17, he joined his brothers as an executive in his fathers factories, in a 1981 Sight and Sound article, John Gillett describes Oliveira as having spent most of his life in business. Making films only when circumstances allowed, from an early age, Oliveira was interested in the poverty of the lower classes, the arts and especially films. The Portuguese film industry was highly censored and restricted under the fascist Salazar regime that lasted from the early 1930s until the mid-1970s. His later films, such as The Cannibals and Belle Toujours and he stated Im closer to Buñuel. Hes a reverse Catholic and I was raised a Catholic and its a religion that permits sin, and Buñuel at the very deepest is one of the most moralistic directors but he does everything to the contrary. I never say that Im Catholic because to be Catholic is very difficult, I prefer to be thought of as a great sinner. Oliveiras first attempt at filmmaking was in 1927 when he and his friends worked on a film about the Portuguese experience in World War I and he enrolled in Italian film-maker Rino Lupos acting school at age 20 and appeared as an extra in Lupos film Fátima Milagrosa. Years later in 1933 he also had the distinction of having acted in the second Portuguese sound film, eventually Oliveira turned his attention back to filmmaking when he saw Walther Ruttmanns documentary Berlin, Symphony of a City. Ruttmans film is the most famous of a small, short lived silent documentary film genre, other examples include Alberto Cavalcantis Rien que les heures and Dziga Vertovs Man with a Movie Camera. Oliveira said that Ruttmans film was his most useful lesson in film technique, the discovery of Ruttmans film prompted Oliveira to direct his own first film in 1931, a documentary short titled Douro, Faina Fluvial
Manoel de Oliveira
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Manoel de Oliveira in 2008
Manoel de Oliveira
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Oliveira at the
48th Venice International Film Festival, 1991
Manoel de Oliveira
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Oliveira and
Michel Piccoli at the 2001
Cannes Film festival
Manoel de Oliveira
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106-year-old film director Manoel de Oliveira was the world's oldest man still in working activity.
10.
Fidelity (film)
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Fidelity is a 2000 French drama film written and directed by Andrzej Żuławski and starring Sophie Marceau, Pascal Greggory, and Guillaume Canet. Filmed on location in Paris, Fidelity received the Cabourg Romantic Film Festival Award for Best Actress, talented Canadian photographer Clélia lands a lucrative job in Paris with a tabloid called La Verite run by scandal-mongerer Rupert MacRoi. Clélias mother once dated MacRoi years ago while working as a cabaret singer, once she became pregnant with Clélia, she stopped seeing MacRoi and married Clélias father. Accompanying her daughter to Paris, she tells Clélia that her strongest principle was honour, Clève is immediately attracted to Clélia and invites her back to his office where they make love. Afterwards, she meets Clèves brother Bernard, a Catholic bishop, at the La Verite offices, Clélia finds most of her co-workers to be disillusioned and perverse—all knowing that they earn their keep on dirt. At her first assignment covering a team that MacRoi recently purchased. MacRoi is there and after teasing her about her taking photos of the naked players asks if shell join his family for a dinner party, before she leaves, Clélia has sex with one of the players. At MacRois dinner party, Clève loudly declares his love for Clélia before his family, including his fiance, Genièvre MacRoi. Genièvre responds by calling off their wedding and hitting him, later that evening, following MacRois announcement of the purchase of Clèves publishing company, Clèves father collapses and dies while his son and Clélia look on. Clève asks Clélia never to leave him, soon after, Clélia and her mother move into Clèves house. He gives her his mothers engagement ring. In bed she reads lines from a W. H. Auden poem, This like a dream keeps other time, and daytime is the loss of this, for time is inches and the hearts changes, where ghost has haunted lost and wanted. But this was never a ghosts endeavor, nor finished this, was ghost at ease, in spite of her sexual attraction to Némo, Clélia marries Clève in a ceremony marred somewhat by the presence of La Verite photographers and reporters, including Némo. After the wedding, Némo leaves his girlfriend, Ina, a former African princess and he delivers his wedding photos to Clélias home, handing them to her mother. Upset at the intrusion, and suspecting her daughter is having an affair, Clélias mother collapses, Némo continues to follow Clélia, even taking photos of her in her house making love to her husband. Later she learns that Némo was given this assignment by MacRoi who is looking to find dirt on Clève, although she continues to see Némo, Clélia resolutely keeps to her wedding vows in the face of her suitors continued advances. She travels by train to Normandy to attend an event in which Némo is a participant. During the race Némo crashes, and Clélia rushes to his side, at the celebration afterwards, Némo gets drunk and loud, talking about his investigation into the illegal organ trade and the shady International characters involved
Fidelity (film)
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Theatrical release poster
11.
Sophie Marceau
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Sophie Marceau is a French actress, director, screenwriter, and author. As a teenager, Marceau achieved popularity with her debut films La Boum and La Boum 2 and she became a film star in Europe with a string of successful films, including LÉtudiante, Pacific Palisades, Fanfan, and Revenge of the Musketeers. Marceau became a film star with her performances in Braveheart, Firelight. Marceau was born 17 November 1966 in Paris, the child of Simone, a shop assistant, and Benoît Maupu. Her parents divorced when she was nine years old, in February 1980, Marceau and her mother came across a model agency looking for teenagers. Marceau had photos taken at the agency, but did not think anything would come of it, at the same time, Françoise Menidrey, the casting director for Claude Pinoteaus La Boum, asked modeling agencies to recommend a new teenager for the project. After viewing the rushes, Alain Poiré, the director of the Gaumont Film Company, La Boum was a hit movie, not only in France, where 4,378,500 tickets were sold, but also in several other European countries. In 1981, Marceau made her debut with French singer François Valéry on record Dream in Blue. In 1982, at age 15, Marceau bought back her contract with Gaumont for one million French francs and she borrowed most of the money. In 1988, she starred in LÉtudiante and the adventure film Chouans. That year, Marceau was named Best Romantic Actress at the International Festival of Romantic Movies for her role in Chouans, in 1989, Marceau starred in My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days, which was directed by her long-time boyfriend Andrzej Zulawski. In 1990, she starred in Pacific Palisades and La note bleue, in 1991, she ventured into the theater in Eurydice, which earned Marceau the Moliere Award for Best Female Newcomer. Throughout the 1990s, Marceau began making films, such as the comedy Fanfan in 1993 and Revenge of the Musketeers in 1994—both popular in Europe. That year, she returned to the theatre as Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion, Marceau achieved international recognition in 1995 playing the role of Princess Isabelle in Mel Gibsons Braveheart. That year, she was part of an ensemble of actors in the French film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and Wim Wenders. In 1999, she played Hippolyta in A Midsummer Nights Dream, in 2008, Marceau played a member of the French Resistance movement in Female Agents, and a struggling single mother in LOL. In 2009, she teamed up with Monica Bellucci in Dont Look Back about the connection between two women who have never met. In 2010, Marceau played a business executive forced to confront her unhappy childhood in With Love
Sophie Marceau
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Marceau at the 2014
Cabourg Film Festival
Sophie Marceau
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Marceau at the César Awards, 1996
Sophie Marceau
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Marceau at the premiere of Arrêtez-moi, 2013
Sophie Marceau
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Marceau with then partner
Christopher Lambert at the premiere of Skyfall, 2012
12.
Radio play
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Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio. Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was an international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, however, recordings of OTR survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums, as well as several online sites such as Internet Archive. As of 2011, radio drama has a presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or podcasts of programs from previous decades, however, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the BBC produces and broadcasts hundreds of new plays each year on Radio 3, Radio 4. Like the USA, Australia ABC has abandoned broadcasting drama but New Zealand RNZ continues to promote, podcasting has also offered the means of creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs. Thanks to advances in recording and Internet distribution, radio drama was experiencing a revival in 2010. The terms audio drama or audio theatre are used synonymously with radio drama, however. Audio drama can also be found on CDs, cassette tapes, Radio drama traces its roots back to the 1880s, In 1881 French engineer Clement Ader had filed a patent for ‘improvements of Telephone Equipment in Theatres’. English-language radio drama seems to have started in the United States, a Rural Line on Education, a brief sketch specifically written for radio, aired on Pittsburghs KDKA in 1921, according to historian Bill Jaker. Newspaper accounts of the era report on a number of other experiments by Americas commercial radio stations. In February 1922, entire Broadway musical comedies with the original aired from WJZs Newark studios. Actors Grace George and Herbert Hayes performed a play from a San Francisco station in the summer of 1922. Aware of this series, the director of Cincinnatis WLW began regularly broadcasting one-acts in November, the success of these projects led to imitators at other stations. By the spring of 1923, original pieces written specially for radio were airing on stations in Cincinnati, Philadelphia. That same year, WLW and WGY sponsored scripting contests, inviting listeners to create original plays to be performed by those stations dramatic troupes
Radio play
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Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949),
Spaarnestad Photo
13.
BBC Radio 3
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BBC Radio 3 is a British radio network operated by the BBC. Its output centres on classical music and opera, but jazz, world music, drama, culture, the station is the world’s most significant commissioner of new music, and through its New Generation Artists scheme promotes young musicians of all nationalities. The station is notable for its broadcast of the BBC Proms concerts, live and in full, each summer in addition to performances by the BBC Orchestras, there are regular productions of both classic plays and newly commissioned drama. Radio 3 won the Sony Radio Academy UK Station of the Year Gold Award for 2009 and was nominated again in 2011, Radio 3 is the successor station to the BBC Third Programme which began broadcasting on 29 September 1946. The name Radio 3 was adopted on 30 September 1967 when the BBC launched its first pop station, Radio 1 and rebranded its national radio channels as Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3. On 10 July 1969 the BBC published its plans for radio, at the time of the review, Radio 3 faced several problems. However Day-time serious music would be the casualty of these proposals, a further rumour was expressed that Radio 3 could be closed altogether as a strong statistical case existed against the station according to The Guardian. However, the Director-General, Charles Curran, publicly denied this as quite contradictory to the aim of the BBC, which is to provide a comprehensive radio service. As a result of Broadcasting in the Seventies, factual content, including documentaries and current affairs, were moved to BBC Radio 4 and the separate titled strands were abolished. The document stated that Radio 3 was to have an output of standard classical music but with some element in the evening of cultural speech programmes – poetry. Equally, questions were being asked by the poet Peter Porter about whether other spoken content, for example poetry, the Broadcasting in the Seventies report also proposed a large cutback in the number and size of the BBCs orchestras. The campaign objected to the dismantling of the Third Programme by cutting down its spoken word content from fourteen hours a week to six, mention of the campaign even reached debate in the House of Commons. From the launch until 1987, the controllers of Radio 3 showed preferences towards speech and arts programming as opposed to focus on classical music and the Proms. The first controller, Newby, made little contribution to the station, focusing on the transition from the Third programme to Radio 3, the second controller, Stephen Hearst who assumed the role in 1972, was different. As Hearst had previously been head of television arts features his appointment was seen with scepticism among the staff who viewed him as a populariser. However, during this time the long running arts discussion programme Critics’ Forum was launched as well as themed evenings, in 1978, Ian McIntyre took over as controller of Radio 3 but quickly faced uncomfortable relationships between departments. An example of this is the replacement of Homeward Bound in 1980 with an extended, senior management was also getting dissatisfied with listening figures leading to the Director-General Alasdair Milne to suggest that presentation style was too stodgy and old-fashioned. In 1987 the positions of Controller of Music and Controller of Radio 3 were merged, Drummond, like Hearst, believed that the music programmes presentation was too stiff and formal and he therefore encouraged announcers to be more natural and enthusiastic
BBC Radio 3
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The tercentenary of Henry Purcell's death was marked in 1995 by the award-winning Radio 3 series Fairest Isle
BBC Radio 3
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BBC Radio 3
BBC Radio 3
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BBC Radio 3's studios are located in Broadcasting House, London.
BBC Radio 3
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The first BBC broadcast of Choral Evensong came from Westminster Abbey in 1926
14.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
The Daily Telegraph
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The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
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In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new
Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the
Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
15.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
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The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
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Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
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::: Original text
Wikisource
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
16.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
Project Gutenberg
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Michael Hart (left) and Gregory Newby (right) of Project Gutenberg, 2006
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg
Project Gutenberg
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Formats
17.
The Beautiful Person
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The Beautiful Person is a 2008 French film directed by Christophe Honoré. It is a adaptation of the seventeeth-century French novel La Princesse de Clèves. Honoré was inspired to make the film after then French president Nicolas Sarkozy repeatedly criticized the book as irrelevant in regard to modern life, after the death of her mother, Junie transfers to the school that her cousin Mathias attends. She catches the attention of a lot of people, especially Otto and Nemours, in Italian class, a record of Maria Callas singing Lucia plays, which causes Junie to rush out crying, leaving her affairs behind. Nemours sees a photo of her taken by student and swipes it. After this, Nemours pursues her even though she has mixed feelings about it and he is so enamored by her that he breaks off his relationships with Florence Perrin, a teacher, and Marie, a student. Nemours switches seats with Mathias during a field trip, Marie sees a letter left on the seat and it spreads throughout the student body. This letter is a letter that all of the students think was written by Nemours. Junie, upon reading the letter, becomes upset, believing that Nemours is in love with somebody else. Mathias goes to Nemours and explains that it was his letter from another boy named Martin, one of Ottos friends from the Russian language class is asked to spy on her after Junie acts cold to Otto and sees Nemours acting tender to Junie. He mistakes it for kissing and Otto confronts Junie about the misunderstanding and she denies it and goes home. Otto kills himself the day by jumping from a very high floor at school. After Ottos suicide, Junie skips school for three weeks coming only after Nemours tells Mathias that he will be taking leave until the end of the semester. Nemours follows Junie around and she decides to approach him and he asks for some time to talk to her and they are seen running around the city like children. He takes her back to his room where she starts talking about love and he takes her home where they set a date for 5pm the day after next. Nemours waits till seven, then calls Mathias, Mathias comes down and tells Nemours that Junie left yesterday, and he is not allowed to say where and to forget about her. She also said she never wanted to see him again, Junie is seen on a ship departing for somewhere else. In parenthesis are the characters from La Princesse de Clèves
The Beautiful Person
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The Beautiful Person
18.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
19.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
The full text of The Princess of Cleves at Wikisource
French Wikisource has original text related to this article: La Princesse de Clèves
Media related to La Princesse de Clèves at Wikimedia Commons
