1.
Law enforcement in Liechtenstein
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Liechtenstein has a significantly low crime rate, with the last murder taking place, according to a serving officer, “about ten years ago” as of 2007. Crime has always been low since the mid-1970s when Liechtenstein started to prosper as a nation, according to an International Special Reports study, the average Liechtenstein resident doesnt even lock their door. Liechtenstein jails hold very few, if any, inmates, with sentences over two years being transferred to Austria, however, officers in the Liechtenstein National Police Force have been armed since a shooting took place. Criminal Investigation, Administration Crime Investigation Division, Serious Crime Unit, Trace Unit, Financial Crime Unit, Forensic Unit, officers are generally issued a SIG Sauer pistol the standard issue being the SIG Sauer P226. Security Corps The Security Corps are a force, composed entirely of Liechtensteiners. The Corps also performs honorary roles such as changing the guard, differing from all other units the Corps are both trained and equipped with automatic weapons, most notably the Heckler & Koch UMP and MP5. Law enforcement in Liechtenstein is handled solely by the Liechtenstein National Police Force, Liechtenstein follows a policy of neutrality, and is one of few countries in the world that maintains no active military. Liechtensteins Army was abolished in 1868, soon after the Austro-Prussian War in which Liechtenstein fielded an army of 80 men, however, Liechtenstein can reinstate its military if deemed necessary, although this is very unlikely. Switzerland has an active military due to conscription. Several incidents have occurred during training, On 5 December 1985, rockets fired by the Swiss Armed Forces landed in Liechtenstein. On 13 October 1992, following orders, Swiss Army cadets unknowingly crossed the border. Swiss commanders had overlooked the fact that Triesenberg was not on Swiss territory, Switzerland apologized to Liechtenstein for the incident. On 3 March 2007, a company of 171 Swiss soldiers mistakenly entered Liechtenstein, the troops returned to Swiss territory before they had traveled more than 2 km into the country. The Liechtenstein authorities did not discover the invaders, and were informed by the Swiss after the incident, the incident was disregarded by both sides. A Liechtenstein spokesman said Its not like they invaded with attack helicopters, since 1933, Liechtenstein National Police Force has signed seven strategic treaties. The Fire Brigade also operates a 30-man volunteer Mountain Rescue Service, officer uniforms are similar to that of the Swiss cantonal police, both in color, and design. The Swiss border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein is opened, but Swiss customs officers used to secure Liechtensteins border with Austria, in February 2007, there were hundreds of people trying to seek asylum in Liechtenstein, mainly from countries such as Somalia and Eritrea. This security measure lasted for about 90 days, with well over 800 people seeking asylum in Liechtenstein, in December 2011, Liechtenstein became the fourth non-European Union country to join the Schengen Area after Switzerland, Norway and Iceland
2.
Mercedes-Benz
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Mercedes-Benz is a global automobile manufacturer and a division of the German company Daimler AG. The brand is known for vehicles, buses, coaches. The headquarters is in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, the slogan for the brand is the best or nothing and Mercedes-Benz was one of the top growing brands in 2014 with 18% growth. The Mercedes automobile was first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, emil Jellinek, an Austrian automobile entrepreneur who worked with DMG created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek. The first Mercedes-Benz brand name vehicles were produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benzs, on 28 June 1926, Mercedes Benz was formed with the merger of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimlers two companies. Gottlieb Daimler was born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf, after training as a gunsmith and working in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing various activities in France and England, he started work as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he was appointed inspector in a machine tool factory in Reutlingen. Throughout the 1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 model, a car that was popular during Germanys Nazi period, Adolf Hitler was known to have driven these cars during his time in power, with bulletproof windshields. Most of the models have been sold at auctions to private buyers. One of them is currently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, the pontiffs Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz. In 1944,46,000 forced laborers were used in Daimler-Benzs factories to bolster Nazi war efforts, the company later paid $12 million in reparations to the laborers families. Mercedes-Benz has introduced many technological and safety innovations that became common in other vehicles. Mercedes-Benz is one of the best-known and established automotive brands in the world, for information relating to the famous three-pointed star, see under the title Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft including the merger into Daimler-Benz. As part of the Daimler AG company, the Mercedes-Benz Cars division includes Mercedes-Benz, mercedes-AMG became a majority owned division of Mercedes-Benz in 1999. The company was integrated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999, and became Mercedes-Benz AMG beginning on 1 January 1999, Daimlers ultra-luxury brand Maybach was under Mercedes-Benz cars division until 2013, when the production stopped due to poor sales volumes. It now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the models being ultra-luxury versions of Mercedes cars, Daimler coorporates with BYD Auto to make and sell a battery-electric car called Denza in China. In 2016, Daimler announced plans to sell Mercedes-Benz branded all-electric battery cars in China, beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz vehicles are also manufactured or assembled in, Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz had maintained a reputation for its quality and durability
3.
Erfurt
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Erfurt is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany. It lies in the part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river. It is located 100 km south-west of Leipzig,300 km south-west of Berlin,400 km north of Munich and 250 km north-east of Frankfurt, together with neighbouring cities Weimar and Jena it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 400,000 inhabitants. Erfurts old town is one of the most intact medieval cities in Germany, tourist attractions include the Krämerbrücke, the ensemble of Erfurt Cathedral and Severikirche and Petersburg Citadel, one of the largest and best preserved town fortresses in Europe. The citys economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics and its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe. Erfurt hosts the second-largest trade fair in eastern Germany as well as the public television children’s channel KiKa, the city is situated on the Via Regia, a medieval trade and pilgrims road network. Modern day Erfurt is also a hub for ICE high speed trains, Erfurt was first mentioned in 742, as Saint Boniface founded the diocese. Although the town did not belong to any of the Thuringian states politically and it was part of the Electorate of Mainz during the Holy Roman Empire, and later became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1802. From 1949 until 1990 Erfurt was part of the German Democratic Republic, notable institutions in Erfurt are the Federal Labour Court of Germany, the University of Erfurt and the Fachhochschule Erfurt. The university was founded in 1379, making it the first university to be established in area which constitutes modern day Germany. It closed in 1816 and was re-established in 1994, with the modern campus on what was a former teachers training college. Martin Luther was the most famous student of the institution, studying there from 1501, Erfurt is an old Germanic settlement. The earliest evidence of settlement dates from the prehistoric era, archaeological finds from the north of Erfurt revealed human traces from the paleolithic period. The Melchendorf dig in the city part showed a settlement from the neolithic period. The Thuringii inhabited the Erfurt area ca.480 and gave their name to Thuringia ca, all three dioceses were confirmed by Zachary the next year, though in 755 Erfurt was brought into the diocese of Mainz. That the place was already is borne out by archeological evidence. Throughout the Middle Ages, Erfurt was an important trading town because of its location, together with the other five Thuringian woad towns of Gotha, Tennstedt, Arnstadt and Langensalza it was the centre of the German woad trade, which made those cities very wealthy. During the 10th and 11th centuries both the Emperor and the Electorate of Mainz held some privileges in Erfurt, the German kings had an important monastery on Petersberg hill and the Archbishops of Mainz collected taxes from the people
4.
Partenavia P.68
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The Partenavia P.68, now Vulcanair P68, is an Italian six-seat, twin-engined, high-wing monoplane built by Partenavia and later Vulcanair. Designed by Professor Luigi Pascale and originally put into production in 1972 and it was originally named the Victor, although this name was not used for the production aircraft. The P.68 Observer, which was an Italian/German development, has a transparent nose for use in police work, First flown on 25 May 1970, the prototype P.68 was built at Arzano, Italy. It was powered by two 200 hp Lycoming IO-360 piston engines, production of the P.68 began in 1972 with 14 pre-production aircraft at new facilities in Casoria, Italy. These were followed in 1974 by the P. 68B with the lengthened by 6in to create more space in the cockpit. It was superseded in 1979 by the P. 68C which had a nose to accommodate a weather radar. A turbocharged version was available in 1980, the type license was obtained by Vulcanair, which is still producing the P. 68C. With the help of Aeritalia, development began of a turboprop version. The first aircraft, an AP. 68TP, first flew in 1978 using Allison 250 turboprops, although the prototype had a retractable undercarriage, the production aircraft, named the Spartacus, had a fixed undercarriage. Later, a retractable version was built as the Viator. The German company Sportavia-Putzer modified the P.68 by replacing the section with a transparent structure. Initially, Observers were simply conversions of existing aircraft, but later, P.68 - Initial production version,14 built. P. 68B - P.68 with fuselage lengthened by 6-inches, P.68 Observer - Modified P. 68B with fully glazed nose, over 21 built or modified. P. 68C - P. 68B with longer nose and integral wing fuel tanks, P. 68C-TC - P. 68C fitted with 200 hp Lycoming TI0-360-C1A6D turbocharged engines. P. 68R - P. 68B with retractable undercarriage, one built, P. 68T - P. 68R with lengthened fuselage, larger tail and Allison 250-B17B turboporops, four built. AP. 68TP - First turboprop powered prototype, First flew on 11 September 1978. AP. 68TP-100 - Second turboprop powered prototype, AP. 68TP-300 Spartacus - P. 68T with fixed undercarriage, over 13 built. AP. 68TP-600 Viator - Spartacus with retractable undercarriage, lengthened nose and stretched fuselage, AP. 68TP-600 A-Viator as above, with airframe and avionics upgrades, demonstrator flying 2009
5.
Hesse State Police
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The Hessen State Police numbers approximately 15,500 police officers and 2,500 civilian employees. The seven regional police authorities are headquartered in Kassel, Giessen, Fulda, Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Offenbach am Main, following a police reform in 2001, the regional police authorities are now directly subordinate to the Interior Ministry. The State Police Commissioner’s post became an appointment and one to which police officers can be appointed. Another Hessen innovation is the abolition of the “green star” ranks meaning Hessen’s police officers start to work the road as Kommissar and this is aimed at making the police profession more attractive and improving promotion chances. In 2005, Hessen state government decided to change to police uniforms. The conversion to blue uniforms was completed in 2009, citizens also participate in public safety. This commitment to action is seen in the Volunteer Police program. The volunteers are trained for 50 hours, receive a uniform, pepper spray. People can also join the Wachpolizei which has less competencies than regular police to perform basic tasks such as traffic or guard duties. The Landeskriminalamt is situated in Wiesbaden and employs 680 officers and civilian staff, the Hessen State Police has two SEKs, one covering the north of the state and one covering the south. The four reserve battalions Bereitschaftspolizeiabteilungen are situated in Mainz-Kastel, Lich, Kassel, the river police has six stations along the rivers Rhine, Main, Fulda, Werra and Lahn and one for the Edersee reservoir. The helicopter squadron is stationed at Egelsbach Airfield between Darmstadt and Frankfurt and it has three choppers and one fixed-wing aircraft for missions anywhere in Hesse. The Hessian Police Academy is situated in Wiesbaden and offers seminars, a driver training center is located at the former U. S. ammunition storage point in Hünstetten-Limbach. Landespolizei Polizei. de Police in Hessen homepage University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration homepage Media related to Police of Hesse at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
7.
Hamburg
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Hamburg, officially Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is the second smallest German state by area and its population is over 1.7 million people, and the wider Hamburg Metropolitan Region covers more than 5.1 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe, the official long name reflects Hamburgs history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a sovereign state. Prior to the changes in 1919, the civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. Though repeatedly destroyed by the Great Fire of Hamburg, the floods and military conflicts including WW2 bombing raids, the city managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. On the river Elbe, Hamburg is a port and a global service, media, logistics and industrial hub, with headquarters and facilities of Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf. The radio and television broadcaster NDR, Europes largest printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of Germanys oldest stock exchange and the worlds second oldest bank, Berenberg Bank. The city is a fast expanding tourist destination for domestic and international visitors. It ranked 16th in the world for livability in 2015, the ensemble Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research and education hub with several universities and institutes and its creative industries and major cultural venues include the renowned Elbphilharmonie and Laeisz concert halls, various art venues, music producers and artists. It is regarded as a haven for artists, gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule. Hamburg is also known for theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Paulis Reeperbahn is among the best known European entertainment districts, Hamburg is on the southern point of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the north-east. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster, the city centre is around the Binnenalster and Außenalster, both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The island of Neuwerk and two neighbouring islands Scharhörn and Nigehörn, in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of Hamburg. The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land region, neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburgs highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at 116.2 metres AMSL. Hamburg has a climate, influenced by its proximity to the coast
8.
Eurocopter EC135
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The Eurocopter EC135 is a twin-engine civil helicopter produced by Airbus Helicopters. It is capable of flight under instrument flight rules and is outfitted with digital flight controls and it entered service in 1996, over a thousand aircraft have been produced to date. It is widely used by police and ambulance services and for transport, by 2013. While the EC135 is primarily used by operators, a combat-capable military-orientated variant of the EC135. The EC135 started development prior to the formation of Eurocopter under Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm under the designation Bo 108 in the 1970s, technologies included on the Bo 108 included the first full-authority digital engine controls on a helicopter, a hingeless main rotor, and the adoption of a new transmission. The first prototype made its first flight on 17 October 1988, a second Bo 108 followed on 5 June 1991, this time with two Turbomeca TM319-1B Arrius engines, unlike later production aircraft, both technology demonstrators flew with conventional tail rotors. In the late 1990s, the design was revised with the introduction of the Fenestron tail rotor system, a rigid main rotor, composite materials. Despite the helicopters design being primarily oriented towards emergency medical operators, european JAA certification was achieved on 16 June 1996, with FAA approval following on 31 July. On 2 December 1999, the EC135 was granted single-pilot IFR certification by Germanys Luftfahrt-Bundesamt, in December 2000, the United Kingdoms Civil Aviation Authority also gave the EC135 SPIFR certification. In 2000, Eurocopter announced the start of work on the EC135P2, powered by the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B2, offering improved single-engine performance. The LBA certification was achieved on 10 July 2001, and the first EC135 with the new engines was handed over to the Swedish Police on 10 August 2001. In September 2002, the EC135T2 equipped with the improved Turbomeca Arrius 2B2 was made available, in 2002, the EC135 Active Control Technology demonstrator/Flying Helicopter Simulator, a research aircraft designed to test fibre optic-based flight control systems, undertook its first flight. The launch customer for the type is Falcon Aviation Services, based in Abu Dhabi, in July 2014, Airbus Helicopters announced that it was making further personalization options available for the EC135 l’Helicoptere par Hermes. In 2011, Eurocopter formalised a license manufacturing agreement with Zhong-Ou International Group to produce the EC135 Luxury Helicopter in Zhejiang Province, the majority of assembly work on the type remains at Airbus Helicopters Donauwörth facility. In January 2016, it was announced that the Ural Works of Civil Aviation, two improved variants, the EC135 T3 and EC135 P3, were developed with improved high altitude and hover performance. Changes include repositioned air intakes to the engines, wider blades being installed on the main rotor, the EC135 T3 was introduced to service in December 2014. The EC135 is a twin-engine rotorcraft and it can be alternatively powered by a pair of Turbomeca Arrius 2B or Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206B engines, dependent on customers preference. The EC135 holds the distinction of being the quietest helicopter in its class, the types fenestron anti-torque device can be actively regulated via a HI NR rotor optimization mode, which provides for greater controllability during higher weight take-off and landings
9.
Police aviation
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Police aviation is the use of rotary-wing aircraft, fixed-wing aircraft, nonrigid-wing aircraft or lighter-than-air aircraft in police operations. In some major cities, police rotary-wing aircraft are used as air transportation for personnel belonging to SWAT-style units. In large, sparsely populated areas, fixed-wing aircraft are used to transport personnel. The first police department was established in New York City in 1919 with two fixed-wing aircraft. Fixed-wing aircraft have generally replaced by more versatile rotary-wing aircraft since the late 1940s. However, fixed-wing aircraft are used in some missions, such as border patrol, as their higher speed. In 1921, the British airship R33 was used to help the police with traffic control around horse racing events at Epsom, the most common form of police rotary-wing aircraft is the helicopter, but other types of rotary-wing aircraft such as autogyros are also used. The Groen Hawk 4 autogyro was used during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, weapons are not usually attached to the aircraft. Police rotary-wing aircraft are equipped to perform multiple functions, or are designed so that equipment can be changed quickly when required for divergent roles. For example, an aircraft could be used for search-and-rescue. Police forces sometimes use military surplus rotary-wing aircraft, such as the Bell UH-1 Huey, some policing organisations, such as the Policía Federal in Mexico, acquire new military rotary-wing aircraft such as the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk. However, most buy civilian rotary-wing aircraft directly from major companies or lease them from specialty suppliers. Some police air units also use fixed-wing aircraft, which allow higher and quieter surveillance, a few police air units, such as the Northern Territory Police in Australia, use only fixed-wing aircraft. The use of fixed-wing aircraft also allows for longer flying times, fixed-wing aircraft are also used to transport prisoners, with the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System perhaps being the largest example of this use. Fixed-wing aircraft are used to provide regular police patrols in remote communities. Light-sport aircraft and powered parachutes can sometimes be used to provide a replacement for helicopters in the observation platform role. The Edgley Optica was a British fixed-wing aircraft built for use and was used by the Hampshire Constabulary as an alternative to rotary-wing aircraft. The Britten-Norman Defender is used by the Greater Manchester Police, the Police Service of Northern Ireland, the FBI deployed one Britten-Norman Defender for electronic aerial surveillance at the Branch Davidian compound during the Waco siege in 1993
10.
RMMV Survivor R
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Survivor R was publicly displayed for the first time at Eurosatory 2014. The first sale of Survivor R was announced in March 2017, Survivor R is the initial result of this co-operation. Survivor R adds a 15-tonne GVW class protected wheeled vehicle to RMMV’s increasing portfolio of multirole vehicles, the version shown at Eurosatory 2014 was in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear configuration. Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles announced on 11 February 2015 that Survivor R would be shown at IDEX2015 held in Abu Dhabi 22–26 February. This was the first time the vehicle was shown in the Middle East, the vehicle has since been shown in ambulance configuration and Police/law enforcement. The first sale of Survivor R was announced in March 2017, RMMV was created in 2010 as a joint company between Rheinmetall AG and then-named MAN Nutzfahrzuege AG. To minimise both initial procurement and through life costs, SURVIVOR R is based on a militarised MAN TGM 17-tonne gross vehicle weight commercial truck chassis and automotives. SURVIVOR R uses only series-produced COTS components, with the bulk of the militarisation required integrated into the TGM production line at MAN’s truck plant in Steyr, Austria. SURVIVOR R is powered by a high-sulphur fuel tolerant MAN6. 9-litre, 6-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine, a MAN12 AS1210 Tipmatic 12-speed automated gearbox and MAN G103 2-speed transfer box are fitted. The MAN front axle is rated at 7. 1-tonnes, the rear at 11. 5-tonnes, suspension is by leaf springs, shock absorbers and anti-roll bars. With an unladen weight of 10. 9-tonnes and up to 4. 1-tonnes of military payload the SURVIVOR R offers a respectable payload-to-weight ratio and this combination of protection, workspace and payload makes SURVIVOR R well suited to requirements involving complex systems integrations. SURVIVOR R is air transportable by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft, optional equipment includes a central tyre inflation system, a fully automatic gearbox, a 10-tonne hydraulic self-recovery winch and a dozer blade. The CBRN SURVIVOR R is equipped with fully automated detectors for nuclear radiation as well as sensors for identifying chemical warfare agents and these include a remote standoff sensor for detecting distant clouds of chemical agents, providing immediate analysis and warning. Moreover, the CBRN SURVIVOR R can operate on the move, in addition to its inherent identification capabilities the system can collect samples from soil, water, and ground for later reference analysis. At DESI2015, RMMV displayed Survivor R in a field ambulance configuration, in the configuration shown, the vehicle is able to transport two casualties on stretchers or three seated casualties plus one stretcher accompanied by two medical attendants. The medical equipment is comparable to a paramedic ambulance. It contains advanced procedure equipment, heart monitors, medications and other supplies necessary to provide lifesaving tactical combat casualty care, at Eurosatory 2016, RMMV displayed Survivor R in a Police/law enforcement configuration. The British want to make an MRV-P Package 2 contract award next year, in February 2017 it was disclosed that RMMV had withdrawn from the competition
11.
Saxony
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Its capital is Dresden, and its largest city is Leipzig. Saxony is the tenth largest of Germanys sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres, located in the middle of a large, formerly all German-speaking part of Europe, the history of the state of Saxony spans more than a millennium. It has been a medieval duchy, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, a kingdom, the area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with Old Saxony, the area inhabited by Saxons. Old Saxony corresponds approximately to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony is divided into 10 districts,1. After a reform in 2008, these regions - with some alterations of their respective areas - were called Direktionsbezirke, in 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, the Landesdirektion Sachsen. The Erzgebirgskreis district includes the Ore Mountains, and the Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district includes Saxon Switzerland, the largest cities in Saxony according to the 31 December 2015 estimate. To this can be added that Leipzig forms a metropolitan region with Halle. The latter city is located just across the border to Saxony-Anhalt, Leipzig shares for instance an S-train system and an airport with Halle. Saxony has, after Saxony Anhalt, the most vibrant economy of the states of the former East Germany and its economy grew by 1. 9% in 2010. Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average, the eastern part of Germany, excluding Berlin, qualifies as an Objective 1 development-region within the European Union, and is eligible to receive investment subsidies of up to 30% until 2013. FutureSAX, a business competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002. Microchip makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname Silicon Saxony, the publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today the automobile industry, machinery production and services contribute to the development of the region. Saxony is also one of the most renowned tourist destinations in Germany - especially the cities of Leipzig and Dresden, new tourist destinations are developing, notably in the lake district of Lausitz. Saxony reported an unemployment of 8. 8% in 2014. By comparison the average in the former GDR was 9. 8% and 6. 7% for Germany overall, the unemployment rate reached 8. 2% in May 2015. The Leipzig area, which recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments by Porsche. With the VW Phaeton factory in Dresden, and many part suppliers, zwickau is another major Volkswagen location
12.
Offenbach am Main
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Offenbach am Main is a city in Hesse, Germany, located on the left bank of the river Main and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area. Offenbach has a population of 126,934, in the 20th century the citys economy was dominated by the machine-building and leather industries, and it was also a major centre of the typography and design industries. Other important industries are the automobile and pharmaceutical industries, during the Second World War the city suffered heavily from bombing by the Allied Forces. More than half of the population have a non-German background, with Turks, former Yugoslavs, Arabs, Italians, Greeks. The inner town of Offenbach is quite large and has only a few suburbs, in the east the three incorporated, Bürgel, Bieber, and Rumpenheim. In the south are the newer suburbs Lauterborn and Rosenhöhe, Tempelsee, the office town Kaiserlei, the newest suburb is Mathildenviertel in the center near to the Main river. The first documented reference to a suburb of Offenbach appears in 770, in a document of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II dating to 977 exists the first mention of the place of Offenbach. During the Middle Ages Offenbach passed through many hands and it was destroyed by fire in 1564 and rebuilt in 1578. A year later it was given to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, always very close to the city centre of Frankfurt, Offenbach was a popular location for business. The town has its own trade fair, and many companies have opened facilities here because there are fewer restrictions, the town was more cosmopolitan than Frankfurt, famous people such as Goethe and Mozart visited it several times. The Rumpenheim Palace and its park were a destination for monarchs in the 19th century. The city was ruled by Grand Dukes of Hesse and by Rhine until the monarchy was abolished in 1918. During the Second World War a third of the city was destroyed by Allied bombing, with the new district Lauterborn the city was expanded to the south in the 1960s. On the border with Frankfurt, the office district Kaiserlei was built, Offenbach is a so-called ´Sozialer Brennpunkt because of unemployment, poverty, gang related crime and migration. Offenbach am Main is twinned with, Offenbach has a large non-German population, in 2016, foreign nationals made up 37% of the population. The largest communities are, in order, from Turkey, Greece, Romania, Poland. Until the end of the 17th century, Offenbach remained a town with less than a thousand habitants. With the coming into power of the earl Johann Philipp in 1685, the city began to develop, in the 19th century the city became industrialized and the population increased even tenfold
13.
Hesse
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Hesse or Hessia is a federal state of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants. The state capital is Wiesbaden, the largest city is Frankfurt am Main, the English name Hesse originates in the Hessian dialects. The variant Hessia comes from the medieval Latin Hassia, the German term Hessen is used by the European Commission because their policy is to leave regional names untranslated. The term Hesse ultimately derives from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, an inhabitant of Hesse is called a Hessian. The synthetic element hassium, number 108 on the table, is named after the state of Hesse. As early as the Paleolithic period, the Central Hessian region was inhabited, due to the favorable climate of the location, people lived there about 50,000 years ago during the last glacial period, as burial sites show from this era. Finds of paleolitical tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago, the Züschen tomb is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist, it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to the fourth millennium BC, it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture. An early Celtic presence in what is now Hesse is indicated by a mid-fifth-century BC La Tène style burial uncovered at Glauberg, the region was later settled by the Germanic Chatti tribe around the first century BC, and the name Hesse is a continuation of that tribal name. The ancient Romans had a camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction. Presumably, the government for the occupied territories of the right bank of Germania was planned at this location. The governor of Germania, at least temporarily, likely had resided here, the settlement appears to have been abandoned by the Romans after the devastating Battle of the Teutoburg Forest failed in the year 9 AD. The Chatti were also involved in the Revolt of the Batavi in 69 AD, Hessia occupies the northwestern part of the modern German state of Hesse, its borders were not clearly delineated. Its geographic center is Fritzlar, it extends in the southeast to Hersfeld on the Fulda river, in the north to past Kassel and up to the rivers Diemel, to the west, it occupies the valleys of the rivers Eder and Lahn. It measured roughly 90 kilometers north-south, and 80 north-west, the area around Fritzlar shows evidence of significant pagan belief from the first century on. Excavations have produced a horse burial and bronze artifacts, a possible religious cult may have centered on a natural spring in Geismar, called Heilgenbron, the name Geismar itself may be derived from that spring. By 650, the Franks were establishing themselves as overlords, which is suggested by evidence of burials
14.
Special Deployment Commando
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Special Deployment Commandos, German, Spezialeinsatzkommandos, are the specialized operation armed response units of the sixteen German state police forces. The comparable units of the German Federal Police are GSG9, the organization of special police forces varies from state to state. Whilst most states have created one Special Deployment Commando which is based in their capital city, north Rhine-Westphalia Police or Rheinland-Pfalz State Police have established Special Deployment Commandos in other major cities as needed. The Bavarian State Police and Hessen State Police both have two Special Deployment Commandos - one each for the north and the south, a SEK unit can be attached to the Rapid Reaction Police or to big regional police headquarters. The internal organisation of SEKs rests with the units and therefore differs as well, the SEK of South Bavaria has an alpine component and the SEK units of Bremen and Hamburg have elements trained for maritime tasks. Some SEKs also have specialized groups for cases like hostage situations or suicide attempts. Any state police officer is eligible to apply for service in a SEK unit, the age limit is mostly between 23 and 35 years, whilst operatives have to leave the entry teams when they reach the age of 42. Both sexes can be recruited, however, only a few policewomen have been able to handle the extensive, at the moment, only the SEK units of Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein and Southern Hesse have women in their ranks. Basically the requirements demand physical and mental strength, discernment and capacity for teamwork, only about 30 percent of all candidates pass the tests. The length of the necessary to become an operative in a SEK unit differs but is generally five to eight months long. Mainly unrecognized by the media and public, the missions of SEK units are to serve arrest warrants. Hostage sieges, kidnappings and raids also belong to their missions as well as other scenarios like personal security detail for VIPs or witnesses, since the 1970s, each SEK has handled several thousand deployments. The front-runner is the SEK of the Berlin Police with up to 500 deployments a year, the basic gear for every SEK officer is a standard sidearm and a submachine gun. SEK would gain other weaponry including rifles, sniper rifles, unlike other police institutions, members are not bound to normal procurement policies and can order the equipment they feel the best for their mission. If cited in a trial they are referred to by numbers. When off-duty SEK officers are called to a scene, they may appear plain-clothed, only wearing their special protective gear. Mobile Task Force units operate hand-in-hand with the SEKs and these plain-clothed units are specialized in surveillance, quick arrests and mobile hostage sieges or kidnappings. They are often used in investigations against organized crime or blackmailers, however, the deployment of the MEK units is requested only for serious offenses
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North Rhine-Westphalia
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North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous state of Germany, with a population of approximately 18 million, and the fourth largest by area. Its capital is Düsseldorf, the most populous city is Cologne, four of Germanys ten largest cities—Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund, and Essen—are located within the state, as well as the largest metropolitan area on the European continent, Rhine-Ruhr. North Rhine-Westphalia was formed in 1946 as a merger of the provinces of North Rhine and Westphalia, the state has been run by a coalition of the Social Democrats and Greens since 2010. The Ubii and some other Germanic tribes such as the Cugerni were later settled on the west side of the Rhine in the Roman province of Germania Inferior, North of the Sigambri and the Rhine region were the Bructeri. By the 8th century the Frankish dominion was established in western Germany. But at the time, to the north, Westphalia was being taken over by Saxons pushing south. The Merovingian and Carolingian Franks eventually built an empire which controlled first their Ripuarian kin, the Ottonian dynasty had both Saxon and Frankish ancestry. As the central power of the Holy Roman Emperor weakened, the Rhineland split into small independent principalities, each with its separate vicissitudes. Such struggles as the War of the Limburg Succession therefore continued to create military, Aachen was the place of coronation of the German emperors, and the ecclesiastical principalities of the Rhine bulked largely in German history. Prussia first set foot on the Rhine in 1609 by the occupation of the Duchy of Cleves and about a century later Upper Guelders and Moers also became Prussian. At the peace of Basel in 1795 the whole of the bank of the Rhine was resigned to France. In 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium, around 1 AD there were numerous incursions through Westphalia and perhaps even some permanent Roman or Romanized settlements. The Battle of Teutoburg Forest took place near Osnabrück and some of the Germanic tribes who fought at this came from the area of Westphalia. Charlemagne is thought to have spent considerable time in Paderborn and nearby parts and his Saxon Wars also partly took place in what is thought of as Westphalia today. Popular legends link his adversary Widukind to places near Detmold, Bielefeld, Lemgo, Osnabrück, Widukind was buried in Enger, which is also a subject of a legend. Along with Eastphalia and Engern, Westphalia was originally a district of the Duchy of Saxony, in 1180 Westphalia was elevated to the rank of a duchy by Emperor Barbarossa. The Duchy of Westphalia comprised only an area south of the Lippe River. Parts of Westphalia came under Brandenburg-Prussian control during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years War
16.
Berlin Police
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The Berlin Police is the German Landespolizei force for the city-state of Berlin. Law enforcement in Germany is divided between federal and state agencies, the Berlin Police is headed by the Police President Klaus Kandt. His deputy is Police Vice-President Margarete Koppers, the „Royal Prussian Police“ was founded in 1809. In March 1848 Berlin was one of the places were the Revolution of 1848 took place, at this time just a small number of police officers with limited authority, the so-called Revierpolizei existed. To fight the revolution, the chief of police, police commissioner Dr. Julius Freiher von Minutoli asked the Prussian army for help and they send two guard cavallery regiments, and three guard infantry regiments. Approximately 230 citizens were shot or killed by saber because the troops had the order Immer feste druff. After a couple of days the troops withdrew and a militia with a strength of 20,000 men was founded, in short, the militia was worthless. Shortly after the revolution, King Frederick William IV of Prussia founded the Königliche Schutzmannschaft zu Berlin in June 1848 and it was the first modern police force in Germany from the viewpoint of then and today. It consisted of 1 Oberst,5 Hauptleuten,200 Wachtmeister and 1,800 Schutzleute,40 of them mounted, in 1936, during the Nazi regime it was dissolved like all other German police forces, and absorbed into the Ordnungspolizei or Orpo. The Orpo was established as a centralized organisation uniting the municipal, city, eventually the Orpo embraced virtually all of the Third Reichs law-enforcement and emergency response organizations, including fire brigades, coast guard, civil defense, and even night watchmen. It was under the command of Heinrich Himmler. Approximately 2,300 officers changed from the West to the East,9,600 East Berlin officers were checked to be possible collaborators of the MfS.8,544 of them got a recommendation,1,056 not. Approximately 2,000 were retired or resigned themselves. e, since the eighties it became more and more a branch in which citizens were able to voluntarily committed to the safety of their city as they were able to support the Schupo in daily service. The LKA supervises police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences, dedicated to the LKA, Spezialeinsatzkommando - The SWAT teams of the German state police. Mobiles Einsatzkommando - The MEKs are plain clothes teams of the LKA with special tasks like mentioned above, personenschutzkommando - Personal security plain clothes unit, protecting politicians and VIPs f. e. Wasserschutzpolizei - The river police for patrolling rivers, lakes and harbours, objektschutz/Gefangenenwesen - The Berlin Police has a special branch for the guarding of buildings, especially embassies or watch over and transport convicts. These non-sworn officers are employees with limited police authority and they are armed and wear the same uniform as the Schupo but different rank insignias. Zentrale Serviceeinheit, The central service unit is responsible for all administrative, the general education and training are in charge through the police academy in Berlin
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Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
18.
State police
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State police or provincial police are a type of sub-national territorial police force, found particularly in North America, South Asia, and Oceania. Some other countries have analogous police forces, such as the police in some Canadian provinces. Each state of Australia has its own police force. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the forces to police all geographic areas within their respective states. Prior to the Federation of Australia, each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, Military Police — they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as State police. They are a branch of the Brazilian armed forces but do not perform regular Military Police duties as they are performed by service police such as the Army Police. Two provinces in Canada have a force with jurisdiction over the entire province. In all other provinces, provincial police services are carried out by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a third police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves several metropolitan areas. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. In Alberta, highway patrol and civic guard duties are performed by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the British Columbia Provincial Police existed from the mid 19th century until 1950 when it was incorporated into the RCMP. The Landespolizei is a used in the Federal Republic of Germany to denote the law enforcement services that perform law enforcement duties in the States of Germany. The German federal constitution leaves the majority of law enforcement responsibilities to the 16 states of the country. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right, the state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas. Each of the 31 states of Mexico maintains a law enforcement agency or Policia Estatal. Each of these forces is tasked with the protection of their citizens, keeping local order and combating insecurity. Certain states including Veracruz and Nuevo León have a new model of police force designated as Civilian Forces, three communities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to State Police or Community Police. Similarly, on 1 April 2013, Scotlands eight regional police forces amalgamated to create a Scottish national police service, Police Scotland, both are local as well as national forces of their respective constituent countries - effectively state-level within the UK. England and Wales, in contrast, typically organise policing on a city or county basis, see also, List of state police agencies
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States of Germany
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Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states. Since todays Germany was formed from a collection of several states, it has a federal constitution. The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer, the creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states created in the aftermath of World War II. West Berlin, while not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state. In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, in 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. Federalism is one of the constitutional principles of Germany. After 1945, new states were constituted in all four zones of occupation, in 1949, the states in the three western zones formed the Federal Republic of Germany. This is in contrast to the development in Austria, where the Bund was constituted first. The use of the term Länder dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919, before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten. Today, it is common to use the term Bundesland. However, this term is not used officially, neither by the constitution of 1919 nor by the Basic Law of 1949, three Länder call themselves Freistaaten, Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia. He summarizes the arguments for boundary reform in Germany. The German system of dual federalism requires strong Länder that have the administrative and fiscal capacity to implement legislation, too many Länder also make coordination among them and with the federation more complicated. But several proposals have failed so far, territorial reform remains a topic in German politics. Federalism has a tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796, the number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars. After the Congress of Vienna,39 states formed the German Confederation, the new German Empire included 25 states and the imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. The empire was dominated by Prussia, which controlled 65% of the territory, after the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles, the remaining states continued as republics of a new German federation
20.
Otto von Bismarck
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Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germanys position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, in 1862, King Wilhelm I appointed Bismarck as Minister President of Prussia, a position he would hold until 1890. He provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France, in 1871, he formed the German Empire with himself as Chancellor, while retaining control of Prussia. His diplomacy of realpolitik and powerful rule at home gained him the nickname the Iron Chancellor, German unification and its rapid economic growth was the foundation to his foreign policy. He disliked colonialism but reluctantly built an empire when it was demanded by both elite and mass opinion. A master of politics at home, Bismarck created the first welfare state in the modern world. In the 1870s, he allied himself with the Liberals and fought the Catholic Church in what was called the Kulturkampf and he lost that battle as the Catholics responded by forming a powerful Centre party and using universal male suffrage to gain a bloc of seats. Bismarck then reversed himself, ended the Kulturkampf, broke with the Liberals, imposed protective tariffs, a devout Lutheran, he was loyal to his king, who argued with Bismarck but in the end supported him against the advice of his wife and his heir. Under Wilhelm I, Bismarck largely controlled domestic and foreign affairs, until he was removed by the young Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890, bismarck—a Junker himself—was strong-willed, outspoken and sometimes judged overbearing, but he could also be polite, charming and witty. Occasionally he displayed a violent temper, and he kept his power by threatening resignation time and again. He possessed not only a national and international vision but also the short-term ability to juggle complex developments. As the leader of what historians call revolutionary conservatism, Bismarck became a hero to German nationalists, many historians praise him as a visionary who was instrumental in uniting Germany and, once that had been accomplished, kept the peace in Europe through adroit diplomacy. Bismarck was born in Schönhausen, a family estate situated west of Berlin in the Prussian province of Saxony. He had two siblings, Bernhard and Malwine, the world saw Bismarck as a typical Prussian Junker, an image that he encouraged by wearing military uniforms. Bismarck was well educated and cosmopolitan with a gift for conversation, in addition to his native German, he was fluent in English, French, Italian, Polish and Russian. Bismarck was educated at Johann Ernst Plamanns elementary school, and the Friedrich-Wilhelm, from 1832 to 1833, he studied law at the University of Göttingen, where he was a member of the Corps Hannovera, and then enrolled at the University of Berlin. In 1838, while stationed as an army reservist in Greifswald, at Göttingen, Bismarck befriended the American student John Lothrop Motley
21.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
22.
Ordnungspolizei
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The Ordnungspolizei, abbreviated Orpo, were the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945. The Orpo organization was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly on power after regional police jurisdiction was removed in favor of the central Nazi government, the Orpo was under the administration of the Interior Ministry but headed by members of the SS until the end of World War II. Owing to their uniforms, Orpo were also referred to as Grüne Polizei. The force was first established as a centralized organisation uniting the municipal, city, the Ordnungspolizei encompassed virtually all of Nazi Germanys law-enforcement and emergency response organizations, including fire brigades, coast guard, civil defense, and even night watchmen. Deployed along with the German Army in the invasion of Poland in 1939, traditionally, law enforcement in Germany had been a state and local matter. In this role, Himmler was nominally subordinate to Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, however, the decree effectively subordinated the police to the SS, making it virtually independent of Fricks control. Himmler gained authority as all of Germanys uniformed law enforcement agencies were amalgamated into the new Ordnungspolizei, the police were divided into the Ordnungspolizei and the Sicherheitspolizei, which had been established in June 1936. The Orpo assumed duties of regular uniformed law enforcement while the SiPo consisted of the state police. The Kriminalpolizei was a corps of professional detectives involved in fighting crime, on 27 September 1939, the SS security service, the Sicherheitsdienst and the SiPo were folded into the Reich Main Security Office. The RSHA symbolized the connection between the SS and the police. The Order Police played a role in carrying out the Holocaust. By both career professionals and reservists, in battalion formations and precinct service through providing men for the tasks involved. Generalmajor der Ordnungspolizei und SS-Brigadefuhrer Wilhelm Fritz von Roettig was the first general to be killed in World War II, in Opoczno, the Nazi German Order Police had grown to 244,500 men by mid-1940. The Orpo was under the control of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler who was the Chef der Deutschen Polizei im Ministerium des Innern and it was initially commanded by SS-Oberstgruppenführer und Generaloberst der Polizei Kurt Daluege. But in 1943, Daluege had a heart attack and was removed from duty. He was replaced by SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS und der Polizei Alfred Wünnenberg, by 1941, the Orpo had been divided into the following offices covering every aspect of German law enforcement. The central command office of the entire Ordnungspolizei was located at its Headquarters in Berlin, from 1943 was considered a full SS-Headquarters command as well. The Orpo main office had the departments, Amt I
23.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Military police
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Military police are law enforcement agencies connected with, or part of, the military of a state. In the Second World War, the police of the German Army still used a metal gorget as an emblem. Naval police members are sometimes called masters-at-arms and shore patrol, Military police in Brazil has two meanings. There are provost corps for each of the Brazilian Armed Forces, Army Police for the Army, Navy Police for the Navy, the second type are the civilian preventative police, with military organization comparable to gendarmerie, called the Military Police. Each State has their own Military Police, there is also a joint National Public Security Force, created in 1999. This force is composed of the most qualified State Military Police personnel from all the states and they have the power to arrest anyone who is subject to the Code of Service Discipline, regardless of position or rank under the National Defence Act. If in fact a crime is committed on or in relation to DND property or assets, MP have the power to arrest and charge the offender, military or civilian, under the Criminal Code. It is important to note though that the purpose of the CFMP is not to replace the job of a police officer. MP also have the power to enforce the Provincial Highway Traffic Acts on all military bases in Canada pursuant to the Government Property Traffic Regulations, in Colombia, MPs are very common. They can be seen guarding closed roads, museums, embassies, government buildings, in the National Army of Colombia they are assigned to the 37 Military Police Battalions, wearing green uniforms with the military police helmet. A Naval Police battalion is in service in the Colombian Marine Corps, Each branch of the military of the United States maintains its own police force. The U. S. CGIS primarily investigates and charges those in its own population with serious crimes, such as rape, assault or forgery, Navy, designated as Naval Security Force, primarily responsible for law enforcement and force protection. NSF personnel are led by Naval commissioned officers from the Limited Duty Officer and Chief Warrant Officer communities, additionally, a host installations Security Force are augmented by Sailors on Temporary Assignment of Duty from their parent units, as part of the Auxiliary Security Force. Prior to the 1970s, Master-at-Arms and Shore Patrol were used synonymously to refer to Sailors assigned to law enforcement. Air Force Security Forces —United States Air Force Each service also maintains uniformed civilian police departments and they are referred to as Department of Defense Police. These police fall under each directorate they work for within the United States Department of Defense, for example, the Department of the Air Force Police operate under the Air Provost Marshal. The police officers duties are similar to those of civilian police officers. They enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice, federal and state laws, the United States Constabulary was a gendarmerie force used to secure and patrol the American Zone of West Germany immediately after World War II
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Volkspolizei
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The Volkspolizei – full official name, the Deutsche Volkspolizei, abbreviated to DVP or VP, and colloquially known as the VoPo – was the national police force of the German Democratic Republic. The VP was equipped with armoured personnel carriers and artillery, the Volkspolizei was effectively founded just following World War II, when the Soviet Union established central police forces in the regions of Germany it occupied. The SVAG approved the arming of police forces on 31 October 1945. The Volkspolizei executed traditional police duties such as investigation and traffic control, the Volkspolizei was a national police force and was directly administered by and subordinate only to the Ministry of the Interior. Rather than the service status that West German police enjoyed. The monthly salary was above the average income, the Volkspolizei was administered by the Ministry of the Interior. The overall commander was the First Deputy Minister of the Interior, Berlin Presidium of the Peoples Police Eight police inspectorates River Police Inspectorate Fourteen district commands—one per East German District, excluding Karl Marx Stadt. Area Command of the Volkpolizei in Karl-Marx-Stadt to protect the enterprise of Wismut AG. Upon joining, a recruit would take a course at the Police Academy. The schedule contained political education, police law, criminal law and procedures, afterwards the recruit completed a 6-month practical internship. The reasons Volkspolizei officers gave for joining the force were a desire to work with people, idealism, family tradition, belief in the system, from 1962, the Volkspolizei had its own school in Berlin-Biesdorf which trained around 3,500 officers up to 1989. The Kasernierten Einheiten had their own training facilities, Officers were initially trained in the army ground forces, from 1963 at the Officers school and from 1971 to the officers school in Dresden-Wilder Mann. With the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, about forty percent of the Volkspolizei employees had to leave the service. The National Peoples Army and the Volkspolizei erected the Berlin Wall in 1961, there were various kinds of uniforms, worn according to the work or social situation and differing in material for summer or winter wear. Most uniforms — service, semi-dress, and parade — are gray-green, the better quality and texture of the cloth in officers uniforms distinguished them from the uniforms of enlisted personnel. The field and service uniforms became normal attire in garrison and for most other duty activities, the basic categories of uniforms were field, service, semi-dress, and parade. Field uniforms were for only the Kasernierte Volkspolizei, the field uniform consisted of the NVAs service uniform. The uniform was worn with a cap, service cap, or steel helmet, high black boots
26.
German reunification
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The end of the unification process is officially referred to as German unity, celebrated on 3 October. Following German reunification, Berlin was once designated as the capital of united Germany. The East German regime started to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungarys border fence with Austria opened a hole in the Iron Curtain and it caused an exodus of thousands of East Germans fleeing to West Germany and Austria via Hungary. The united Germany is the continuation of the Federal Republic. For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the term reunification during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die Wende, after 1990, the term die Wende became more common. The term generally refers to the events led up to the actual reunification, in its usual context. When referring to the events surrounding unification, however, it carries the connotation of the time. However, anti-communist activists from Eastern Germany rejected the term Wende as it was introduced by SEDs Secretary General Egon Krenz, the capital city of Berlin was divided into four occupied sectors of control, under the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Germans lived under such imposed divisions throughout the ensuing Cold War, into the 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic and political stagnation, and they correspondingly decreased intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan gave a speech at Brandenburg Gate challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down this wall that had separated Berlin. The wall had stood as an icon for the political and economic division between East and West, a division that Churchill had referred to as the Iron Curtain. In early 1989, under a new era of Soviet policies of glasnost, perestroika and taken to more progressive levels by Gorbachev. Further inspired by images of brave defiance, a wave of revolutions swept throughout the Eastern Bloc that year. In May 1989, Hungary removed their border fence and thousands of East Germans escaped to the West, however, events rapidly came to a head in early 1990. First, in March, the Party of Democratic Socialism—the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany—was heavily defeated in East Germanys first free elections. A grand coalition was formed under Lothar de Maizière, leader of the East German wing of Kohls Christian Democratic Union, on a platform of speedy reunification, second, East Germanys economy and infrastructure underwent a swift and near-total collapse. While East Germany had long been reckoned as having the most robust economy in the Soviet bloc, the East German mark had been practically worthless outside East Germany for some time before the events of 1989–90 further magnified the problem. Discussions immediately began for a merger of the German economies
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Highway patrol
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They are also referred to in many countries as traffic police, although in other countries this term is more commonly used to refer to foot officers on point duty who control traffic at junctions. Duties of highway patrols or traffic police may include the following, commercial vehicle enforcement Enforcing highway laws related to commercial transport, including weight limits and hazardous materials rules. Education Providing public information, handouts, and displays to encourage safe driving, emergency response Securing the scene of a traffic accident by using cones and flares as well as providing first aid to the injured. Law enforcement Assisting local police in rural areas, and keeping an eye out for non-traffic violations, maintenance Observing and reporting damage to the roadways, and conducting hasty road surveys after disasters or the passage of inclement weather. Traffic enforcement Enforcing laws and regulations intended to improve traffic safety, in Argentina, traffic policing is the responsibility of the Argentine National Gendarmerie. In Australia, traffic policing is the responsibility of the police forces. Each force has its own sections, often a local section in each area. Wiki page about the WPR In Brazil, traffic policing is the responsibility of state, State administered highways are policed by a branch of the Military Police forces, called State Highway Military Police. At the same time Federal highways and roads are the responsibility of the Federal Highway Police, in Canada, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, except for the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. Currently, the provincial sheriffs service in Alberta maintains a patrol that shares traffic duties with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and historically, several provinces. New Brunswick, have had their own highway patrols, Quebec also operates the Contrôle routier Québec, who enforce traffic laws in relation heavy vehicles. In Colombia, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Highway Police, in Croatia, traffic police special department is the national motorway patrol, patrols the motorways in Croatia. Missions include the prevention and detection of driving offences, the car fleet is BMW 330d, Mercedes-Benz C320 CDI, Skoda Superb, VW Passat, VW Tuareg, Audi A4, Honda Accord, Ford Mondeo, Opel Vectra and Porsche Carrera 997. In the Czech Republic, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Policie CR, in the Finland, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Finnish National Police. In Germany, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Autobahnpolizei section of the Landespolizei, in India, traffic policing on highways are carried out by state police forces. The Garda Traffic Corps, a unit of the Garda Síochána is responsible for patrolling the countries motorways
28.
Mounted police
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Mounted police are police who patrol on horseback or camelback. Some mounted police units are trained in search and rescue due to the ability to travel where vehicles cannot. Poor roads and extensive rural areas made horse-mounted police a necessity in European states until the early 20th century, notable examples included the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Mexican Rurales, the British South African Police, the Turkish/Cypriot Zapiteh and the caballeria of the Spanish Civil Guard. Tack used by mounted police is similar to standard riding tack, high-traction horseshoes made of speciality metals or fitted with rubber soles are typically used in urban areas in place of standard steel horseshoes, which are prone to slip on pavement. Rubber soled shoes also produce less noise than steel shoes and jar the hoof less, horses working in riot control wear facial armor, made of perspex so that the animals can still see. The New South Wales Mounted Police is a section of the New South Wales Police Force. Currently they have a strength of 36 officers and around 38 mounts and their duties include traffic and crowd management, patrols, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is a well-known mounted police force, although horses are no longer in use operationally. However, horses are used in the Musical Ride as well as by several provincial and municipal police detachments. The Royal Oman Police have both horse and camel mounted troopers, the United States Border Patrol had 200 horses in 2005. Most of these are employed along the U. S. -Mexico border, in Arizona, these animals are fed special processed feed pellets so that their wastes do not spread non-native plants in the national parks and wildlife areas they patrol. Philadelphias mounted police unit was disbanded in 2004, but reinstated in 2011 with four horses from the unit of Newark. List of mounted police forces Mounted search and rescue Police dog Police paddock Informational site for mounted police officers List of mounted search and rescue units Mounted Police in France
29.
Police dog
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A police dog, known in some English-speaking countries as a K-9 or K9, is a dog that is specifically trained to assist police and other law-enforcement personnel in their work. Their duties include searching for drugs and explosives, searching for lost people, looking for crime scene evidence, Police dogs must remember several hand and verbal commands. The most commonly used breed is the German Shepherd, in many common law jurisdictions, the intentional injuring or killing of a police dog is a felony. Dogs have been used for law enforcement since at least the Middle Ages, money was then set aside in the villages for the upkeep of the parish constables bloodhounds that were used for hunting down outlaws. In France, dogs were used in the 14th century in St. Malo, bloodhounds used in Scotland were known as Slough dogs - the word Sleuth, was derived from this. As a result, private associations were formed to combat crime. Night watchmen were employed to guard premises with many of these individuals provided with firearms and he soon had two bloodhounds trained for the performance of a simple tracking test from the scene of another of the killers crimes. The results were far from satisfactory, with one of the hounds biting the Commissioner and it was in Continental Europe that dogs were first used on a large scale. Police in Paris began using dogs against roaming criminal gangs at night and these methods soon spread to Austria-Hungary and Germany, in the latter the first scientific developments in the field took place with experiments in dog breeding and training. The German police selected the German Shepherd Dog as the breed for police work. The dogs were trained in obedience to their officers and tracking and attacking criminals. In Britain, the North Eastern Railway Police were the first to use dogs in 1908 to put a stop to theft from the docks in Hull. By 1910, railway police forces were experimenting with other such as Labrador Retrievers, Doberman Pinschers. Sentry dog and attack dog - This dog is used to locate and subdue suspects or enemy, Search and rescue dog - This dog is used to locate suspects or find missing people or objects. Bloodhounds are often used for this task, detection dog or explosive-sniffing dog - Some dogs are used to detect illicit substances such as drugs or explosives which may be carried on a person in their effects. In many countries, Beagles are used in airports to sniff the baggage for items that are not permitted, due to their nature and appearance. Arson dogs - Some dogs are trained to pick up on traces of accelerants at sites of suspected arson, cadaver dogs - Some dogs are trained in detecting cadaverine and other odors of decomposing bodies. The result was the development of training techniques that resulted in near 100% accuracy rates and her research has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology
30.
Schutzpolizei
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The Schutzpolizei, or Schupo for short, is a branch of the Landespolizei, the state level police of the German states. Schutzpolizei literally means security or protection police but is best translated as Protection police, the Schutzpolizei has by far the largest number of personnel, is on duty 24 hours a day and has the broadest range of duties. On patrol duty, mainly in vehicles, they keep their area under surveillance. As in most other countries, the police in Germany are usually the first to arrive at the scene of an incident. They also take the action, even if the case is handed over to investigators of the Kriminalpolizei later. These police officers are responsible for promoting public safety, crime prevention, criminal prosecution
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Bereitschaftspolizei
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The Bereitschaftspolizei are the support and rapid reaction units of Germanys police forces. They are composed of detachments from the Federal Police and the State Police forces of Germany, the Federal Ministry of the Interior maintains an office of the Bereitschaftspolizei in Berlin which monitors and coordinates the deployment of all Bereitschaftspolizei units in Germany. The ministry also provides standardized weapons, vehicles and other equipment and these units can reinforce the federal police in any sphere of its missions and support the police forces of the Länder. They are also trained to assist local authorities in case of disasters, under new interior ministry plans, the number of Bereitschaftspolizei companies will increase from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of Germany’s police support units, the state Bereitschaftspolizei units are part of the Landespolizei and are available for crowd control duties and to assist the Schupos when needed. Aside from their function of crowd control, in some states they also train police recruits who serve about three years in combined training and service in these police support units. The units of one state can be deployed to assist the police of another state in case of riots. Their day-to-day duties vary by locality, the structure, equipment and training of Bepo units is generally standard so that units from different parts of Germany can operate together without any problems. The Bereitschaftspolizei is assigned to barracks and organized along military lines into sections, platoons and 120 to 150 person training or rapid reaction companies called Hundertschaften. In most Länder, the Bereitschaftspolizei contingents are formed into 600 -800 person battalions, the units are equipped with their own transport, tents, and rations allowing them to be deployed quickly to other Länder without having to rely on outside support. They are equipped with armored cars, buses, water cannons, earth moving equipment and command, arrest units give the Bepos special capabilities to secure evidence and arrest perpetrators at events where large crowds normally impede police operations. See article, Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft The East German Ministry of the Interior maintained the independent Department of the Alert Units of the Volkspolizei known as the Volkspolizei-Bereitschaften and it consisted of between 12,000 and 15,000 men in 21 Volkspolizei Alert Units of battalion strength. There was usually one unit per district of East Germany but the key districts of Halle, Leipzig and Magdeburg, with their working class populations. The Presidium of the Peoples Police in East Berlin had three units located in Basdorf and their uniform was the standard Volkspolizei grey-green
32.
Autobahnpolizei
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Autobahnpolizei is the term in Germany, Austria and the German-speaking parts of Switzerland for the highway patrol. Heavy traffic and high-speed accidents resulted in the creation of police units to patrol the expressways known as Autobahnen. Although the autobahns are federal roads, the Autobahnpolizei are always part of the state police, Autobahnpolizei officers facilitate and regulate the flow of traffic, help motorists whose vehicles have broken down on the Autobahn and rapidly respond to accidents. Vehicle safety checks and crime prevention at rest stops are also part of the Autobahnpolizei duties, investigation sections probe crime at rest stops and the movement of criminals and smugglers on the Autobahn, often together with German Customs. The Autobahnpolizei also use fast unmarked vehicles with video cameras discreetly mounted front and back to follow, approximately 30% of autobahns in Germany have a compulsory and permanent speed limit of 130km/h or less, primarily in urban areas. On the remainder, the 130km/h speed limit is only advisory, alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei is a German television series about a two-man team of Autobahnpolizei first set in Berlin then later in North Rhine-Westphalia. Highway patrol Road policing unit Traffic corps Media related to Autobahnpolizei at Wikimedia Commons Polizei. de
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Wasserschutzpolizei
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The Wasserschutzpolizei is the water police that patrols the waterways, lakes and harbours of Germany around the clock. The WSP are part of the Landespolizei, the Federal Police maintains 16 patrol craft and helicopters are part of the Coast Guard and assigned to coastal BPOL stations. The watercraft include six patrol vessels, e. g. those of the Bad Bramstedt class, as well as a number of fast inshore vessels. Germany has about 7,500 km of waterways that are responsible for about 30 percent of goods transported. The heavy commercial traffic and increasing recreational boat traffic requires police supervision, in case of shipwrecks, often involving hazardous materials, they are responsible for warning other shipping. The WSP also often performs other duties such as enforcing environmental laws and these police officers in Navy-like uniforms often have inland or maritime shipping experience and are trained at the German Water Police School in Hamburg. Baden-Württemberg Police changed to structure in 2005. There are eight police stations in Baden-Württemberg along the Rhine and Neckar rivers. The Bavarian River Police is part of the Bavarian State Police, the Bavarian River Police Centre is part of the Central Franconia Police HQ and is in Schwabach. The centre supports nine river police stations along the Main River, Danube, the Berlin WSP is responsible for patrolling the extensive waterway network of the city and state of Berlin, and forms part of Central Directorate of the Berlin Police. The Berlin WSP comprises three geographically based Wachen, the Brandenburg WSP is responsible for patrolling the inland waterways of the state of Brandenburg, and forms part of the Brandenburg State Police. It operates from nine bases, located at Brandenburg, Eisenhüttenstadt, Erkner, Hohensaaten, Lehnitz, Potsdam, Spreewald, Wittenberge, the Brandenburg WSP operates a fleet of 28 boats of several types. The Bremen WSP is responsible for patrolling the ports and inland waterways of the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and it operates from bases in Bremen and Bremerhaven. The Water Police in Hamburg is part of the police and patrols the rivers Elbe, Alster. As of 2009, the Hamburg Water Police had five stations, one is located at the mouth of the Elbe river in Cuxhaven, Lower Saxony, and another is a sub-station in Lauenburg, a town in Schleswig-Holstein. The other three are in Hamburg proper, the Hesse State Police WSP is part of the states Police Support Group. The river police has six stations along the Rhine, Main, Fulda, Werra and Lahn rivers, the headquarters of the Hesse WSP is in Mainz-Kastell along with its central investigations group. Hesse has eight patrol boats and 12 small ones
34.
Kriminalpolizei
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Kriminalpolizei is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the police forces of Germany, Austria and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland. In Nazi Germany during 1936, the Kripo became the Criminal Police Department for the entire Reich, in September 1939, the Kripo became Amt V, the Criminal Police in the RSHA, which was also known as the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt. Today, in the Federal Republic of Germany, the state police perform the majority of investigations and its Criminal Investigation Department is known as the Kriminalpolizei or, more colloquially, the Kripo. The equivalent division of the Norwegian Police is known as Kripos, in 1799, six police officers were assigned to the Prussian Kammergericht in Berlin to investigate more prominent crimes. They were given permission to work in plainclothes, when necessary and their number increased in the following years. In 1811, their rules of service were written into the Berliner Polizeireglement, in 1872 the new Kriminalpolizei was made a separate branch of police service distinguishing it from the uniformed police called Schutzpolizei. During the early part of the 20th century and post-World War I, however, when Adolf Hitler assumed power in 1933, the Kriminalpolizei would be subordinated to the SS. After Adolf Hitler took office in January 1933, the Nazis began a programme of coordination of all aspects of German life, in July 1936, the Prussian central criminal investigation department became the central criminal investigation department for Germany, the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt. At that point, Reinhard Heydrich was in command of the SiPo, its central command office, the Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei. Nebe was appointed head of the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt, and reported to Heydrich, in September 1939, the Reichssicherheitshauptamt was created as the command organization for the various state investigation and security agencies. The Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei was officially abolished and its departments were folded into the RSHA, the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt became Amt V, the Kriminalpolizei in the RSHA. It was commanded by Arthur Nebe until 1944, when he was denounced and executed subsequent to the failed 20 July plot to kill Hitler. In the last year of its existence, Amt V was commanded by Friedrich Panzinger who answered directly to Ernst Kaltenbrunner, the Kriminalpolizei were mostly plainclothes detectives and agents, and worked in conjunction with the Gestapo, the Ordnungspolizei, the uniformed police branch and the Geheime Feldpolizei. The policy directives came from the SS-Hauptamt, the Kripo was organized in a hierarchical system, with central offices in all towns and smaller cities. These, in turn, answered to headquarters offices in the larger German cities which answered to the Central Office of the Kriminalpolizei, the Kriminalpolizei was mainly concerned with serious crimes such as rape, murder and arson. The Kripo was also one of the sources of used to fill the ranks of the Einsatzgruppen and several senior Kripo commanders. The Einsatzgruppen’s part in the Holocaust has been well documented and its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the Final Solution in the territories overrun by the Nazi war machine. As part of the Nazi doctrines on crime and race, the Rassenhygienische und Bevolkerungsbiologische Forschungsstelle headed by Nazi psychiatrist Dr. Robert Ritter, was attached to the Kriminalpolizei and its role was to create racial profiles of non-aryans, in particular, Roma
35.
Landeskriminalamt
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LKAs supervise police operations aimed at preventing and investigating criminal offences, and coordinate investigations of serious crime involving more than one Präsidium. They can take over responsibility in cases of serious crime, e. g. drug trafficking, organized crime, environmental. Each Landeskriminalamt is also a central office for information, analyzing police intelligence from home and abroad. It collates data on criminal offences and offenders in crime statistics that are used as a basis for new strategies, policy decisions and it also analyzes certain offense areas, evaluates the police measures executed in each case, forecasts expected tendencies and describes events in annual reports. The LKA maintains forensic equipment for central examination of evidence using the latest scientific methods and it is also the central office for physical security technology and crime prevention, and coordinates state anti-drug programs. Crime in Germany State bureau of investigation Polizei
36.
SWAT
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SWAT is a term for law enforcement units which use specialized or military equipment and tactics in the United States. In the United States as of 2005, SWAT teams were deployed 50,000 times every year, almost 80% of the time to search warrants. Other countries have developed their own police units that are also described as or compared to SWAT forces. SWAT units are equipped with specialized firearms including submachine guns, assault rifles, breaching shotguns, sniper rifles, riot control agents. The tactic worked and was soon to resolve other types of incidents involving heavily-armed criminals. The LAPD promoted what became known as SWAT teams for a variety of reasons, after the racially charged Watts Riots in Los Angeles in August 1965, the LAPD began considering tactics it could use when faced with urban unrest, rioting, or widespread violence. Daryl Gates, who led the LAPD response to the riots, would write that police at the time didnt face a single mob. New York University professor Christian Parenti has written that SWAT teams were originally conceived of as an urban counterinsurgency bulwark. Another reason for the creation of SWAT teams was the fear of lone or barricaded gunmen who might outperform police in a shootout, after the LAPDs establishment of its own SWAT team, many law enforcement agencies across the United States established their own specialized units under various names. At the time, the United Farm Workers union led by César Chavez was staging numerous protests in Delano, though the strike never turned violent, the Delano Police Department responded by forming ad-hoc SWAT-type units involving crowd and riot control, sniper skills and surveillance. Television news stations and print media carried live and delayed reportage of events across the United States. Personnel from the LAPD, having seen these broadcasts, contacted Delano, inspector Gates approved this idea, and he formed a small select group of volunteer officers. This first SWAT unit initially consisted of fifteen teams of four men each and these officers were given special status and benefits, and were required to attend special monthly training sessions. The unit also served as a security unit for police facilities during civil unrest, the LAPD SWAT units were organized as D Platoon in the Metro division. Early police powers and tactics used by SWAT teams were aided by legislation passed in 1967-8 with the help of Republican House representative Donald Santarelli. The legislation was promoted within the context of fears over the Civil Rights Movement, race riots, the Black Panther Party, and the emerging War on Drugs. The first significant deployment of the LAPDs SWAT unit was on December 9,1969, the raid was problematic from the start, leading to a shoot-out in which Daryl Gates phoned the Department of Defense, requesting and receiving permission to use a grenade launcher. The Panthers eventually surrendered, with four Panthers and four officers being injured, all six arrested Panthers were acquitted of the most serious charges brought against them, including conspiracy to murder police officers, because it was ruled that they acted in self-defense
37.
Abitur
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Abitur is a university-preparatory school leaving qualification in Germany, Lithuania, Finland, and Estonia. It is conferred to students who pass their exams at the end of their secondary education. As a matriculation examination, Abitur can be compared to A-level, Matura or the International Baccalaureate Diploma, thus, it encompasses the functions of both a school graduation certificate and a college entrance exam. The official term in Germany for this certificate of education is Allgemeine Hochschulreife, in 2005, a total of 231,465 students passed the Abitur exam in Germany. The numbers have risen steadily and in 2012, a total of 305,172 students obtained the Allgemeine Hochschulreife and this number, reflecting those who pass the traditional Abitur at their high school, is, however, lower than the total count. Adding the 51,912 students who obtained the Hochschulreife at vocational training schools, if those who obtain the Fachhochschulreife are also added, then the total of those who obtained the right to study at a university or a Fachhochschule is 501,483. Until the 18th century, every German university had its own entrance examination, in 1788 Prussia introduced the Abiturreglement, a law, for the first time within Germany, establishing the Abitur as an official qualification. It was later established in the other German states. In 1834, it became the university entrance exam in Prussia. Since then, the German state of Hesse allows students with Fachhochschulreife to study at the universities within that state, the academic level of the Abitur is comparable to the International Baccalaureate, the GCE Advanced Level and the Advanced Placement tests. Indeed, the requirements for the International Baccalaureate differ little from the German exam requirements. It is the only school-leaving certificate in all states of Germany that allows the graduate to move directly to university, the other school leaving certificates, the Hauptschulabschluss and the Realschulabschluss, do not allow their holders to matriculate at a university. However, the Abitur is not the path to university studies. Students who successfully passed a Begabtenprüfung are also eligible, a person who does not hold the Abitur and did not take an aptitude test may still be admitted to university by completing at least the 10th grade and doing well on an IQ-Test. The official meaning behind the word Abitur in Germany is Zeugnis der allgemeinen Hochschulreife, during the two final years of secondary school studies and in their final exams, students receive grades on a scale of 15 to 0 points. The points are weighted and then added up and converted to the grade on a scale from 1 to 6. Student who receive 13.72 points or more on average in all courses, in German, the European Baccalaureate is called europäisches Abitur, and the International Baccalaureate is called internationales Abitur, both not to be confused with the German Abitur. The term Fachabitur was used in all of Western Germany for a variation of the Abitur until the 1990s and this qualification includes only one foreign language
38.
Heckler & Koch USP
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The USP is a semi-automatic pistol developed in Germany by Heckler & Koch GmbH of Oberndorf am Neckar as a replacement for the P7 series of handguns. Design work on a new family of pistols commenced in September 1989 focused primarily on the U. S. commercial, USP prototypes participated in rigorous testing alongside H&Ks entry in the Offensive Handgun Weapon System program requested by the U. S. Special Operations Command and which would result in the Mk 23 Mod 0. The USP prototypes were then refined in 1992, based on input from the OHWS trials, the USP was formally introduced in January 1993 with the USP40 model chambered for the increasingly popular.40 S&W cartridge, followed soon by the USP9, and in May 1995—the USP45. The USP is a pistol with a mechanically locked breech using the short recoil method of operation. This rather conventional lock-up system has a large rectangular lug over the chamber that rides into. After 3 mm of unrestricted travel, the projectile has left the barrel. The recoil spring assembly is held in place by the slide stop axis pin. For enhanced reliability in high-dust environments, the surface on the front top of the barrel’s locking lug is tapered with a forward slope. This tapered surface produces a camming action which assists in positive lock-up in the presence of heavy fouling, in this way, the USP shares many design features with the M1911 pistol, although apparently updated for easier operation. One of the most significant features of the USP is the recoil reduction system. This system is incorporated into the spring assembly, located below the barrel and consists of a heavy. Designed primarily to buffer the slide and barrel and reduce recoil effects on the pistol components, the USP recoil reduction system is insensitive to ammunition types and does not require adjustment or maintenance. It functions effectively in all USP models, abuse and function-testing of USPs have seen more than 20,000 rounds of.40 S&W fired without a component failure. Milspec environmental tests were conducted in high and low temperatures, in mud, immersed in water, in one particular test, a bullet was deliberately lodged in the barrel and another bullet was fired to clear the obstruction. The barrel was successfully cleared with only minor structural deformation and continued to produce consistent groups when test fired for accuracy, major metal components on both the USP and Special Operations Pistol are corrosion-resistant. Outside metal surfaces, such as the slide are protected by a proprietary Hostile Environment nitride finish. Internal metal parts, such as springs, are coated with a Dow Corning anti-corrosion chemical to reduce friction and this is done by retracting the slide back to align the slide stop axis pin with the disassembly notch on the left side of the slide and withdrawing the axis pin
39.
Thuringia
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The Free State of Thuringia is a federal state in central Germany. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area, most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Thuringia has been known as the heart of Germany from the late 19th century. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germanys most well-known hiking trail, half of Germanys 136 Winter Olympic gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes. Johann Sebastian Bach spent the first part of his life and important further stages of his career in Thuringia, goethe and Schiller lived in Weimar and both worked at the University of Jena, which today hosts Thuringias most important science centre. Other Universities in this state are the Ilmenau University of Technology, the University of Erfurt. The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, an older theory claims that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400, during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses. The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, after the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, the Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945. The coat of arms of Thuringia shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin, the eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The flag of Thuringia is a bicolor, derived from the white. The coat of arms and flag of Hesse are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the Bratwurst and the Forest, because a large amount of the territory is forested. Named after the Thuringii tribe who occupied it around AD300, Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, in Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some groups of this sect, was active in this city. Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, in 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia, only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia, the coat of arms of this new state was simpler than those of its predecessors
40.
Heckler & Koch P30
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The P30 is a polymer framed semi-automatic handgun by Heckler & Koch, available in 9×19mm Parabellum and.40 S&W. Early prototypes of the P30 were referred to as the P3000. The P30 is marketed by the manufacturer as a law enforcement service pistol, as of fall 2006, the German Federal Customs Administration had procured 13,500 units of the P30V6 for its forces, making them the first customer of the P30. Additionally, the Norwegian Police Service has decided in favor of the P30 pistol with an order of approximately 7,000 pieces. In October 2008, the police of Zurich, Switzerland was granted the purchase of an undisclosed number of P30s worth 1.6 million CHF. In late November 2008, the German Bundespolizei ordered 30,000 P30s with the option for another 5,000, deliveries will take place between summer 2009 and 2011. In April 2010, the police of Hessen ordered the P30 V2. In addition, correction officers in Hessens state prisons will be equipped with this model, the P30 NL variant was being considered for Dutch police service. This pistol finished second in a European tender, after the winning SIG Sauer P250 was rejected in November 2011, when minister Ivo Opstelten concluded that SIG Sauer could not deliver the requisite quality in a mass production setting, he chose the P30 NL. However, Walther and Beretta appealed to court, insisting that a new tender procedure should be started, on 24 January 2012 the court decided that a new tender process should be organized. Opstelten chose to initiate a quick and rigorous new tender process that allows to choose another product if the winner should be rejected and this will delay the introduction of a new police pistol by 1 to 1½ years according to the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice. In October 2012 it became clear that the P99Q NL will succeed the Walther P5, the P30 is a fully ambidextrous polymer framed short recoil–operated locked breech pistol with a modified Browning-type linkless cam action with a vertically tilting barrel. Technically, the P30 is similar to the Heckler & Koch P2000 pistol, the basic design is derived from the Heckler & Koch P2000 and Heckler & Koch USP Compact pistols. The P30 is a pistol with an exposed spurred hammer. It has ambidextrous slide release locks and an ambidextrous magazine release installed in the trigger guard. Various trigger and cocking systems offer the possibility of converting the trigger firing mode from one type to another, several variants are available based whether the LEM trigger mechanism is used versus a SA/DA trigger. All P30 pistols feature a hammer safety and firing pin safety. Some trigger configurations also offer a decocker, the cold hammer-forged barrel has hexagonal right-hand polygonal rifling while the slide, having both front and rear serrations, is made from a solid bar of nitro-carburized steel. Besides metals the P30 makes extensive use of impact-resistant polymers to reduce weight, major metal components like the steel slide are treated with a protective surface treatment
41.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is a federal state in northern Germany. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is the sixth largest German state by area, and the least densely populated, three of Germanys fourteen national parks are in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in addition to several hundred nature conservation areas. Major cities include Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Stralsund, Greifswald, Wismar, the University of Rostock and the University of Greifswald are among the oldest in Europe. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was the site of the 33rd G8 summit in 2007, due to its lengthy name, the state is often abbreviated as MV or shortened to MeckPomm. In English, it is translated as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or literally Mecklenburg-Cispomerania. Inhabitants are called either Mecklenburger or Pomeranians, the form is never used. The full name in German is pronounced and this is because the digraph <ck> marks a preceding short vowel in High German. Mecklenburg however is within the historical Low German language area, another explanation is that the c comes from a mannerism in High German officialese of writing unnecessary letters, a so-called Letternhäufelung. Human settlement in the area of modern Mecklenburg and Vorpommern began after the Ice Age, about two thousand years ago, Germanic peoples were recorded in the area. Most of them left during the Migration Period, heading towards Spain, Italy, in the 6th century Polabian Slavs populated the area. While Mecklenburg was settled by the Obotrites, Vorpommern was settled by the Veleti, along the coast, Vikings and Slavs established trade posts like Reric, Ralswiek and Menzlin. In the 12th century, Mecklenburg and Vorpommern were conquered by Henry the Lion and incorporated into the Duchy of Saxony, all of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was settled with Germans in the Ostsiedlung process, starting in the 12th century. In the late 12th century, Henry the Lion, Duke of the Saxons, conquered the Obotrites, subjugated its Nikloting dynasty, in the course of time, German monks, nobility, peasants and traders arrived to settle here. After the 12th century, the territory remained stable and relatively independent of its neighbours, Mecklenburg first became a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire in 1348. Though later partitioned and re-partitioned within the dynasty, Mecklenburg always shared a common history. The states of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz became Grand Duchies in 1815, Vorpommern, litererally Fore-Pomerania, is the smaller, western part of the former Prussian Province of Pomerania, the eastern part became part of Poland after the end of World War II. In the Middle Ages, the area was ruled by the Pomeranian dukes as part of the Duchy of Pomerania, Pomerania was under Swedish rule after the Peace of Westphalia from 1648 until 1815 as Swedish Pomerania. Pomerania became a province of Prussia in 1815 and remained so until 1945, wartime In May 1945, the armies of the Soviet Union and the Western allies met east of Schwerin
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Lower Saxony
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Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower Saxony borders on the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its city of Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland, the states principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg and Göttingen. The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia, in the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands, the Weser Uplands, between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas, Lower Saxonys major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the coastline, is another economic centre. To the north, the Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land. Due to its local climate and fertile soil, it is the states largest area of fruit farming. Most of the territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with several states in 1946. Lower Saxony has a boundary in the north in the North Sea. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region is a body for the enclave area. To the southeast the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German Central Uplands, in northeast Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath
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Brandenburg
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Brandenburg is one of the sixteen federated states of Germany. It lies in the northeast of the country covering an area of 29,478 square kilometers and has 2.48 million inhabitants, the capital and largest city is Potsdam. Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the capital and city-state Berlin forming a metropolitan area. Brandenburg is one of the states that was re-created in 1990 upon the reunification of the former East Germany. Governed by the Hohenzollern dynasty from 1415, it contained the future German capital Berlin, after 1618 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Prussia were combined to form Brandenburg-Prussia, which was ruled by the same branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1701 the state was elevated as the Kingdom of Prussia, Brandenburg is situated in territory known in antiquity as Magna Germania, which reached to the Vistula river. By the 7th century, Slavic peoples are believed to have settled in the Brandenburg area, the Slavs expanded from the east, possibly driven from their homelands in present-day Ukraine and perhaps Belarus by the invasions of the Huns and Avars. They relied heavily on river transport, the two principal Slavic groups in the present-day area of Brandenburg were the Hevelli in the west and the Sprevane in the east. Beginning in the early 10th century, Henry the Fowler and his successors conquered territory up to the Oder River, Slavic settlements such as Brenna, Budusin, and Chośebuz came under imperial control through the installation of margraves. Their main function was to defend and protect the eastern marches, in 948 Emperor Otto I established margraves to exert imperial control over the pagan Slavs west of the Oder River. Otto founded the Bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg, the Northern March was founded as a northeastern border territory of the Holy Roman Empire. However, an uprising of Wends drove imperial forces from the territory of present-day Brandenburg in 983. The region returned to the control of Slavic leaders, the Roman Catholic Church brought bishoprics which, with their walled towns, afforded protection from attacks for the townspeople. With the monks and bishops, the history of the town of Brandenburg an der Havel, in 1134, in the wake of a German crusade against the Wends, the German magnate, Albert the Bear, was granted the Northern March by the Emperor Lothar III. He formally inherited the town of Brandenburg and the lands of the Hevelli from their last Wendish ruler, Pribislav, after crushing a force of Sprevane who occupied the town of Brandenburg in the 1150s, Albert proclaimed himself ruler of the new Margraviate of Brandenburg. Albert, and his descendants the Ascanians, then made progress in conquering, colonizing, Christianizing. Within this region, Slavic and German residents intermarried, during the 13th century, the Ascanians began acquiring territory east of the Oder, later known as the Neumark. In 1320, the Brandenburg Ascanian line came to an end, under the Luxembourgs, the Margrave of Brandenburg gained the status of a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire
44.
Bavarian State Police
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The Bavarian State Police has approximately 26,100 officers and roughly 3,700 civilian employees and is therefore one of the biggest police forces in Germany. The seven Polizeipräsidien in Würzburg, Bayreuth, Regensburg, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Munich and Oberbayern gave way to the 10 new areas, the reorganisation required the rewiring of all police radio and emergency notification networks which are not located only at each regional police authority. Bavaria is also interested in cooperation with Eastern European countries. As a significant percentage of Bavaria’s crimes are committed by organized gangs from Eastern Europe, the Bavarian Landeskriminalamt is situated in Munich and employs 1,800 officers and civilian staff. The SEK of South Bavaria has a detachment for operations in the Alps. The Police Support Group HQ in Bamberg employs 6,000 officers and civilian staff at seven Bereitschaftspolizeiabteilungen, the schools, the police orchestra. The BPAs are situated in Munich, Eichstätt, Würzburg, Nuremberg, Königsbrunn, Dachau, the helicopter squadron has nine modern choppers stationed at Munich Airport and Roth Airfield near Nuremberg. Bavaria has two training schools, one professional development school and a police dog school. The Bavarian River Police is directly subordinate to the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior, the headquarters is in Nuremberg and has 10 river police stations along the Main and Danube rivers and the Main-Danube Canal. It also supports 14 police stations that cover the lakes in Bavaria. Citizens in Bavaria have been participating in public safety since 1994 and this commitment to civic action is seen in the Sicherheitswacht Neighborhood Watch program, where approx. 800 citizens in 125 Bavarian towns voluntarily assist their local police, the most used car brand is BMW. The most used handgun is Heckler & Koch P7, november 9,1923, Attempted putsch by the NSDAP suppressed by the Bavarian State Police with the Reichswehr. May 12,1972, Bomb attack on the building of the Bavarian State Investigation Bureau in Munich by the Red Army Faction,3 people were injured and 60 police cars were damaged. September 5,1972, Palestinian terrorists attacked the Israeli team during the Olympic Games in Munich, august 10,1994, Discovery of 363 g of plutonium on a smuggler at Munichs Franz Josef Strauss airport, the so-called plutonium affair. July 1998, Giorgio Basile who killed 30 people was arrested in Kempten, january 14,2005, The fashion designer Rudolph Moshammer was found murdered in his house. One day later the murderer was arrested through a DNA analysis match, Bavarian Border Police Landespolizei Polizeipräsidium München Joseph Ratzinger, Sr. - Bavarian policeman Polizei. de Bavarian Police homepage
45.
Heckler & Koch P7
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The P7 is a German 9×19mm semi-automatic pistol designed by Helmut Weldle and produced by Heckler & Koch GmbH of Oberndorf am Neckar. It was revealed to the public for the first time in 1976 as the PSP, the decision to equip West German police with an advanced 9mm service pistol and replace existing 7. 65mm Browning-caliber weapons was prompted after the 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre. The pistol was also to be ambidextrous, safe to carry with a loaded chamber and able to be quickly drawn. As a result of a bid the German police forces selected three different pistols into service, the Swiss SIG Sauer P225 and two German designs—the P7 and the Walther P5. Series production of the P7 started in 1979, shortly after, the pistol was adopted by the German Federal Polices counter-terrorism unit and the German Armys special forces formations. The pistol was exported to several countries. The P7 is a semi-automatic blowback-operated firearm, the chamber has 18 flutes that aid in the extraction process by allowing combustion gases to flow between the fired case and the chamber walls, preventing the case from sticking to the chamber walls. The drawback of this system is that the breech opens slightly prematurely to allow the slide to initiate its rearward motion, the P7s spring extractor is contained within the slide, while the fixed ejector is a surface on the slide catch. The grip of this features a built-in cocking lever located at the front of the grip. Before the pistol can be fired, this lever must be squeezed, squeezing the cocking lever with a force of 70 N cocks the firing pin. Once fully depressed, only 2 pounds of force are required to keep the weapon cocked, the weapon is then fired by pressing the single stage trigger rated at approximately 20 N As long as the lever is depressed, the weapon fires like any other semi-automatic pistol. If the lever is released, the weapon is immediately de-cocked and rendered safe, the trigger and firing mechanisms method of operation were protected by U. S. Patent 4,132,023, issued on January 2,1979, the P7 is fed from a single-stack box magazine with a capacity of 8 rounds, which is held inside the firearms frame with a release located at the heel of the grip. After the last round has been fired, the slide will remain open thanks to a catch that can be released by pulling the slide further back or pressing the squeeze cocker. The firearm uses a fixed, polygonal rifled barrel and a fixed notched iron sight with contrast dots that enable shooting in low-level lighting conditions, the pistol is completely ambidextrous and two-handed use is enhanced through the use of a profiled and enlarged trigger guard. Between 1982–1983 the P7 received several modifications, mainly to address American market demand and these modifications resulted in the P7M8 model. A new magazine release lever was installed just beneath the trigger guard, the trigger guard was equipped with a synthetic heat shield that protects the shooter from excessive heating and a lanyard attachment loop was added in place of the previous magazine heel release. The firing pin and its bushing were also changed, based on the P7 several other variants were built, the P7PT8, P7M8, P7M13, P7K3, P7M10 and the P7M7, none of which remain in production
46.
SIG Sauer P226
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The SIG Sauer P226 is a full-sized, service-type pistol made by SIG Sauer. It is chambered for the 9×19mm Parabellum.40 S&W.357 SIG and it is essentially the same basic design of the SIG Sauer P220, but developed to use higher capacity, double stack magazines in place of the single stack magazines of the P220. The P226 itself has spawned further sub-variants, the P228 and P229 are both versions of the double stack P226 design. The SIG Sauer P226 and its variants are in service with law enforcement. Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft is a Swiss company, now known as Swiss Arms, in 1975, SIG entered into an agreement with German gun manufacturer J. P. Sauer & Sohn to develop and market a new handgun which became the P220. The P220 was the first SIG Sauer handgun sold in the USA and it was marketed initially by Browning as the Browning BDA. The SIG Sauer P220 is a refinement of the Petter-Browning design used in the SIG P210, the locked breech design is very different and was pioneered by SIG Sauer. See also The first SIG Sauer Handgun, only the Beretta 92SBF and the SIG P226 satisfactorily completed the trials. According to a GAO report, Beretta was awarded the M9 contract for the 92F due to a total package price. The P226 cost less per pistol than the 92F, but SIGs package price with magazines, the Navy SEALs, however, later chose to adopt the P226 as the P226 MK25 with special corrosion protection. For the U. S. military XM9 trials, the P226 was imported by Saco Defense, interarms took over importing when the pistol was introduced for civilian sales. SIG Sauer eventually founded SIGARMS, Inc, (Now SIG Sauer in the United States to handle importation of their products. In 2000, SIG Holding AG sold J. P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH to two German businessmen. The brand name SIG Sauer remained at J. P. Sauer & Sohn GmbH The P226, like the members of the SIG Classic family. On firing, the slide and barrel are locked together for a few millimetres of rearward movement, by this time the bullet has left the barrel and the pressure has dropped to safe levels, whereupon the slide completes the rearward stroke, ejecting the spent cartridge. The slide of the pre-1996 P226 was a gauge, mill finished sheet metal stamping with a welded on nose section incorporating an internal barrel bushing. The breech block portion was an insert attached to the slide by means of brazing. Since 1996, production has shifted to CNC machining and the slide is now milled from a piece of stainless steel
47.
Walther P5
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The Walther P5 is a 9mm semi-automatic pistol developed in the mid-1970s by the German small arms manufacturer Carl Walther GmbH Sportwaffen. A subsequent bid resulted in the Walther P5 being introduced into service alongside the SIG Sauer P225, the pistol incorporates many new design features, including a new aluminum alloy frame, trigger mechanism, dual-control mechanism, firing pin safety. The Walther P5 is a recoil-operated, locked-breech,9 mm semi-automatic pistol and it utilizes the same design principles as the Walther P38 pistol of World War II fame. The barrel does not tilt following firing in the way that Brownings system does and this system results in a very accurate pistol since the barrel is kept parallel with the frame during/after firing. The trigger is a standard double-action/single-action trigger, the slide lock also doubles as the decocker and is found on the left side of the frame. Pressing it once will release the slide, pressing it a time will drop the hammer without firing the gun. Manufactured in Ulm, West Germany, by Carl Walther Sportwaffen GmbH, development began following requests by German police and federal agencies for a new sidearm. Walther engineers decided to use the P1 model as the basis of the P5 and gave it a locking system, reinforced frame. In addition, the Walther improved the extractor, shortened the barrel, safety was enhanced by utilizing an innovative pivoting firing pin that can move forward only when the trigger is pulled. In addition, the P1s slide-mounted decocker/safety was moved to a frame mounted decocker/slide stop multi-lever, unlike most modern semi-automatic pistols, the P5 ejects spent casings to the left. This may make it a more attractive firearm for left-handed shooters, Walther P5 Compact, This is the shorter and lighter version of the full-size P5. Approx 6,500 units were made for the market with the P5 Compact slide marking. They were issued to the Royal Irish Regiment as a Personal Protection Weapon, also a number may have been issued to 14 Intelligence Company. Germany Netherlands, Standard issue firearm of the Dutch police, is replaced by the Walther P99Q NL. Nigeria Portugal United States, Various police forces, United Kingdom, British Army, P5 Compact as Pistol L102A1 Walther P5 instruction manual Walther P5 spare parts drawing Walther P5 Compact spare parts drawing Walther P5 at Modern Firearms
48.
Walther P99
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The P99 and its variants are also made under licence by Fabryka Broni Radom. Design work on new generation sidearm began in 1994. The weapon was first introduced chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum, the Walther P99Q was also chosen in 2012 to replace older pistols and revolvers of the Finnish Police, Customs and Border Guard. This gun has also chosen to replace the Walther P5 of the Dutch Police in 2013. In 2014 the Walther P99Q was also chosen to replace the Makarov PM of the Estonian Police, the Walther P99 was modified several times throughout its production history, as were the magazines. When the P99 was introduced the magazine capacities were 16 rounds for 9×19mm Parabellum and 12 rounds for.40 S&W. Magazines had witness holes on both sides. Later the magazine capacities were reduced to 15 rounds for 9×19mm Parabellum and 10 rounds for.40 S&W while witness holes were introduced at the rear of the magazine to view the loading condition and this was done to address user comfort concerns regarding the previous style. The first generation P99 pistols had a release at the left side of the frame while second generation guns may have optional ambidextrous slide stop release levers. Walther also took the opportunity to redesign the slide so the user could grip it more easily, some models built in 2005 and all later models received one more design change, an elongated magazine release. The Walther P99 is a short recoil-operated locked breech semi-automatic pistol that uses a modified Browning cam-lock system adapted from the Hi-Power pistol, the P99 has a glassfiber-reinforced polymer frame and steel slide assembly. It can be broken down into its parts or field stripped with a take down catch without the help of tools. The original, first-generation P99 had a traditional Double-Action/Single-Action trigger with a decocker, the trigger travel is 14 mm long in the Anti-Stress mode, but the most of the length is slack and is similar in feel to a two-stage rifle trigger. At the end of the travel, the pressure noticeably increases to 4.5 pounds and the user experiences a crisp trigger break. All subsequent shots are fired in single action mode, where the slack on the trigger is much shorter. In order to deactivate Single-Action or Anti-Stress mode, the user can manipulate the decocker button on the top of the slide, when decocked from Single-Action mode, the trigger will reset to the full length of its pull. The pistol is now in Double-Action mode with a pull 7.9 pounds for the length of the.55 inch pull. After firing the first shot in Double-Action, the pistol will be fired in Single-Action for all subsequent shots, the striker protrudes visibly and palpably from the back of the slide when the firearm is in a constant partially cocked state. It should however be noted that the striker of the second generation P99QA variant does not protrude from the back of the slide, unless fired and this adaptable grip was innovative at the time the P99 was introduced
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