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History
Laudabiliter
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Laudabiliter was a bull issued in 1155 by Pope Adrian IV, the only Englishman to have served in that office. Existence of the bull has been disputed by scholars over the centuries; no copy is extant but scholars cite the many references to it as early as the 13th century to support the validity of its existence. The bull purports to grant the right to the Angevin King Henry II of England to invade and govern Ireland and to enforce the Gregorian Reforms on the semi-autonomous Christian Church in Ireland. Richard de Clare ("Strongbow") and the other leaders of the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland (1169–1171) claimed that Laudabiliter authorised the invasion. These Cambro-Norman knights were retained by Diarmuid MacMorrough, the deposed King of Leinster, as an ally in his fight with the High King of Ireland, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair.
A Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla.
A Papal bull of Pope Urban VIII, 1637, sealed with a leaden bulla.
Cameo of Pope Adrian IV
Cameo of Pope Adrian IV
Henry II of England
Henry II of England
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Adrian IV
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Pope Adrian IV was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 4 December 1154 to his death in 1159. He is the only Englishman to have been pope.
St Albans Abbey, now a Cathedral, pictured in 2005
St Albans Abbey, now a Cathedral, pictured in 2005
Trondheim Cathedral, as seen in 2005
Trondheim Cathedral, as seen in 2005
Medieval Rome; the Leonine City is to the northwest of the city, outside the Leonine Wall (in blue)
Medieval Rome; the Leonine City is to the northwest of the city, outside the Leonine Wall (in blue)
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, as depicted in a 12th-century chronicle
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, as depicted in a 12th-century chronicle