1.
Glastonbury, Connecticut
–
Glastonbury is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States, formally founded in 1693 with settlers first arriving in 1636. The town was named after Glastonbury in Somerset, England, Glastonbury is located on the banks of the Connecticut River,7 miles southeast of Hartford. The town center is defined by the U. S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place, the population was 34,427 at the 2010 census. In 2013, the South Glastonbury zip code,06073, was ranked the 11th wealthiest zip code in Connecticut, the town also has the Crystal Ridge neighborhood, which is estimated to be the wealthiest neighborhood in the Greater Hartford area. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 52.2 square miles, of which 51.3 square miles is land and 0.93 square miles. The Glastonbury Center CDP has an area of 4.9 square miles. The town begins on the banks of the Connecticut River and extends up into foothills, some major developments in the town are built entirely on relatively steep hills, such as Minnechaug Mountain, the major residential area developed from the 1970s until late 90s. Part of Glastonbury resides in an area called Kongscut Mountain, locally called Rattlesnake Mountain, since that area is sparsely developed and mostly in a state forest, the snakes dont pose much of a threat. The town boasts a private lake named Diamond Lake, which is surrounded by growing subdivisions of large homes. Access to the lake is limited to members of the Diamond Lake Property Owners Association, Glastonbury has one of the largest state forests, Meshomasic State Forest, a popular area for hiking, fishing, and hunting. Glastonbury borders the town and cities of East Hartford, Wethersfield, Rocky Hill, Cromwell, Portland, East Hampton, Marlborough, Hebron, Bolton, the town center experiences a humid continental climate. However, the parts of the town, at an elevation of 800 feet near Bolton and Hebron, experience a colder climate which straddles the. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 51% of the population, there were 31,876 people,12,257 households, and 8,984 families residing in the town. The population density was 620.5 people per square mile, there were 12,614 housing units at an average density of 245.5 per square mile. 22. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was out with 26. 8% under the age of 18,4. 1% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,27. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $80,660, and the median income for a family was $94,978
2.
Dartmouth College
–
Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817
3.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
4.
University of Virginia
–
The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
5.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
6.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers
7.
Conservatism in the United States
–
Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
8.
Movement conservatism
–
Movement conservatism is an inside term describing conservatism in the United States and New Right. According to George H. Nash the movement comprises a coalition of five distinct impulses, from the mid-1930s to the 1960s, libertarians, traditionalists, and anticommunists made up this coalition, with the goal of fighting the liberals New Deal. In the 1970s, two more impulses were added with the addition of neoconservatives and the Religious Right, political scientists Doss and Roberts say that The term movement conservatives refers to those people who argue that big government constitutes the most serious problem. Movement conservatives blame the growth of the state for destroying individual initiative. Rusher envisioned philosopher kings would function as movement conservatives, recent examples of writers using the term movement conservatism include Sam Tanenhaus, Paul Gottfried, and Jonathan Riehl. Paul Krugman described the rise of movement conservatism in his 2007 book The Conscience of a Liberal as occurring in several phases between 1950 and Reagans election as President in 1980. These phases included building a base, a popular base, a business base. By the 2000s, movement conservatives had substantial control over the Republican Party, author and magazine editor William F. Buckley, Jr. was one of the founding members of the movement. His 1951 book God and Man at Yale argued against Keynesian economics, progressive taxation, in 1955, he founded National Review, which provided a platform for arguing the movement conservative viewpoint. His emphasis was on an anti-Communist foreign policy and a pro-business, however, in its early days the magazine also included sentiments of white supremacy. In the August 24,1957 issue, Buckleys editorial Why the South Must Prevail spoke out explicitly in favor of segregation in the South and it argued that the central question that emerges. Is whether the White community in the South is entitled to such measures as are necessary to prevail, politically and culturally. The sobering answer is Yes – the White community is so entitled because, for the time being, the movement also gathered support from such disparate sources as libertarian Monetarists like economist Milton Friedman and authoritarian Neoconservatives like Irving Kristol. Friedman attacked government intervention and regulation in the 1950s and thereafter, other free market economists began rejecting the expansion of the welfare state embodied in President Franklin Delano Roosevelts New Deal. Friedman also associated himself with the 1964 Presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater, sociologist Irving Kristol and the magazine The Public Interest were another source of intellectual direction for the movement. During the 1960s, Kristol and his associates argued against the Great Society policies of President Johnson, which had expanded the state through Medicare. Robert W. Welch, Jr. Welch used the dues to build an elaborate organizational infrastructure that enabled him to keep a tight rein on the chapters. In October 1964, Reagan delivered a speech as part of his support for candidate Goldwater titled A Time for Choosing, the speech represented the ideology of movement conservatism, arguing against big government bureaucracy and welfare while also denouncing foreign aid
9.
Neoconservatism
–
For modern conservatism in other countries, see Conservatism § Modern conservatism in different countries. Neoconservatism is a movement born in the United States during the 1960s among conservative-leaning Democrats who became disenchanted with the partys foreign policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, neoconservatives peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Prominent neoconservatives in the George W. Bush administration included Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, the term neoconservative refers to those who made the ideological journey from the anti-Stalinist Left to the camp of American conservatism. The movement had its roots in the Jewish monthly review magazine Commentary. They spoke out against the New Left and in that way helped define the movement, the neoconservative label was used by Irving Kristol in his 1979 article Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed Neoconservative. His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited the magazine Encounter, another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of the magazine Commentary from 1960 to 1995. By 1982 Podhoretz was terming himself a neoconservative, in a New York Times Magazine article titled The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagans Foreign Policy. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the neoconservatives considered that liberalism had failed and no longer knew what it was talking about, seymour Lipset asserts that the term neoconservative was used originally by a socialist to criticize the politics of Social Democrats, USA. Jonah Goldberg argues that the term is ideological criticism against proponents of American modern liberalism who had become more conservative. Through the 1950s and early 1960s, the future neoconservatives had endorsed the American Civil Rights Movement, racial integration, from the 1950s to the 1960s, there was general endorsement among liberals for military action to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. Many were particularly alarmed by what they claimed were anti-semitic sentiments from Black Power advocates, a substantial number of neoconservatives were originally moderate socialists associated with the right-wing of the Socialist Party of America, and its successor, Social Democrats, USA. Max Shachtman, a former Trotskyist theorist who developed an antipathy towards the New Left, had numerous devotees among SDUSA with strong links to George Meanys AFL-CIO. Following Shachtman and Meany, this led the SP to oppose an immediate withdrawal from the Vietnam War. They also chose to cease their own party-building and concentrated on working within the Democratic Party, thus the Socialist Party ceased to be in 1972 and SDUSA emerged. SDUSA leaders associated with neoconservatism include Carl Gershman, Penn Kemble, Joshua Muravchik, Norman Podhoretzs magazine Commentary of the American Jewish Committee, originally a journal of liberalism, became a major publication for neoconservatives during the 1970s. Commentary published an article by Jeane Kirkpatrick, an early and prototypical neoconservative, many neoconservatives had been Jewish intellectuals in New York City during the 1930s. They were on the left but strongly opposed Stalinism, some were Trotskyists
10.
Traditionalist conservatism
–
Some traditionalists have embraced the labels reactionary and counterrevolutionary, defying the stigma that has attached to these terms since the Enlightenment. Traditionalism developed throughout the 18th-century Europe, in the middle of the 20th century it started to organize itself in earnest as an intellectual and political force. This more modern expression of traditionalist conservatism began among a group of U. S, belief in natural law and transcendent moral order lay the foundation for traditionalist conservative thought. Reason and Divine Revelation inform natural law and the truths of faith. It is through these universal truths of faith that man orders himself, mankind organized society on the basis of these universal truths of faith. The traditionalist holds axiomatic the belief that religion precedes civilization, most traditionalist conservatives embrace High Church Christianity. Not all traditionalists, however, are High Church Christians, Other traditionalists whose faith traditions are notable include Caleb Stegall, who is an evangelical Protestant. Many conservative mainline Protestants are also traditionalist conservatives, including some of writers for Touchstone Magazine, many traditionalists are Jewish, such as the late Will Herberg, Irving Louis Horowitz, Mordecai Roshwald, and Paul Gottfried. As the name suggests, traditionalists believe that tradition and custom guide man, each generation inherits the experience and culture of its ancestors and through convention and precedence man is able to pass it down to his descendants. To paraphrase Edmund Burke, often regarded as the father of conservatism, The individual is foolish. Traditionalist conservatives believe that society is essentially hierarchical. Hierarchy allows for the preservation of the whole community simultaneously, instead of protecting one part at the expense of the others, while most traditionalist conservatives are cosmopolitan and many live in urban centers, the countryside and the values of rural life are prized highly. The principles of agrarianism are central to an understanding of rural life. Traditionalists defend classical Western civilization, and value an education informed by the texts of the Hebraic, Greek, Roman, similarly, traditionalists are classicists who revere high culture in all of its manifestations. Unlike nationalists, who esteem the role of the State or nation over the local or regional community, Traditionalist conservatives think that loyalty to a locality or region is more central than any commitment to a larger political entity. Traditionalists also welcome the value of subsidiarity and the intimacy of ones community, nationalism, alternately, leads to jingoism and views the state as abstract from the local community and family structure rather than as an outgrowth of these local realities. Traditionalist conservatism began with the thought of Anglo-Irish Whig statesman and philosopher Edmund Burke, whose principles were rooted in moral natural law. Burke believed in prescriptive rights and that those rights were God-given and he also defended what he referred to as ordered liberty
11.
Chicago School of Economics
–
In the context of macroeconomics, it is connected to the freshwater school of macroeconomics, in contrast to the saltwater school based in coastal universities. Chicago macroeconomic theory rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s, the freshwater-saltwater distinction is largely antiquated today, as the two traditions have heavily incorporated ideas from each other. Other economists affiliated with Chicago have made their impact in fields as diverse as social economics, thus, there is not a clear delineation of the Chicago school of economics, a term that is more commonly used in the popular media than in academic circles. They met together in frequent intense discussions that helped set a group outlook on economic issues, the 1950s saw the height of popularity of the Keynesian school of economics, so the members of the University of Chicago were considered outside the mainstream. Nonetheless, these scholars had an important influence on the thought of Milton Friedman and George Stigler, most notably in the development of price theory, however, their relationship to the modern macroeconomists, led by Robert Lucas, Jr. and Eugene Fama, is more blurred. A further significant branching of Chicago thought was dubbed by George Stigler as Chicago political economy and his work was originally focused in labor economics. His work partly inspired the popular economics book Freakonomics and he is considered one of the founding fathers of Chicago political economy. Ronald Coase was the most prominent economic analyst of law and the 1991 Nobel Prize-winner and his first major article, The Nature of the Firm, argued that the reason for the existence of firms is the existence of transaction costs. Rational individuals trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective, only the existence of transaction costs may prevent this. So, the law ought to pre-empt what would happen, the idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe. Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach, to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market, by analysing the costs of action. Eugene Fama is an American financial economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2013 for his work on asset pricing and is the seventh most highly cited economist of all time. In his tract, Railroads and American Economic Growth, Essays in Econometric History, Milton Friedman stands as one of the most influential economists of the late twentieth century. A student of Frank Knight, he won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1976 for, among other things, Friedman argued that the Great Depression had been caused by the Federal Reserves policies through the 1920s, and worsened in the 1930s. Friedman argued that government policy is more desirable than government intervention in the economy. One of the great mistakes is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their results, governments should aim for a neutral monetary policy oriented toward long-run economic growth, by gradual expansion of the money supply. He advocated the quantity theory of money, that general prices are determined by money, therefore, active monetary or fiscal policy can have unintended negative effects. The slogan that money matters has come to be associated with Friedman, lars Peter Hansen is an American economist who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2013 with Eugene Fama and Robert Shiller for their work on asset pricing
12.
Classical liberalism
–
Classical liberalism was first called that in the early 19th century, but was built on ideas of the previous century. It was a response to urbanization, and to the Industrial Revolution in Europe, notable individuals whose ideas contributed to classical liberalism include John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on the economics of Adam Smith and on a belief in natural law, utilitarianism, the term classical liberalism was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer social liberalism. These beliefs were complemented by a belief that labourers could be best motivated by financial incentive and they opposed any income or wealth redistribution, which they believed would be dissipated by the lowest orders. Drawing on ideas of Adam Smith, classical liberals believed that it is in the common interest that all individuals be able to secure their own economic self-interest and they were critical of what would come to be the ideas of the welfare state as interfering in a free market. A landlord, a farmer, a manufacturer, a merchant, though they did not employ a single workman. Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, in the long run the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him, but the necessity is not so immediate. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little as possible, in a free market, both labour and capital would receive the greatest possible reward, while production would be organised efficiently to meet consumer demand. For society to guarantee positive rights requires taxation over and above the minimum needed to enforce negative rights. in the late 19th century, classical liberalism developed into neo-classical liberalism, which argued for government to be as small as possible to allow the exercise of individual freedom. In its most extreme form, neo-classical liberalism advocated Social Darwinism, right-libertarianism is a modern form of neo-classical liberalism. Friedrich Hayek identified two different traditions within classical liberalism, the British tradition and the French tradition, the French tradition included Rousseau, Condorcet, the Encyclopedists and the Physiocrats. This tradition believed in rationalism and sometimes showed hostility to tradition and religion, Hayek also rejected the label laissez faire as originating from the French tradition and alien to the beliefs of Hume and Smith. Classical liberalism in Britain developed from Whiggery and radicalism, and was heavily influenced by French physiocracy. Whiggery had become a dominant ideology following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the origins of rights were seen as being in an ancient constitution, which had existed from time immemorial. These rights, which some Whigs considered to include freedom of the press and they believed that the power of the executive had to be constrained. While they supported limited suffrage, they saw voting as a privilege, British radicals, from the 1790s to the 1820s, concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasising natural rights and popular sovereignty. Richard Price and Joseph Priestley adapted the language of Locke to the ideology of radicalism, the radicals saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of Protestant Dissenters, the slave trade, high prices and high taxes. There was greater unity to classical liberalism ideology than there had been with Whiggery, classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights
13.
Free market
–
Another view considers systems with significant market power, inequality of bargaining power, or information asymmetry to be less than free. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. Others believe regulation might be part of a market, if the regulation is necessary to control significant market power, inequality of bargaining power. The latter view implies a free market is not necessarily deregulated, although some of those with the former belief speak of free markets, friedrich Hayek argued in The Pure Theory of Capital that the goal is the preservation of the unique information contained in the price itself. The definition of free market has been disputed and made complex by collectivist political philosophers, during the marginal revolution, subjective value theory was rediscovered. Various forms of socialism based on free markets have existed since the 19th century, early notable socialist proponents of free markets include Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Benjamin Tucker, and the Ricardian socialists. These economists believed that free markets and voluntary exchange could not exist within the exploitative conditions of capitalism. Advocates of free-market socialism such as Jaroslav Vanek argue that free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property. Socialists also point out that free market capitalism leads to excessive disparities in the distribution of income, corporate monopolies run rampant in free markets, with endless agency over the consumer. Thus, free market capitalism desires government regulation of markets to prevent social instability and this implies that economic rents, i. e. profits generated from lack of perfect competition, must be reduced or eliminated as much as possible through free competition. Economic theory suggests the returns to land and other resources are economic rents that cannot be reduced in such a way because of their perfect inelastic supply. Some economic thinkers emphasize the need to share those rents as a requirement for a well functioning market. It is suggested this would eliminate the need for regular taxes that have a negative effect on trade as well as release land. Two features that improve the competition and free market mechanisms, winston Churchill supported this view by his statement Land is the mother of all monopoly. The American economist and social philosopher Henry George, the most famous proponent of this thesis, followers of his ideas are often called Georgists or Geoists and Geolibertarians. Léon Walras, one of the founders of the neoclassical economics who helped formulate the general theory, had a very similar view. He argued that competition could only be realized under conditions of state ownership of natural resources. Additionally, income taxes could be eliminated because the state would receive income to public services through owning such resources and enterprises
14.
Judeo-Christian
–
The concept of Judeo-Christian values in an ethical sense was used by George Orwell in 1939, with the phrase the Judaeo-Christian scheme of morals. It has become part of the American civil religion since the 1940s, the term Abrahamic religions is used to include Islam as well as Judaism and Christianity. The term is used, as Judæo Christian, at least as far back as in a letter from Alexander MCaul dated October 17,1821, the term in this case referred to Jewish converts to Christianity. The term is used similarly by Joseph Wolff in 1829, referring to a style of church that would keep with some Jewish traditions in order to convert Jews. The expression appears in The Antichrist, published in 1895 and written years earlier. Christianity inherits the notion of a covenant from Second Temple Judaism, two major views of the relationship exist, namely New Covenant theology and Dual-covenant theology. In addition, although the order of the books in the Protestant Old Testament and the Tanakh differ, the Christian Old Testament is, thus, Jewish scripture, and it is used as moral and spiritual teaching material throughout the Christian world. As a result, an amount of Jewish and Christian teachings are based on a common sacred text. Promoting the concept of United States as a Judeo-Christian nation first became a program in the 1940s. Through soul-searching in the aftermath of the Holocaust, there was a revolution in Christian theology in America, the greatest shift in Christian attitudes toward the Jewish people since Constantine converted the Roman Empire. During the late 1940s, Evangelical proponents of the new Judeo-Christian approach lobbied Washington for diplomatic support of the new state of Israel, the Evangelicals have never wavered in their support for Israel. On the other hand, by the late 1960s Mainline Protestant denominations, interest in and a positive attitude towards Americas Judeo-Christian tradition has become mainstream among Evangelicals. Moreover, for many Evangelicals Israel is seen as the instrument through which prophecies of the end times are fulfilled, response of Jews towards the Judeo-Christian concept has been mixed. At funerals for the soldier, rabbis stood alongside the other chaplains. A1948 postage stamp commemorated their heroism with the words, interfaith in action, in the 1950s, a spiritual and cultural revival washed over American Jewry in response to the trauma of the Holocaust. American Jews became more confident to be identified as different, for Christians, the concept of a Judeo-Christian tradition comfortably suggests that Judaism progresses into Christianity—that Judaism is somehow completed in Christianity. The concept of a Judeo-Christian tradition flows from the Christian theology of supersession, Christianity, according to this myth, reforms and replaces Judaism. The myth therefore implies, first, that Judaism needs reformation and replacement, and second, most importantly the myth of the Judeo-Christian tradition insidiously obscures the real and significant differences between Judaism and Christianity
15.
Protectionism
–
Protectionist policies protect the producers, businesses and workers of the import-competing sector in a country from foreign competitors. According to proponents, these policies can counteract unfair trade practices, protectionists may favor the policy in order to decrease the trade deficit, maintain employment in certain sectors, or favor the growth of certain industries. In recent years, protectionism has become closely aligned with the anti-globalization movement, There is a broad consensus among economists that the impact of protectionism on economic growth is largely negative, although the impact on specific industries and groups of people may be positive. The doctrine of protectionism contrasts with the doctrine of free trade, a variety of policies have been used to achieve protectionist goals. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported, import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported, to favour local producers. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, however, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas, To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the price of imported goods. The economic effects of a quota is similar to that of a tariff. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, administrative barriers, Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation, Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down, however, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies, Government subsidies are given to local firms that cannot compete well against imports. These subsidies are purported to protect jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies, Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports, Export subsidies have the opposite effect of export tariffs because exporters get payment, which is a percentage or proportion of the value of exported. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate control, A government may intervene in the exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, international patent systems, There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Peter Drahos explains that States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protectionist strategies, There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems. In the modern trade arena many other initiatives besides tariffs have been called protectionist, for example, some commentators, such as Jagdish Bhagwati, see developed countries efforts in imposing their own labor or environmental standards as protectionism
16.
Republicanism in the United States
–
Republicanism is the guiding political philosophy of the United States. It has been a part of American civic thought since its founding. American republicanism was founded and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century, for them, according to one team of historians, republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, an ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty. Republicanism was based on Ancient Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and English models and it formed the basis for the American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, as well as the Gettysburg Address. The term republicanism is derived from the republic, but the two words have different meanings. A republic is a form of government, republicanism refers to the values of the citizens in a republic, two major parties have used the term in their name – the Democratic-Republican party of Thomas Jefferson, and the current Republican Party, founded in 1854. The colonial intellectual and political leaders in the 1760s and 1770s closely read history to compare governments, the Revolutionists were especially concerned with the history of liberty in England and were primarily influenced by the country party. Country party relied heavily on the classical republicanism of Roman heritage, it celebrated the ideals of duty and it drew heavily on ancient Greek city-state and Roman republican examples. This approach produced a political ideology Americans called republicanism, which was widespread in America by 1775, Republicanism was the distinctive political consciousness of the entire Revolutionary generation. American republicanism was centered on limiting corruption and greed, Virtue was of the utmost importance for citizens and representatives. Revolutionaries took a lesson from ancient Rome, they knew it was necessary to avoid the luxury that had destroyed the Empire, a virtuous citizen was one who ignored monetary compensation and made a commitment to resist and eradicate corruption. The Republic was sacred, therefore, it is necessary to serve the state in a representative way, ignoring self-interest. Republicanism required the service of those who were willing to give up their own interests for a common good, virtuous citizens needed to be strong defenders of liberty and challenge the corruption and greed in government. The duty of the virtuous citizen became a foundation for the American Revolution, the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their property rights helped bring about the American Revolution. The greatest threat to liberty was thought by many to be corruption – not just in London, the colonists associated it with luxury and, especially, inherited aristocracy, which they condemned. Historian Thomas Kidd argues that during the Revolution Christians linked their religion to republicanism and he states, With the onset of the revolutionary crisis, a major conceptual shift convinced Americans across the theological spectrum that God was raising up America for some special purpose. Kidd further argues that new blend of Christian and republican ideology led religious traditionalists to embrace wholesale the concept of republican virtue, as virtuous republicans, citizens had a growing moral obligation to eradicate the corruption they saw in the monarchy
17.
Rule of law
–
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, John Locke defined freedom under the rule of law as follows, “Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society. Freedom of nature is to be no other restraint but the law of nature. Freedom of people under government is to be under no restraint apart from standing rules to live by that are common to everyone in the society and made by the lawmaking power established in it. Persons have a right or liberty to follow their own will in all things that the law has not prohibited and not be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others. ”The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including lawmakers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy. In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men, Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws, according to the Roman statesman Cicero, We are all servants of the laws in order that we may be free. During the Roman Republic, controversial magistrates might be put on trial when their terms of office expired, under the Roman Empire, the sovereign was personally immune, but those with grievances could sue the treasury. In contrast, the Huang-Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a law that even the ruler would be subject to. There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law, according to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented. The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the right of kings. In Islamic jurisprudence rule of law was formulated in the century, so that no official could claim to be above the law. However, this was not a reference to law. Alfred the Great, Anglo-Saxon King of the 9th century, reformed the law of his kingdom and created a law code with the biblical Mosaic law and he ruled that justice had to be equal between people, whether rich or poor, friends or enemies. This was likely inspired from Leviticus 19, You shall do no injustice in judgment and you shall not be partial to the poor, nor defer to the great
18.
Small government
–
Small government is government which minimizes its own activities. It is an important topic in libertarianism and classical liberalism, in Australian politics, the Labor Party has traditionally been perceived as the party of big government, while the Liberal Party is the party of small government. Of the 34 advanced economies, Australias revenue is the ninth lowest, in particular, he favors lower taxes and less government interference in corporate and individual matters. However, since then, Rasmussen has repudiated many of the views expressed in the book, moving towards the centre-right, Hong Kong has followed small government, laissez-faire policies for decades, limiting government intervention in business. Milton Friedman described Hong Kong as a state and he credits that policy for the rapid move from poverty to prosperity in 50 years. While some argue that since Hong Kong was a British colony and Britain was not a free market and it should be noted that during its colonization of Hong Kong, Britain implemented the policy of positive non-interventionism in regards to Hong Kong, which led to its economic success. A1994 World Bank Group report stated that Hong Kongs GDP per capita grew in real terms at a rate of 6. 5% from 1965 to 1989. By 1990 Hong Kongs per capita income officially surpassed that of the ruling United Kingdom, since 1995 Hong Kong has been ranked as having the worlds most liberal capital markets by the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal. The Fraser Institute concurred in 2007, the idea of small government was heavily promoted in the United Kingdom by the Conservative government under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. There are differing views on the extent to which it was achieved and it allowed the stock markets and industries to compete more heavily with each other and made British goods more valued in world trade. An important part of the Thatcher governments policy was privatization, which was intended to reduce the role of the state in the economy, supporters blamed excessive government intervention for much of Britains economic woes during the late 1960s and 1970s. Opponents argue that privatization harms social programs for the poor and this argument is particularly heard in connection with the railways and the National Health Service. Small government supporters point out that, although record amounts of funding have gone into transport, in the 20th century, small government was generally associated with the Conservative Party and big government with the Labour Party. In the 21st century, both parties have embraced similar economic policies, leading both to be associated with big government, in addition to opposing government intervention in the economy, advocates of small government oppose government intervention in peoples personal lives. The Labour government during the Premiership of Tony Blair was criticized on this score and this has been dubbed as the nanny state. The United States is a constitutional republic, in adopting the United States Constitution, the states agreed to accept a strong federal government. In The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Ronald Reagan was a small government conservative. He famously said, Government is not a solution to our problem and this has become the unofficial slogan of the Tea Party movement, and conservative commentators like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh
19.
Tradition
–
A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes, there are about 150 new traditions made each year. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways, one way tradition is used more simply, often in academic work but elsewhere also, is to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios and this tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories, of course whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature. Aside from this use in describing the quality of information, various scholarly fields define the term differently, for example, anthropology and biology have each defined tradition it more precisely than in conventional, as described below, in order to facilitate scholarly discourse. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the concept of traditionalism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form, for example, in the performance of traditional genres, adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performers own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, in response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio, the noun from the verb traderere or tradere, it was used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers. As with many other terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme, the stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated at some point, Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less natural than is presumed
20.
History of conservatism in the United States
–
Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
21.
Bourbon Democrat
–
After 1904, the Bourbons faded away. The term Bourbon was mostly used disparagingly, by complaining of old-fashioned viewpoints. Bourbon Democrats were promoters of a form of capitalism which included opposition to the protectionism that the Republicans were then advocating as well as fiscal discipline. They represented business interests, generally supporting the goals of banking and railroads and they opposed imperialism and U. S. overseas expansion, fought for the gold standard, and opposed bimetallism and promoted hard and sound money. Strong supporters of reform such as the Civil Service Reform and opponents of the corrupt city bosses. The anti-corruption theme earned the votes of many Republican Mugwumps in 1884, President Cleveland, a staunch believer in the gold standard, refused to inflate the money supply with silver, thus alienating the agrarian populist wing of the Democratic Party. Nebraska congressman William Jennings Bryan now took the stage as the opponent of the Bourbon Democrats. Harnessing the energy of an insurgency with his famous Cross of Gold speech. These bolters, called gold Democrats, mostly returned to the Democratic party by 1900 or by 1904 at the latest, Bryan demonstrated his hold on the party by winning the 1900 and 1908 Democratic nominations as well, in 1904, a Bourbon, Alton B. He lost in the race, as did Bryan every time. William L. Wilson, President Clevelands Postmaster General, confided in his diary that he opposed Bryan on moral and ideological as well as party grounds. Wilson had begun his public service convinced that special interests had too much control over Congress and he feared the triumph of free silver would bring class legislation, paternalism, and selfishness feeding upon national bounty as surely as did protection. Wilson regarded populism as the product of protection founded on the idea that Government can, the nomination of Alton Parker in 1904 gave a victory of sorts to pro-gold Democrats, but it was a fleeting one. The old classical liberal ideals had lost their distinctiveness and appeal, by World War I, the key elder statesman in the movement, John M. Palmer, as well as Simon Bolivar Buckner, William F. Vilas, and Edward Atkinson, had died. During the 20th century, classical liberal ideas never influenced a major political party as much as they influenced the Democrats in the early 1890s, West Virginia was formed in 1863 after Unionists from northwestern Virginia establish the Restored Government of Virginia. It remained in Republican control until the passing of the Flick Amendment in 1871 returned states rights to West Virginians who had supported the defunct Confederacy, a Democratic push lead to a reformatting of the West Virginia State Constitution that resulted in more power to the Democratic party. In 1877, Henry M. Mathews, as a Bourbon, was elected governor of the state, fitzpatrick, a power at the 1898 Louisiana Constitutional Convention, was instrumental in exempting immigrants from the new educational and property requirements designed to disenfranchise blacks. In 1899 he managed the successful campaign of Bourbon candidate Paul Capdevielle
22.
Conservative Democrat
–
In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition, after 1964, the conservative wing assumed a greater presence in the Republican Party, although it did not become the mainstay of the party until the nomination of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Democratic Party retained its conservative wing through the 1970s with the help of machine politics. This political realignment was complete by 1980. In 2008, the Democrats nominated Barack Obama for President, he was the first nominee since 1988 that was not a member of the moderate Democratic Leadership Council, in 2005, Georgia Senator Zell Miller, arguably the last traditional conservative Southern Democrat, retired. Since 1994, conservative and moderate Democrats have been organized in the House of Representatives as the Blue Dog Democrats and New Democrats, respectively. The modern view of a conservative Democrat is a Democrat who is conservative, with a moderate or conservative foreign policy. Some members of the wing of the Democratic Party apply the term Democrat in name only to conservative Democrats. According to a 2015 poll from the Pew Research Center, it found that in 54% of conservative and moderate Democrats support same-sex marriage in 2015, a 2015 Gallup poll found that 19% of Democrats identity themselves as conservative, a decline of 6% from 2000. The 1828 presidential election marked the beginning of the Democratic Party as a modern, jacksons supporters dropped the Republican part of the name and became known as the Democratic Party. Andrew Jackson is notable as the first U. S. President to be elected from the rather than from the East Coast. The Democratic Party split along regional lines for the first time in 1860 over slavery and this split between southern and northern factions led to a brand new party in 1854, the Republican Party and its candidate Abraham Lincoln being elected in 1860. The Civil War followed shortly thereafter, in 1865, the 13th Amendment—abolishing slavery—became part of the Constitution when it was ratified by three-quarters of the states. Despite protests from the Democrats, the Republican Party made banning slavery part of its platform in 1864. Senator Lyman Trumbull wrote the version of the text, combining the proposed wordings of several other Republican congressmen. The Solid South describes the reliable support of the U. S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates for almost a century after the Reconstruction era, except for 1928, when Catholic candidate Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket, Democrats won heavily in the South in every Presidential election from 1876 until 1964. The Democratic dominance originated in many Southerners animosity towards the Republican Partys role in the Civil War, the United States Populist Party, United States Greenback Party, and the Agrarianism movement are often cited as the first truly left-wing political movements within the United States
23.
Loyalist (American Revolution)
–
The Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or Kings Men and they were opposed by the Patriots, those who supported the revolution. Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of loyalists would spring to arms, the British government acted in expectation of that, especially in the southern campaigns in 1780-81. In practice, the number of loyalists in military service was far lower than expected, across the new United States, Patriots watched suspected Loyalists very closely, and would not tolerate any organized Loyalist opposition. Many outspoken or militarily active loyalists were forced to flee, especially to their stronghold of New York City, when their cause was defeated, about 15% of the Loyalists fled to other parts of the British Empire, to Britain itself, or to what is now Canada. The southern colonists moved mostly to Florida, which had remained loyal to the Crown, northern Loyalists largely migrated to Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. They called themselves United Empire Loyalists, most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. Exiled Loyalists received £3 million or about 37% of their losses from the British government, Loyalists who stayed in the U. S. were generally able to retain their property and become American citizens. Historians have estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the 2.0 million whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists, the American Revolution was a civil war based on who would rule in the Thirteen Colonies. Families were often divided as war forced colonists to choose sides in a conflict that remained for many years uncertain, colonists, especially recent arrivals, often felt themselves to be both American and British, subjects of the King, still owing a loyalty to the mother country. Many, like Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney, opposed taxation without representation, in one of his many pamphlets, Dulaney wrote, There may be a time when redress may not be obtained. Till then, I shall recommend a legal, orderly, most hoped for a peaceful reconciliation, and were forced by the Patriots who took control nearly everywhere in 1775-76 to choose sides. Likely the earliest formal meeting, and use of the term Loyalist, at the meeting, held at the suggestion of General Thomas Gage, these Loyalists formed a society called The Loyalist Associators Desiring the Unity of the Empire. They felt that rebellion against the Crown—the legitimate government—was morally wrong and they were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence, such as burning houses and tarring and feathering. They wanted to take a road position and were angry when forced by the Patriots to declare their opposition. They had a sentimental attachment to Britain. They were procrastinators who realized that independence was bound to come someday and they were cautious and afraid that chaos and mob rule would result. Some were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots, others recalled the dreadful experiences of many Jacobite rebels after the failure of the last Jacobite rebellion as recently as 1745 who often lost their lands when the Hanoverian government won
24.
Rockefeller Republican
–
Rockefeller Republicanism has been described as the last phase of the Eastern Establishment of the GOP, which had been led by New York governor Thomas E. Dewey. The groups powerful role in the GOP came under attack in 1964. You are looking at it, buddy, Rockefeller told Spencer, the term largely fell out of use by the end of the twentieth century, and has been replaced by the term moderate Republican. Rockefeller Republicans were typically moderate to center-right, vehemently rejected conservatives like Barry Goldwater and his policies and they espoused government and private investments in environmentalism, healthcare, and higher education as necessities for a better society and economic growth, in the tradition of Rockefeller. In general, Rockefeller Republicans opposed socialism and government ownership and they supported some regulation of business and many New Deal–style social programs. A critical element was their support for labor unions, the building trades, especially, appreciated the heavy spending on infrastructure. In turn, the unions gave these politicians enough support to overcome the anti-union rural element in the Republican Party, as the unions weakened after the 1970s, so too did the need for Republicans to cooperate with them. In foreign policy, most wanted to use American power in cooperation with allies to fight against the spread of communism and they wanted to help American business expand abroad. Nixon set up the Environmental Protection Agency, supported expanded welfare programs, imposed wage and price controls, Rockefeller Republicans were most common in the Northeast and the West Coast, with their larger liberal constituencies, they were rare in the South and Midwest. Thomas E. Taft of Ohio, known as Mr. Republican, with the help of Dewey, General Dwight D. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the 1952 presidential nomination and became the leader of the moderates. Eisenhower coined the phrase Modern Republicanism to describe his vision of Republicanism. After Eisenhower, Nelson Rockefeller, the Governor of New York, emerged as the leader of the wing of the Republican party, running for President in 1960,1964. Rockefeller Republicans suffered a defeat in 1964 when conservatives captured control of the Republican party. Rockefeller Republicans included moderates such as Senator Margaret Chase Smith and liberals such as Jacob Javits, historically, Rockefeller Republicans were moderate or liberal on domestic and social policies. They typically favored New Deal programs and a safety net. Rockefeller Republicans also saw themselves as champions of good government, contrasting themselves to the corrupt machine politics of the Democratic Party. In state politics, they were supporters of state colleges and universities, low tuition. They favored infrastructure improvements, such as highway projects, in foreign policy, they tended to be Hamiltonian, espousing internationalist and realist policies, supporting the United Nations, and promoting American business interests abroad
25.
Timeline of modern American conservatism
–
This timeline of modern American conservatism lists important events, developments and occurrences which have significantly affected conservatism in the United States. With the decline of the wing of the Democratic Party after 1960. Economic conservatives favor less government regulation, lower taxes and weaker labor unions, Conservatives generally distrust the United Nations and Europe and, apart from the libertarian wing, favor a strong military and give enthusiastic support to Israel. Roosevelt, newly energized labor unions, and big city Democratic machines, after World War II that coalition gained strength from new philosophers and writers who developed an intellectual rationale for conservatism. Richard Nixons victory in the 1968 presidential election is considered a realigning election in American politics. From 1932 to 1968, the Democratic Party was obviously the majority party, during that time period, the Democrats had won seven out of nine presidential elections, and their agenda gravely affected that undertaken by the Republican Eisenhower administration. The election of 1968 reversed the situation completely, the Vietnam war split the Democratic Party. White ethnics in the North and white Southerners felt the national Democratic Party had deserted them, the white South has voted Republican at the presidential level since the mid-1960s, and at the state and local level since the 1990s. His impact has led historians to call the 1980s the Reagan Era, the Reagan model remains the conservative standard for social, economic and foreign policy issues. In recent years social issues such as abortion, gun control, as the nation plunges into its deepest depression ever, Republicans and conservatives fall into disfavor in 1930,1932 and 1934, losing more and more of their seats. Liberals come to power with the landslide 1932 election of liberal Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, in his first 100 days Roosevelt pushes through a series of dramatic economic programs known as the New Deal. He was also an America First isolationist who strongly opposed entering World War II to rescue the British Empire, mcCormick also railed against the League of Nations, the World Court, socialism and communism. 1934 Opposition to New Deal policies first takes shape as the American Liberty League, led by conservative Democrats such as Al Smith, it fades after Roosevelts 1936 landslide and disbands in 1940. Businessmen begin organizing their opposition especially to labor unions,1935 Former President Herbert Hoover develops his critique of New Deal liberalism based on the values of liberty, limited government, and constitutionalism. 1936 President Roosevelt calls his opponents conservatives as a term of abuse, most publishers favor Republican moderate Alf Landon for president. In the nations 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation, FDR carries 46 of the 48 states and liberals gain in both the House and the Senate, thanks to newly energized labor unions, city machines, and the WPA. Since 1928 the GOP has lost 178 House seats,40 Senate seats,1937 Roosevelts plan to pack the Supreme Court alienates conservative Democrats, most newspapers which supported FDR in 1936 oppose the plan, with many warning it was a prelude to dictatorship. Conservative Republicans and conservative Democrats, form the Conservative Coalition and block most new liberal proposals until the 1960s, the Conservative Manifesto rallies the opposition to Roosevelt
26.
Elliott Abrams
–
Elliott Abrams is a former American diplomat, lawyer and political scientist who served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush. Abrams was convicted of withholding information from Congress about the Iran–Contra affair while serving under Reagan and he is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. Abrams is a current member of the U. S, holocaust Memorial Council and teaches foreign policy at Georgetown University as well as maintaining a CFR blog called Pressure Points about US foreign policy and human rights. In February 2014, Abrams, a commissioner of the U. S, commission on International Religious Freedom, gave testimony before a House congressional committee that Christians globally are the most persecuted of the world religions. During the Reagan administration, Abrams gained notoriety for his involvement in foreign policy decisions regarding Nicaragua. During George W. Bushs first term, he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs. At the start of Bushs second term, Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy and his appointment by Bush was controversial due to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress during the Iran–Contra affair investigation. Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 and his father was an immigration lawyer. Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City, a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists. He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father, from 1977 through 1979, he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan. Growing dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to support Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, through Senator Moynihan, Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter, the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentary. They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013, the couple had three children, Jacob, Sarah, and Joseph. His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17,1981. Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position, his first nominee, during this time, Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch. They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the forces of US-backed governments, such as those in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. In early 1982, when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U. S, the massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military. Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda, also in 1993, documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning. Unrepentant Reaganite Abrams claimed that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement, neither the direct aid, nor any foreign contributions, could be used to purchase weapons
27.
Samuel Alito
–
Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31,2006 and he is the 110th justice, the second Italian-American, and the eleventh Roman Catholic to serve on the court. Alito is considered one of the most conservative justices on the Court and he has described himself as a practical originalist. Alitos majority opinions in cases include McDonald v. Chicago. Alito was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Samuel A. Alito, Sr. an Italian immigrant, and the former Rose Fradusco, an Italian-American. Alitos father, now deceased, was a school teacher and then became the first Director of the New Jersey Office of Legislative Services. Alitos mother is a retired schoolteacher, Alito grew up in Hamilton Township, New Jersey, a suburb of Trenton. It also called for the decriminalization of sodomy, and urged for an end to discrimination against gays in hiring by employers and he also led the American Whig-Cliosophic Societys Debate Panel during his time at Princeton. While a sophomore at Princeton, Alito received a low number,32. In 1970, he became a member of the schools Army ROTC program, attending a basic training camp that year at Fort Knox. Alito was a member of the Concerned Alumni of Princeton, which was formed in October 1972 at least in part to oppose Princetons decisions regarding affirmative action, Alito has cited the banning and subsequent treatment of ROTC by the university as his reason for belonging to CAP. During his senior year at Princeton, Alito moved out of New Jersey for the first time to study in Italy, where he wrote his thesis on the Italian legal system. Graduating in 1972, Alito left a sign of his lofty aspirations in his yearbook and he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the U. S. Army Signal Corps after his graduation from Princeton and assigned to the United States Army Reserve. Following his graduation from Yale Law School, he served on duty from September to December 1975. The remainder of his time in the Army was served in the inactive Reserves and he was a captain when he received an honorable discharge in 1980. After graduating from Yale Law School in 1975, where he was an editor of the Yale Law Journal, garth in Newark, New Jersey in 1976 and 1977. He interviewed with Supreme Court Justice Byron White for a clerkship but was not hired, between 1977 and 1981, Alito was Assistant United States Attorney, District of New Jersey. While serving as an Assistant U. S. Attorney for New Jersey, he prosecuted many cases that involved drug trafficking, from 1981 to 1985, Alito was Assistant to Solicitor General Rex E. Lee
28.
Dick Armey
–
Richard Keith Dick Armey is an American politician. Representative from Texas 26th congressional district and House Majority Leader and he was one of the engineers of the Republican Revolution of the 1990s, in which Republicans were elected to majorities of both houses of Congress for the first time in four decades. Armey was one of the authors of the Contract with America. Armey is also an author and former economics professor, after his retirement from Congress, he has worked as a consultant, advisor, and lobbyist. Armey was born on July 7,1940 in the town of Cando, North Dakota. He grew up in a rural area and he graduated from Jamestown College with a B. A. and then received an M. A. from the University of North Dakota and a PhD in economics from the University of Oklahoma. Armey is a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, Armey served on the economics faculty at the University of Montana from 1964 to 1965. He was an assistant professor of economics at West Texas State University from 1967 to 1968, at Austin College from 1968 to 1972 and he served as chairman of the economics department at North Texas State from 1977 to 1983. Armey was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1984 in Texass 26th congressional district, Armey was one of six freshmen Republican Party congressmen elected from Texas in 1984 that were known as the Texas Six Pack. He would never face another contest anywhere near that close, and was reelected eight more times and his strongest performance was in 1998, when the Democrats didnt even put up a candidate and Armey defeated a Libertarian with 88 percent of the vote. This mirrored the growing Republican trend in his district, in his early years in Congress, Armey was influenced by Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises. In 1994, Armey, then House Republican Conference Chairman, joined Minority Whip Newt Gingrich in drafting the Contract with America, Gingrich delegated to Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the House floor, a power traditionally reserved to the Speaker. In the summer of 1997, several House Republicans attempted to replace Gingrich as Speaker, the attempted coup began on July 9 with a meeting between Republican conference chairman John Boehner of Ohio and Republican leadership chairman Bill Paxon of New York. According to their plan, House Majority Leader Armey, House Majority Whip Tom DeLay, Boehner, however, Armey balked at the proposal to make Paxon the new Speaker, and told his chief of staff to warn Gingrich about the coup. On July 11, Gingrich met with senior Republican leadership to assess the situation and he explained that under no circumstance would he step down. If he were voted out, there would be a new election for Speaker, on July 16, Paxon offered to resign his post, feeling that he had not handled the situation correctly. In 1995 Armey referred to openly homosexual Congressman Barney Frank as Barney Fag, Armey said it was a slip of the tongue. Frank did not accept Armeys explanation, saying, I turned to my own expert, my mother, who reports that in 59 years of marriage, no one ever introduced her as Elsie Fag
29.
Lee Atwater
–
Harvey LeRoy Lee Atwater was an American political consultant and strategist to the Republican Party. He was an adviser to U. S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Atwater aroused controversy through his aggressive campaign tactics, such as using weasel questions to achieve favourable poll results. Atwater was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Alma Toddy, a teacher, and Harvey Dillard Atwater. He had two siblings, Ann and Joe and he grew up in Aiken, South Carolina. When Lee was five, his brother, Joe, was scalded to death when he pulled a deep fryer full of hot oil onto himself. As a teenager in Columbia, South Carolina, Atwater played guitar in a rock band, The Upsetters Revue. Even at the height of his power, he would often play concerts in clubs and church basements, solo or with B. B. King, in the Washington. He released an album called Red, Hot And Blue on Curb Records, featuring Carla Thomas, Isaac Hayes, Sam Moore, Chuck Jackson, during the 1960s, Atwater briefly played backup guitar for Percy Sledge. In 1973, Atwater graduated from Newberry College, a small private Lutheran institution in Newberry, South Carolina, at Newberry, Atwater served as the governor of the South Carolina Student Legislature. He earned a Master of Arts degree in communications from the University of South Carolina in 1977, during his years in South Carolina, Atwater became well known for managing hard-edged campaigns based on emotional wedge issues. Atwaters aggressive tactics were first demonstrated during the 1980 Congressional campaigns and he was a campaign consultant to Republican incumbent Floyd Spence in his campaign for Congress against Democratic nominee Tom Turnipseed. Atwaters tactics in that campaign included push polling in the form of surveys by so-called independent pollsters to inform white suburbanites that Turnipseed was a member of the NAACP. He also sent out letters from Senator Thurmond telling voters that Turnipseed would disarm America. At a press briefing, Atwater planted a fake reporter who rose and said, Atwater later told reporters off the record that Turnipseed got hooked up to jumper cables, referring to electroconvulsive therapy that Turnipseed underwent as a teenager. Lee seemed to delight in making fun of a suicidal 16-year-old who was treated for depression with electroshock treatments, in fact, my struggle with depression as a student was no secret. I had talked about it in a widely covered news conference as early as 1977, since then I have often shared with appropriate groups the full story of my recovery to responsible adulthood as a professional, political and civic leader, husband and father. Teenage depression and suicide are major problems in America, and I believe my life offers hope to people who are suffering with a constant fear of the future. After the 1980 election, Atwater went to Washington and became an aide in the Ronald Reagan administration, in 1984, Rollins managed Reagans re-election campaign, and Atwater became the campaigns deputy director and political director
30.
Glenn Beck
–
Glenn Lee Beck is an American television and radio host, conservative political commentator, author, television network producer, filmmaker, and entrepreneur. Beck has authored six New York Times–bestselling books, Beck is the founder and CEO of Mercury Radio Arts, a multimedia production company through which he produces content for radio, television, publishing, the stage, and the Internet. Becks last daily show on the network was June 30,2011, in 2012, The Hollywood Reporter named Beck on its Digital Power Fifty list. He is now a regular CNN contributor, Beck launched TheBlaze in 2011 after leaving Fox News. He currently hosts an afternoon program, The Glenn Beck Program, on weekdays. Beck is also the producer of For the Record on TheBlaze, Glenn Lee Beck was born in Everett, Washington, the son of Mary Clara and William Beck, who lived in Mountlake Terrace, Washington, at the time of their sons birth. The family later moved to Mount Vernon, Washington, where they owned and operated City Bakery in the downtown area and he is descended from German immigrants who came to the United States in the 19th century. Beck was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended Immaculate Conception Catholic School in Mount Vernon, Glenn and his older sister moved with their mother to Sumner, Washington, attending a Jesuit school in Puyallup. On May 15,1979, while out on a boat with a male companion, Becks mother drowned just west of Tacoma, Washington. The man who had taken her out in the boat also drowned, a Tacoma police report stated that Mary Beck appeared to be a classic drowning victim, but a Coast Guard investigator speculated that she could have intentionally jumped overboard. Beck has described his mothers death as a suicide in interviews during television, after their mothers death, Beck and his older sister moved to their fathers home in Bellingham, Washington, where Beck graduated from Sehome High School in June 1982. Beck also regularly vacationed with his grandparents, Ed and Clara Janssen. In the aftermath of his mothers death and subsequent suicide of his stepbrother, at 18, following his high school graduation, Beck relocated to Provo, Utah, and worked at radio station KAYK. Feeling he didnt fit in, Beck left Utah after six months, taking a job at Washington, while working at WPGC, Beck met his first wife, Claire. In 1983, the married and had two daughters, Mary and Hannah. Mary developed cerebral palsy as a result of a series of strokes at birth in 1988, the couple divorced in 1994 amid Becks struggles with substance abuse. He is an alcoholic and drug addict, and has said he has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. By 1994, Beck was suicidal, and imagined shooting himself to the music of Kurt Cobain and he credits Alcoholics Anonymous with helping him achieve sobriety
31.
Robert Bork
–
Robert Heron Bork was an American judge and legal scholar who advocated the judicial philosophy of originalism. Bork served as a Yale Law School professor, Solicitor General, Acting Attorney General, in 1987, President Ronald Reagan nominated him to the Supreme Court, but the U. S. Senate rejected his nomination. Bork was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and his father was Harry Philip Bork, Jr. a steel company purchasing agent, and his mother was Elisabeth, a schoolteacher. His father was of German and Irish ancestry, while his mother was of Pennsylvania Dutch descent and he was married to Claire Davidson from 1952 until 1980, when she died of cancer. They had a daughter, Ellen, and two sons, Robert and Charles, in 1982 he married Mary Ellen Pohl, a Catholic religious sister turned activist. Bork attended the Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut and earned bachelors, while pursuing his bachelors degree he became a brother of the international social fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta. While pursuing his law degree he served on Law Review, at Chicago he was awarded a Phi Beta Kappa key with his law degree in 1953 and passed the bar in Illinois that same year. Among his students during this time were Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton, Anita Hill, Robert Reich, Jerry Brown, John R. Bolton, Samuel Issacharoff, conservative scholar Harry Jaffa criticized Bork for failing to adhere to natural law principles. Bork served as general in the U. S. Department of Justice from March 1973 to 1977. Chief Justice Warren Burger called Bork the most effective counsel to appear before the court during his tenure, Nixon initially ordered U. S. Attorney General, Elliot Richardson, to fire Cox. Richardson resigned rather than carry out the order, richardsons top deputy, Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, also considered the order fundamentally wrong and also resigned, making Bork the Acting Attorney General. When Nixon reiterated his order, Bork complied and fired Cox, the Justice Department did not appeal the ruling, and because Cox indicated that he did not want his job back, the issue was considered resolved. Bork remained Acting Attorney General until the appointment of William B, in his posthumously published memoirs, Bork stated that following the firings, Nixon promised him the next seat on the Supreme Court. Nixon was unable to carry out the promise after resigning in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Bork was a circuit judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit between 1982 and 1988. He was nominated by President Reagan on December 7,1981, was confirmed with a unanimous consent voice vote by the Senate on February 8,1982, and received his commission on February 9,1982. One of his opinions while on the D. C. Circuit was Dronenburg v. Zech,741 F. 2d 1388 and this case involved James L. Dronenburg, a sailor who had been administratively discharged from the Navy for engaging in homosexual conduct. Dronenburg argued that his discharge violated his right to privacy and this argument was rejected in an opinion written by Bork and joined by Antonin Scalia, in which Bork critiqued the line of Supreme Court cases upholding a right to privacy. In rejecting Dronenburgs suggestion for an en banc, the D. C
32.
John R. Bolton
–
John Robert Bolton is an American lawyer and diplomat who has served in several Republican administrations. Bolton served as the U. S. ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006 as an appointee by President George W. Bush. C. law firm Kirkland & Ellis. He was a policy adviser to 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Bolton is also involved with a number of conservative think tanks and policy institutes, including the Institute of East-West Dynamics, the National Rifle Association. Commission on International Religious Freedom, the Council for National Policy and the Gatestone Institute, Bolton has been labeled as a neoconservative, though he personally rejects the term. Bolton was born on November 20,1948 in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Virginia Clara Ginny, a housewife, and Edward Jackson Jack Bolton, a fireman. He grew up in the neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland. He also ran the schools Students For Goldwater campaign in 1964 and he then attended Yale University and Yale Law School, where he shared classes with his friend Clarence Thomas, and was a contemporary of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham at Yale Law School. He was a member of the Yale Political Union, and he earned a B. A. graduating summa cum laude in 1970, during the 1969 Vietnam War draft lottery, Bolton drew number 185. Bolton enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard in 1970 rather than wait to find out if his number would be called. After serving in the National Guard for four years, he served in the United States Army Reserve until the end of his enlistment two years later and he wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost, Boltons first wife was Christine Bolton, whom he married in 1972 and divorced in 1983. He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton and she has degrees from Wellesley College and New York University. The couples home is currently in Bethesda, Maryland and they have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah Bolton. From 1974 to 1981, Bolton was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling, Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, from 1993–1999. He is currently of counsel in the Washington office of Kirkland & Ellis, before joining the George W. Bush administration, Bolton was senior vice president for public policy research at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, from 1997 to 2001. Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton also worked pro bono as an assistant to James Baker in Bakers capacity as Kofi Annans personal envoy to the Western Sahara. During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, he worked in positions within the State Department, the Justice Department
33.
L. Brent Bozell Jr.
–
Leo Brent Bozell Jr. was an American conservative activist and Roman Catholic writer. His parents were Lois and Leo B, Bozell, the co-founder of Bozell Worldwide. Another son, Michael Bozell, is a Benedictine monk in Solesmes Abbey, the Bozell family grew to 23 grandchildren and a great-grandchild by the time that Bozell died. His godson was novelist Tristan Egolf, Bozell was born in Omaha, Nebraska and attended Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska. Bozell was the state American Legion Oratorical Contest Champion of Nebraska in 1943 and 1944, merchant Marine in the Pacific during World War II. Bozell resolved to convert to Catholicism in 1946 but after his fathers death that year he deferred his decision until 1947 so as not to upset his family. Buckley Jr. at Yale University, where he was President of the Yale Political Union, in 1958, Bozell ran for the Maryland House of Delegates but lost. He later worked as a speechwriter for Senator Barry Goldwater, for whom he ghostwrote the 1960 book The Conscience of a Conservative and he was a founding member of Young Americans for Freedom. In 1964, Bozell ran for the U. S, mr. Buckley writes in this instance as though he had never heard of the natural law. Buckley was stung by the letter and had composed a bitter reply, in 1966, Bozell published The Warren Revolution, a scholarly critique of the Supreme Court of the United States under Chief Justice Earl Warren. He later repudiated his support for the American experiment itself, as well as his own book The Warren Revolution. John Judis writes in William Buckley Jr. Patron Saint of the Conservatives and it was very much a product of the tumultuous sixties, which exhilarated Buckley and which lifted him to new heights of celebrity, but in which more troubled, less stable souls like Bozell capsized. The entirety of the faculty of and many of the donors to Christendom College had attended the program in Spain and were subscribers to Triumph. Carroll later remarked in his obituary for Bozell, In a very fundamental sense, Bozell was a staunch supporter of Pope Paul VI and strongly defended his condemnation of birth control in the encyclical Humanae Vitae but disagreed with the popes decisions regarding the liturgy. He was a member of and served as a special ambassador for Catholics United for the Faith. When Atkinson said the Virgin Mary was more used than if she had participated in a conception, Patricia attempted to slap her and her hand hit the microphone. When Bozell heard what his wife had done, he rose to his height and bellowed. The positive reader feedback convinced him to keep the magazine alive, in 1976, after the death of Francisco Franco and the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy, Triumph ceased publication
34.
Andrew Breitbart
–
He was a researcher for and close friend of Arianna Huffington, and he helped create an early version of The Huffington Post. He played central roles in the Anthony Weiner sexting scandal, the firing of Shirley Sherrod, commenters such as Nick Gillespie and Conor Friedersdorf have credited Breitbart with changing how people wrote about politics. Breitbart was born in Los Angeles, California, on February 1,1969 and he was the adopted son of Gerald and Arlene Breitbart, a restaurant owner and banker respectively, and grew up in the affluent suburb of Brentwood, Los Angeles. He was raised Jewish, his mother had converted to Judaism when marrying his adoptive father. He attended Hebrew school and had a bar mitzvah and he said that his birth certificate indicated his biological father was a folk singer. Andrew would remain proudly Jewish, although not always religiously observant and he would sing Hebrew songs at work while also teasing his Orthodox Jewish colleagues for keeping a kosher diet. Breitbart later said of his profession, “I’m glad I’ve become a journalist because I’d like to fight on behalf of the Israeli people. And the Israeli people, I adore and I love. ”While in high school, Breitbart worked as a delivery driver. He earned a B. A. in American studies from Tulane University in 1991 and his early jobs included a stint at cable channel E. Entertainment Television, working for the online magazine, and some time in film production. Breitbart later described himself as a Reagan conservative with libertarian sympathies, Breitbart has been lauded for his role in the evolution of pioneering websites including The Huffington Post and The Drudge Report, and more recently his Big sites. Journalists such as Nick Gillespie and Conor Friedersdorf have credited Breitbart with bringing new voices to debates about politics, Breitbart told Reason in 2004 that after feeling ignored by existing outlets, We decided to go out and create our media. Described as a series of demonstration projects and conversation pits. Breitbart has been recognized for adopting a stance with regard to LGBT participation in the conservative movement. He has also credited with helping to derail conspiracy theories about Barack Obamas citizenship. In 1995, Breitbart saw The Drudge Report and was so impressed that he e-mailed Matt Drudge, Breitbart said, I thought what he was doing was by far the coolest thing on the Internet. Breitbart described himself as Matt Drudges bitch and selected and posted links to other news wire sources, later, Drudge introduced him to Arianna Huffington and Breitbart subsequently assisted in the creation of The Huffington Post. Breitbart wrote a column for The Washington Times, which also appeared at Real Clear Politics
.jpg)
.jpg)
