Latin square
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In combinatorics and in experimental design, a Latin square is an n × n array filled with n different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column. An example of a
Displaying a 7 × 7 Latin square, this stained-glass window at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, honored Ronald Fisher, whose Design of Experiments discussed Latin squares. The Sir Ronald Fisher window was removed in 2020 because of Fisher's connection with eugenics.
Magic square
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In mathematics, especially historical and recreational mathematics, a magic square is a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, where the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and
Latin square
…of Latin squares. The Korean mathematician Choi Seok-jeong was the first to publish an example of Latin squares of order nine, in order to construct a magic square in 1700, predating Leonhard Euler by 67 years. This account follows McKay, Meynert & Myrvold (2007, p. 100…
Melencolia I (Albrecht Dürer, 1514) includes an order 4 square with magic sum 34
An order 4 magic square, detail from Melencolia I.
Iron plate with an order-6 magic square in Eastern Arabic numerals from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).
A page displaying 9×9 magic square from Cheng Dawei's Suanfa tongzong (1593).