1.
Canberra
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Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
2.
Australian Capital Territory
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The Australian Capital Territory is the federal district in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. Its only city is Canberra, the city of Australia. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. The need for a territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, the territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo. The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra and this trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australias states and territories. There is a proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom, almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land, small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall. There are a range of mountains, rivers and creeks in the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers, Canberra is noted for its warm to hot, dry summers, and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts. Many of the mountains in the territorys south-west are snow-covered for at least part of the winter. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm, with rainfall highest in spring and summer, the highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 °C at Acton on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −14.6 °C at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971, notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale. In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, at the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting, the oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Lake
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A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
5.
Reservoir
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A reservoir is a storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water, hydrocarbons or gas, a reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that drains a body of water. They can also be constructed in river valleys using a dam, alternately, a reservoir can be built by excavating flat ground or constructing retaining walls and levees. Tank reservoirs store liquids or gases in storage tanks that may be elevated, at grade level, tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns. Underground reservoirs are used to store liquids, principally either water or petroleum, a dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually need the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel. In hilly regions, reservoirs are constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs the new top water level exceeds the height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at Llyn Clywedog in Mid Wales. In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir, where water is pumped or siphoned from a river of variable quality or quantity, bank-side reservoirs may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or embankment, the water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and almost eliminate any turbidity. The use of reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time. Service reservoirs store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution, many service reservoirs are constructed as water towers, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be almost entirely underground, especially in hilly or mountainous country. In the United Kingdom, Thames Water has many underground reservoirs, sometimes called cisterns, built in the 1800s. A good example is the Honor Oak Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909, when it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe
6.
Inflow (hydrology)
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In hydrology, the inflow of a body of water is the source of the water in the body of water. It can also refer to the volume of incoming water in unit time. All bodies of water have multiple inflows, but often, one inflow may predominate, however, in many cases, no single inflow will predominate and there will be multiple primary inflows. For a lake, the inflow may be a river or stream that flows into the lake. Inflow may also be, strictly speaking, not flows, but rather precipitation, inflow can also be used to refer to groundwater recharge. The dictionary definition of inflow at Wiktionary
7.
Molonglo River
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The river then flows to its mouth with the Murrumbidgee River, near Uriarra Crossing. Over its 115 kilometres course the Molonglo River alternates between long broad floodplains and narrow rocky gorges several times, one of these floodplains is called the Molonglo Plain. The rivers name was recorded as the Yeal-am-bid-gie in 1820 by the explorer Charles Throsby and this was probably the collective local Moolinggolah name for the river. The Moolinggolah people of the district around Captains Flat probably gave the Molonglo its name, where the river flowed through what is now Canberra, it was probably known after the Ngambri people, transcribed as Kembury, Canberry, and other transcription variations. The word molongolo is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning like the sound of thunder, the Molonglo was renowned as a beautiful river with excellent fishing for native Murray cod, Macquarie perch and silver perch. This abundance of native fish did not last, despite government funded rehabilitation programs in 1976, some toxic leachates still enter the river from the Captains Flat mine site. Consequently, when Lake Burley Griffin was built upon the Molonglo and filled in 1964, restocking commenced in the 1970s and continued through 1980s have re-established Murray Cod and Golden Perch in the lake and a short stretch of river upstream. A large stretch of the Molonglo still holds nothing but introduced species and is still waiting for the native fish species to be re-established by stockings. History of Lake Burley Griffin London Bridge Rivers of New South Wales List of rivers of Australia Murrumbidgee and Lake George catchments
8.
Sullivans Creek
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Sullivans Creek, a partly perennial stream of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Sullivans Creek rises close to the border between the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales, north-east of Kenny, and north-west of Watson, the creek is formed by runoff from Mount Majura, Mount Ainslie, OConnor Ridge and Black Mountain. Molonglo River is now dammed as Lake Burley Griffin, the creek has a catchment area of 52 square kilometres and is approximately 13 kilometres long. The creek was originally called Canberry Creek, since early European settlement in the area, during the 1850s, William Sullivan and his family acquired grazing land surrounding the creek, and at some stage thereafter, the creek name was changed to Sullivans Creek. Within the grounds of the Australian National University, the original course has been altered to accommodate growth of the campus. Within the Acton campus, two bridges cross Sullivans Creek, MacPhersons Bridge, that was named after the landowner, John MacPherson. Rivers of Australia History of Canberra Sullivans Creek from concrete channels to living systems, government of the Australian Capital Territory. Rafting on Sullivans Creek at ANU posted on YouTube,2012
9.
Discharge (hydrology)
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In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area. It includes any suspended solids, dissolved chemicals, or biologic material in addition to the water itself, GH Dury and MJ Bradshaw are two hydrologists who devised the models showing the relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The units that are used to express discharge include m³/s, ft³/s and/or acre-feet per day. For example, the discharge of the Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second or 190,000,000 cubic metres per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating, the discharge of a river is based on a form of the continuity equation. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the streams discharge hydrograph, the stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in a slow recession. Because the peak flow also corresponds to the water level reached during the event. The amount of precipitation correlates to the volume of water that flows out of the river. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and the level of the stream is described by a rating curve, average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, if a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the streams discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force, larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure
10.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
11.
Scrivener Dam
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Scrivener Dam, a concrete gravity dam that impounds Molongolo River, is located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The dam creates Lake Burley Griffin, that was established for recreational and ornamental purposes, the dam wall is located on Lady Denman Drive and is adjacent to the National Zoo & Aquarium and a viewing area for the official residence of the Governor-General of Australia. Scrivener Dam, designed in Germany, holds back the waters of the Molongolo River within Lake Burley Griffin, about 55,000 cubic metres of concrete was used in the construction of the dam wall. The dam is 33 metres high and 319 metres long with a wall thickness of 19.7 metres. The dam is designed to handle a once in 5,000 year flood event and it utilised state-of-the-art post-tensioning techniques to cope with any problems or movements in the riverbed. The dam has five bay spillway controlled by 30.5 metres wide, hinge anchors support the flap gates, with six hinges per gate, and four anchors per hinge. The fish-belly gates allow for a control of water level. As at November 2010, the five gates have only been opened simultaneously once in the dams history, the dam wall provides a crossing for the lake and consists of a roadway, called Lady Denman Drive, and a bicycle path. The roadway was possible because the dam gates are closed by pushing up from below, the Authority manages external contractors to deliver services that are competitively tendered. A routine annual audit of the dam wall undertaken during 2011 revealed that the anchor bolts and these bolts, of which there are 120 in total, are each 50 millimetres in diameter and 2 metres long. It wasanticipated that work would be completed by the end of 2013, Scrivener Dam is operated in an environment that minimises flooding of the environs of Lake Burley Griffin. Flows of 2,000 m3/s and above at the dam spillway are achieved with all five floodgates open and are able to maintain the level of the Lake at 555.93 metres. With three floodgates open, outflows of 55 m3/s can be achieved through either automatic or manual operation of the dam, a minimum base flow of 0.03 m3/s is required in the Molonglo River, downstream of Scrivener Dam at the gauging station below Coppins Crossing. A prolonged drought coincided with and eased work on the lakes construction, the valves on the Scrivener Dam were closed on 20 September 1963 by Interior Minister Gordon Freeth, Prime Minister Menzies was absent due to ill health. Several months on, with no rain in sight, mosquito-infested pools of water were the visible sign of the lake filling. With the eventual breaking of the drought and several days of rain, the lake filled. On 17 October 1964, Menzies commemorated the filling of the lake and this was accompanied by fireworks display, and Griffins lake had finally come to fruition after five decades, at the cost of A$5,039,050. The dam, together with Lake Burley Griffin and adjacent lands, is listed on the Register of the National Estate, since 2012, the register has frozen
12.
Aspen Island
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Aspen Island, within Lake Burley Griffin, is a man-made island located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Aspen Island is located on the side of the Central Basin of Lake Burley Griffin, adjacent to Kings Park. The island lies within the Canberra ceremonial precinct, called the Parliamentary Triangle, the Australian National Carillon is situated on the island, that is linked to the mainland at Kings Park, by a footbridge which is named after John Douglas Gordon, who played the inaugural recital. The name of Aspen Island was gazetted on 21 November 1963, Aspen Island is the largest of three islands at the south-eastern end of Central Basin of Lake Burley Griffin. The two smaller adjacent island are unnamed, National Carillon List of islands of Australia
13.
Springbank Island
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Springbank Island, within Lake Burley Griffin, is located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. The island was named after the property that was partly submerged as a result of the creation of the lake. Springbank Island is located in the West Basin of Lake Burley Griffin, the only means of access is across the lake by boat. The perimeter of the island is lined with trees, the island is quite bare, other than the treed picnic area and shelter. The island is not irrigated, there is no power source on the island, barbecue facilities, tap water, picnic tables, and toilets are available. The National Capital Authority is responsible for oversight and management of the island, Springbank Island is the venue for Canberra Beach Cricket, a semi-annual beach cricket carnival. Springbank included both the river flats of the Molonglo River and Black Mountain plus a portion of the area now occupied by the Australian National University. In October 1831, John MacPherson was granted 640 acres of land, the homestead of the property was on the high ground that now forms Springbank Island. One of their children, John Alexander MacPherson, grew up to become, briefly and it has been suggested that he was probably the first European boy born on the Limestone Plains. McPhersons grant was disputed by Joshua John Moore, a neighbouring landowner, Moore wrote to Robert Hoddle, the Government Surveyor, I beg leave to inform you that I am desirous of retaining the 1,000 acres already in my possession. It is called and known by the name Canburry and it was agreed that Moore retain the ridge and the name Canburry for his land, whilst the basin be shared with MacPherson. The Macpherson family sold the property to the Kaye family in 1844, joseph Kaye had migrated to Australia in 1832 and in 1838 arrived in Queanbeyan, where he ran the local pub for several years. In 1844 the family moved to Springbank, taking over the existing farm, the area included the old Canberra race track, the original Federal golf course and a large part of the present ANU Acton campus. The Kaye family moved in 1855 from the Springbank home to a house near the present Hotel Canberra, apparently the family found the house unpleasant to live in because of the snakes in the swamps of the nearby Molonglo River which became a menace during times of flood. Before it was purchased by the Sullivan family in 1888, the property served two years as a school under James Abernethy, and Mr Evans, a tutor at Duntroon, the Sullivan family had lived in the area since the mid-1850s. Canberry Creek which ran through the property was renamed Sullivans Creek after William Sullivan, in 1913 the Sullivan family left the area after the government resumed their land in 1910. From 1913 until 1924 the farm was occupied by the Cox family, the Kaye family returned in 1924 until 1961, the family sold the farm assets once construction of Lake Burley Griffin began. The 115 acres of alluvial flats had a frontage to the Molonglo River to the south, Scotts Paddock on the West, the arable flats were valued then at 30 pounds per acre
14.
Spinnaker Island (Lake Burley Griffin)
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Spinnaker Island, within Lake Burley Griffin, is located in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. In total there are six islands in the lake, but only three are named, spinnaker Island and Springbank Island are both located in the West Basin of the lake. The West Basin extends from the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge to Acton Peninsula, in 2010, invasive exotic vegetation were found on the island, requiring a controlled burn-off for their removal and to reduce the presence of weeds
15.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
16.
Parliamentary Triangle, Canberra
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The National Triangle, which is referred to as the Parliamentary Triangle, is the ceremonial precinct of Canberra, containing some of Australias most significant buildings. The National Triangle is formed by Commonwealth, Kings and Constitution Avenues, buildings within the National Triangle have been located and designed intentionally for visual effect, and those of national significance are popular tourist attractions. The National Triangle was a significant feature of Walter Burley Griffin’s Plan for Canberra, the apices of the triangle are Parliament House, the seat of government, the Defence Headquarters at Russell, and City Hill, representing the civilian part of Canberra. Griffin planned the city around two axes which converge in the center of the National Triangle, the land axis connects Mount Ainslie, Capital Hill and Red Hill and extends off towards Mount Bimberi the Australian Capital Territorys highest mountain. The water axis runs at right angles to the axis along the length of Lake Burley Griffin. The southern shore of Lake Burley Griffin bisects the National Triangle forming a smaller Triangle known as the Parliamentary Zone bounded by Kings and Commonwealth Avenues. Consistent with Walter Burley Griffin’s Garden City design, the National Triangle is characterised by streets lined with deciduous trees. Consequently, it has an open feel and buildings are located several minutes walk away from one another. It was Griffins original intention for more grand government buildings to be located within the precinct, development within the National Triangle is strictly controlled by the National Capital Authority – an agency of the Commonwealth Government within the Department of Transport and Regional Services. The area covered by the National Triangle corresponds largely with the suburb of Parkes, Parliament House and Old Parliament House are the most significant features within the National Triangle. Commonwealth Place is located at the centre of the lakeshore and Commonwealth Park, the National Rose Garden is located beside old Parliament House and the Aboriginal Tent Embassy is located in front of it. Reconciliation Place, a monument to reconciliation between Australia’s Indigenous people and the population is located near the High Court. The National Archives and ‘West Block’ - old departmental offices – are located behind the Old Parliament House near Kings Avenue, other government departments, such as the Attorney-General’s Department and the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet are located in the suburb of Barton nearby. There are similarities with the design of Canberra and that of Washington, D. C. the three cities consist of triangles that link up the House of Government with other monuments and important places. The National Triangle has several dining and recreational facilities which cater to the number of departmental employees, tourists. Cafes are located in the National Gallery and National Library, ‘The Lobby’ located near Old Parliament House and the ‘Café in the House’ located within it, are restaurants popular with public servants. The Café in the House has recently developed into a bar popular with younger public servants on Friday evenings. The ‘Waters Edge’ is a restaurant located in Commonwealth Place, Parliament Hill, Ottawa Parliament Act 1974 City Hill - Urban Services The National Capital Expands - NCA Parliamentary Zone Info Sheet
17.
Walter Burley Griffin
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Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect and landscape architect. He is known for designing Canberra, Australias capital city and he has been credited with the development of the L-shaped floor plan, the carport and an innovative use of reinforced concrete. Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a modern style. He worked in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin, in 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items. Griffin was born in 1876 in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago and he was the eldest of the four children of George Walter Griffin, an insurance agent, and Estelle Burley Griffin. His family moved to Oak Park and later to Elmhurst, as a boy he had an interest in landscape design and gardening, and his parents allowed him to landscape the yard at their new home in Elmhurst. Griffin went to Oak Park High School and he considered studying landscape design but was advised by the landscape gardener O. C. Simonds to pursue a more lucrative profession. Griffin chose to study architecture, and, in 1899, completed his bachelors degree in architecture at the University of Illinois, the University of Illinois program was run by Nathan Clifford Ricker, a German-educated architect, who emphasized the technical aspects of architecture. During his studies, he took courses in horticulture and forestry. After his studies, Griffin moved to Chicago and was employed as a draftsman for two years in the offices of progressive architects Dwight H. Perkins, Robert C, spencer, Jr. and H. Webster Tomlinson in Steinway Hall. Griffins employers worked in the distinctive Prairie School style and this style is marked by horizontal lines, flat roofs with broad overhanging eaves, solid construction, craftsmanship, and strict discipline in the use of ornament. Other architects of that school include George Grant Elmslie, George Washington Maher, William Gray Purcell, William Drummond and most importantly, in July 1901 Griffin passed the new Illinois architects licensing examination and this permitted him to enter private practice as an architect. He began to work in Frank Lloyd Wrights famous Oak Park, Illinois, although he was never made a partner, Griffin oversaw the construction on many of Wrights noted houses including the Willits House in 1902 and the Larkin Administration Building built in 1904. From 1905 he also began to supply plans for Wrights buildings. Wright allowed Griffin and his staff to undertake small commissions of their own. The William Emery house, built in Elmhurst, Illinois, in 1903 was such a commission, while working for Wright, Griffin fell in love with Mr. Wrights sister, Maginel Wright. He proposed marriage to her, but his affections for her were not returned, in 1906 he resigned his position at Wrights studio and established his own practice at Steinway Hall. Griffin and Wright had fallen out over events following Mr. Wrights trip to Japan in 1905, while Wright was away for five months, Griffin ran the practice
18.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
19.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
20.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
21.
Robert Menzies
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Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, PC, QC, FAA, FRS, was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1949 to 1966. He is Australias longest-serving prime minister, serving over 18 years in total, Menzies studied law at the University of Melbourne and became one of Melbournes leading lawyers. He was Deputy Premier of Victoria from 1932 to 1934, and then transferred to federal parliament, subsequently becoming Attorney-General, in April 1939, following Lyons death, Menzies was elected leader of the United Australia Party and sworn in as prime minister. He authorised Australias entry into World War II in September 1939, on his return to Australia in August 1941, Menzies found that he had lost the support of his party and consequently resigned as prime minister. He subsequently helped to create the new Liberal Party, and was elected its leader in August 1945. At the 1949 federal election, Menzies led the Liberal–Country coalition to victory, after 1955, his government also received support from the Democratic Labor Party, a breakaway group from the Labor Party. Menzies won seven consecutive elections during his term, eventually retiring as prime minister in January 1966. Robert Gordon Menzies was born to James Menzies and Kate in Jeparit and he was the fourth of six children, with one sister and three brothers. His maternal grandfather, John Sampson, was a Cornish miner from Penzance who also came to seek his fortune on the goldfields and his father was elected to the Victorian State Parliament for the seat of Lowan in 1911 and moved with the family to Melbourne after selling the farm. His middle name, Gordon, was given to him in honour and memory of Charles George Gordon, Menziess formal education began at Humffray Street State School in Bakery Hill, Ballarat, then later at private school in Ballarat. He attended Wesley College in Melbourne and studied law at the University of Melbourne, when World War I began, Menzies was 19 years old and held a commission in the universitys militia unit. He resigned his commission at the very time others of his age and it was later stated that, since the family had made enough of a sacrifice to the war with the enlistment of two of three eligible brothers, Menzies should stay to finish his studies. Menzies himself never explained the reason why he chose not to enlist and it should be noted that the two brothers, James and Frank, who did enlist did not do so until 1915 after the landings at Anzac which belies the alleged reason. Subsequently, he was prominent in undergraduate activities and won prizes and declared himself to be a patriotic supporter of the war. In 1916 he became the editor of the Melbourne University Magazine, establishing a reputation as an unusually bright and articulate member of the undergraduate community. After graduating from the University of Melbourne in 1916 with First Class Honours in Law, Menzies was admitted to the Victorian Bar and to the High Court of Australia in 1918. Establishing his own practice in Melbourne, Menzies specialised chiefly in Constitutional law which he had read with the leading Victorian jurist and future High Court judge, Sir Owen Dixon. In 1920 Menzies served as an advocate for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers which eventually took its appeal to the High Court of Australia, the case became a landmark authority for the positive reinterpretation of Commonwealth powers over those of the States
22.
National Gallery of Australia
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The National Gallery of Australia is the national art museum of Australia as well as one of the largest art museums in Australia, holding more than 166,000 works of art. Located in Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory, it was established in 1967 by the Australian government as a public art museum. Prominent Australian artist Tom Roberts had lobbied various Australian prime ministers, starting with the first, Prime Minister Andrew Fisher accepted the idea in 1910, and the following year Parliament established a bipartisan committee of six political leaders—the Historic Memorials Committee. The Committee decided that the government should collect portraits of Australian governors-general, parliamentary leaders and this led to the establishment of what became known as the Commonwealth Art Advisory Board, which was responsible for art acquisitions until 1973. Prior to the opening of the Gallery these paintings were displayed around Parliament House, in Commonwealth offices, including diplomatic missions overseas, from 1912, the building of a permanent building to house the collection in Canberra was the major priority of the CAAB. Finally in 1965 the CAAB was able to persuade Prime Minister Robert Menzies to take the necessary to establish the gallery. On 1 November 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt formally announced that the Government would construct the building, the design of the building was complicated by the difficulty in finalising its location, which was affected by the layout of the Parliamentary Triangle. The main problem was the site of the new Parliament House. In Canberras original Griffin 1912 plan, Parliament House was to be built on Camp Hill and he envisaged the Capitol to be either a general administration structure for popular receptions and ceremony or for housing archives and commemorating Australian Achievements. The Gallery would be built on Capital Hill, along with other cultural institutions. In 1968, Colin Madigan of Edwards Madigan Torzillo and Partners won the competition for the design, even though no design could be finalised, as the final site was now in doubt. Gorton proposed to Parliament in 1968 that it endorse Holfords lakeside site for the new Parliament House, as a result, the Government decided that the Gallery could not be built on Capital Hill. In 1971, the Government selected a 17-hectare site on the side of the proposed National Place. Even though it was now unlikely that the lakeside Parliament House would proceed, Madigans final design was based on a brief prepared by the National Capital Development Commission with input from James Johnson Sweeney and James Mollison. Mollison said in 1989 that the size and form of the building had been determined between Colin Madigan and J. J, Sweeney, and the National Capital Development Commission. I was not able to alter the appearance of the interior or exterior in any way. Its a very difficult building in which to make art look more important than the space in which you put the art. In November 1970, the CAAB recommended that he should be re-designated as assistant director, in May 1971, following Gortons fall from power, the Government endorsed Madigans sketches for the building. The new Prime Minister, William McMahon announced the appointment of Mollison as Acting Director of the NGA in October 1971, tenders for construction were called in November 1972, just before the McMahon governments defeat in the December 1972 election
23.
National Museum of Australia
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The National Museum of Australia preserves and interprets Australias social history, exploring the key issues, people and events that have shaped the nation. It was formally established by the National Museum of Australia Act 1980, the Museum did not have a permanent home until 11 March 2001, when a purpose-built museum building was officially opened in the national capital Canberra. The Museum profiles 50,000 years of Indigenous heritage, settlement since 1788 and key events including Federation, the Museum holds the worlds largest collection of Aboriginal bark paintings and stone tools, the heart of champion racehorse Phar Lap and the Holden prototype No.1 car. The Museum also develops and travels exhibitions on subjects ranging from bushrangers to surf lifesaving, the National Museum of Australia Press publishes a wide range of books, catalogues and journals. The Museums Research Centre takes an approach to history, ensuring the museum is a lively forum for ideas and debate about Australias past, present. The Museums innovative use of new technologies has been central to its international reputation in outreach programming. From 2003 to 2008, the Museum hosted Talkback Classroom, a student political forum, the Museum is located on Acton Peninsula in the suburb of Acton, next to the Australian National University. The peninsula on Lake Burley Griffin was previously the home of the Royal Canberra Hospital, as designed by architect Howard Raggatt, the museum building is based on a theme of knotted ropes, symbolically bringing together the stories of Australians. The architects stated, We liked to think that the story of Australia was not one, not an authorized version but a puzzling confluence, not merely the resolution of difference but its wholehearted embrace. The building is meant to be the centre of a knot, the entirely non-symmetrical complex is designed to not look like a museum, with startling colours and angles, unusual spaces and unpredictable projections and textures. Though hard to categorise, the building can be seen as an example of Charles Jencks new paradigm. Some characteristics of Deconstructivism can also be identified, the buildings architecture is thus meant to imply that the story of Australia is not one story, but many stories tangled together. The Bulletin magazine first publicly raised allegations of plagiarism in June 2000, libeskind was reported to be angry with the copying. Raggatts defence against plagiarism was that the design was a rather than a copy. The director of the museum, Dawn Casey, claimed in the press that she, the exterior of the building is covered in anodised aluminium panels. Many of the panels include words written in braille and other decorative devices, among the messages are mate and shell be right. Also included were such controversial words and phrases as sorry and forgive us our genocide and these more controversial messages have been obscured with silver discs being attached to the surface making the braille illegible. Among the phrases in braille are the words Resurrection city, the phrase may refer to the clearing of the former Canberra Hospital to make way for the museum or it could be a reference to reconciliation between Indigenous Australians and European settlers
24.
National Library of Australia
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In 2012–2013, the National Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, and an additional 15,506 metres of manuscript material. In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia, from its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. The present library building was opened in 1968, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden. The foyer is decorated in marble, with windows by Leonard French. In 2012–2013 the Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, the Librarys collections of Australiana have developed into the nations single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers, editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented—whether published in Australia or overseas, approximately 92. 1% of the Librarys collection has been catalogued and is discoverable through the online catalogue. The Library has digitized over 174,000 items from its collection and, the Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson, the Library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts, including dance. The Librarys considerable collections of general overseas and rare materials, as well as world-class Asian. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings, the Library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. The Library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers, williams Collection The Asian Collections are searchable via the National Librarys catalogue. The National Library holds a collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 meters of shelf space, the collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the Pacific. The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have received as part of formed book collections. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin, Sir John Latham, Sir Keith Murdoch, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Monash, Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer, A. D. Hope, Manning Clark, David Williamson, W. M. The Library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations and they include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A. L. P, the Democrats, the R. S. L. Finally, the Library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian, the National Librarys Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, media represented in the collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts
25.
Australian National University
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The Australian National University is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, founded in 1946, it is the only university to have been created by the Parliament of Australia. ANU enrolls 10,052 undergraduate and 10,840 postgraduate students, the universitys endowment stood at A$1.13 billion in 2012. ANU is ranked 22nd in the world by the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings, ANU was named the worlds 7th most international university in a 2017 study by Times Higher Education. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Global Employability University Ranking, a ranking of university graduates employability. ANU is ranked 100th in the CWTS Leiden ranking, ANU counts six Nobel laureates and 49 Rhodes scholars among its faculty and alumni. The university has educated two prime ministers,30 current Australian ambassadors and more than a dozen current heads of Government departments of Australia, calls for the establishment of a national university in Australia began as early as 1900. After the location of the capital, Canberra, was determined in 1908. A group of eminent Australian scholars returned from overseas to join the university, including Sir Howard Florey, Sir Mark Oliphant, Sir Keith Hancock, economist Sir Douglas Copland was appointed as ANUs first Vice-Chancellor and former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce served as the first Chancellor. ANU was originally organised into four centres—the Research Schools of Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Pacific Studies, the first residents’ hall, University House, was opened in 1954 for faculty members and postgraduate students. Mount Stromlo Observatory, established by the government in 1924. The first locations of the ANU Library, the Menzies and Chifley buildings, the Australian Forestry School, located in Canberra since 1927, was amalgamated by ANU in 1965. Canberra University College was the first institution of education in the national capital, having been established in 1929. Its founding was led by Sir Robert Garran, one of the drafters of the Australian Constitution, CUC was affiliated with the University of Melbourne and its degrees were granted by that university. Academic leaders at CUC included historian Manning Clark, political scientist Finlay Crisp, in 1960, CUC was integrated into ANU as the School of General Studies, initially with faculties in arts, economics, law and science. Faculties in Oriental studies and engineering were introduced later, Bruce Hall, the first residential college for undergraduates, opened in 1961. The Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art were amalgamated by ANU in 1992, ANU established its Medical School in 2002, after obtaining federal government approval in 2000. On 18 January 2003, the Canberra bushfires largely destroyed the Mount Stromlo Observatory, ANU astronomers now conduct research from the Siding Spring Observatory, which contains 10 telescopes including the Anglo-Australian Telescope
26.
High Court of Australia
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The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. The High Court is mandated by Constitution section 71, which vests in it the power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under and it now operates under Constitution sections 71 to 75, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices, the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel and they are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. Since 1979, The High Court has been located in Canberra, the majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building, situated in the Parliamentary Triangle, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. With an increasing utilisation of video links, sittings are also held in the state capitals. The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, the High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia, not just the state or territory in which the matter arose. The High Courts broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada, as such, the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories. This role, alongside its role in constitutional interpretation, is one of the courts most significant and this broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states. The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are heard in the High Court. The Constitution confers actual and potential original jurisdiction, Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to all matters, The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court. For example, challenges against immigration-related decisions are brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court. However, the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76, rather than section 75, in practice, section 75 and section 75 are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction. The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament, failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step. The requirement of a matter in section 75 and section 76 of the means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved. The High Courts appellate jurisdiction is defined under Section 73 of the Constitution, however, section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes. Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 and this requires special leave to appeal. Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance, therefore, while the High Court is the final court of appeal, it cannot be considered a general court of appeal
27.
Parliament House, Canberra
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Parliament House is the meeting place of the Parliament of Australia, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. The building was designed by Mitchell/Giurgola & Thorp Architects and opened on 9 May 1988 by Elizabeth II and it cost more than A$1.1 billion to build. Federal Parliament meetings were first held in Melbourne until 1927, between 1927 and 1988, the Parliament of Australia met in the Provisional Parliament House, which is now known as Old Parliament House. Construction of Australias permanent Parliament House was delayed while its location was debated, Construction of the new building began in 1981. The principal design of the structure is based on the shape of two boomerangs and is topped by an 81-metre flagpole, Parliament House contains 4,700 rooms, and many areas are open to the public. The main foyer contains a staircase and leads to the Great Hall. The House of Representatives chamber is decorated green, while the Senate chamber has a red colour scheme, between the two chambers is the Members Hall, which has a water feature and is not open to the public. The Ministerial Wing houses the office of the minister and other ministers. The Parliament shall sit at Melbourne until it meet at the seat of Government, in 1909, after much argument, the Parliament decided that the new capital would be in the southern part of New South Wales, on the site which is now Canberra. The Commonwealth acquired control over the land in 1911, but World War I intervened, Federal Parliament did not leave Melbourne until 1927. After World War I the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established to prepare Canberra to be the seat of government, the committee decided that it would be best to erect a provisional building, to serve for a predicted 50 years until a new, permanent House could be built. In the event, Old Parliament House was Parliaments home for 61 years, in the last decade of its use as a parliament the building had a chronic shortage of available space. In 1978 the Fraser government decided to proceed with a new building on Capital Hill, the design competition drew 329 entries from 29 countries. The façades, however, included deliberate imitation of some of the patterns of the Old Parliament House, giurgola placed an emphasis the visual aethestics of the building by using landscape architect Peter G. Rolland to direct civil engineers, a reversal of the traditional roles in Australia. Rolland played a role in the design, development and coordination of all surface elements including pool design, paving, conceptual lighting. Horticultural experts from the Australian National Botanic Gardens and a government nursery were consulted on plant selection, permanent irrigation has been limited to only the more formal areas. Construction began in 1981, and the House was intended to be ready by Australia Day,26 January 1988 and it was expected to cost A$220 million. Neither the deadline nor the budget was met, the flag flown from the 81 metres flagpole is 12.8 by 6.4 m, about the size of half a tennis court
28.
Googong Dam
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The dams purpose includes water supply for Canberra and Queanbeyan. The impounded reservoir is called Googong Reservoir, Googong Dam was created through enabling legislation enacted via the passage of the Canberra Water Supply Act,1974. The dam was built by Thiess based on designs developed by the Commonwealth Department of Construction, the dam wall height is 66 metres and is 417 metres long. At 100% capacity the dam holds back 121,083 megalitres of water at 663 metres AHD. The surface area of Googong Reservoir is 696 hectares and the catchment area is 873 square kilometres, the ungated concrete chute spillway is capable of discharging 10,500 cubic metres per second. Staged remedial works were undertaken in the 1980s to protect the eroded structure, list of dams and reservoirs in New South Wales Murrumbidgee and Lake George catchments
29.
History of Lake Burley Griffin
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The history of Lake Burley Griffin, an artificial body of water in Canberra, the capital of Australia is a long one. Following its initial design in the 1910s, extensive political disputes occurred until it was built in the 1960s. Charles Robert Scrivener recommended the site for Canberra in 1909, which was to be a capital city for the country. One of the reasons for the selection was its ability to store water for ornamental purposes at reasonable cost. In 1911, a competition for the design of Canberra was launched, the Molonglo River flowed through the site, which was a flood plain, and most of the proposals included artificial bodies of water. The American architect Walter Burley Griffin won the contest and invited to Australia to oversee the construction of the new capital. Griffins proposal, which had an abundance of geometric patterns, incorporated concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii, the lakes were deliberately designed so that their orientation was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra. This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie, at the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak. The straight edge of the segment that formed the central basin was designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain. A line parallel to the axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis. The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue, which linked City Hill in Civic Centre, the area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle, and was to form the centrepiece of Griffins work. Later, Scrivener, as part of a government design committee, was responsible for modifying Griffins winning design and he recommended changing the shape of the lake from Griffins very geometric shapes to a much more organic one using a single dam, unlike Griffins series of weirs. The new design included elements from several of the best design submissions and was criticised as being ugly. The new plan for the lake retained Griffins three formal basins, east, central, and west, though in a relaxed form. Griffin entered into correspondence with the government over the plan and its alternatives, Griffin arrived in August 1913 and was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction for three years. The plans were varied again in the years, but the design of Lake Burley Griffin remained based largely on the original committees plan. It was later gazetted and legally protected by the parliament in 1926. During this time, the Molonglo flowed through the flood basin, the centre of his capital city mostly consisted of farmland, with small settlements—mostly wooden, temporary and ad hoc—on either side
30.
Marion Mahony Griffin
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Marion Mahony Griffin was an American architect and artist. She was one of the first licensed architects in the world. During her life, she produced some of the best architectural drawing in America and was instrumental in envisioning the design plans for new capital city of Australia. Her family moved to nearby Winnetka after the Great Chicago fire, growing up there, she became fascinated by the quickly disappearing landscape as suburban homes filled the area. She was influenced by her first cousin, architect Dwight Perkins and she graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894. She was one of the first women to receive a degree in architecture, though highly talented, she sometimes struggled with her place in both society and the field. She was unsure of her ability to complete the thesis required for her bachelors degree, after graduation, Mahony worked in her cousins architecture firm, which was located in Steinway Hall at 64 E. Van Buren in downtown Chicago. The space was shared with other architects, including Robert C. Spencer, Myron Hunt, Webster Tomlinson, Irving Pond and Allen Bartlitt Pond, Adamo Boari, Birch Long, in 1895, Mahony, the first employee hired by Frank Lloyd Wright, went to work designing buildings, furniture, stained glass windows and decorative panels. Her beautiful watercolor renderings of buildings and landscapes became known as a staple of Wrights style, though she was never given credit by the famous architect. Over a century later she would be known as one of the greatest delineators of the architecture field, Architectural writer Reyner Banham called her the greatest architectural delineator of her generation. Her rendering of the K. C, deRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana was praised by Wright upon its completion and by many critics. Wright understated the contributions of others of the Prairie School, Mahony included, unfortunately, the views of most architectural historians from the 1950s to 2000 follow Wrights lead. During this time Mahony designed the Gerald Mahony Residence in Elkhart, Indiana for her brother, when Wright eloped to Europe with Mamah Borthwick Cheney in 1909, he offered the Studios work to Mahony. But after Wright had gone, Hermann V. von Holst, in this capacity, Mahony was the architect for a number of commissions Wright had abandoned. Two examples were the first design for Henry Fords Dearborn mansion, Fair Lane, Mahony recommended Walter Burley Griffin to von Holst to develop landscaping for the area surrounding the three houses commissioned from Wright in Decatur, Illinois. Griffin was an architect, a fellow ex-employee of Wright. Mahony and Griffin worked on the Decatur project before their marriage, afterwards and it is the largest collection of Prairie Style homes surrounding a natural setting
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Charles Scrivener
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Scrivener was born in Windsor, New South Wales. In 1876, he was employed by the New South Wales Department of Lands and he was apprenticed as a surveyor between 1877 and 1879. On 9 July 1880, the government gazette announced that he had been licensed as a surveyor by the Surveyor-General. In 1888, Scrivener was appointed Surveyor in Maitland, New South Wales, by 1896 he was appointed as an Acting District Surveyor in Wagga Wagga and District Surveyor for Hay in 1906. He surveyed numerous sites for the construction of Australias capital, including Buckleys Crossing, the Hay district, scriveners contour map of the selected site was used as the basis for entries in the Canberra design competition. He was appointed first director of Commonwealth lands and surveys in 1910 and he died aged 67 in Killara, New South Wales. The Scrivener Dam on Lake Burley Griffin is named in his honour
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King O'Malley
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King OMalley was an Australian politician. He was a member in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1896 to 1899, OMalley was also Minister for Home Affairs in the second and third Fisher Labor ministry. OMalley was a figure in Australian public life during the early years of Federation. He is particularly remembered for his role in the establishment of the Commonwealth Bank, for taking the U out of the Australian Labour Party, OMalley was not quite certain about his own birthday. He claimed it was either 3 or 4 July 1854, late in his life, in a letter to the widow of the former Labor MP James Catts, OMalley wrote I am an American. According to OMalley, his parents were William and Mary OMalley, OMalley was educated at a primary school in New York City, and then worked in his uncles bank and as an insurance and real estate salesman, travelling widely around the United States. In 1881 OMalley married Rosy Wilmot, who died from tuberculosis shortly before she was due to birth in 1886. OMalley found he had contracted the disease from her and in 1888, having been six months to live, he sailed for Queensland. Landing at Port Alma, OMalley apparently took up residence in a cave at Emu Park, where he befriended an aborigine, Coowonga, once healthy, OMalley decided to walk the 2,100 km from Emu Park to Adelaide in South Australia, arriving in 1893. In South Australia he again worked as an itinerant insurance salesman, also preaching evangelical Christianity, although OMalley was unsuccessful at the time, laws were passed in 1909 to require registration of barmaids, who had to be a member of the owners family. Women were much taken by his appearance and OMalleys oratorial buffoonery was the topic of discussion throughout South Australia. He called hotels drunkeries, alcohol was stagger juice, opponents were diabolical rapscallions, OMalley was defeated at the 1899 election, and the following year he moved to Tasmania, the smallest of the Australian colonies. In 1903 he was elected as the member for Darwin, although there was no Labour Party in Tasmania at this time, he joined the Labour Party Caucus when the Parliament assembled in Melbourne. OMalley was clearly one of the prominent and colourful members of the Parliament, but his radical ideas were not widely accepted. He became a prominent advocate of a bank as a means of providing cheap credit for farmers. He was not a member of Chris Watsons first Labour ministry in 1904, but in April 1910 the Caucus elected him to the ministry of Fishers second government. In the same year he married again, to Amy Garrod, OMalley became Minister for Home Affairs, and played a prominent role in selecting the site of the future capital of Australia, Canberra. He declared American architect Walter Burley Griffin winner of the planning competition
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Capital Hill, Australian Capital Territory
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Capital Hill, is the location of Parliament House, Canberra, at the south apex of the land axis of the Parliamentary Triangle. The proposed building is commemorated in the name of the Capitol Theatre, however, Griffins name for the hill was subsequently changed to Capital Hill. The Parliament buildings were to be located a little further down the hill towards Lake Burley Griffin at Camp Hill, between Capital Hill and the Provisional Parliament House. In fact, in the 1958 and 1964 Holford plans for the Parliamentary Triangle, Holford also reportedly said that a lakeside site would discourage politicians from seeing themselves as superior to ordinary people. However, in 1974 Parliament voted to move the Parliament to its permanent location on Capital Hill, construction of the new parliament buildings commenced in 1981 and the new building was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1988, when the Parliament relocated from the old building. Capital Hill was previously named Kurrajong Hill and is around 2.5 km², until the construction of the current Parliament House, the hill was covered with scrubby native bushland. The construction of the current parliament building required removing much of the top half of the hill, the surrounding hill is landscaped with native plants, while the soil on top of Parliament House is planted with lawn. However, on the side of the Hill, a small area of the original native bushland has been preserved. When Griffin drew up his plans in 1912, there was some optimism that New Zealand might join the Federation of Australia. Griffins plans included eight avenues radiating out from Capital Hill named after the capitals of the six states, the capital of the Northern Territory and the capital of New Zealand. Before the name Wellington Avenue was gazetted, it was realised that New Zealand was not going to part of a Confederation of Australasia. The name of the precinct of Manuka is a remnant of Griffins naming scheme, the geology of Capital Hill has been studied in great detail. Canberra Formation, calcareous Shale is found in the south west and this overlies middle Silurian Camp Hill Sandstone. The sandstone unconformably overlies the early Silurian Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale, State Circle Shale is Late Llandovery in a more finely divided time scale and has been dated to 445.7 million years old. The State Circle Shale is composed of laminated shales and siltstone, Black Mountain Sandstone is composed of a white quartz sandstone. The Deakin Fault cuts the south west of state circle, mount Painter acid volcanoes are to the south west of this fault
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Anzac Parade, Canberra
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Anzac Parade, a significant road and thoroughfare in the Australian capital Canberra, is used for ceremonial occasions and is the site of many major military memorials. Named in honour of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps of World War I, Anzac Parade joins Gallipoli Reach of Lake Burley Griffin in the south and the Australian War Memorial to the north. As the main axis between Parliament House and Mount Ainslie, it bisects Constitution Avenue, which one side of the Parliamentary Triangle between Civic and Russell Hill. The eucalypts are Australian, and the hebe comes from New Zealand, the Parade is also flanked by the streets of Anzac Park West and Anzac Park East on either side of Anzac Park. In the manner of interpretation of museum displays, the memorials are accompanied by several forms of signage to assist the passer-by, each memorial has various plaques or foundation stones that were laid at the time of unveiling. Anzac Parade is situated on the axis between Parliament House and Mount Ainslie. It bisects Constitution Avenue, which one side of the Parliamentary Triangle between Civic and Russell Hill. The Parade separates the residential suburbs of Campbell and Reid, the naming is significant, Robert Campbell, Sydneys first merchant, received a grant of land on the Limestone Plains as compensation for the loss of one of his ships on government charter. In 1825 he built a homestead, naming it Duntroon after the Campbell castle in Argyllshire, Duntroon House is now part of the Royal Military College, Duntroon. The Right Honourable Sir George Houstoun Reid was Australias fourth Prime Minister who formed a Government in August 1904 and held office until July 1905. A Federalist, and one of the founders of the Australian Constitution, fortuitously, the alignment of the church was such that it seems to have been designed to fit the alignment the adjoining roads, ordained in the plans by Walter Burley Griffin. The original lighting was designed to be an honour guard and was opened by then Prime Minister, Robert Menzies. The street lighting was updated and officially opened on 26 March 2001 by then Prime Minister of Australia, the design is intended to be efficient, and to reduce energy consumption and thus air pollution while also reducing skyglow/light pollution. On Anzac Day 25 April 2006 Federal Environment and Heritage Minister Ian Campbell announced that Anzac Parade along with the Australian War Memorial would be added to the National Heritage List. 1909-1981 / Richard Clough & Australian Overseas Information Service Collection of photographs of Anzac Parade, Canberra -2002 / Damian McDonald
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Australian War Memorial
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The memorial includes an extensive national military museum. The Australian War Memorial was opened in 1941, and is regarded as one of the most significant memorials of its type in the world. The Memorial is located in Australias capital, Canberra, the Australian War Memorial consists of three parts, the Commemorative Area including the Hall of Memory with the Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier, the Memorials galleries and Research Centre. The Memorial also has an outdoor Sculpture Garden, the Memorial is currently open daily from 10am until 5pm, except on Christmas Day. Charles Bean, Australias official World War I historian, first conceived a museum memorial to Australian soldiers while observing the 1916 battles in France, the Australian War Records Section was established in May 1917 to ensure preservation of records relating to the war being fought at the time. Records and relics were exhibited first in Melbourne and later Canberra, an architecture competition in 1927 did not produce a winning entry. Two of the entrants, Sydney architects Emil Sodersten and John Crust, were encouraged to re-present a joint design. A limited budget and the effects of the Depression confined the scope of the project, the building was completed in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. It was officially opened following a Remembrance Day ceremony on 11 November 1941 by the then Governor-General Lord Gowrie, additions since the 1940s have allowed the remembrance of Australias participation in all recent conflicts. The Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier was added in 1993, within that Nature Park is a small bronze plaque mounted on a large boulder, commemorating Indigenous Australians who have fought for their country. Anzac Parade is a short, broad boulevard named in honour of the soldiers of the Australian and it stretches from near the north shore of Lake Burley Griffin to the foot of the Memorial proper, along the line of sight from Parliament House. It separates the residential suburbs of Campbell and Reid, and is heavily trafficked as a route between northeast Canberra and Kings Avenue Bridge. Along each side of the Parade is a row of monuments commemorating specific military campaigns or services, such as the Vietnam War, the monuments are mostly sculptures in a variety of styles ranging from naturalistic to Modern. The foot of the Parade, near the lake, is paired by monumental sculptures in the form of gigantic basket handles, the symbolic association of the two nations is carried forward in the vegetation decorating Anzac Parade. Long beds of New Zealand Hebe shrubs line the middle of the avenue, the Memorial proper is sited on a broad pie slice-shaped lawn at the north end of Anzac Parade. The commemorative area is situated in the centre of the memorial building. The heart of the area is the Hall of Memory. The walls are lined with mosaic tiles from the floor to the dome
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Mount Ainslie
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Mount Ainslie is a hill with an elevation of 843 metres AHD that is located in the northeastern suburbs of Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Mount Ainslie lies within part of the Canberra Nature Park, the Mount Ainslie tourist outlook, one of Canberras most popular, provides excellent views of central Canberra and Red Hill to the south and Black Mountain to the west especially towards sunset. An air beacon located at the summit is part of the capitals air navigation system guiding air traffic towards the nearby Canberra Airport. A walking trail leads from the back of the Australian War Memorial. The trail is used by around 200 people each day and it has a number of plaques commemorating the battles fought in World War II in the Kokoda Trail in Papua New Guinea, with the plaques set out as though it was on the Kokoda Trail. A quarry is located around 200 metres from the peak, Mount Ainslie is the northernmost point of a land axis, planned by Walter Burley Griffin, that stretches through North and South Canberra. This axis takes in the Australian War Memorial and the old, in 2016 the ACT Government and the National Capital Authority ran a design competition for, with the aim to produce a ten-year strategy for the Mount Ainslie summit. The competition winners were Sue Barnsley and Jane Irwin, who proposed new parking, signage, picnic areas, lawns, media related to Mount Ainslie at Wikimedia Commons Mount Ainslie Map
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Bimberi Peak
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Bimberi Peak or Mount Bimberi with an elevation of 1,913 metres located within the Brindabella Ranges is the highest mountain in the Australian Capital Territory. It is located on the border between New South Wales and the ACT, the NSW portion in Kosciuszko National Park and the ACT portion in Namadgi National Park. It is accessible by walking trails and requires no specialised climbing skills. When climbing Bimberi from the west, a road, that is closed during winter, leads to a locked gate at Currango Plain, called Pockets Saddle Road Gate. From the ascent is best accessed by breaking away from the trail and hiking up the ridge of the summit. Following the ridge up is the easiest way to summit, although taking a bearing is useful. The total distance via this route is about 10.5 kilometres, there is a large surveyors mark at the summit. The top of Bimberi Peak is above the tree line, strong winds blow across the summit. During winter Bimberi is generally covered in snow, List of mountains of Australia List of mountains in the Australian Capital Territory
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Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)
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Black Mountain is protected from development by the Canberra Nature Park and is predominantly covered in native bushland and is a haven to native wildlife. The mountain is located west of the campus of the Australian National University and, together with the Bruce ridge, forms a natural west. Black Mountain rises 256 metres above the level of Lake Burley Griffin that lies at its base. Situated close to the highest point on the mountain is Black Mountain Tower, the Australian National Botanic Gardens and the CSIRO share the eastern base of Black Mountain, next to the Australian National University. Black Mountain was originally named Black Hill at the time as the naming of nearby Red Hill. The original name explains why the mountain is not now known as Mount Black like nearby Mount Majura, the early European settlers referred to the mountain formation as the Canberry Ranges. The bulk of Black Mountain consists of the white quartz Black Mountain Sandstone and this was deposited in the late early Silurian age. On the south east slopes and north west there are exposures of State Circle shale, the Black Mountain Peninsula contains mudstone in the north and greywacke from the Ordovician age Pittman Formation in the south. Media related to Black Mountain at Wikimedia Commons
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City Hill, Canberra
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City Hill is a park located in Canberra, Australia on one of the points of the Parliamentary Triangle, a feature of Walter Burley Griffins plan for the city. The park is surrounded by Vernon Circle, at the end of Northbourne Avenue. To the south of the hill Northbourne Avenue becomes Commonwealth Avenue, the hill was planted in 1921. At the centre of the hill is a flagpole flying the ACT flag since 1989 when the territory became self-governing, immediately surrounding the flagpole are double staggered rows of closely spaced Roman cypresses. Radiating outwards are twelve oval shaped groups of Roman cypresses and six groups of Monterey pines reinforcing the nature of the design. In 2014 the Canberra Centenary Column was added to the park, the park is centrally located and well-known, but it is rarely visited as it is away from shops and public areas and is difficult to access because it is surrounded by a major road. The prominent flagpole at the centre of Vernon Circle is not actually at the highest point of City Hill, the highest point of City Hill is to the south east, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. Unusually for the centre of a city and as a result of the relative isolation of City Hill. Territory and Municipal Services - City Hill, archived from the original on 2008-07-22. ACT Planning & Land Authority, City Hill …a concept for the future
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Civic, Australian Capital Territory
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Civic is the name by which the central business district of Canberra is commonly known. It is also called Civic Centre, City Centre, Canberra City and Canberra, Canberras City was established in 1927, although the division name City was not gazetted until 20 September 1928. Walter Burley Griffins design for Canberra included a Civic Centre with a separate Market Centre located at what is now Russell, however Prime Minister Stanley Bruce vetoed this idea and only the Civic Centre was developed, the idea of the Market Centre was abandoned. Some of the earliest buildings constructed in Canberra were the Sydney, the buildings house many shops, bars and restaurants. The Canberra Centre, a shopping complex is Civics main shopping precinct with a retail presence from the national chains David Jones, Myer, Big W. Nearby is Glebe Park, a park near the centre of the city with elm trees. It has a play park. It is popular with people on their breaks and younger children from the surrounding areas. Civic also is home to the Canberra Theatre, Casino Canberra, Canberra Museum and Gallery, garema Place and City Walk are open areas of Civic for pedestrian traffic with many outdoor cafes. One of the longest running cafes in Civic is Guss Cafe on Bunda Street, a local bus station predominantly used by ACTION, the ACT government-operated bus service, is located on East Row, Alinga Street, Mort Street and Northbourne Avenue. On the western side of Northbourne Avenue is the Jolimont Centre and this height limit is equivalent to approximately 12 storeys for an office building or about 15 storeys for a residential building. Before the development of the City of Canberra, there was no commercial centre for the area. Griffins plan separated the national centre, the centre of the city, now the Parliamentary Triangle, from the Civic Centre. The commercial centre was planned to be on what Griffin described as the Municipal Axis which was projected to run north-west from Mount Pleasant, Griffins civic focus on Vernon Knoll, now known as City Hill, has not materialised mainly because of the way city building has progressed. The first major buildings planned for the centre were the Melbourne. Construction began in 1926 and they were completed in 1946. Up until the 1960s, Canberra shoppers found the retail environment frustrating, many did their weekly shopping in Queanbeyan, where the central business district was more compact. Major purchases were made in Sydney, in 1963, the Monaro Mall opened
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Commonwealth Avenue (Canberra)
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Commonwealth Avenue is a major road in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It connects Civic with South Canberra, specifically, it runs between City Hill and Capital Hill. The first Commonwealth Avenue Bridge was constructed in 1928 and it replaced a ford across the Molonglo River. The road is six lanes wide with a wide median down the middle and it crosses Lake Burley Griffin over the Commonwealth Bridge. It is connected with Parkes Way by freeway style on-ramps, along its length on the northern side are the Roman Catholic Archbishops residence and Commonwealth Park. On the south side of the lake the road is lined with trees and is bounded by the suburb of Parkes on the east. Significant sites along this stretch include the Albert Hall, the Hotel Canberra, upon reaching Capital Hill, the road turns into Capital Circle which circles around Parliament House before connecting with Adelaide Avenue which connects it with Woden Valley. There is a ramp at the end of Commonwealth Avenue which allows access to Parliament House, between the spans on the southern side are two granite stones from the 1817 Waterloo Bridge across the River Thames in London. These were presented to Australia after the 1817 bridge was demolished in the 1940s, a plaque reads, in part, Stones such as these from the bridge were presented to Australia and other parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations
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Kings Avenue, Canberra
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Kings Avenue is a road in Canberra which goes between New Parliament House, across Lake Burley Griffin at the Kings Avenue Bridge, to Russell near the Australian-American Monument. It begins at State Circle around Capital Hill and forms the border between the suburbs of Parkes and Barton and it passes the National Archives of Australia, Robert Garran offices, Edmund Barton Building, Australian Centre for Christianity and Culture, Bowen Place and Kings Park. It ends at the intersection with Russell Drive, the road was originally named Federal Avenue by the architect of Canberra, Walter Burley Griffin. Principal roads in Canberra are laid out in a pattern when viewed on a map. One of the predominant features forming this geometry is Capital Hill with major roads emanating radially from it, two of these roads form the Parliamentary Triangle incorporating bridges crossing Lake Burley Griffin. Walter Burley Griffin wanted to name these major avenues with grand names reflecting the reason for the creation of the city with the names Commonwealth Avenue, the government had different ideas, it renamed the road after the Sovereign at the time King George VI. The act of renaming the road from Federal Avenue to Kings Avenue gives rise to two interpretations of the name of Commonwealth Avenue, the speed limit on Kings Avenue is 60 km/h from the State Circle end to the southwestern side of Kings Avenue Bridge. The speed limit over the bridge and up to the Parkes Way overpass is 80 km/h, the avenue is a property on the Australian edition of board game Monopoly Australian Roads portal
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Weir
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A weir /ˈwɪər/ is a barrier across the horizontal width of the river that alters the flow characteristics of the water and usually results in a change in the vertical height of the river level. There are many designs of weir, but commonly water flows freely over the top of the weir crest before cascading down to a lower level, Weirs are commonly used to prevent flooding, measure discharge and help render rivers navigable. In some locations the terms dam and weir are synonymous, a dam is usually specifically designed to impound water behind a wall, whilst a weir is designed to alter the river flow characteristics. A common distinction between dams and weirs is that flows over the top of a weir or underneath it for at least some of its length. Accordingly the crest of a spillway on a large dam may therefore be referred to as a weir. Weirs can vary in size both horizontally and vertically, with the smallest being only a few inches in height whilst the largest may be hundreds of metres long, some common weir purposes are outlined below. Weirs allow hydrologists and engineers a method of measuring the volumetric flow rate in small to medium-sized streams/rivers or in industrial discharge locations. Since the geometry of the top of the weir is known and all flows over the weir. However, this can only be achieved in locations where all water flows over the top of the weir crest, if these conditions are not met it can make flow measurement complicated, inaccurate or even impossible. The discharge calculation can be summarised as, Q = C L H n Where Q is flow rate of fluid C is the flow coefficent for the structure, Flow measurement weirs must be well maintained if they are to remain accurate. As weirs are a physical barrier they can impede the movement of fish and other animals up. This can have an effect of fish species that migrate as part of their breeding cycle. For example, weirs in the Great Lakes region have helped to prevent invasive Sea lamprey from colonising further upstream, mill ponds are created by a weir impounding water that then flows over the structure. The energy created by the change in height of the water can then be used to power waterwheels and power mill, Weirs are commonly used to control the flow rates of rivers during periods of high discharge. Sluice gates can be altered to increase or decrease the volume of flowing downstream. Weirs of this purpose are commonly found upstream of towns and villages, by slowing the rate at which water moves downstream even slightly a disproportionate effect can be had on the likelihood of flooding. On larger rivers a weir can also alter the characteristics of a river to the point that vessels are able to navigate areas previously inaccessible due to extreme currents or eddies. Many larger weirs will have built in that allow boats and river users to shoot the weir
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Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory
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Fyshwick is a retail and light industry suburb of Canberra and is located east of the South Canberra district. On Census night 2011, Fyshwick had a population of 38 people and it has many motor vehicle dealers, stores selling home furnishings and hardware, and stores that sell goods wholesale. There are also some fast-food outlets and it was named after Sir Philip Fysh, a Tasmanian politician who assisted in bringing about Australias Federation. The suffix wick, from Old English, means dwelling place – and, by extension and its streets are named after Australias industrial towns and regions – for example, Mount Isa is represented by Isa Street and Townsville is represented by Townsville Street. It is known for its entertainment industry. Fyshwick and Mitchell are the two places in the ACT where strip clubs and brothels may operate legally, prostitution in the ACT was decriminalised in 1992 but strip clubs and brothels are restricted to those two suburbs. The only railway line into Canberra runs through the middle of Fyshwick dividing the area into halves, ipswich and Newcastle Streets as well as the Monaro Highway cross the railway line uniting both halves of Fyshwick. The Fyshwick sewage treatment works was built in 1967 to treat waste water that could not easily be pumped to the side of Canberra. It is now used to treat waste water, which is then used to water the Duntroon grounds. One noteworthy portion of Fyshwick, located between the line and Canberra Avenue, was built as an internment camp during early 1918. It was known as the Molonglo Internment Camp, although it was referred to as a concentration camp. Instead, the camp housed 150 internees transferred from the Bourke Camp in New South Wales, the camp was closed in late 1919 after the internees were deported to Germany. Most of the building were sold off, with the remaining buildings being converted to house construction workers. Gradually the camp buildings were moved to other sites around Canberra. The internment camps hospital at what is now Tennant Street became the Molonglo Public School and this school closed in 1942 and then became a naval auxiliary wireless station. The station consisted of one wooden T shaped building and a mess hall. This station operated the receivers for the fixed radio links to Australia for Whitehall, Halifax. During this period 14 WRANS operated the equipment, marion Stevens was a Petty Officer in charge of the station from 1943 to 1946
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Royal Canberra Golf Club
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The Canberra Golf Club, later known as the Royal Canberra Golf Club, was formed in 1926. Its original grounds were behind the Hotel Canberra on the flats on both sides of the Molonglo River. The clubs Club House was on a site near the Albert Hall and included the old brick fireplace, the Kaye family took over the lease of Klensendorlffes stone villa in 1854 and in the early 1890s constructed a new slab home with the brick fireplace and chimney mentioned above. The site of building, like the greens, is below the waters of Lake Burley Griffin. Shortly before work commenced on the lake the Royal Canberra Golf Club moved to its present site in Yarralumla, the history of Royal Canberra Golf Club, or its predecessors, is almost as long as the history of the national capital itself. The foundation stone for the city was laid in 1913 and in same year. That Acton course was built on the banks of the Molonglo River and, with the river as a constant threat to wayward shots, soon earned a reputation as a superb and challenging test of golf. With minor changes only to the layout, but major changes to the clubhouse, it remained the home of Royal Canberra Golf Club until 1962, in the 40 years since that move the Royal Canberra Golf Club has developed into Australias pre-eminent inland golf course. Royal Canberra hosted the 2013 ISPS Handa Womens Australian Open, the length of the course was increased from 5891 metres to over 6000 meters, source, History of the Royal Canberra Gold Club. Official website ISPS Handa Womens Australian Open
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National Capital Authority
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The Committee was chaired by Australian architect Sir John Sulman, and advised the Minister of Home Affairs on the Construction of Canberra and conducted a review of the Griffin Plan. Stage two, also to three years, would include the construction of railways in addition to other key buildings Stage three would create character and permanence in the capital. In 1924 the Committee was abolished due to the pace of development. The FCC was formed to construct and administer Canberra from 1 January 1925, the Chief Commissioner of the body was Sir John Butters. The FCC was to prepare Canberra for the arrival of 1,100 civil servants, the FCC also oversaw construction of the Sydney and Melbourne commercial buildings in the City and significant residential development. The FCC was disbanded on 1 May 1930 following the start of the depression in 1929. Development after this point was not centrally planned until the establishment of the National Capital Planning, Federal Capital Commission architects designed houses in the new city and public buildings using a mixture of elements from the Arts and Crafts movement, Mediterranean and Georgian styles. The result is known as the FCC style and is unique to Canberra, FCC style houses can be found in the suburbs of Barton, Braddon, Forrest and Reid. Sir John Sulman began the development of Federal Capital Architecture, before emigrating to Australia in 1885, he had been a friend of William Morris and active in the Arts and Crafts movement. By the time Canberra was being built, the popularity of the uniquely Australian Federation style architecture was waning, the architect William Hardy Wilson led the reaction against the ornateness of the Federation style and advocated adopting approaches from the United States. When Walter Burley Griffin arrived in 1913, there was interest in the Prairie Style of mid-western America with which Griffin was associated, the Classical revival style was popular in America, reflected in Beaux-Arts architecture. The NCPDC was formed in 1938 to oversee the development of Canberra, the NCPDC was to advise the Minister of the Interior to safeguard the Griffin plan and maintain high aesthetic and architectural standards worthy of a National Capital. The Committee had no power, and was unable to direct development of the Capital. Dissatisfied with progress, the government established a Senate Select Committee in 1954 to inquire into Canberras development, in 1958 it was replaced by the well funded and authoritative National Capital Development Commission. The NCDC was created to complete the establishment of Canberra as the seat of government and it was created in 1957 through the National Capital Development Commission Act 1957. Under the control of the NCDC Canberra grew from a population of 40,000 to 300,000, the NCDC was responsible for the development of Canberras satellite cities, Woden Valley, Belconnen, Tuggeranong and Gungahlin. The NCDC also oversaw construction of Lake Burley Griffin and New Parliament House, the NCDC had four Commissioners, Sir John Overall, Commissioner, 1958–1972 W. C. The NCDC was abolished after the Australian Capital Territory Act 1988, and most of its functions passed to the new ACT government, the National Capital Authority was established in 1989 when the Australian Capital Territory was granted self-government
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Media related to Lake Burley Griffin at Wikimedia Commons
