Ladin language

Ladin
Ladin
Native to	Italy – Dolomite Mountains, Non Valley
Region	Trentino-South Tyrol Veneto
Native speakers	41,129 (2006[1] - 2011[2][3])
Language family	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Gallo-Romance Rhaeto-Romance Ladin
Dialects	Cadorino Nones Fornes etc.
Official status
Regulated by	The office for Ladin language planning Ladin Cultural Centre Majon di Fascegn Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü Istituto Ladin de la Dolomites
Language codes
ISO 639-3	lld
Glottolog	ladi1250[4]
Linguasphere	51-AAA-l
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Languages of South Tyrol. Majorities per municipality in 2011:

Languages of Trentino. Percentage per municipality in 2011:

Languages of the Province of Belluno. Recognized Ladin area

Ladin (/læˈdiːn/^[5] or /ləˈdiːn/;^[6] Ladin: Ladin, Italian: Ladino, German: Ladinisch) is a Romance language consisting of a group of dialects that some consider part of a unitary Rhaeto-Romance language, mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in the provinces of South Tyrol, the Trentino, and the Belluno, by the Ladin people. It exhibits similarities to Swiss Romansh and Friulian.

The precise extension of the Ladin language area is the subject of scholarly debates. A more narrow perspective includes only the dialects of the valleys around the Sella group, while wider definitions comprise the dialects of adjacent valleys in the Province of Belluno and even dialects spoken in the northwestern Trentino.^[7][8]

A standard written variety of Ladin (Ladin Dolomitan) has been developed by the Office for Ladin Language Planning as a common communication tool across the whole Ladin-speaking region,^[9] but it is not popular among Ladin speakers.

Ladin should not be confused with Ladino (also called Judeo-Spanish), which, although also Romance, is derived from Old Spanish.

Geographic distribution[edit]

Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities^[10] belonging to the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno. It is not possible to assess the exact number of Ladin speakers, because only in the provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino are the inhabitants asked to identify their native language in the general census of the population, which takes place every 10 years.

South Tyrol[edit]

In the 2011 census, 20,548 inhabitants of South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language.^[2] Ladin is an officially recognised language, taught in schools and used in public offices (in written as well as spoken form).^[11]

The following municipalities of South Tyrol have a majority of Ladin speakers:

Ladin name	Inhabitants	Ladin speakers
Badia	3366	94.07%
Corvara	1320	89.70%
La Val	1299	97.66%
Mareo	2914	92.09%
Urtijëi	4659	84.19%
San Martin de Tor	1733	96.71%
Santa Cristina Gherdëina	1873	91.40%
Sëlva	2664	89.74%
Kastelruth	6465	15.37%[12]
Province total	505,067[13]	4.53%

Trentino[edit]

In the 2011 census, 18,550 inhabitants of Trentino declared Ladin as their native language.^[3] It is prevailing in the following municipalities of Trentino in the Fassa Valley, where Ladin is recognized as a minority language:

Italian name	Ladin name	Inhabitants	Ladin speakers	Percentage
Campitello di Fassa	Ciampedel	740	608	82.2%
Canazei	Cianacei	1,911	1,524	79.7%
Mazzin	Mazin	493	381	77.3%
Moena	Moena	2,698	2,126	78.8%
Pozza di Fassa	Poza	2,138	1,765	82.6%
Soraga	Sorega	736	629	85.5%
Vigo di Fassa	Vich	1,207	1,059	87.7%
Province total		526,510	18,550	3.5%

The Nones language in the Non Valley and the related Solandro language found in the Sole Valley are Gallo-Romance languages and often grouped together into a single linguistic unit due to their similarity. They are spoken in 38 municipalities but have no official status. Their more precise classification is uncertain. Both dialects show a strong resemblance to Trentinian dialect and Eastern Lombard, and scholars debate whether they are Ladin dialects or not.

About 23% of the inhabitants from Val di Non and 1.5% from Val di Sole declared Ladin as their native language at the 2011 census. The number of Ladin speakers in those valleys amounts to 8,730, outnumbering the native speakers in the Fassa Valley.^[14] In order to stress the difference between the dialects in Non and Fassa valleys, it has been proposed to distinguish between ladins dolomitiches (Dolomitic Ladinians) and ladins nonejes (Non Valley Ladinians) at the next census.^[15]

Province of Belluno[edit]

There is no linguistic census in the province of Belluno, but the number of Ladin speakers has been estimated using a 2006 survey. In this area, there are about 1,166 people who speak the standard Ladin and 865 who speak the dialect of Ladin, so out of 8,495 inhabitants they are the 23.9%. They live in the part of the province that was part of the County of Tyrol until 1918, comprising the communes of Cortina d'Ampezzo (15.6% Ladin), Colle Santa Lucia (50.6% Ladin) and Livinallongo del Col di Lana (54.3% Ladin).^[1]

Italian name	Ladin name	Inhabitants	Ladin speakers	Percentage
Cortina d'Ampezzo	Anpezo	6,630	1,034	15.6%
Colle Santa Lucia	Col	434	220	50.6%
Livinallongo del Col di Lana	Fodóm	1,431	777	54.3%
Total		8,495	2,031	23.9%

The provincial administration of Belluno has enacted to identify Ladin as a minority language in additional municipalities. Those are: Agordo, Alleghe, Auronzo di Cadore, Borca di Cadore, Calalzo di Cadore, Canale d'Agordo, Cencenighe Agordino, Cibiana di Cadore, Comelico Superiore, Danta di Cadore, Domegge di Cadore, Falcade, Forno di Zoldo, Gosaldo, La Valle Agordina, Lozzo di Cadore, Ospitale di Cadore, Perarolo di Cadore, Pieve di Cadore, Rivamonte Agordino, Rocca Pietore, San Nicolò di Comelico, San Pietro di Cadore, San Tomaso Agordino, San Vito di Cadore, Santo Stefano di Cadore, Selva di Cadore, Taibon Agordino, Vallada Agordina, Valle di Cadore, Vigo di Cadore, Vodo di Cadore, Voltago Agordino, Zoldo Alto, Zoppè di Cadore. Ladinity in the province of Belluno is more ethnic than linguistic. The varieties spoken by Ladin municipalities are Venetian alpine dialects, which are grammatically no different to those spoken in municipalities that did not declare themselves as Ladin.^[16] Their language is called Ladino Bellunese.^[17]

All Ladin dialects spoken in the province of Belluno, including those in the former Tyrolean territories, enjoy a varying degree of influence by Venetian.^[18]

History[edit]

The name derives from Latin, because Ladin is originally a Vulgar Latin language left over from the Romanized Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of Vulgar Latin dialects associated with Rhaeto-Romance languages. Whether a proto-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as Questione Ladina. Starting in the 6th century, the Bavarii started moving in from the north, while from the south Gallo-Italic languages started pushing in, which further shrank the original extent of the Ladin area. Only in the more remote mountain valleys did Ladin survive among the isolated populations.

Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was mostly ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen, both belonging to the realms of the Austrian Habsburg rulers. The area of Cadore was under the rule of the Republic of Venice. During the period of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and, after 1804, the Austrian Empire, the Ladins underwent a process of Germanization.

After the end of World War I in 1918, Italy annexed the southern part of Tyrol, including the Ladin areas. The Italian nationalist movement of the 19th and 20th centuries regarded Ladin as an "Italian dialect", a notion rejected by various Ladin exponents and associations,^[20] despite their having been counted as Italians by the Austrian authorities as well. The programme of Italianization, professed by fascists such as Ettore Tolomei and Benito Mussolini, added further pressure on the Ladin communities to subordinate their identities to Italian. This included changing Ladin place names into the Italian pronunciation according to Tolomei's Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige.

Following the end of World War II, the Gruber-De Gasperi Agreement of 1946 between Austria and Italy introduced a level of autonomy for Trentino and South Tyrol but did not include any provisions for the Ladin language. Only in the second autonomy statute for South Tyrol in 1972 was Ladin recognized as a partially official language.

Status[edit]

Ladin is officially recognised in Trentino and South Tyrol by provincial and national law. Italy signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1991, but it has not ratified it so far. The charter calls for minority rights to be respected and minority languages, to which Ladin belongs, to be appropriately protected and promoted. Starting in the 1990s, the Italian parliament and provincial assembly have passed laws and regulations protecting the Ladin language and culture. A cultural institute was founded to safeguard and educate in the language and culture. School curricula were adapted in order to teach in Ladin, and street signs are being changed to bilingual.^[21]

Ladin is also recognized as a protected language in the Province of Belluno in Veneto region pursuant to the Standards for Protection of Historic Language Minorities Act No. 482 (1999). In comparison with South Tyrol and Trentino, the wishes of the Ladins have barely been addressed by the regional government. In a popular referendum in October 2007, the inhabitants of Cortina d'Ampezzo overwhelmingly voted to leave Veneto and return to South Tyrol.^[22][23] The redrawing of the provincial borders would return Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia to South Tyrol, to which they traditionally belonged when part of the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen.

Although the Ladin communities are spread out over three neighbouring regions, the Union Generala di Ladins dles Dolomites is asking that they be reunited.^[24] The Ladin Autonomist Union and the Fassa Association run on a Ladin list and have sought more rights and autonomy for Ladin speakers. Ladins are also guaranteed political representations in the assemblies of Trentino and South Tyrol due to a reserved seats system.

In South Tyrol, in order to reach a fair allocation of jobs in public service, a system called "ethnic proportion" was established in the 1970s. Every 10 years, when the general census of population takes place, each citizen has to identify with a linguistic group. The results determine how many potential positions in public service are allocated for each linguistic group. This has theoretically enabled Ladins to receive guaranteed representation in the South Tyrolean civil service according to their numbers.

The recognition of minority languages in Italy has been criticised since the implementation of Act No. 482 (1999), especially due to alleged financial benefits. This applies also to Ladin language, especially in the province of Belluno.^[25]

Subdivisions[edit]

A possible subdivision of Ladin language^[26] identifies six major groups.

Athesian Group of the Sella[edit]

The dialects of the Athesian group (from the river Adige Basin) of the Sella are spoken in South Tyrol:

• Gherdëina, spoken in Val Gardena by 8,148 inhabitants (80–90% of the population);
• Badiot and Maró, spoken in Val Badia and in Mareo by 9,229 people, i.e. 95%, as native language.

The South Tyrolean dialects are most similar to the original Ladin.

	Sample of Ladin language from Gherdëina Adele Moroder-Lenert talks about her grandparents. (From the Archive Radio Ladin – Alex Moroder)
Problems playing this file? See media help.

	Sample of Ladin language from Gherdëina Tresl Gruber talks about her youth. (Aired on Radio Ladin in 1961)[27]
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Trentinian Group of the Sella[edit]

The names of the Ladin dialects spoken in the Fassa Valley in Trentino are Moenat, Brach, and Cazet. 82.8% of the inhabitants of Fassa Valley are native Ladin speakers;^[28] the Ladin language in Fassa is influenced by Trentinian dialects.

Agordino Group of the Sella[edit]

In the Province of Belluno the following dialects are considered as part of the Agordino group:

• Fodom, also called Livinallese, spoken in Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia, native language of 80–90% of the people;
• Rocchesano in the area of Rocca Pietore. While Laste di Sopra (Ladin Laste de Sora) and Sottoguda (Ladin Stagùda) are predominantly Ladin, in Alleghe, San Tomaso, and Falcade so-called Ladin-Venetian dialects are spoken, with strong Venetian influence;
• Ladin in the area of Agordo and Valle del Biois, even if some regard it rather as Venetian-Ladin.

Ampezzan Group[edit]

Spoken in Cortina d'Ampezzo (Anpezo), similar to Cadorino dialect.

Even in Valle di Zoldo (from Forno-Fôr upwards) there are elements of the Ampezzan Group.

Cadorino Group[edit]

Spoken in Cadore and Comelico and best known as Cadorino dialect.^[29]

Nones and Solandro Group[edit]

In Western Trentino, in Non Valley, Val di Sole, Val di Peio, Val di Rabbi, and part of Val Rendena, detached from the dolomitic area, dialects are spoken that are often considered to be part of the Ladin language (Anaunic Ladin), but enjoy strong influences from Trentinian and Eastern Lombard dialects.

Låger / Nortades Group[edit]

In other areas of South Tyrol, particularly in the Unterland, the dialects of the towns of Kurtatsch, Kurtinig, Laag, and Salurn, are also often considered to be part of the Ladin language (Nortades Ladin). However, among the most important features of these dialects is the plural ending in i or e for masculine and feminine nouns (respectively) and a stronger influence of Tyrolean - German dialects.

Sample texts[edit]

Lord's Prayer[edit]

The first part of the 'Lord's Prayer' in Standard Ladin, Latin, and Italian for comparison, as well as other Romance languages and English:

Ladin	Latin	Italian	Låger	Spanish	Portuguese	French	Romanian	English
Pere nost, che t'ies en ciel, al sie santifiché ti inom, al vegne ti regn, sia fata tia volonté, coche en ciel enscì en tera.	Pater noster, qui es in caelis: sanctificetur nomen tuum; adveniat regnum tuum; fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo, et in terra.	Padre nostro che sei nei cieli, sia santificato il tuo Nome, venga il tuo Regno, sia fatta la tua Volontà come in cielo così in terra.	Pare noss qe ses ntej cjej, l sia santificà'l to nom, l vegna'l to rejgn, sia faata la to volontà lijstös ntèra e ntel cjel.	Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos, santificado sea tu Nombre, venga tu Reino, hágase tu Voluntad así en la tierra como en el cielo.	Pai nosso, que estais no céu, Santificado seja o Vosso nome, Venha a nós o Vosso reino, Seja feita a sua vontade Assim na terra como no céu.	Notre Père, qui es aux cieux, Que ton nom soit sanctifié, Que ton règne vienne, Que ta volonté soit faite sur la terre comme au ciel.	Tatăl nostru, care ești în ceruri, Sfințească-se numele Tău, Vie împărăția Ta, Facă-se voia Ta, Precum în cer așa și pre pământ.	Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.

Common phrases[edit]

English	Italian	Gherdëina	Fassa Valley	Zoldo	Alleghe	Nones	Solandro	Låger
What's your name?	Come ti chiami?	Co es'a inuem?	Co èste pa inom?	Ke asto gnóm?	kome te ciameto?	Come te clames po? (Che gias nom po?)	Che jas nòm po?	Come te cjames tive/po?
How old are you?	Quanti anni hai?	Tan d'ani es'a?	Cotenc egn èste pa?	Quainch agn asto?	Kotanc agn asto?	Canti ani gias po?	Cuanti àni gh'às/jas po?	Qanti an' gås tive/po?
I go home.	Vado a casa.	Vede a cësa.	Vae a cèsa.	Vade a casa.	Vade a ciesa.	Von a ciasa.	Von a chjasô / casa.	Vonn / Vago a maſon / ca'
I live in Trent.	Vivo a Trento.	Stei a Trent.	Stae ja Trent.	Staghe a Trento.	Stae a Trient.	Ston a Trent	Ston a Trent	Stonn / Vivi a Treant
Where do you live?	Dove abiti?	Ulà stessa?	Olà stèste pa?	An do stasto?	Ulà stasto?	En do abites?	Ndo abites po?	Ndo abites tive/po?

Numbers in Ladin[edit]

Badiot

1: un 2: dui 3: trëi 4: cater 5: cinch

6: sis 7: set 8: ot 9: nü 10: diesc

11: önesc 12: dodesc 13: trëdesc 14: catordesc 15: chinesc

16: sëdesc 17: dejesset 18: dejedot 19: dejenü 20: vint

Fashan

1: un 2: doi 3: trei 4: cater 5: cinch

6: sie 7: set 8: ot 9: nef 10: diesc

11: unesc 12: doudesc 13: tredesc 14: catordesc 15: chinesc

16: sèidesc 17: dejessèt 18: desdot 19: desnef 20: vint

Gherdëina

1: un 2: doi 3: trëi 4: cater 5: cinch

6: sies 7: set 8: ot 9: nuef 10: diesc

11: undesc 12: dodesc 13: trëdesc 14: catordesc 15: chindesc

16: sëidesc 17: dejesset 18: dejedot 19: dejenuef 20: vint

Fodom and Rocchesàn

1: un 2: doi 3: trei 4: cater 5: cinc Zoldan and Agordìn 1: un 2: doi 3: trei 4: quatre 5: zinc 6: siei 7: set 8: ot 9: nuof 10: dies 11: undes 12: dodes 13: tredes 14: catordes 15: chindes 16: sedes 17: didiset 18: disdot 19: disnuof 20: vint Nones 1: un 2: doi 3: trei 4: cater 5: zinć 6: siei 7: set 8: ot 9: nueu 10: dies 11: undes 12: dodes 13: tredes 14: catordes 15: chindes 16: sedes 17: desesset 18: desdot 19: desnueu 20: vinti Solàndro/Solànder 1: un 2: dói 3: tréi 4: quàtro/quàter 5: cinch 6: séi 7: sèt 8: òt 9: nöf 10: dés 11: ùndes 12: dòdes 13: trédes 14: quatòrdes 15: quìndes 16: sédes 17: desesèt 18: desdòt 19: desnöf 20: vinti/vénti Låger 1: unn 2: dói 3: träj 4: quàtro/quàter 5: ȝinque 6: säj 7: sätö 8: òt 9: noovö 10: désö 11: ùndes 12: dódes 13: trödes 14: quatòrdes 15: quìndes 16: sédes 17: desesèt 18: desdòt 19: desnoovö 20: vinti

Phonology[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2011)

Consonant phonemes^[30]

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		ts	tʃ
	voiced			dʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		h
	voiced	v	z	ʒ
Trill			r
Approximant			l

• /m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.

Vowel phonemes^[30]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close mid	e		o
Open mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

The [ɜ] vowel, spelled ⟨ë⟩, as in Urtijëi (pronunciation (help·info)), occurs in some local dialects but is not a part of Standard Ladin.

See also[edit]

• History of the Alps
• Romance languages
• South Tyrol

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Rut Bernardi, Curs de gherdëina – Trëdesc lezions per mparé la rujeneda de Gherdëina/Dreizehn Lektionen zur Erlernung der grödnerischen Sprache. St. Martin in Thurn: Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü, 1999, ISBN 88-8171-012-9
• Vittorio Dell'Aquila und Gabriele Iannàccaro, Survey Ladins: Usi linguistici nelle Valli Ladine. Trient: Autonome Region Trentino-Südtirol, 2006, ISBN 88-86053-69-X
• Marco Forni: Wörterbuch Deutsch–Grödner-Ladinisch. Vocabuler tudësch–ladin de Gherdëina. Istitut Ladin Micurà de Rü, St. Martin in Thurn 2002, ISBN 88-8171-033-1
• Günter Holtus, Michael Metzeltin, Christian Schmitt, eds., Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik (LRL), 12 vols. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988–2005; vol. 3: Die einzelnen romanischen Sprachen und Sprachgebiete von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart. Rumänisch, Dalmatisch / Istroromanisch, Friaulisch, Ladinisch, Bündnerromanisch, 1989.
• Theodor Gartner, Ladinische Wörter aus den Dolomitentälern. Halle: Niemeyer, 1913 (Online version)
• Maria Giacin Chiades, ed., Lingua e cultura ladina. Treviso: Canova, 2004, ISBN 88-8409-123-3 ([6])
• Constanze Kindel, “Ladinisch für Anfänger”, Die Zeit 4 (2006) (Online version)
• Heinrich Schmid, Wegleitung für den Aufbau einer gemeinsamen Schriftsprache der Dolomitenladiner. St. Martin in Thurn: Istitut Cultural Ladin Micurà de Rü & San Giovanni: Istitut Cultural Ladin Majon di Fascegn, 1994 (Online version)
• Giampaolo Salvo, “Ladin”, in The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages, eds. Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 154–68.
• Servisc de Planificazion y Elaborazion dl Lingaz Ladin (SPELL), Gramatica dl Ladin Standard. St. Martin in Thurn, Istitut Cultural Ladin Micurà de Rü, 2001, ISBN 88-8171-029-3 (https://web.archive.org/web/20110514122102/http://www.spell-termles.ladinia.net/documents/gramatica_LS_2001.pdf Online version)

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ladin language.

Ladin language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

For a list of words relating to Ladin, see the Ladin language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• The office for Ladin language planning
• Rai Ladinia – Newscasts and broadcasts from public broadcaster Rai Sender Bozen.
• Noeles.info – News portal in Ladin.
• Weekly Paper – La Usc Di Ladins (The Voice of the Ladins, in Ladin).
• Ladinienatlas ALD-I
• Linguistic Atlas of Dolomitic Ladinian and neighbouring Dialects – Speaking Linguistic Atlas
• Grzega, Joachim, (in German) Ku-eichstaett.de, Materialien zu einem etymologischen Wörterbuch des Dolomitenladinischen (MEWD), Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (KU) 2005.
• Italian-Fassano Ladin Dictionary
• Italian-Cadorino Ladin Dictionary
• Italian-Cadorino Ladin Dictionary
• Italian-Gardenese Ladin Dictionary
• Italian-Badiotto Ladin Dictionary
• German-Gardenese Ladin Dictionary
• German-Badiotto Ladin Dictionary
• Ladin basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
• Declaration of language group affiliation in South Tyrol – Population Census 2001