1.
Summit
–
A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematically, a summit is a maximum in elevation. The topographic terms acme, apex, peak, and zenith are synonymous, the UIAA definition is that a summit is independent if it has a prominence of 30 metres or more, it is a mountain if it has a prominence of at least 300 metres. This can be summarised as follows, A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top, Summit may also refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route. In many parts of the western United States, the term refers to the highest point along a road, highway. For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California is referred to as Donner Summit while the highest point on Interstate 5 is Siskiyou Mountain Summit, geoid Hill List of highest mountains Maxima and minima Nadir Summit accordance Peak finder
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
4.
Mountain range
–
A mountain range is a geographic area containing numerous geologically related mountains. A mountain system or system of ranges, sometimes is used to combine several geological features that are geographically related. Mountain ranges are usually segmented by highlands or mountain passes and valleys, individual mountains within the same mountain range do not necessarily have the same geologic structure or petrology. They may be a mix of different orogenic expressions and terranes, for example thrust sheets, uplifted blocks, fold mountains, most geologically young mountain ranges on the Earths land surface are associated with either the Pacific Ring of Fire or the Alpide Belt. The Andes is 7,000 kilometres long and is considered the worlds longest mountain system. The Alpide belt includes Indonesia and southeast Asia, through the Himalaya, the belt also includes other European and Asian mountain ranges. The Himalayas contain the highest mountains in the world, including Mount Everest, mountain ranges outside of these two systems include the Arctic Cordillera, the Urals, the Appalachians, the Scandinavian Mountains, the Altai Mountains and the Hijaz Mountains. If the definition of a range is stretched to include underwater mountains. The mountain systems of the earth are characterized by a tree structure, the sub-range relationship is often expressed as a parent-child relationship. For example, the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Blue Ridge Mountains are sub-ranges of the Appalachian Mountains, equivalently, the Appalachians are the parent of the White Mountains and Blue Ridge Mountains, and the White Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains are children of the Appalachians. The position of mountains influences climate, such as rain or snow, when air masses move up and over mountains, the air cools producing orographic precipitation. As the air descends on the side, it warms again and is drier. Often, a shadow will affect the leeward side of a range. Mountain ranges are constantly subjected to forces which work to tear them down. Erosion is at work while the mountains are being uplifted and long after until the mountains are reduced to low hills, rivers are traditionally believed to be the principle erosive factor on mountain ranges, with their ability of bedrock incision and sediment transport. The rugged topography of a range is the product of erosion. The basins adjacent to a mountain range are filled with sediments which are buried and turned into sedimentary rock. The early Cenozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado provides an example and this mass of rock was removed as the range was actively undergoing uplift
5.
Quebec
–
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
6.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
7.
Saint Lawrence River
–
The Saint Lawrence River is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north-easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U. S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway, the estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île dOrléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City, the St. Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km from the outflow of Lake Ontario. The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing, the average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second. At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m3/s, the average discharge at the rivers source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m3/s. The St. Lawrence River includes Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, pierre Archipelago and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île dOrléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé and it is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saguenay, and Saint-François rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River is in an active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean. The faults in the area are related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system. According to the United States Geological Survey, the St. Lawrence Valley is a province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division. Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier, at that time, the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, at the time of Cartiers second voyage in 1535. Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on St. Lawrences feast day, the St. Lawrence River is partly within the U. S. and as such is that countrys sixth oldest surviving European place-name. The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques, who came to the St Lawrence Gulf, the Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencibles disaster, initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat
8.
Ottawa River
–
The Ottawa River, is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. For most of its length, it defines the border between two provinces. It is a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. The river rises from its source in Lake Capimitchigama, in the Laurentian Mountains of central Quebec, from there its route has been used to define the interprovincial border with Ontario. From Lake Timiskaming, the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau, the Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The river is 1,271 kilometres long, it drains an area of 146,300 square kilometres,65 percent in Quebec and the rest in Ontario, with a mean discharge of 1,950 cubic metres per second. The average annual mean waterflow measured at Carillon dam, near the Lake of Two Mountains, is 1,939 cubic metres per second, with average annual extremes of 749 to 5,351 cubic metres per second. Record historic levels since 1964 are a low of 529 cubic metres per second in 2005, the river flows through large areas of deciduous and coniferous forest formed over thousands of years as trees recolonized the Ottawa Valley after the ice age. Generally, the coniferous forests occur on old sand plains left by retreating glaciers, the deciduous forests, dominated by maple, beech, oak and ash occur in more mesic areas with better soil. The vast areas of pine were exploited by early loggers, later generations of logging removed hemlock for use in tanning leather, leaving a permanent deficit of hemlock in most forests. Associated with the logging and early settlement were vast wild fires which not only removed the forests, consequently, nearly all the forests show varying degrees of human disturbance. Tracts of older forest are uncommon, and hence they are considered of importance for conservation. The Ottawa River has large areas of wetlands, the Westmeath sand dune/wetland complex is significant for its relatively pristine sand dunes, few of which remain along the Ottawa River, and the many associated rare plants. Shirleys Bay has a biologically diverse shoreline alvar, as well as one of the largest silver maple swamps along the river, like all wetlands, these depend upon the seasonal fluctuations in the water level. High water levels help create and maintain silver maple swamps, while low water periods allow many rare plants to grow on the emerged sand. There are five principal vegetation types. One is swamp, mostly silver maple, there are four herbaceous vegetation types, named for the dominant plant species in them, Scirpus, Eleocharis, Sparganium and Typha. Which type occurs in a location depends upon factors such as substrate type, water depth, ice-scour
9.
Metre
–
The metre or meter, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units. The metre is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299792458 seconds, the metre was originally defined in 1793 as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. In 1799, it was redefined in terms of a metre bar. In 1960, the metre was redefined in terms of a number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of krypton-86. In 1983, the current definition was adopted, the imperial inch is defined as 0.0254 metres. One metre is about 3 3⁄8 inches longer than a yard, Metre is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations except the United States and the Philippines, which use meter. Measuring devices are spelled -meter in all variants of English, the suffix -meter has the same Greek origin as the unit of length. This range of uses is found in Latin, French, English. Thus calls for measurement and moderation. In 1668 the English cleric and philosopher John Wilkins proposed in an essay a decimal-based unit of length, as a result of the French Revolution, the French Academy of Sciences charged a commission with determining a single scale for all measures. In 1668, Wilkins proposed using Christopher Wrens suggestion of defining the metre using a pendulum with a length which produced a half-period of one second, christiaan Huygens had observed that length to be 38 Rijnland inches or 39.26 English inches. This is the equivalent of what is now known to be 997 mm, no official action was taken regarding this suggestion. In the 18th century, there were two approaches to the definition of the unit of length. One favoured Wilkins approach, to define the metre in terms of the length of a pendulum which produced a half-period of one second. The other approach was to define the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of a quadrant along the Earths meridian, that is, the distance from the Equator to the North Pole. This means that the quadrant would have defined as exactly 10000000 metres at that time. To establish a universally accepted foundation for the definition of the metre, more measurements of this meridian were needed. This portion of the meridian, assumed to be the length as the Paris meridian, was to serve as the basis for the length of the half meridian connecting the North Pole with the Equator
10.
Foot (unit)
–
The foot is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly, in both systems, the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard. Historically the foot was a part of local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city and its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits. The United States is the industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering. The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom, road signs must use imperial units, the measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is widely used outside the English-speaking world. The length of the international foot corresponds to a foot with shoe size of 13,14,15.5 or 46. Historically the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length. The foot of a male is typically about 15. 3% of his height, giving a person of 160 cm a foot of 245 mm. These figures are less than the used in most cities over time. Archeologists believe that the Egyptians, Ancient Indians and Mesopotamians preferred the cubit while the Romans, under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches and a cubit of 20.8 inches. The Egyptian equivalent of the measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm. The Greek foot had a length of 1⁄600 of a stadion, one stadion being about 181.2 m, the standard Roman foot was normally about 295.7 mm, but in the provinces, the pes Drusianus was used, with a length of about 334 mm. Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits, but in later years, after the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In AD790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains and his units of length were based on the toise and in particular the toise de lÉcritoire, the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man. The toise has 6 pieds each of 326.6 mm, at the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm. The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century by Jacob Koebel in his book Geometrei, the measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units, the Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th & 6th century
11.
Gatineau River
–
The Gatineau River is a river in western Quebec, Canada, which rises in lakes north of the Baskatong Reservoir and flows south to join the Ottawa River at the city of Gatineau, Quebec. The river is 386 km long and drains an area of 23,700 km², the name they give the river is Te-nagàdino-zìbi, which means The River that Stops. The Ottawa River then flows northwest and turns south where it flows more easterly. This river was an important transportation corridor for people of the region. On June 4,1613, Samuel de Champlain passed here while travelling on the Ottawa River to LIsle-aux-Allumettes, sometimes, these people use this river to avoid meeting their enemies, knowing that they will not seek them in such difficult accessible places. He noted this river coming from the north but did not give its name, in 1783, in a report to the governor Frederick Haldimand, lieutenant David Jones called the river by the name River Lettinoe. According to Lucien Brault, this would be the first written reference to the name Gatineau, on the charts of his account from 1830, but recalling events from the beginning of the 19th century, the traveller and fur trader Jean-Baptiste Perrault called the river nàgàtinong or àgatinung. On a plan of the Rideau Canal, drawn by lieutenant-colonel John By in 1831, finally, R. Gatineau appears on the chart of William Henderson in 1831, and on the one of Thomas Guesses, in 1861. This name recollects the memory of a fur trader from the 17th century, inhabitant of Trois-Rivières, he had traded near a river located between the Ottawa and Saint-Maurice Rivers, which was then customarily called river of Gatineau. Therefore, the given to the river is more likely a credit to the Gatineau sons than to Nicolas. From the 19th century until 1991, the river was used to transport logs to sawmills near the mouth of the river, philemon Wright and his descendants played an important role in the development of the lumber industry in the Gatineau valley. In more recent times, with declining quality in the forests of the region, logs were used for pulp, the river has been extensively dammed and is an important source of hydroelectric power. In 1925, three dams were constructed along the lower Gatineau River, making them one of the biggest economic. These are now known today as the Paugan, Chelsea and Rapides-Farmers Hydroelectric Stations, the stations are located within the municipalities of Low, Cantley and Gatineau. The Hull-Chelsea-Wakefield Railway, a tourist steam train, followed a route up the Gatineau valley to Wakefield, in the spring of 1974, there was extensive flooding along the Gatineau
12.
L'Assomption River
–
The Assomption River is the most important waterway in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada, is over 200 kilometres long, and has a drainage basin of 4,220 square kilometres. Its source is the Mont Tremblant massif, seven significant rivers flow into the Assomption before it flows into the Rivière des Prairies at Repentigny, Quebec. About 150,000 people live in the area of this river. The LAssomption River watershed overlaps two natural environments, the Laurentian Mountains and the St-Lawrence lowlands, which cover about a third of the watershed area and its relief is a uniform plain with some hills—from 0 to 100 metres —dominated by agricultural lands. The texture of the soil is fine and rests on an impermeable argillaceous base. The Laurentian Mountains form part of the Canadian Shield and they are separated from the lowlands by a well defined escarpment that rises about 150 metres. The Laurentians Mountains have a height of 230 metres in the south and 460 metres in the north. And there are mountains of over 600 metres in the Mont Tremblant massif where the LAssomption River forms. From north to south the slope of the river decreases. The steeper slopes of the create a fast current whereas the lowland flats produces a slower flow. Moreover, the river meanders a lot which is evident at the town of LAssomption. The LAssomption River watershed has 490 lakes of which 24 have an area larger than 1 square kilometre. Most of the lakes are in the Laurentian highlands, the water quality of the LAssomption River is seriously affected by the areas social-economic conditions. Since 1950, the situation has been complicated by the urbanization of the banks, by diversified agriculture. Although the source of pollution has changed since 1950, because of environmental laws. Over 150,000 people live in the watershed in 43 municipalities, of which the most important are Repentigny, Joliette, Le Gardeur. In addition, the portion of the rivers watershed is a popular vacation area. The majority of the municipalities take their water from the river
13.
Montmorency River
–
The Montmorency River is a river in the Capitale-Nationale region of Quebec, Canada. It drains into the Saint Lawrence River, about 9 kilometres downstream from Quebec City and it is especially known for the impressive Montmorency Falls near its mouth. It has a flow of 35.6 m3/s. Typical average summer flow is about 25 m3/s, whereas during spring run-off, above 770 m3/s is considered an exceptional flood condition, and the Montmorency experienced a record flow of 1,100 m3/s in November 1966. The Montmorency River flows from Lake Montmorency in a direction through the undeveloped Canadian Shield of the Laurentides Wildlife Reserve. Reaching the northern part of the municipality of Château-Richer, it flows between high cliffs that in some places are more than 600 metres high. The rivers watershed basin is populated, 92% of it is forested and dotted with 424 lakes. The largest lake, with an area of 7.53 square kilometres, is Snow Lake which is the source of Neiges River, Montmorencys largest tributary. Urban and agricultural land makes up only 2% and 1% of the basin respectively, the name of the falls came to be applied to the whole river, as the 1641 map by Jean Bourdon showed it as Saut de Montmorency. French colonization along the Montmorency River initially occurred at the mouth, the town of Boischatel was settled circa 1664. Remnants of a fort built by Wolfe can still be found on the east side of the falls. In the 19th century, colonization and logging of the interior really took off, the river was used for log driving and its shores became industrialized when a hydro-electric dam and sawmill were built at the top and foot of the Montmorency Falls respectively. After the logging period ended, textile industry developed at the mouth of the river, there are 48 dams in all on the Montmorency River and its tributaries. Of these,14 are used to water flow, five to provide drinking water. The Hydro-Québec power station at the Montmorency Falls is no longer in operation and it has an installed capacity of 4.16 MW. All municipalities along its course rely on the Montmorency or tributaries for its water supply. Only Sainte-Brigitte-de-Laval treats its waste waters before pumping it back into the Montmorency, Boischatel and Beauport put their waste water into the Saint Lawrence River. A total of 76 bridges cross the Montmorency River, of these, only 3 are public road bridges, Quebec Route 40, Avenue Royale between Beauport and Boischatel, and one at Enchanteresse Island
14.
Saint-Maurice River
–
The Saint-Maurice River flows North to South in central Quebec from Gouin Reservoir to empty into the Saint Lawrence River at Trois-Rivières, in province of Quebec, in Canada. From its source at Gouin Reservoir, located at the latitude as the Lac Saint-Jean. The river is 563 km in length and has a basin of 43,300 km². Saint-Maurice river is one of the most important tributaries of St. Lawrence river, during the 18th century, early fur traders travelled along the river. During the second half of the 19th century, logging became an important industry in the surrounding Mauricie region. For much of the 20th century, the river was used to transport logs to mills down river and it was, and still is, first communication channel in this region, the river was used by local Native Americans long before the arrival of Europeans on the spot. Early explorations by religious conversion in pain and trappers in search of furs for the trade, among other cities, La Tuque, Shawinigan and Trois-Rivières are the best known, are themselves located along the Route 155 which connects the St. Lawrence River to Lake St. John. The Abenaki the call for their Madôbaladenitekw or the river that ends, jacques Cartier named it River Fouez in honor of the House of Foix in 1535. However, this name was abandoned in the seventeenth century to the name of Three Rivers. He was the owner of property along the river in the 17th century. The name St. Maurice is attested for the first time in a judgment dated 1723, the river gave its name to the administrative region of Mauricie. Maurice are the property of Hydro-Québec, in 1996, the Saint-Maurice River was the last river in Quebec to stop the transportation of timber by flotation. For nearly 150 years, companies in forestry have used the current of the river, each spring, an army of loggers cleaned the river banks for delivering timbers which were hung on the shores, bays, rocks or in riparian wood. The loggers sorted the timbers for relaunching them into the water for redirecting them to Pulp paper plant downstream, in the last 174 kilometers, between Trois-Rivières and La Tuque, the experts found 42 fish species frequenting the river. The density of fish biomass is low, which is characteristic of rivers in Canadian Shield. List of Quebec rivers 1663 Charlevoix earthquake Tourisme Mauricie Regional tourist office
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Adirondack Mountains
–
The Adirondack Mountains /ædᵻˈrɒndæk/ form a massif in the northeast of Upstate New York in the United States. Its boundaries correspond to the boundaries of Adirondack Park, the mountains form a roughly circular dome, about 160 miles in diameter and about 1 mile high. The current relief owes much to glaciation, the earliest written use of the name, spelled Rontaks, was in 1724 by the French missionary Joseph-François Lafitau. He defined it as tree eaters, in the Mohawk language, Adirondack means porcupine, an animal that may eat bark. The Mohawks had no written language at the time so Europeans have used various phonetic spellings, an English map from 1761 labels it simply Deer Hunting Country and the mountains were named Adirondacks in 1837 by Ebenezer Emmons. People first arrived in the following the settlement of the Americas around 10,000 BC. The Algonquian peoples and the Mohawk nation used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, european colonisation of the area began with Samuel de Champlain visiting what is now Ticonderoga in 1609, and Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues visited the region in 1642. In 1664 the land came under the control of the English when New Netherland was ceded to The Crown, after the American Revolutionary War, the lands passed to the people of New York State. Needing money to war debts, the new government sold nearly all the original public acreage about 7 million acres for pennies an acre. Lumbermen were welcomed to the interior, with few restraints, resulting in massive deforestation, for the history of the area since industrialization, see The History of Adirondack Park. In 1989, part of the Adirondack region was designated by UNESCO as the Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve, the rocks of the mountains originated about two billion years ago as 50,000 feet deep sediments at the bottom of a sea near the equator. Because of continental drift these collided with Laurentia in a mountain building episode known as the Grenville orogeny, during this time the sedimentary rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It is these Proterozoic minerals and lithologies that make up the core of the massif, such minerals of interest include, wollastonite, mined near Harrisville magnetite and hematite, formerly mined at the Benson Mines, Lyon Mountain, Mineville, Tawahus, and Witherbee. Graphite, mined near Hague and Ticonderoga, garnet, mined at the Barton Mine, north of Gore Mountain. Anorthosite, visible in road cuts on the New York State Route 3 between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake, marble zinc, The Balmat-Edwards district on the northwest flank of the massif also in St. Lawrence County was a major zinc ore deposit titanium was mined at Tawahus. Around 600 million years ago the area began to be pulled apart, as Laurentia drifted away from Baltica, faults developed, running north to north east which formed valleys and deep lakes. Examples visible today include the grabens Lake George and Schroon Lake, by this time the Grenville mountains had been eroded away and the area was covered by a shallow sea. Several thousand feet of sediment accumulated on the sea bed, trilobites were the principal life-form of the sea bed, and fossil tracks can be seen in the Potsdam sandstone floor of the Paul Smiths Visitor Interpretive Center
17.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
18.
Appalachian Mountains
–
The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃᵻnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻnz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau
19.
Laurentides
–
The Laurentides is a region of Quebec. While it is called the Laurentians in English, the region includes only part of the Laurentian mountains. It has a land area of 20,744.29 km2. The area was inhabited by the Montagnais First Nations tribe, until the French settled it in the first half of the 19th century, establishing an agricultural presence throughout the valleys. During the 20th century, the area became a popular tourist destination, based on a cottage and lake culture in the summer. Ski resorts include Saint-Sauveur and Mont Tremblant and its largest city is Saint-Jérôme, in its extreme southeast, with a 2011 census population of 68,456 inhabitants
20.
Capitale-Nationale
–
Capitale-Nationale is one of 17 administrative regions of Quebec, Canada. Quebec City, Quebecs centre of government, is located in this region and it has a land area of 18,796.86 km2. It reported a resident population of 700,616 as of the Canada 2011 Census. Prior to January 2000, it was known as the Québec administrative region, regional County Municipalities Independent Parish Notre-Dame-des-Anges Native Peoples Reserve Wendake Francophone, Commission scolaire de Charlevoix
21.
Mauricie
–
Mauricie is a traditional and current administrative region of Quebec. La Mauricie National Park is contained within the region, making it a prime tourist location, the region has a land area of 35,855.22 km² and a 2006 census population of 258,928 residents. Its largest cities are Trois-Rivières and Shawinigan, the word Mauricie was coined by local priest and historian Albert Tessier and is based on the Saint-Maurice river which runs through the region on a North-South axis. Mauricie administrative region was created on August 20,1997 from the split of Mauricie–Bois-Francs administrative region into Mauricie, however, the concept of Mauricie as a traditional region long predates this. Anglophone, Central Quebec School Board Portail de la Mauricie Official website Tourisme Mauricie Regional tourist office CRÉ
22.
Cambrian
–
The Cambrian Period was the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cambrian lasted 55.6 million years from the end of the preceding Ediacaran Period 541 million years ago to the beginning of the Ordovician Period 485.4 mya and its subdivisions, and its base, are somewhat in flux. The period was established by Adam Sedgwick, who named it after Cambria, the Latinised form of Cymru, the Welsh name for Wales, as a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods. The rapid diversification of lifeforms in the Cambrian, known as the Cambrian explosion, most of the continents were probably dry and rocky due to a lack of vegetation. Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannotia, the seas were relatively warm, and polar ice was absent for much of the period. The United States Federal Geographic Data Committee uses a barred capital C ⟨Є⟩ character similar to the capital letter Ukrainian Ye ⟨Є⟩ to represent the Cambrian Period, the proper Unicode character is U+A792 Ꞓ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH BAR. Despite the long recognition of its distinction from younger Ordovician Period rocks and older Supereon Precambrian rocks, the base of the Cambrian lies atop a complex assemblage of trace fossils known as the Treptichnus pedum assemblage. Pedum in Namibia, Spain and Newfoundland, and possibly, in the western USA, the stratigraphic range of T. pedum overlaps the range of the Ediacaran fossils in Namibia, and probably in Spain. The Cambrian Period followed the Ediacaran Period and was followed by the Ordovician Period, the Cambrian is divided into four epochs and ten ages. Currently only two series and five stages are named and have a GSSP, because the international stratigraphic subdivision is not yet complete, many local subdivisions are still widely used. In some of these subdivisions the Cambrian is divided into three epochs with locally differing names – the Early Cambrian, Middle Cambrian and Furongian, rocks of these epochs are referred to as belonging to the Lower, Middle, or Upper Cambrian. Trilobite zones allow biostratigraphic correlation in the Cambrian, each of the local epochs is divided into several stages. The International Commission on Stratigraphy list the Cambrian period as beginning at 541 million years ago, the lower boundary of the Cambrian was originally held to represent the first appearance of complex life, represented by trilobites. The recognition of small shelly fossils before the first trilobites, and Ediacara biota substantially earlier and this formal designation allowed radiometric dates to be obtained from samples across the globe that corresponded to the base of the Cambrian. Early dates of 570 million years ago quickly gained favour, though the used to obtain this number are now considered to be unsuitable. A more precise date using modern radiometric dating yield a date of 541 ±0.3 million years ago, most continental land was clustered in the Southern Hemisphere at this time, but was drifting north. Large, high-velocity rotational movement of Gondwana appears to have occurred in the Early Cambrian, the sea levels fluctuated somewhat, suggesting there were ice ages, associated with pulses of expansion and contraction of a south polar ice cap. In Baltoscandia a Lower Cambrian transgression transformed large swathes of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain into a epicontinental sea, the Earth was generally cold during the early Cambrian, probably due to the ancient continent of Gondwana covering the South Pole and cutting off polar ocean currents
23.
Grenville orogeny
–
The Grenville orogeny was a long-lived Mesoproterozoic mountain-building event associated with the assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia. Its record is a prominent orogenic belt which spans a significant portion of the North American continent, from Labrador to Mexico and these orogeny events are also known as the Kibaran orogeny in Africa and the Dalslandian orogeny in Western Europe. The problem of timing the Grenville orogeny is an area of contention today. The timescale outlined in Toby Rivers’ recent work is derived from the well-preserved Grenville Province, due to the great size of the area affected by Grenville events, there is some variance in timing across the orogenic belt. Regional variations below discusses local deviations from Rivers’ timeline, presented here, ages are approximated from the magmatic activity associated with the individual cycles of the orogeny. The gaps in the ages of the cycles and isotope analysis of hornblende, biotite. Rivers 2008 paper has now examined the timing of the different periods of the orogeny, the Andes of South America are considered a modern analogue. 1190–980 Ma two separate continental blocks collided with Laurentia, both of these collision events are thought to be analogous to the collision driving modern-day growth of the Himalaya range. For some time one of the blocks was believed to be the continent of Amazonia and these periods of thrusting and metamorphism were not continuous, but rather interrupted by comparatively quiet periods, during which AMCG plutons were intruded into the country rock. Polarities of subduction vary by region and time, some island arc remnants were emplaced on the Laurentian margin, and some were accreted during orogeny. Timing of these events is constrained by cross-cutting relations observed in the field as well as SHRIMP, the first period of tectonic activity was the accretion of an island arc at some point during the Elzevirian Orogeny. Before the accretion of the arc took place, subduction between a continental plate and presumably an oceanic plate was taking place. Slab pull and far-field drivers such as ridge push were aiding in closing the distance between the arc and the continent. Depending on the angle of deformation of the continental crust was already taking place. By 1.19 Ga the Elzevir back arc basin was closing, from 1.18 to 1.14 Ga extension was occurring in the area. Whether due to cooling, also known as thermal subsidence. The extension is marked by the ages of the previously mentioned rocks. Additionally there is the formation of sedimentary basins which means the margin was quiescent enough that sediments could accumulate, however, in some areas from 1.16 to 1.13 Ga, coeval with extension, there is evidence there was still thrusting and emplacement of terranes occurring
24.
Laurentian Upland
–
The United States Geological Survey recognizes the Laurentian Upland as the larger general upland area of the Canadian Shield. The Laurentian Region, as recognized by Natural Resources Canada, is part of the plateau and it is a western extension of the Laurentian Mountains, and continues across the Ottawa Valley into Ontario as the Opeongo Hills. These scarps mark the southern edge of this Upland region. Here it attains its maximum elevation north of Quebec City in the Réserve faunique des Laurentides, cap Tourmente and Mont des Éboulements are dramatic examples of the scarp face as it drops precipitously to the St Lawrence River. As a southern extension of the Canadian Shield, the Adirondack Mountains of New York State might also be considered, the Laurentian Upland is primarily made up of ancient Precambrian igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. With the exception of the valleys and lacustrine basins, it is a rolling to mountainous peneplain that ranges from 800 to 1400 feet above sea level. Laurentian Mountains Opeongo Hills Adirondack Mountains Misquah Hills Huron Mountains Porcupine Mountains
25.
Green Mountains
–
The Green Mountains are a mountain range in the U. S. state of Vermont. The range runs south to north and extends approximately 250 miles from the border with Massachusetts to that with Quebec. The part of the range that is in Massachusetts and Connecticut is known as The Berkshires or the Berkshire Hills. All mountains in Vermont are often referred to as the Green Mountains, however, other ranges within Vermont, including the Taconics — in southwestern Vermonts extremity — and the Northeastern Highlands, are not geologically part of the Green Mountains. The Green Mountains are part of the New England/Acadian forests ecoregion, three peaks – Mount Mansfield, Camels Hump, and Mount Abraham – support alpine vegetation. Some of the mountains are developed for skiing and other snow-related activities, others have hiking trails for use in summer. Mansfield, Killington, Pico, and Ellen have downhill ski resorts on their slopes, the Vermont Republic, also known as the Green Mountain Republic, existed from 1777 to 1791, at which time Vermont became the 14th state. Vermont not only takes its nickname from the mountains, it is named after them. The French Verts Monts is literally translated as Green Mountains and this name was suggested in 1777 by Dr. Thomas Young, an American revolutionary and Boston Tea Party participant. The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College is referred to as UVM, the Green Mountains are a physiographic section of the larger New England province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division. Lemon Fair runs through the towns of Orwell, Sudbury, Shoreham, Bridport, the story is that its name derives from early English-speaking settlers phonetic approximation of Les Monts Vert
26.
Mont Bellevue
–
Mont Bellevue is a peak that rises to 333 metres situated in a public park located in the borough of Mont-Bellevue in Sherbrooke, Quebec. The park also covers Mont Bellevues parent peak, Mont John-S. -Bourque, as well as 200 hectares of land,30 kilometers of trails, claiming 20% of the total park land, it is the largest park in Sherbrooke. Belle vue translates to beautiful view in English, the mountain, its park, and the borough in which it lies are named after the magnificent landscape one discovers at its summit. The Université de Sherbrooke, built in 1954, originally used the land for sports, recreation, education, in 1959, the City of Sherbrooke constructed the first ski lift on the mountain, signaling the beginning of the development of Mont Bellevue for public recreational purposes. Between 1959 and 1975, the city reserved 45 hectares of land for alpine skiing, tennis, archery, in 1976, the City of Sherbrooke undertook park management and maintenance. To this day, the City of Sherbrooke continues to improve the park with consideration for the environment through the Regroupement du Mont Bellevue organization, in August 2013, Mont Bellevue was one of the venues for the Canada Games. In preparation for the event, the Club de vélo de montagne de Sherbrooke was granted CA $300,000 for the improvement of the mountain bike course. Mont Bellevue houses a small alpine skiing station that has six tracks, other winter activities available in the park include cross-country skiing, winter walking, and snow tubing. Summer visitors may participate in hiking, mountain biking, cycling, archery, tennis, jogging, wildlife observers often view deer, squirrels, and chipmunks in the park. Less commonly observed mammals include porcupine, skunks, and raccoons, among the many types of avian species in the mountain, birders may view blue jays, cardinals, wood thrush, veery, and ruffed grouse. Reptiles on the mountain include brown snakes and garter snakes, while numerous types of amphibians, molluscs, a variety of wildflowers, ferns, trees, edible plants, and fungus inhabit the mountain. Striped maple American basswood Buckthorn, honeysuckle, and Japanese knotweed are among the plants on the mountain. The black slug is an invasive pest native to Europe that was transported to the area during the construction of the Université de Sherbrooke in the 1950s, windows imported from England in wooden crates padded with straw are thought to have contained eggs from the pest. From there, they took to the Mont Bellevue Park, where the humidity is conducive to their locomotion. The black slug also has few predators in North America. In 2008, residents of the Mont-Bellevue and Mont-Sainte-Anne sectors surrounding the park reported major issues with the critters, City councillors deferred their complaints to provincial ministers. In early 2009, the city drew up plans to pursue the eradication of the slugs, granting CA $12,000 to Environtel 3000 so the company could analyze the scope, however, that summer saw yet another worrisome abundance of the pest. The report revealed that 15-20% of the slugs begin their reproductive cycle early, warm autumns and winters, as well as wet springs and summers, promote the growth of the slug population
27.
Mont Blanc, Quebec
–
Mont Blanc is a ski resort in the Laurentian Mountains and south of Mont-Tremblant in Quebec, Canada. It is located in the municipality of Saint-Faustin–Lac-Carré, just east of Mont Tremblant, the ski resort 208 vertical metres and 41 trails as well as a snow park. It offers a variety of trails suitable for all levels of skiers and snowboarders
28.
Mount Valin
–
Mount Valin is the highest mountain of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region in the Canadian province of Quebec. Situated 30 kilometres from Chicoutimi, the mountain receives an average of 1,200 mm of rain and 600 cm of snow every year, Mount Valin is an important site used for transmission facilities for radio and television stations in the region. Stations broadcasting from Mount Valin are television stations CFRS-DT, CKTV-DT and CIVV-DT, Mount Valin is part of the Monts-Valin National Park and home to the Le Valinouët ski centre
29.
Mount Gosford
–
Mount Gosford is a mountain located in southern Quebec, Canada, at the border with Maine. It lies entirely in Saint-Augustin-de-Woburn in Estrie and is part of the White Mountains of the Appalachians and it is named after Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, governor general of British North America from 1835 to 1835. It is the 21st highest peak in Quebec and 4th in Southern Quebec and it is made of gneiss and granulite dating from the Precambrian era. Since 1978, Mount Gosford is included in ZEC Louise-Gosford, a controlled harvesting zone open to the public, in 2009, Quebec’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife set aside part of the Mount Gosford to create an ecological reserve. The same year, about 76 hectares of the mountain was renamed forêt rare du Mont-Gosford, the designation protects mountain woodsorrels, considered rare at this altitude. Quebec 1000 meter peaks Official website of the park Official website of the border trails
30.
Monteregian Hills
–
The Monteregian Hills is a linear chain of isolated hills in Montreal and Montérégie, between the Laurentians and the Appalachians. Other hills in the chain included Mont Saint-Bruno, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Mont Saint-Grégoire, Mont Rougemont, Mont Yamaska, Mont Shefford and it was only later that Mont Mégantic, the Oka Hills, as well as the Saint-André and dIberville formations, were added to the list. Each hill in the consists of an erosional remnant of Cretaceous intrusive igneous rock and associated hornfels. All of the hills have dark-coloured mafic rock such as gabbro and essexite, some also have areas of pulaskite, syenite. The shallow, rocky sandy loam soils of the summits are covered in forest. Where the underlying rock is rich in olivine, as large areas of Mont Saint-Bruno and Mont Rougemont. Podzol tends to develop over rock which lacks olivine, although many of these podzols lack an eluvial horizon, lower slopes are covered with aprons of gravel or sand. The sandy soils are usually podzols with classic Ae development, they often have subsoil hardpan and are undesirable for agriculture, the free-draining gravels are preferred for apple orchards, which grow in thermal belts where cold air can drain to the valley floor. Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Eastern Canada Les collines montérégiennes Geologic information about the chain
31.
Mont Brome
–
Mont Brome is part of the Monteregian Hills in southern Quebec. Its summit stands 553 m above sea level and it is near the town of Bromont, Quebec. The ski resort Ski Bromont lies on its slopes, mont Brome might be the deep extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex, which was probably active about 125 million years ago
32.
Mont Rougemont
–
Mont Rougemont is part of the Monteregian Hills in southern Quebec. It is composed of rock and hornfels. The summit stands 366 m above sea level, the mountain is mostly covered with sugar maple-dominated forest. Apple orchards and vineyards are cultivated on many of the lower slopes, the igneous material is composed almost entirely of mafic and ultramafic rock such as gabbro and olivine-bearing pyroxenite. Mont Rougemont might be the extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex. The mountain was created when the North American Plate moved westward over the New England hotspot and it forms part of the vast Great Meteor hotspot track. Ass. pour la protection et le développement durable du mont Rougemont Nature Action Quebec Quebec in photographs Montérégie
33.
Mont Saint-Bruno
–
Mont Saint-Bruno is part of the Monteregian Hills in southern Quebec, Canada. Its summit stands 213 m high and lies 23 km east of downtown Montreal and this mountain has a ski resort, a natural area, and an apple orchard. Forests of beech, maple, oak, hickory, ironwood, hemlock, the apple orchard is an agricultural research station operated by IRDA. A provincial park Parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno encompasses part of the mount, a quarry also occupies part of it. Mont Saint-Bruno is also home to a small Canadian Forces training camp where new recruits from the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School learn navigation, Mont Saint-Bruno might be the deep extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex, which was probably active about 125 million years ago. The mountain was created when the North American Plate moved westward over the New England hotspot, as a result, Mont Saint-Bruno forms part of the Great Meteor hotspot track. Its igneous rock consists mostly of pyroxenite and gabbro, Parc du Mont-Saint-Bruno IRDA experimental orchard Livecam on the summit
34.
Mont Saint-Hilaire
–
Mont Saint-Hilaire, is an isolated hill,414 m high, in the Montérégie region of southern Quebec. It is about thirty kilometres east of Montreal, and immediately east of the Richelieu River and it is one of the Monteregian Hills. Around the mountains are the towns of Mont-Saint-Hilaire and Saint-Jean-Baptiste, other nearby towns include Otterburn Park, Beloeil and McMasterville. The area surrounding the mountain is a reserve, as one of the last remnants of the primeval forests of the Saint-Lawrence valley. Most of the mountain is currently the property of McGill University, the University has opened the western half of the mountain to visitors for hiking and cross-country skiing, as the Milieu Naturel. The eastern half, or Milieu de Conservation is not accessible to the general public, in actuality, Saint-Hilaires 414 metres falls far short of making it the highest mountain in Quebec. Mont Saint-Hilaire is home to a variety of fauna and flora, as well as a number of rare minerals, including some which were discovered on the mountain. These minerals are exploited by a quarry on the side of the mountain. In addition, the soil is ideal for the growth of trees. The mountain stands 414 m above the sea level, or 400 metres above the surrounding plains and it has several summits, surrounding a central lake, Lac Hertel. Most of the summits of the mountain are in the western part. They are the Pain de Sucre,414 m high, the Sunrise,405 m high, the Rocky,403 m high, and the Sommet Dieppe,371 m high as well as Burnt Hill. The summits of the half of the mountain, which is closed to the public, are generally little known. Only a few names are known, such as East Hill and these summits range from 277 to 392 metres in elevation. The best-known feature of the mountain is the cliffs, collectively known as the falaise dieppe, or falaise de Dieppe the cliffs are part of the Dieppe summit, and nearly 175 m high. Some of the best known features of the include the 60-metre high Tour rouge. The cliffs unique ecosystem hosts lichens, as well as cedar trees and it also hosts the mountains population of peregrine falcons. However, the action of rock climbers has proven destructive to the ecosystem, a white cross on the cliff commemorates the death of a boy scout in 1941
35.
Mont Shefford
–
Mont Shefford is a Monteregian Hill located in Shefford in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. Mont Shefford is 526 metres tall, and was home to the Ski Shefford ski resort closed in 2006. Mount Shefford was formed some 125 million years ago during an underground intrusion of magma and this magma did not reach the earths surface and remained in a deep freeze. The mountain appeared following the erosion of sedimentary rocks by glaciers. The sedimentary rock was more fragile than the rock formed by the contact of the magma
.jpg)
