1.
Lapu-Lapu
–
Lapu-Lapu was a ruler of Mactan in Visayas. Modern Philippine society regards him as the first Filipino hero because he was the first native to resist Spanish colonization and he is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on April 27,1521, where he and his soldiers defeated Ferdinand Magellan. The battle ended Magellans expedition and delayed the Spanish occupation of the islands by over forty years until the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564. Monuments to Lapu-Lapu have been built in Manila and Cebu while the Philippine National Police, besides being a rival of Rajah Humabon of Cebu, little is known about the life of Lapu-Lapu. The only existing documents about his life are those written by Antonio Pigafetta and his name, origins, religion, and fate are still a matter of controversy. Lapu-Lapu is also known under the names Çilapulapu, Si Lapulapu, Salip Pulaka, Cali Pulaco, the historical name of Lapu-Lapu is debated. The earliest record of his name comes from Italian diarist Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Magellans expedition, Pigafetta notes the names of two chiefs of the island of Matan, the chiefs Zula and Çilapulapu. The honorific Çi or Si is a corruption of the Sanskrit title Sri, in an annotation of the 1890 edition of Antonio de Morgas Sucesos de las islas Filipinas, José Rizal spells this name as Si Lapulapu. The Aginid chronicle calls him Lapulapu Dimantag, the title Salip is also frequently used as an honorific for Lapu-lapu and other Visayan datus. Despite common misconception, it is not derived from the Islamic title Khalīfah, like the cognate Si, it was derived from the Sanskrit title Sri Paduka, denoting His Highness. The title is used today in Malaysia as Seri Paduka. The 17th century mestizo de sangley poet Carlos Calao mentions Lapu-Lapu under the name of Cali Pulaco in his poem Que Dios Le Perdone, the name, spelled Kalipulako, was later adopted as one of the pseudonyms of the Philippine hero, Mariano Ponce, during the Philippine Revolution. The 1898 Philippine Declaration of Independence of Cavite II el Viejo, there had been many folk accounts surrounding Lapu-lapu’s origin. One oral tradition is that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by datu named Mangal, another is from oral chronicles from the reign of the last king of Cebu, Rajah Tupas. This was compiled and written in Baybayin in the book Aginid, the chronicle records the founding of the Rajahnate of Cebu by a certain Sri Lumay, who was a prince from the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, the islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya. Sri Lumay was noted for his policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo to the town, which was later shortened to Sugbo
Lapu-Lapu
–
The statue of Lapu-Lapu on
Mactan Island
Lapu-Lapu
–
A depiction of the
Battle of Mactan in the
Magellan shrine
Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu
–
Mactan shrine entrance
2.
Grouper
–
Groupers are fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes. Not all serranids are called groupers, the family includes the sea basses. The common name grouper is usually given to fish in one of two genera, Epinephelus and Mycteroperca. In addition, the species classified in the small genera Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Gracila, Saloptia, fish in the genus Plectropomus are referred to as coralgroupers. These genera are all classified in the subfamily Epiphelinae, nonetheless, the word grouper on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae. The word grouper is most widely believedto be from the Portuguese name, the origin of this name in Portuguese is believed to be from an indigenous South American language. In Australia, groper is used instead of grouper for several species, in the Philippines, it is named lapu-lapu in Luzon, while in the Visayas and Mindanao it goes by the name pugapo. In New Zealand, groper refers to a type of wreckfish, Polyprion oxygeneios, in the Middle East, the fish is known as hammour, and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region. Groupers are teleosts, typically having a body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance, fast swimming and they can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon, though obviously in such a large group, species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it and they do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually eat fish, octopuses, and crustaceans, some species prefer to ambush their prey, while other species are active predators. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, the giant grouper are unconfirmed and their mouths and gills form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, research indicates roving coralgroupers sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting. Groupers are mostly monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, i. e. they mature only as females and have the ability to change sex after sexual maturity, some species of groupers grow about a kilogram per year and are generally adolescent until they reach three kilograms, when they become female. The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females, groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing. As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, if no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so. Gonochorism, or a strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times
Grouper
–
Groupers
Grouper
–
Anatomy of a grouper
Grouper
–
A
monogenean parasitic on the gill of a grouper
Grouper
–
Gulai kerapu, a grouper-based
Padang food
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
5.
Regions of the Philippines
–
In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Regions of the Philippines
–
Philippines
6.
Central Visayas
–
Central Visayas is a region of the Philippines, designated as Region VII. It is located in the part of the Visayas island group. Cebu City is the regional center, the region is dominated by the native speakers of Cebuano. The land area of the region is 10,102 square kilometres, on May 29,2015, the region was redefined, when Region VII lost the province of Negros Oriental to the newly formed Negros Island Region. By virtue of Executive Order No.183 issued on May 29,2015 by President Benigno Aquino III, in the 2013 electoral roll, it had 4,114,046 registered voters, meaning that 68% of the population are aged 18 and over. According to the 2015 census, it had a population of 6,041,903, the 2015 census showed an average annual population growth rate of 1. 76% from 2010 to 2015, slightly higher than the national average of 1. 72%. Cebuano is the dominant language of the region, the Central Visayas region consists of 3 provinces and 3 independent cities, Negros Oriental was formerly a part of Region VII. President Benigno Aquino III signed the Executive Order No.183, Cebu City is the main media hub for both the region. Most of these stations broadcast local news and public affairs as well as entertainment, aside from the 24 national daily newspapers available, Cebu City also has 20 local newspapers. Among the widely read are the Sun Star Cebu, the countrys main Islamic news journal, The Voice of Islam, was founded in 1961 and published in this city. The Port of Cebu is the main gateway. There are also ports in Tagbilaran in Bohol and Larena in Siquijor, inter-island shipping is served by numerous shipping lines, two of them fastcraft companies which serve all the provinces in the region. The Mactan-Cebu International Airport, located in Lapu-Lapu City, is the second busiest airport. It is the airline hub of Cebu Pacific, and secondary hub for Philippine Airlines and its subsidiaries. It also serves international flights to other Asian and intercontinental destinations, other airports in the region are Tagbilaran Airport, serves Tagbilaran and Bohol with flights to Manila. Media related to Central Visayas at Wikimedia Commons Central Visayas travel guide from Wikivoyage
Central Visayas
–
Magellan's Cross is a Christian cross planted by Portuguese, and Spanish explorers as ordered by
Ferdinand Magellan upon arriving in
Cebu in the
Philippines.
Central Visayas
–
Location in the Philippines
Central Visayas
–
Bohol Blood Compact Statue is the statue portraying the blood compact between the Spanish explorer
Miguel López de Legazpi and
Datu Sikatuna.
Central Visayas
–
Lazi Convent is a
convent built in
Lazi,
Siquijor
7.
Provinces of the Philippines
–
The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
Provinces of the Philippines
–
Philippines
8.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
House of Representatives of the Philippines
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
House of Representatives of the Philippines Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan ng Pilipinas
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
Joint session of the Philippine Legislature, Manila. November 15, 1916
House of Representatives of the Philippines
–
Philippine legislature before 1924
9.
Legislative district of Lapu-Lapu
–
The Legislative District of Lapu-Lapu City, is the representation of Lapu-Lapu City in the Philippine House of Representatives. From 1907 up to 2010, it was part of the representation of Cebu, except from 1978 to 1984, what is now Lapu-Lapu City initially formed part of the second district of Cebu province in 1907. Upon the restoration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1945, the provinces seven-district configuration was restored, the Municipality of Opon, converted into the City of Lapu-Lapu in 1961, remained a part of Cebus second district until 1972. Lapu-Lapu City was represented in the Interim Batasang Pambansa as part of Region VII from 1978 to 1984, the city, along with the rest of Cebu province, elected six representatives, at large, to the Regular Batasang Pambansa in the 1984 elections. When the province was reapportioned into six districts under the new Constitution which was proclaimed on February 11,1987. Two years after Lapu-Lapu was converted into an urbanized city in 2007. 9726, approved on October 22,2009, the law separated the city from Cebus sixth district to form its own congressional district starting in the 2010 elections
Legislative district of Lapu-Lapu
–
Philippines
10.
Barangay
–
A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
Barangay
–
Maybo Barangay Hall in
Boac, Marinduque
Barangay
–
Philippines
Barangay
–
Sulop Barangay Hall
11.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
–
It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress
Liberal Party (Philippines)
–
Liberal Party
12.
Philippine Standard Time
–
Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
Philippine Standard Time
–
World time conversion based on Philippine Standard Time (click to enlarge).
13.
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
–
In the Philippines, the Philippine ZIP code is used by the Philippine Postal Corporation to simplify the distribution of mail. While in function it is similar to the ZIP code used in the United States, its form, the use of ZIP codes in the Philippines is not mandatory, however it is highly recommended by Philpost that they be used. This article provides a list of Philippine ZIP codes, cities that have become independent of the province are listed under the province they used to be part of
List of ZIP codes in the Philippines
–
ZIP codes per provinces according to the first two numbers.
14.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
–
Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Fixed line area codes
15.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
Municipalities of the Philippines
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Philippines
16.
Cebuano language
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It is the most widely spoken of the languages within the so-named Visayan language family and is closely related to other Filipino languages. It has the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught formally in schools and it is the lingua franca of the Central Visayas, eastern Negros Island Region, western parts of Eastern Visayas and most parts of Mindanao. The name Cebuano is derived from the island of Cebu, which is the urheimat or origin of the language, Cebuano is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code ceb, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Furthermore, a portion of the urban population of Zamboanga, Davao. Some dialects of Cebuano have different names for the language, ethnic groups of Cebuano speakers from Cebu are mainly called Cebuano, Cebuano speakers from Bohol are Boholano/Bol-anon, while Cebuano speakers in Leyte identify their dialect as Kana. Speakers in Mindanao and Luzon refer to the language simply as Binisaya or Bisaya, in common/everyday parlance, Bisaya is the laymans term used to refer to Cebuano. Bisaya, therefore, is a generic word, similarly, not all Bisaya are Cebuano, not all Bisaya are Ilonggo, not all Bisaya are Waray, but all the Cebuanos, Ilonggos and Warays are Bisaya. Cebuano applies to all speakers of mutually intelligible with the vernaculars of Cebu, regardless of origin or location. For example, generations of Cebuano speakers in northern Mindanao say that their ancestry back to Cebuano speakers native to their place. Furthermore, they refer to themselves as Bisaya and not Cebuano. Many are surprised to learn that the term of what they are speaking is really Cebuano. Cebuano, or its ancestor language, has spoken since the Proto-Austronesian era in the Sugbu heartland. Cebuano was first documented by Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian explorer who was part of Ferdinand Magellans 1521 expedition, Spanish missionaries started to write in the language during the early 18th century, and as a result, Cebuano contains many words of Spanish origin. While there is evidence of a writing system for the language. Spaniards recorded the Visayan script which was called Kudlit-kabadlit by the natives, the colonists erroneously called the ancient Filipino script Tagalog letters, regardless of the language for which it was used. This script died out by the 17th century as it was replaced by the Latin alphabet, the language was heavily influenced by the Spanish language during the period of colonialism from 1521 to 1898. With the arrival of Spanish colonials, for example, a Latin-based writing system was introduced alongside a number of Spanish loanwords, the Spaniards also increased the amount of vowels from three to five. During the precolonial and Spanish period, Cebuano had only three phonemes, /a/, /i/ and /u/
Cebuano language
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Cebuano-speaking area in the Philippines
17.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
Filipino language
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Filipino languages spoken around the country. This only includes languages that have at least 1 million speakers. Note that on regions marked with black diamonds, the language with the most number of speakers denotes a minority of the population.
18.
Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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1.
Cities of the Philippines
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Philippines
Cities of the Philippines
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2.
Cities of the Philippines
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3.
19.
Metro Cebu
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Metropolitan Cebu, or simply Metro Cebu, is the main urban center of the province of Cebu in the Philippines. Metro Cebu is located along the eastern portion of the island including the nearby island of Mactan. It accounts for 20 percent of the area and 61.5 percent of the population of the entire island of Cebu. Metro Cebu is an area that consists of Cebu City along with twelve surrounding cities and municipalities. The Metropolitan Cebu Development Council is a body mandated to formulate development plans for the Metro Cebu area, unlike the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, the MCDC does not have legal and institutional powers. Metro Cebu is almost twice the size of Metro Manila and it comprises seven cities and six municipalities. The international airport and the processing zone are located in Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. Danao is primarily a city while Talisay is a residential city with its income generated by small-. Cebu City was a village and farming settlement governed by Visayan native kings who traded with the neighboring islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. Cebu was the location of the Rajahnate of Cebu, an Indianized kingdom founded by the half Indian and half Malay, Sri Lumay, on 7 April 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Cebu. Magellan failed to claim the Philippines for the crown of Spain as he was killed on Mactan island on 27 April 1521, by its leader. On 27 April 1565, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Cebu from Mexico, the Spaniards renamed the city on 1 January 1571, from San Miguel to Villa del Santissimo Nombre de Jesús. The island were a capital city of the Spanish East Indies before the capital city was moved to Manila in 1571. Mandaue then was known as Mandani ruled by their lord Aponoan and it was formally constituted into a pueblo between 1580 and 1700 and was officially known as the Población de Mandaue in 1899. It emerged into the city of Mandaue. Mandaue became a city on 21 June 1969 through Republic Act 5519. It was considered a highly urbanized city in the year 1991, Talisay was a former Augustinian order hacienda in 1648 and became a municipality in 1849. On 30 December 2000, Talisay became a component city by virtue of Republic Act 8979, Lapu-Lapu city was originally referred to as Mactan
Metro Cebu
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Aerial view of Metro Cebu
Metro Cebu
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Panoramic view of Metro Cebu
Metro Cebu
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Skyline of Cebu City
Metro Cebu
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Cebu Doctors' University
20.
Mactan Island
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Mactan or Maktan is a densely populated island located a few kilometres from Cebu Island in the Philippines. The island is part of Cebu Province and it is divided into Lapu-Lapu City, the island is separated from Cebu by the Mactan Channel which is crossed by two bridges, the Marcelo Fernan Bridge and the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge. The island covers some 65 square kilometres and is home to some 430,000 people, along with Olango Island Group, the isles are administered as 1 city and a municipality covering 75.25 square kilometres. Mactan-Cebu International Airport is located on the island, the island was already a thriving settlement before it was colonized by Spain in the 16th century. By 1730, the Catholic Augustinian friars established the town of Opon, carlos P. Garcia on June 17,1961. Congressman Manuel A. Zosa, the representative of the Sixth District of Cebu, apart from the airport, today the island is known for its industrial factories, which are some of the most successful industrial ventures in the Philippines. Many of them are located at the Mactan Export Processing Zone, also important to the island is its high-class tourism industry and the production of furniture, as well as guitars, ukuleles and other musical instruments. Being one of the major tourist Islands of Cebu, Mactan Island boasts of a collection of tourist spots. Being a coral island, Mactan offers some of the best diving, snorkeling, island hopping, jet ski, sailing, the only aquarium attraction in the Visayas is also located on the island. Geographic data related to Mactan at OpenStreetMap Mactan International Airport Lapu-Lapu City Government
Mactan Island
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A view from a resort in Mactan where the sun is directly overhead at noon.
Mactan Island
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A crab in a sea anemone in Mactan
Mactan Island
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Mactan beach
Mactan Island
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Shangri-La Mactan Island Resort
21.
Olango Island Group
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The Olango Island Group is a group of islands found in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines and is a part of Cebu Province. It comprises Olango island and 6 satellite islets namely, Sulpa, Gilutongan, Nalusuan, Caohagan, Pangan-an, Olango Island and its neighboring islets has a total land area of approximately 1,030 ha. The island group is divided under the jurisdiction of the city of Lapu-Lapu and it lies 5 kilometres east of Mactan Island and is a major tourist destination in Cebu. It is known for its wildlife sanctuary, the Olango Group of islands consists of seven islands. Located 5 kilometres east of Mactan Island, Olango Island and its satellite islets lies between the Cebu Strait to the south and the Camotes Sea to the north. To the east is the Olango Channel while to the west is the Gilutungan Channel, Olango Islands has a total land area of approximately 1,030 hectares. The reef flat-lagoon surrounding the island of Olango is considered one of the most extensive areas in the Central Visayas. The Olango group of islands is a group composed of the island of Olango. The six neighboring islets are Sulpa, Gilutongan, Nalusuan, Caohagan, Pangan-an and these are bound by continuous fringing reefs and reef flats. The islands are low-lying with elevation reaching no more than 10 metres above sea level, at the center of these islands is a vast tidal flat, which includes the 920-hectare area of the Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary. Olango Islands are raised coral reefs, like most of Cebu province, the lithology of the island consists of two unit types, As a consequence of the geology, water supplies are hard. The climate is typically equatorial – temperature range over the year is less than 3 degrees Celsius change, january to April inclusive are less wet than the other months. This supports at least two rice crops per year, the dry season starts in February and lasts through April sometimes extending to mid‑May. Olango has a climate, which is typical to the Central Visayas. Most months of the year are marked by significant rainfall, the short dry season has little impact. This location is classified as Am by Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the area is relatively hot and humid, with a mean daily temperature range of 23.2 to 33.1 °C. Daily mean relative humidity ranges from 60 to 94 percent, the annual rainfall averages about 1,562 mm at Mactan-Cebu International Airport and 1,440 mm in brgy Maribago, which is located along the eastern coastline of Mactan Island. Although, the Philippine archipelago lies within the belt, the island of Olango is shielded from typhoons by the islands of Mactan
Olango Island Group
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Olango Island Group
Olango Island Group
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Caohagan Island
Olango Island Group
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Eastern curlews Numenius madagascariensis
Olango Island Group
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Little terns Sternula albifrons
22.
Mandaue
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Mandaue, officially the City of Mandaue and often referred to as Mandaue City, is a 1st city income class highly urbanized city in the region of Central Visayas, Philippines. It is one of three highly urbanized cities on Cebu island and forms a part of the Cebu Metropolitan area, Mandaue City is located on the central-eastern coastal region of Cebu, its southwest coast borders the northeast of Mactan Island, where Lapu-Lapu City is located. The city has an area of 2,518 ha, according to the 2015 census, it has a population of 362,654. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 189,712 registered voters, Mandaue City is part of the Sixth District of Cebu joined with the municipalities of Consolacion and Cordova. Although qualified for a district since 1991, this was neglected by lawmakers. Mandaue is an independent highly urbanized city but is administered with the supervision of the provincial government. A community was established in Mandaue by a group of Austronesian people. The Venetian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta wrote of a settlement called Mandani which existed in the area with a chieftain named Apo Noan then a few decades later another ruler named Lambuzzan, Mandaue natives were forced into a town as decreed by the Spanish authorities. This may have started off as a village serving as a bulwark for the church in the northern Cebu and was managed by the Jesuit in 1638 then a century later by the Recollects. The Philippine revolution in 1898 gave the town a new form of administration in accordance with the decree of the Central Revolutionary Government. The short-lived revolution was overthrown by the American Troops and a battle nearly destroyed the town in 1901, Mandaue became independent from being an American Commonwealth and a Japanese garrison on July 4,1946 along with the entire nation. Mandaue became a city on June 21,1969. The city was recognized as a HUC in 1991, the city has a total area of 34.87 km2. According to the 2015 census, the density is 10. The citys land area is only 4. 5% of the land area of Metro Cebu. The ongoing North Reclamation Project, now known as the North Special Administrative Zone, of the 180 hectares, about 36 ha belong to the city. The existing mangrove area will be retained as a habitat, part of the areas parks. It is one of the two local government units located within the mainland Metro Cebu where the elevation of land is less than 100 m, many of the areas of the city are extremely flat
Mandaue
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Mandaue skyline
Mandaue
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Map of Cebu with Mandaue highlighted
Mandaue
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Bantayan sa Hari, 1912
Mandaue
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Metro Cebu, Mandaue in the eastern part and Lapu-Lapu in the west
23.
Mactan-Mandaue Bridge
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Mactan-Mandaue Bridge or popularly called The 1st or Old Mactan–Mandaue Bridge is the first of two bridges spanning across the Mactan Channel and connecting the islands of Cebu and Mactan. On September 19,1968, then Cebu Governor Rene G. Espina met with Danao City Mayor Beatriz Durano, Samboan Mayor Beatriz Calderon, Mandaue Mayor Demetrio Cortez, shangkuan in the Presidential Palace to discuss with then President Ferdinand Marcos the construction of this bridge. This 846-meter long and 9-meter wide box truss bridge was constructed during the term of the late Ferdinand Marcos at a cost of 45 million pesos, the construction began in 1970, a year after the declaration of Mandaue City as a chartered city. It was inaugurated on July 4,1973, the bridge was designed and created wholly by Filipino engineers. The Marcelo Fernan Bridge is just located about 1.6 kilometers north of the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge Bridge, also, the bridge has only one pedestrian walkway, and it is on the south side of the bridge. On the Cebu Island side of the bridge, there is Mandaue City, and the bridge is accessed via A. C. The Mactan Island side of the bridge, which is in Lapu-Lapu City, is accessed via the Basak-Marigondon Road, Mactan-Mandaue Bridge @ Structurae WebSite for Mandaue City WebSite for Lapu-Lapu City
Mactan-Mandaue Bridge
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Mactan-Mandaue Bridge, seen from Mactan
24.
Marcelo Fernan Bridge
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Marcelo Fernan Bridge is an extradosed cable-stayed bridge located in Metro Cebu in the Philippines. It spans across Mactan Channel connecting Mandaue City to Lapu-Lapu City in Mactan Island, before it was named the Marcelo Fernan Bridge, it was called the Consolacion Bridge, named after the Municipality of Consolacion, which is 1.6 miles from the north end of the bridge. Marcelo Fernan Bridge was opened in August 1999 to decongest the traffic from the older Mactan-Mandaue Bridge. The bridge has a length of 1237 meters with a center span of 185 meters, and was completed by in August 1999. The bridge is one of the widest and longest bridge spans in the Philippines, the bridge was constructed with the help of the Japanese Government. It was named after Senator Marcelo Fernan, a figure from Cebu City. On the Mactan Island side of the bridge, there is a called the Millennium Park at the base of the bridges piers. Also, the bridge has two pedestrian walkways, one on the side of the bridge, and one on the south side. On the Cebu Island side of the bridge, there is Mandaue City, the Mactan Island side of the bridge, which is in Lapu-Lapu City, is accessed by Old Patiller Road, a spur road of the Manuel L. Quezon National Highway. The Mactan-Mandaue Bridge is located about 1.6 kilometers south of the Marcelo Fernan Bridge, picture of the Millenium Park under the bridge and another picture as well
Marcelo Fernan Bridge
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The Marcelo Fernan Bridge, seen from Mactan
Marcelo Fernan Bridge
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Indonesia
25.
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
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Mactan–Cebu International Airport located in Central Visayas region, is the second busiest airport of the Philippines. It is located in Lapu-Lapu City on Mactan Island, part of Metro Cebu, the airport is managed by the Mactan–Cebu International Airport Authority. It covers an area of 797 hectares and it has a single 3, 300-meter runway that was built by the United States in 1956 as an emergency airport for Strategic Air Command bombers and was known as the Mactan Air Base. The runway is complemented by a taxiway that it shares with the current Mactan Air Base of the Philippine Air Force. The arrival of the aircraft in the airport marked the very first time that the aircraft landed in the Philippines, the runway was built by the United States Air Force in 1956 as an emergency airport for Strategic Air Command bombers and it was known as the Mactan Air Base. It remained a spartan outpost until the Vietnam War in the 1960s when it became a base for a C-130 unit of the U. S. Air Force. In the mid-1960s, the airport was opened, to replace the Lahug Airport. The airport was expanded to the current Mactan–Cebu International Airport. MCIAA former general manager Danilo Augusto Francia said the program includes the establishment of a second passenger terminal in the Mactan–Cebu International Airport. In 2009, former general manager Francia announced for the bidding for the construction of the new generation terminal to service only international flight. Mr. Villarete prioritized the completion of the expansion and the completion of the unfinished administration building. The airport is located in the Visayas which was the region most affected by the storm, especially the Eastern Visayas islands of Leyte. The Cebu airport was relatively unaffected by the storm while the airports of the Eastern Visayas were unusable immediately after, the consortium won with a bid of 17.5 billion Philippine pesos. MCIAA will turn over to the consortium the operations and maintenance of the airport starting October 2014. The new terminal building to be designed by Integrated Design Associates Ltd. is expected to be completed by 2018, the existing terminal houses both domestic and international operations and has an annual capacity of 4.5 million passengers. The airliner was able to make an emergency landing, authorities later found out that Ramzi Yousef planted the bomb on the airliner to test the bomb for his Project Bojinka plot. His project was discovered in Manila after an apartment fire on the night of January 5, Ramzi Yousef was on board Flight 434 from Manila when he planted the bomb beneath a vacant seat. He used a fake identity thus he was able to pass through security in Manila, Yousef set the time for the bomb to blow off when the airplane was already in its Cebu–Tokyo leg
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
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Exterior of Mactan–Cebu International Airport
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
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Mactan–Cebu International Airport Tugpahanang Pangkalibutan sa Mactan–Sugbo (Cebuano) Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Mactan–Cebu (Tagalog)
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
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A
Boeing 777F operated by
Emirates SkyCargo at the airport with relief goods for Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda donated by the
United Kingdom 's
Department for International Development.
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
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Air Asia Zest A320
26.
Augustinian
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The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo, applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders and some Anglican religious orders. Within Anglicanism the Rule of St Augustine is followed only by women, Augustine, a brief document providing guidelines for living in a religious community. The largest and most familiar, originally known as the Hermits of Saint Augustine, two other Orders, the Order of Augustinian Recollects and the Discalced Augustinians, were once part of the Augustinian Order under a single Prior General. The Recollect friars, founded in 1588 as a movement of the Augustinian friars in Spain, became autonomous in 1612 with their first Prior General. The Discalced friars became an independent congregation with their own Prior General in 1592 and they generally form one large community, which might serve parishes in the vicinity, and are organized into autonomous congregation, which normally are distinct by region. In a religious community, charism is the contribution that each religious order, congregation or family. The teaching and writing of Augustine, the Augustinian Rule, and it does not unduly single out the exceptional, especially favour the gifted, nor exclude the poor or marginalised. Love is not earned through human merit, but received and given freely by Gods free gift of grace and these same imperatives of affection and fairness have driven the order in its international missionary outreach. This balanced pursuit of love and learning has energised the various branches of the order into building communities founded on mutual affection, Augustine spoke passionately of Gods beauty so ancient and so new, and his fascination with beauty extended to music. He taught that to sing once is to pray twice and music is also a key part of the Augustinian ethos, the Canons Regular follow the more ancient form of religious life which developed toward the end of the first millennium and thus predates the founding of the friars. They represent a clerical adaptation of life, as it grew out of an attempt to organize communities of clerics to a more dedicated way of life. Historically it paralleled the lay movement of monasticism or the life from which the friars were later to develop. In their tradition, the added the commitment of religious vows to their primary vocation of pastoral care. As the canons became independent of the structures, they came to form their own monastic communities. The official name of the Order is the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, like the Order of Saint Benedict, it is not one legal body, but a union of various independent congregations. Though they also follow the Rule of St. Augustine, they differ from the friars in not committing themselves to corporate poverty, which is a defining element of the mendicant orders. Unlike the friars and like monks, the canon are generally organized as one community to which they are attached for life with a vow of stability. Their houses are given the title of an abbey, from which the canons then serve various surrounding towns, the religious superior of their major houses is titled an abbot
Augustinian
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Ruins of
Jasenitz Abbey, a former Augustinian priory in
Police-Jasienica,
Poland (14th century)
Augustinian
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St.
Stanislaus of Kazimierz, C.R.L. (1433–1489).
Augustinian
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St.
Peter Fourier, leader of the reform of the canons regular in the former
Duchy of Lorraine, wearing the sarozium
27.
Datu
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Among the many things a DATU can do are, Make certain electrical connections, such as shorting a lines tip to ring, tip to ground, or ring to ground. Play certain tones on the line to test the lines audio circuit, monitor the audio circuit on the line if it is in use. Create and modify certain variables such as counters and timers on the CO switch, remove a line from permanent signal holding state. DATUs are primarily non-published numbers, though usually have the phone number XXX-9935. They are password protected for security, though many telcos leave the default password of 1111 set, in July 2004, New York City phone phreak William Quinn, also known as decoder, was arrested and charged with accessing Verizons DATU numbers on over 100 occasions. Verizon subsequently claimed in press releases that it spent $120,000 to change the passwords on all the DATU numbers
Datu
28.
Portugal
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Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
Portugal
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Citânia de Briteiros, in the
Minho Province, is the best preserved
Iron Age and
Castro culture site in Portugal.
Portugal
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Flag
Portugal
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The
Roman Temple of Évora, in the
Alentejo, is a symbol of
Lusitania, Roman rule in Portugal.
Portugal
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Monument in Porto to
Vimara Peres, first ruler of the County of Portugal
29.
Ferdinand Magellan
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Commanding a fleet of five vessels, he headed south through the Atlantic Ocean to Patagonia, passing through the Strait of Magellan into a body of water he named the peaceful sea. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the reached the Spice Islands in 1521. Magellan did not complete the voyage, as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines in 1521. Magellan had already reached the Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east, by visiting this area again but now travelling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history. The Magellanic penguin is named after him, as he was the first European to note it. Magellan was born in northern Portugal in around 1480, either at Vila Nova de Gaia, near Porto, in Douro Litoral Province, or at Sabrosa, near Vila Real, in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province. He was the son of Rodrigo de Magalhães, Alcaide-Mor of Aveiro and wife Alda de Mesquita and brother of Leonor or Genebra de Magalhães, in March 1505 at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in the fleet of 22 ships sent to host D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India, although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon. He participated in battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506. In 1509 he fought in the battle of Diu and he later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese embassy to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin. In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to an ending in retreat. Magellan had a role, warning Sequeira and saving Francisco Serrão. In 1511, under the new governor Afonso de Albuquerque, Magellan, after the conquest their ways parted, Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder and, in the company of a Malay he had indentured and baptized Enrique of Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512. Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the Spice Islands in the Moluccas and he married a woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to the Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah. His letters to Magellan would prove decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories, after taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp and he was accused of trading illegally with the Moors. The accusations were proved false, but he received no offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later on in 1515, he got an employment offer as a member on a Portuguese ship
Ferdinand Magellan
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Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan
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The Nao Victoria Replica in the
Nao Victoria Museum,
Punta Arenas,
Chile
Ferdinand Magellan
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The
Strait of Magellan cuts through the southern tip of South America connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.
Ferdinand Magellan
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Monument in
Lapu-Lapu City,
Cebu in the
Philippines.
30.
Battle of Mactan
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The Battle of Mactan was fought in the Philippines on 27 April 1521, prior to Spanish colonization. On 16 March 1521, Magellan sighted the mountains of what is now Samar while on a mission to find a route to the Moluccas Islands for Spain. This event marked the arrival of the first documented Europeans in the Archipelago, the following day, Magellan ordered his men to anchor their ships on the shores of Homonhon Island. There, Magellan befriended Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu the chieftain of Limasawa and he and his queen were baptized into the Catholic faith, taking the Christian names Carlos, in honor of King Charles of Spain, and Juana, in honor of King Charles mother. To commemorate this event, Magellan gave Juana the Santo Niño, as a result of Magellans influence with Rajah Humabon, an order had been issued to the nearby chiefs that each of them were to provide food supplies for the ships, and convert to Christianity. However, Datu Lapu-Lapu, one of the two chiefs within the island of Mactan, was the chieftain to show his opposition. Lapu-Lapu refused to accept the authority of Rajah Humabon in these matters, Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula suggested that Magellan go to the island of Mactan and force his subject chieftain Datu Lapu-Lapu to comply with his orders. Magellan saw an opportunity to strengthen the existing friendship ties with the ruler of the Visayan region and we reached Mactan three hours before dawn. They replied that if we had lances they had lances of bamboo and they said that in order to induce us to go in search of them, for they had dug certain pit holes filled with spikes between the houses in order that we might fall into them. Pigafetta writes how Magellan deployed forty-nine armored men with swords, axes, shields, crossbows, and guns, a number of native warriors converted to Christianity also came to their aid. Filipino historians note that because of the rocky outcroppings, and coral near the beach, forced to anchor their ships far from shore, Magellan could not bring his ships cannons to bear on Lapu-Lapus warriors, who numbered more than 1,500. When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, the boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other men remained behind to guard the boats, when we reached land, had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with ear-shattering loud cries, the musketeers and crossbow-men shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly. The musketeers were too far back to aim, and could only shoot halfway from the distance of the natives, Magellan and his men then tried to scare them off by burning some houses in Bulaia. But the natives surprised them by raining a barrage of arrows, seeing that, Magellan sent some men to burn their houses in order to terrify them. When they saw their houses burning, they were roused to greater fury, some of our men were killed near the houses, while we burned twenty or thirty houses. So many of them rained down upon us that the captain was shot through the leg with a poisoned arrow
Battle of Mactan
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A mural painting depicting the Battle of Mactan
Battle of Mactan
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A depiction of Lapu Lapu at the
Lapu Lapu shrine.
Battle of Mactan
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The
memorial to Magellan built by the Spanish.
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