1.
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
–
The United States Secret Service Uniformed Division is the security police force of the U. S. Secret Service, similar to the U. S. Capitol Police or DHS Federal Protective Service and it is in charge of protecting the physical White House grounds and foreign diplomatic missions in the Washington, D. C. area. Established in 1922 as the White House Police, this organization was integrated into the Secret Service in 1930. In 1970, the protection of diplomatic missions was added to the forces responsibilities. The name United States Secret Service Uniformed Division was adopted in 1977. C. area, Uniformed Division officers carry out their protective responsibilities through a network of fixed security posts, foot, bicycle, vehicular and motorcycle patrols. The Uniformed Division has three branches, the White House Branch, the Foreign Missions Branch, and the Naval Observatory Branch. C. Emergency Response Team Formed in 1992, ERTs primary mission is to provide tactical response to unlawful intrusions and other challenges related to the White House. ERT personnel receive specialized, advanced training and must maintain a level of physical and operational proficiency. Officers assigned to CS, ERT, and K9, are designated Technicians to recognize their advanced training, today these units are part of the agencys Special Operations Division. The Secret Service Uniformed Divisions statutory authority is set out in Title 18, the continued use of the MP5 remains a source of controversy as many other federal agencies have moved away from submachine guns altogether and replaced them with assault rifles. Despite this, the agency has no current plans to replace this weapon, as a non-lethal option, Special Agents, Special Officers, and Uniformed Division Officers are armed with the ASP baton, and Uniform Division officers carry pepper spray. Units assigned to the Special Operations Division carry a variety of non-standard weapons, the Counter Assault Team and the Emergency Response Team are both issued the 5. 56mm Knights Armament Company SR-16 CQB assault rifle. CAT also uses 12 gauge Remington 870 MCS breaching shotguns, Uniform Division technicians assigned to the Counter Sniper team use custom built.300 Winchester Magnum-chambered bolt-action rifles referred to as JARs. These rifles use Remington 700 actions in Accuracy International stocks with Schmidt & Bender optics, CS technicians also use the 7. 62mm KAC SR-25/Mk11 Mod 0 semi-automatic sniper rifle with a Trijicon 5. 5× ACOG optic. The Department of Homeland Security has made attempts to bring the Secret Services weapons procurement in line with the rest of the department. The agency has resisted these inroads and currently maintains an independent acquisition process
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
–
Secret Service Special Agents and Special Officers (foreground) protecting the
President of the United States,
George W. Bush in 2007.
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
–
Logo of the U.S. Secret Service
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
–
Secret Service agents providing security for
Pope Benedict XVI in Washington, D.C.
United States Secret Service Uniformed Division
–
Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of
Ronald Reagan by
John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981
2.
Criminal justice
–
Those accused of crime have some protections against abuse of investigatory and prosecution powers. This report made more than 200 recommendations as part of an approach toward the prevention. Some of those recommendations found their way into the Omnibus Crime Control, the Commission advocated a systems approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctional agencies. The Presidents Commission defined the criminal justice system as the means for society to enforce the standards of conduct necessary to protect individuals, in Canada, the criminal justice system aims to balance the goals of crime control and prevention, and justice. In Sweden, the goal for the criminal justice system is to reduce crime. In China, the system aims to keep the society function well. Overall, criminal justice plays a role throughout society as a whole in any place. ==Law== LINARES, DIANA The Law From Old English lagu, legal comes from Latin legalis, from lex law, the purpose of law is to provide an objective set of rules for governing conduct and maintaining order in a society. The oldest known codified law is the Code of hammurabi, dating back to about 1754 BC, the preface directly credits the laws to the code of hammurabi of Ur. In different parts of the world, law could be established by philosophers or religion, in the modern world, laws are typically created and enforced by governments. These codified laws may coexist with or contradict other forms of control, such as religious proscriptions, professional rules and ethics, or the cultural mores. Within the realm of codified law, there are two forms of law that the courts are concerned with. Civil laws are rules and regulations which govern transactions and grievances between individual citizens, Criminal law is concerned with actions which are dangerous or harmful to society as a whole, in which prosecution is pursued not by an individual but rather by the state. The purpose of law is to provide the specific definition of what constitutes a crime. No criminal law can be valid unless it includes both of these factors, the subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily concerned with the enforcement of criminal law. ### The criminal justice system consists of three parts, Legislative, adjudication, and corrections. In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together both under the rule of law and as the means of maintaining the rule of law within society. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of coercion and means to effect public
Criminal justice
–
A trial at the
Old Bailey in
London, c. 1808
Criminal justice
–
United States criminal justice system flowchart.
Criminal justice
–
The
Huntsville Unit of the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice in
Huntsville, Texas is a
prison, a component of a corrections system
Criminal justice
–
Qur'anic education for offenders at the
Central Jail Faisalabad in
Faisalabad,
Pakistan
3.
Courts in the United States
–
The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The federal courts form the judicial branch of the government of the United States and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution. The state and territorial courts of the individual U. S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law. Federal statutes that refer to the courts of the United States are referring only to the courts of the federal government, a few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal, rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard. State courts often have names and structures, as illustrated below. The U. S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy. In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal, the civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes. The trial courts are U. S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals, institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below. Each year, the Supreme Court receives over 2,000 applications for leave to appeal from litigants primarily seeking review of decisions by the Michigan Court of Appeals, the Supreme Courts authority to hear cases is discretionary. The Court grants leave to those cases of greatest complexity and public import, each justice is responsible for reviewing each case to determine whether leave should be granted. Cases that are accepted for oral argument may be decided by an order and these orders may affirm or reverse the Michigan Court of Appeals, may remand a case to the trial court, or may adopt a correct Court of Appeals opinion. Cases come before the Court during a term that starts August 1, the Court hears oral arguments in Lansing beginning in October of each term. Decisions are released throughout the term, following oral arguments, in addition to its judicial duties, the Supreme Court is responsible for the general administrative supervision of all courts in the state. The Supreme Court also establishes rules for practice and procedure in all courts, Michigan Court of Appeals The Michigan Court of Appeals is one of the highest volume intermediate appellate courts in the country. It was created by the 1963 Michigan Constitution and heard its first cases in January 1965, generally, decisions from final orders of a circuit court, as well as some probate court and agency orders, may be appealed to the court as a matter of right. Other lower court or tribunal decisions may be appealed only by application for leave to appeal, the judges of the Court of Appeals sit state-wide, although they are elected or appointed from one of four districts. The districts and their locations are as follows, District I is based in Detroit, District II is based in Troy, District III is based in Grand Rapids
Courts in the United States
–
Headquarters of the
U.S. Court of Federal Claims on
Madison Place in
Washington, D.C.
Courts in the United States
–
The geographical boundary of the 12 United States Courts of Appeals
Courts in the United States
–
Headquarters of the
Supreme Court of California, in
San Francisco.
Courts in the United States
–
Headquarters of the
Florida Supreme Court in
Tallahassee.
4.
Corrections
–
These functions commonly include imprisonment, parole and probation. A typical correctional institution is a prison, a correctional system, also known as a penal system, thus refers to a network of agencies that administer a jurisdictions prisons and community-based programs like parole and probation boards. This system is part of the criminal justice system, which additionally includes police, prosecution. Jurisdictions throughout Canada and the US have ministries or departments, respectively, of corrections, correctional services, Corrections is also the name of a field of academic study concerned with the theories, policies, and programs pertaining to the practice of corrections. Its object of study includes personnel training and management as well as the experiences of those on the side of the fence — the unwilling subjects of the correctional process. Stohr and colleagues write that Earlier scholars were more honest, calling what we now call corrections by the name penology, the idea of corrective labor in Soviet Russia dates back as far as December 1917. From 1929 the USSR started using the terminology corrective-labor camps and corrective labor colonies, the terminology change in US academia from penology to corrections occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, driven by a new philosophy emphasizing rehabilitation. It was accompanied by changes in some prisons, like giving more privileges to inmates. At least nominally, most prisons became correctional institutions, and guards became correctional officers, whipping of female offenders was not allowed. The whipping could be inflicted using a strap, cat-o-nine-tails, or a paddle unless specified by the court, the move to abolish corporal punishment in the Canadian penal system coincided with several reforms and a change from the Reform Institutions label to Corrections or Correctional. The use of sanctions, which can be positive or negative is the basis of all criminal theory, along with the main goals of social control. Many facilities operating in the United States adhere to particular correctional theories, although often heavily modified, these theories determine the nature of the facilities design and security operations. The two primary theories used today are the more traditional Remote Supervision and the more contemporary direct supervision model, in the Remote Supervision Model, officers observe the inmate population from remote positions, e. g. towers or secure desk areas. The Direct Supervision Model positions prison officers within the inmate population, Juvenile delinquency Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Mary Stohr, Anthony Walsh, Craig Hemmens. Todd R. Clear, George F. Cole, Michael D. Reisig
Corrections
–
Criminology and
penology
Corrections
–
The
Huntsville Unit of the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice in
Huntsville, Texas is a prison, a component of a correctional system
Corrections
–
Qur'anic education for offenders at the
Central Jail Faisalabad in
Faisalabad,
Pakistan
5.
Infrastructure
–
Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, including the services and facilities necessary for its economy to function. The word was imported from French, where it means subgrade, the word is a combination of the Latin prefix infra, meaning below, and structure. The military use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of NATO in the 1940s and this crisis discussion contributed to an increase in infrastructure asset management and maintenance planning in the US. Public-policy discussions have been hampered by lack of a definition for infrastructure. A1987 US National Research Council panel adopted the public works infrastructure. The OECD also classifies communications as a part of infrastructure, the American Society of Civil Engineers has not defined the term, though issuing a US Infrastructure Report Card every 2-4 years. Hard infrastructure refers to the physical networks necessary for the functioning of an industrial nation. The term critical infrastructure distinguishes those infrastructure elements that, if damaged or destroyed. Similarly, a booking system might be critical infrastructure for an airline. These elements of infrastructure are the focus of efforts in the aftermath of natural disasters. The term infrastructure may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts, service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. The term public works includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as buildings, such as schools. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver public services, public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by government. Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by private companies, generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for taxes, tolls, or metered user fees. Major investment projects are financed by the issuance of long-term bonds. Government owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the sector or in public-private partnerships. As of 2008 in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2. 3% and 3. 6% of GDP since 1950, many financial institutions invest in infrastructure
Infrastructure
–
Grand Coulee Dam
6.
Federal law enforcement in the United States
–
The federal government of the United States empowers a wide range of law enforcement agencies to maintain law and public order related to matters affecting the country as a whole. Federal law enforcement authorities have authority given to them under various parts of the United States Code, Federal law enforcement officers enforce various laws, generally at only the federal level. There are exceptions, with agencies and officials enforcing state. Most are limited by the U. S. Code to investigating matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government, some federal investigative powers have become broader in practice, since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act in October 2001. The Department of Justice was formerly the largest, and is still the most prominent and it has handled most law enforcement duties at the federal level. This included large agencies such as the U. S. Coast Guard, transportation Security Administration, and the U. S. Federal law enforcement in the United States is well over two hundred years old. For example, the Postal Inspection Service can trace its origins back to 1772, agencies in bold text are law enforcement agencies. Office of Inspector General United States Forest Service, U. S. S. S, compared with 2002, employment of such personnel increased by 13%. Nationwide, there were 36 federal officers per 100,000 residents, outside the District of Columbia, which had 1,662 per 100,000, State ratios ranged from 90 per 100,000 in Arizona to 7 per 100,000 in Iowa. As of 2004, about 3 in 4 federal law enforcement officers working outside the Armed Forces were employed within the Department of Homeland Security or the Department of Justice. Federal officers duties included criminal investigation, police response and patrol, corrections and detention, inspections, court operations, women accounted for 16% of federal officers in 2004, an increase from 14. 8% in 2002. A third of federal officers were members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2004 and this included 17. 7% who were Hispanic or Latino, and 11. 4% who were black or African American. In 2002, racial or ethnic minorities officers comprised 32. 4% of federal officers, twenty-seven federal offices of inspector general employed criminal investigators with arrest and firearm authority in 2004. Overall, these agencies employed 2,867 such officers in the 50 states, law enforcement in the United States This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government
Federal law enforcement in the United States
–
U.S. Park Police officers awaiting deployment during the 2005
Inauguration Day
Federal law enforcement in the United States
–
U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers board a ship.
Federal law enforcement in the United States
–
CBP Officers and Border Patrol Agents at a ceremony in 2007
Federal law enforcement in the United States
–
A Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police (BEP) patrol car.
7.
Law enforcement agency
–
A law enforcement agency, in North American English, is a government agency responsible for the enforcement of the laws. Outside North America, such organizations are usually called police services, LEAs which have their ability to apply their powers restricted in some way are said to operate within a jurisdiction. LEAs will have some form of restriction on their ability to apply their powers. Sometimes a LEA’s jurisdiction is determined by the complexity or seriousness of the non compliance with a law, differentiation of jurisdiction based on the seriousness and complexity of the non compliance either by law or by policy and consensus can coexist in countries. Other LEAs have a jurisdiction defined by the type of laws they enforce or assist in enforcing, for example, Interpol does not work with political, military, religious, or racial matters. A LEA’s jurisdiction usually also includes the bodies they support. Jurisdictionally, there can be an important difference between international LEAs and multinational LEAs, even though both are referred to as international, even in official documents. An international law enforcement agency has jurisdiction and or operates in countries and across State borders. International LEAs are typically also multinational, for example Interpol, within a country, the jurisdiction of law enforcement agencies can be organized and structured in a number of ways to provide law enforcement throughout the country. A law enforcement agency’s jurisdiction can be for the country or for a division or sub-division within the country. In Australia for example, each state has its own LEAs, in the United States for example, typically each state and county or city has its own LEAs. Often a LEA’s jurisdiction will be divided into operations areas for administrative. An operations area is called a command or an office. Sometimes the one jurisdiction is covered by more than one LEA, again for administrative and logistical efficiency reasons, or arising from policy. The primary difference between separate agencies and operational areas within the one jurisdiction is the degree of flexibility to move resources between versus within agencies. When multiple LEAs cover the one legal jurisdicition, each agency still typically organises itself into operations areas, when a LEA’s jurisdiction is for the whole country, it is usually one of two broad types, either federal or national. When the country has a constitution a whole of country LEA is referred to as a federal law enforcement agency. The responsibilities of a federal LEA vary from country to country. S, a federal police agency is a federal LEA which also has the typical police responsibilities of social order and public safety as well as federal law enforcement responsibilities
Law enforcement agency
–
A
police officer and a
police car are traditional identifiers of a locally based law enforcement agency.
Law enforcement agency
–
Two military police officers and a
police car from the Żandarmeria Wojskowa (
Poland)
8.
U.S. Park Police
–
The United States Park Police is one of the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agencies in the United States. It functions as a law enforcement agency with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those National Park Service areas primarily located in the Washington. San Francisco, and New York City areas and certain other government lands, the United States Park Police is one of the few full-service police departments in the federal government that possess both state and federal authority. The agency also provides protection for the President, Secretary of the Interior, the Park Police is a unit of the National Park Service, which is a bureau of the Department of the Interior. The Park Watchmen were first recruited in 1791 by George Washington to protect federal property only in the District of Columbia. The Watchmen were given the powers and duties as the Metropolitan Police of Washington in 1882. Their authority first began to expand outside D. C and these sites include the National Mall, the C&O Canal towpath in the region, and the parallel roadways of the George Washington Memorial Parkway in Virginia and Clara Barton Parkway in Maryland. The police functioned as an independent agency of the government until 1849. In 1867, Congress transferred the police to the Office of Public Buildings and Grounds, in 1925, Congress placed the Park Police in the independent Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. Headed by an Army officer, Lt. Col. Ulysses S. Grant III, in 1933, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt transferred the police to the National Park Service. C. Maryland, Virginia, New Jersey, New York and California, One example would be the past deployment to the Dakotas to assist the Bureau of Indian Affairs. District 1, Officers at Hains Point provide policing for the downtown D. C. area, District 2, Officers provide coverage in three states at the GWMP Station. In Virginia, Fort Hunt, Mt. Vernon and the George Washington Memorial Parkway are primary responsibilities, in the District, Humpback Bridge and Lady Bird Johnson Parks. In Maryland, the Clara Barton Parkway is policed, the Presidio is exclusive federal jurisdiction. District 9, This district is one of the two districts that make up the New York Field Office, District 9 provides patrol coverage for the Gateway National Recreation Area in Staten Island, Brooklyn and Queens. Liberty Island is exclusive federal jurisdiction, in Virginia, USPP Officers are provided with Conservator of the Peace powers as set forth in 19. 2-12 of the Code of Virginia with powers and duties provided under 19. 2-18 of the Code of Virginia. In Washington, D. C. itself, USPP Officers have the same powers, USPP Officers possess a limited arrest authority in the State of Maryland. The U. S. Park Police hold state arrest authority in New York, in California, arrest powers are provided under California Penal Code Section 830.8
U.S. Park Police
–
U.S. Park Police
U.S. Park Police
–
Patch of the United States Park Police
U.S. Park Police
–
U.S. Park Police: Officer Graduation in San Francisco
U.S. Park Police
–
US Park Police Officer in Class A Dress Blouse and Mustache
9.
Inauguration Day
–
The inauguration of the President of the United States is a ceremony to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States. This ceremony takes place for new presidential term, even if the president is continuing in office for a second term. Since 1937, it has taken place on January 20, which is 72 to 78 days after the November presidential election, the term of a president commences at noon on that day, when the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president. However, when January 20 falls on a Sunday, the Chief Justice administers the oath to the president on that day privately and then again in a ceremony the next day, on Monday. The most recent presidential inauguration ceremony was the swearing in of Donald Trump to a term of office on Friday. However, over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to an event, including parades. Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, the ceremony has held at the west front of the United States Capitol. Other swearing-in ceremonies have taken place at the Capitols east portico, inside the Old Senate Chamber, the House chamber, additionally, on two occasions—in 1817 and 1945—they were held at other locations in Washington, D. C. Although the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the oath of office. Since 1789, the oath has been administered at 58 scheduled public inaugurations, by 15 chief justices, one associate justice, when a new president assumed office under these circumstances the inauguration is kept low key, and conducted without pomp or fanfare. The first inauguration, that of George Washington, took place on April 30,1789, all subsequent inaugurations from 1793 until 1933, were held on March 4, the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U. S. The exception to this pattern being those years in when March 4 fell on a Sunday, when it did, the public inauguration ceremony would take place on Monday, March 5. This happened on four occasions, in,1821,1849,1877, Inauguration Day moved to January 20, beginning in 1937, following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, where it has remained since. A similar Sunday exception and move to Monday is made around this date as well, there is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees or students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. Most presidential inaugurations since 1801 have been held in Washington D. C. at the Capitol Building, prior inaugurations were held, first at Federal Hall in New York City, and then at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Each city was, at the time, the nations capital, the location for James Monroes 1817 swearing in was moved to the Old Brick Capitol in Washington due to on-going restoration work at the Capitol building following the War of 1812. Three other inaugurations—Franklin D. Roosevelts fourth, Harry S. Trumans first, Presidential inaugurations have traditionally been outdoor public ceremonies. Andrew Jackson, in 1829, was the first of 35 held on the east front of the Capitol
Inauguration Day
–
Presidential inauguration at the western front of the
U.S. Capitol (
Barack Obama, 2009)
Inauguration Day
–
Presidential inauguration at the eastern front of the U.S. Capitol (
Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965)
Inauguration Day
–
Inauguration Day 2005: President
George W. Bush and First Lady
Laura Bush lead the inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue to the White House
Inauguration Day
–
Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, 1905
10.
United States Code
–
The Code of Laws of the United States of America is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 52 titles, and a further three titles have been proposed, the main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The official version of those laws not codified in the United States Code can be found in United States Statutes at Large, the official text of an Act of Congress is that of the enrolled bill presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register within the National Archives. After authorization from the OFR, copies are distributed as slip laws by the Government Printing Office, the Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is legal evidence of the laws enacted by Congress, slip laws are also competent evidence. The Statutes at Large, however, is not a convenient tool for legal research and it is arranged strictly in chronological order so that statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes. Statutes often repeal or amend laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time. The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, the Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U. S. House of Representatives. The LRC updates the Code accordingly, because of this codification approach, a single named statute may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem, for example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7, Title 26, and Title 43. When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles, usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted, however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC. Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law, the authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U. S. C. §92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U. S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, by law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are prima facie evidence of the law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority, if a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. This process makes that title of the United States Code legal evidence of the law in force, where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress. The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate, the United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat
United States Code
–
A few volumes of an annotated version of the United States Code
11.
USA PATRIOT Act
–
The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26,2001. With its ten-letter abbreviation expanded, the title is Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept. Following a lack of Congressional approval, parts of the Patriot Act expired on June 1,2015, with the passage of the USA Freedom Act on June 2,2015, the expired parts were restored and renewed through 2019. However, Section 215 of the law was amended to stop the National Security Agency from continuing its mass phone data collection program, instead, phone companies will retain the data and the NSA can obtain information about targeted individuals with permission from a federal court. From broad concern felt among Americans from both the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks, Congress rushed to pass legislation to strengthen security controls. On October 23,2001, Republican Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner introduced H. R.3162 incorporating provisions from a previously sponsored House bill, the next day, the Act passed the House 357 to 66, with Democrats comprising the overwhelming portion of dissent. The three Republicans voting no were Robert Ney of Ohio, Butch Otter of Idaho and Ron Paul of Texas, on October 25, the Act passed the Senate by 98 to 1. Since its passage, several legal challenges have been brought against the act, many provisions of the act were to sunset beginning December 31,2005, approximately four years after its passage. In July 2005, the U. S. Senate passed a bill with substantial changes to several sections of the act. The two bills were reconciled in a conference committee that was criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns. The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2,2006, Title I authorizes measures to enhance the ability of domestic security services to prevent terrorism. The title established a fund for counter-terrorist activities and increased funding for the Terrorist Screening Center which is administered by the FBI, the military was authorized to provide assistance in some situations that involve weapons of mass destruction when so requested by the Attorney General. The National Electronic Crime Task Force was expanded, along with the Presidents authority and it primarily made amendments to FISA, and the ECPA, and many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act reside in this title. In particular, the title allows government agencies to gather foreign intelligence information from both U. S. and non-U. S, Citizens, and changed FISA to make gaining foreign intelligence information the significant purpose of FISA-based surveillance, where previously it had been the primary purpose. However, that this wall even existed was found by the Federal Surveillance Court of Review to have actually been a long-held misinterpretation by government agencies, also removed was the statutory requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U. S. Citizen and agent of a power, though it did require that any investigations must not be undertaken on citizens who are carrying out activities protected by the First Amendment. The title also expanded the duration of FISA physical search and surveillance orders, the scope and availability of wiretapping and surveillance orders were expanded under Title II. The Act allowed any district judge in the United States to issue such surveillance orders
USA PATRIOT Act
–
USA PATRIOT Act
12.
United States Department of Justice
–
The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project
United States Department of Justice
–
The
Robert F. Kennedy Building in August 2006. The building serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice.
United States Department of Justice
–
Seal of the United States Department of Justice
13.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
Federal Bureau of Investigation
–
J. Edgar Hoover, Director from 1924 to 1972.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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FBI
SWAT agents in a training exercise
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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An FBI Agent tags the
cockpit voice recorder from
EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the
USS Grapple (ARS 53) at the crash site on November 13, 1999.
14.
Drug Enforcement Administration
–
The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum
Drug Enforcement Administration
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Two DEA agents in a
shoot house exercise.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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Seal of the Drug Enforcement Administration
Drug Enforcement Administration
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DEA agents burning hashish seized in Operation Albatross in Afghanistan, 2008.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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"
Operation Somalia Express " was an 18-month investigation which included the coordinated takedown of a 44-member international narcotics-trafficking organization responsible for smuggling more than 25 tons of
khat from the
Horn of Africa to the United States.
15.
United States Marshals Service
–
The United States Marshals Service is a federal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice. It is the oldest American federal law enforcement agency, which was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 during the presidency of George Washington, the Marshals Service is attached to the Judicial branch of government, and is the enforcement arm of the federal courts. It is the agency for fugitive operations, responsible for prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court. The Marshals Service operates the Witness Protection Program, and serves federal level arrest warrants, the office of United States Marshal was created by the First Congress. President George Washington signed the Judiciary Act into law on September 24,1789, the Act provided that the United States Marshals primary function was to execute all lawful warrants issued to him under the authority of the United States. The critical Supreme Court decision, affirming the authority of the federal marshals, was made in In re Neagle 135 U. S.1. For over 100 years marshals were patronage jobs, typically controlled by the district judge and they were paid primarily by fees until a salary system was set up in 1896. Many of the first US Marshals had already proven themselves in service during the American Revolution. From the nations earliest days, marshals were permitted to recruit special deputies as local hires, Marshals were also authorized to swear in a posse to assist with manhunts, and other duties, ad hoc. Marshals were given authority to support the federal courts within their judicial districts. Federal marshals were by far the most important government officials in territorial jurisdictions, local law enforcement officials were often called marshals so there is often an ambiguity whether someone was a federal or a local official. Federal marshals are most famous for their law enforcement work, the largest part of the business was paper work—serving writs, and other process issued by the courts, made all the arrests, and handled all federal prisoners. They also disbursed funds as ordered by the courts, Marshals paid the fees and expenses of the court clerks, U. S. Attorneys, jurors, and witnesses. They rented the courtrooms and jail space, and hired the bailiffs, criers and they made sure the prisoners were present, the jurors were available, and that the witnesses were on time. The marshals thus provided local representation for the government within their districts. They took the census every decade through 1870. During the settlement of the American Frontier, marshals served as the source of day-to-day law enforcement in areas that had no local government of their own. U. S. Marshals were instrumental in keeping law and order in the Old West era, Bill Tilghman, Heck Thomas, and Chris Madsen formed a legendary law enforcement trio known as The Three Guardsmen when they worked together policing the vast, lawless Oklahoma and Indian Territories
United States Marshals Service
–
Deputy U.S. Marshal
Morgan Earp in an 1881 photograph
United States Marshals Service
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Variant flag of the U.S. Marshals Service
United States Marshals Service
–
U.S. marshals accompanying
James Meredith to class
United States Marshals Service
–
U.S. Marshals and Ruby Bridges by Norman Rockwell
16.
Federal Bureau of Prisons
–
The Federal Bureau of Prisons, is a United States federal law enforcement agency. A subdivision of the U. S. Department of Justice, the system handles inmates who have violated, or are accused of violating, federal law. The BOP also holds inmates who have committed felonies in Washington, the BOP is also responsible for carrying out all judicially ordered federal executions in the United States. The Federal Prison System existed for more than 30 years before the BOP was established, until 1907, prison matters were handled by the Justice Departments General Agent. The General Agent was responsible for Justice Department accounts, oversight of internal operations,325, the Bureau of Prisons was established by the U. S. Congress within the U. S. Department of Justice. The new Prison Bureau was now under the Administration of the 31st President Herbert Hoover and this responsibility covered the administration of the 11 federal prisons in operation at the time. By the end of the year 1930, the system had expanded to 14 institutions with 13,000 inmates. By a decade later in 1940, the Federal prison system had 24 institutions with 24,360 incarcerated, the State of Alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on January 3,1959, using the Alaska Department of Corrections. Prior to statehood, the BOP had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska, the population increase has decelerated since the early 2000s but the federal inmate population continues to grow. National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997 transferred responsibility for adult felons convicted of violating District of Columbia laws to the BOP. As of 2015, 63% of BOP employees are white, 22% are black, 12% are Hispanic, 2% are Asian, all BOP employees undergo 200 hours of formal training in their first year of employment. Employees must also complete additional 120 hours of training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, the BOP has five security levels. Federal Prison Camps, the BOP minimum-security facilities, feature a lack of or an amount of perimeter fencing. Low-security Federal Correctional Institutions have double-fenced perimeters, and inmates live in mostly cubicle or dormitory housing, medium-security FCIs and some United States Penitentiaries are classified to hold medium-security inmates. The medium facilities have strengthened perimeters, which often consist of double fences with electronic detection systems, medium-security facilities mostly have cell housing. Most U. S. Penitentiaries are classified as high-security facilities, the perimeters, highly secured, often have reinforced fences or walls. Federal Correctional Complexes are co-locations of BOP facilities with different security levels and/or genders, some units have small, minimum-security camps, known as satellite camps, adjacent to the main facilities. Twenty-eight BOP institutions hold female inmates, as of 2010 about 15% of the inmates under the jurisdiction of the Federal Bureau of Prisons are in facilities operated by third parties
Federal Bureau of Prisons
–
The Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building, which houses the main office of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in Washington, DC
Federal Bureau of Prisons
–
Seal of the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Federal Bureau of Prisons
–
The exterior of
Federal Correctional Institution, Milan
Federal Bureau of Prisons
–
United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, the location of the federal
death row for men and the federal
execution chamber
17.
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks, in fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense, Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice and its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1,2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U. S. Border Patrol, the U. S. Customs Service, the Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary, the Department contains the components listed below. Agencies, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Processes and examines citizenship, residency, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus, An agency that enforces U. S. It also investigates crimes against the U. S. monetary system including the crime of counterfeiting U. S. currency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, agency that oversees the federal governments response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, etc. National Protection and Programs Directorate, risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements, Federal Protective Service, Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U. S. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests. National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5,2002 speech, President Bush said, to secure freedom in the homeland. Prior to the creation of DHS, American presidents had referred to the U. S. as the nation or the republic, also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase the homeland by White House spokespeople. In 2011 the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System, the system has two types of advisories, Alerts and Bulletins. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States, Alerts themselves have two levels, Elevated and Imminent. An Elevated Alert is issued when there is information about an attack. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific, many procedures at government facilities are tied in to the alert level, for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level. After resigning, Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
A
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses
Dick Cheney (center), then
Vice President of the United States,
Saxby Chambliss (center right), a
U.S. senator from
Georgia and
Michael Chertoff (far right), then
United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
President
George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1, 2003.
United States Department of Homeland Security
–
Ready.gov program logo
18.
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
–
U. S. Customs and Border Protection is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is charged with regulating and facilitating trade, collecting import duties, and enforcing U. S. regulations, including trade, customs. CBP is the largest law enforcement agency in the United States and it has a workforce of more than 45,600 sworn federal agents and officers. It has its headquarters in Washington, D. C, more than 21,180 CBP Officers inspect and examine passengers and cargo at over 300 ports of entry. Over 2,200 CBP Agriculture Specialists work to curtail the spread of pests and plant and animal diseases that may harm America’s farms and food supply or cause bio-. Over 21,370 Border Patrol Agents protect and patrol 1,900 miles of border with Mexico and 5,000 miles of border with Canada. Nearly 1,050 Air and Marine Interdiction Agents prevent people, weapons, narcotics, nearly 2,500 employees in CBP revenue positions collect over $30 billion annually in entry duties and taxes through the enforcement of trade and tariff laws. In addition, these employees fulfill the trade mission by appraising and classifying imported merchandise. These employees serve in such as import specialist, auditor, international trade specialist. The primary goal of the CBP Canine Program is terrorist detection and apprehension, the CBP Canine Program is critical to the mission of the Department of Homeland Security, To Protect the Homeland. The program conducts the largest number of working dogs of any U. S. federal law enforcement agency, k-9 teams are assigned to 73 commercial ports and 74 Border Patrol stations throughout the nation. There are 327 officially designated ports of entry and an additional 14 pre-clearance locations in Canada, Ireland, the Middle East, Bermuda and the Caribbean. CBP is also in charge of the Container Security Initiative, which identifies, CBP assess all passengers flying into the U. S. CBP also works with the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to screen high-risk imported food shipments in order to prevent bio-terrorism/agro-terrorism. S. CSI is implemented in 20 of the largest ports in terms of shipments to the U. S. The Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection program allows pre-screened, NEXUS is a similar program on the countrys northern border with Canada. An agreement with Canada allows CBP to target, screen, under Section 596 of the Tariff Act, CBP is required to seize and forfeit all merchandise that is stolen, smuggled, or clandestinely imported or introduced. CBP is also required to seize and forfeit controlled substances, certain contraband articles, in conjunction with the Department of State and the Bureau of the Census, CBP has put in place regulations that require submission of electronic export information on U. S. Munitions List and for technology for the Commerce Control List, CBP uses advance information from the Automated Targeting System and the Automated Export System to identify cargo that may pose a threat
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
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CBP officer badge
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
–
Patch of CBP
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
–
Immigration inspectors, c. 1924
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
–
U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers
19.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
–
ICE has two primary components, Homeland Security Investigations and Enforcement and Removal Operations. ICE is charged with the investigation and enforcement of over 400 federal statutes within the United States, ICE is led by a director who is appointed at the sub-Cabinet level by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. ICE is the second-largest criminal investigative agency in the U. S. government after the FBI, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002 following the events of September 11,2001. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28,2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson moved the Federal Air Marshals Service from the Transportation Security Administration to ICE, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. ICE has an estimated 15,000 employees in 400 domestic and 50 international offices, the organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates and several support divisions each headed by a director who reports to an Executive Associate Director. The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public, HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the U. S. Secret Service during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections, HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations. HSI has more than 6,500 special agents, making it the largest investigative entity in the Department of Homeland Security, the Office of Intelligence is a subcomponent of HSI that employs a variety of special agents and Intelligence Research Specialists to facilitate HSIs tactical and strategic intelligence demands. Collectively, these intelligence professionals collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence for use by the elements of DHS. The Office of Intelligence works closely with the components of other federal, state. HSI agents assigned to FIGs generally focus on Human Intelligence collection, International Operations, formerly known as the Office of International Affairs, is a subcomponent of HSI with agents stationed in 60 locations around the world. HSIs foreign offices, known as Attaché Offices, work with governments to identify. Seventeen HSI field offices maintain a Special Response Team that operates similarly to a federal SWAT element for the area of responsibility. There is also a team of instructors and coordinators stationed full-time in Columbus and these teams primarily deploy to handle high-risk operations, but also assist in events such as Hurricane Katrina, the Haiti earthquake 2010, and other natural disasters around the globe. SRT is a collateral duty open to HSI agents assigned to an office with a certified team, to qualify, candidates must pass a physical fitness test, qualify with multiple firearms by shooting 90% or better in full tactical gear, and pass an oral interview process. If a candidate passes these stages and is voted on the team, they are then designated Green Team members. Green Team members are sent to the SRT certification school at Fort Benning, Georgia
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
–
Badge of a Homeland Security Investigations Special Agent
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
–
ICE headquarters building in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
–
HSI
special agents aiding with rescue effort for the
2010 Haiti earthquake
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
–
HSI San Diego Special Response Team (SRT) members aiding rescue efforts during
Hurricane Katrina.
20.
Federal Air Marshal Service
–
The Air Marshal Service is meant to promote confidence in civil aviation by effectively deploying federal air marshals to detect, deter, and defeat hostile acts targeting the United States. Because of the nature of their occupation, federal air marshals travel often and they must also train to be highly proficient marksmen. Since the 1990s, air marshals are considered to have the highest firearms qualification standards of all United States federal law enforcement agencies, initially, President John F. Kennedy in 1961 ordered that federal law enforcement officers be deployed to act as security officers on certain high-risk flights. The Federal Air Marshal Service began on March 2,1962 as the Federal Aviation Administration’s FAA Peace Officers Program, on this date, the first 18 volunteers from the FAAs Flight Standards Division graduated training. They received training from the U. S, Border Patrol at Port Isabel, TX. They later went through recurrent yearly training in Brownsville, Texas and these initial FAA Peace Officers were named by FAA Administrator Najeeb Halaby. Later, it became a part of the Civil Aviation Security Division of the FAA. Many years after their inception, personnel were given firearms and some close quarters combat training at the FBI Academy located on the U. S. Marine Corps training grounds at Quantico. In October 1969, due to the violence of hijacked aircraft in the Middle East. The program was run by John Brophy and staffed with a handful of deputies, since the majority of hijackings were occurring out of Florida in the late 1960s, the U. S. Marshals Service started their program to try and combat air piracy given their broad jurisdiction. The Sky Marshal Program of the 1970s later became a joint effort between the U. S. Customs Service and the FAA and was led by General Benjamin O. Davis Jr. a former Tuskegee Airman. Initially, the personnel were federal agents from the U. S. Department of Treasury. Subsequently, the United States Customs Service formed the Division of Air Security, approximately 1,700 personnel were hired for this position and were trained at the Treasury Air Security Officer training complex at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Customs security officers were deployed on U. S. flagged commercial aircraft, Customs security officers also handled ground security screening on selected flights at domestic U. S. airports. By 1974 armed sky marshals were a rarity on U. S. aircraft, the former customs security officers were reassigned as customs patrol officers, customs inspectors, and customs special agents. A small force of Federal Air Marshals were retained at the FAA starting in 1974, the personnel trained under this program was limited to 10-12 persons. For the next years after customs security officer disbandment, the FAA air marshals rarely flew missions. S. Resistance to the entrance of armed personnel to their countries was overcome through negotiations and agreements about the terms, hence the FAMs could to operate worldwide in carrying out their mission to protect U. S. aviation from hijackings
Federal Air Marshal Service
–
Air Marshal
21.
United States Secret Service
–
The United States Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Until 2003, the Service was part of the U. S. Department of the Treasury, the Secret Services initial responsibility was to investigate counterfeiting of U. S. currency, which was rampant following the U. S. Civil War. The agency then evolved into the United States first domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency, the Secret Service has two primary missions, investigation of financial crimes and physical protection of designated protectees. After the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley, Congress also directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States, Protection remains the other key mission of the United States Secret Service. From 1997 until 2013, legislation became effective limiting Secret Service protection to former Presidents, President Barack Obama signed legislation reversing this limit and reinstating lifetime protection on January 10,2013. The Secret Service investigates thousands of incidents a year of individuals threatening the President of the United States, the Director of Secret Service is appointed by the President of the United States. With a reported one third of the currency in circulation being counterfeit at the time, Chief William P. Wood was sworn in by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. It was commissioned in Washington, D. C. as the Secret Service Division of the Department of the Treasury with the mission of suppressing counterfeiting, the legislation creating the agency was on Abraham Lincolns desk the night he was assassinated. At the time, the other federal law enforcement agencies were the United States Park Police. Post Office Departments Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations, and the U. S. Marshals Service, the Marshals did not have the manpower to investigate all crime under federal jurisdiction, so the Secret Service began to investigate everything from murder to bank robbery to illegal gambling. After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, Congress informally requested that the Secret Service provide presidential protection, a year later, the Secret Service assumed full-time responsibility for presidential protection. In 1902, William Craig became the first Secret Service agent to die while serving, the Secret Service was the first U. S. domestic intelligence and counterintelligence agency. Domestic intelligence collection and counterintelligence responsibilities were vested in the Federal Bureau of Investigation upon the FBIs creation in 1908, the Secret Service assisted in arresting Japanese American leaders and in the Japanese American internment during World War II. Secret Service is not a part of the U. S, on October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route. Burnham signaled a Texas Ranger, Private C. R. Moore, in 1950, President Harry S. Truman was residing in Blair House while the White House, across the street, was undergoing renovations. On November 1,1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, approached Blair House with the intent to assassinate President Truman, Collazo and Torresola opened fire on Private Leslie Coffelt and other White House Police officers. Though mortally wounded by three shots from a 9 mm German Luger to his chest and abdomen, Private Coffelt returned fire, as of 2017, Coffelt is the only member of the Secret Service killed while protecting a US president against an assassination attempt. Collazo was also shot, but survived his injuries and served 29 years in prison before returning to Puerto Rico in late 1979, in 1968, as a result of Robert F. Kennedys assassination, Congress authorized protection of major presidential and vice presidential candidates and nominees
United States Secret Service
–
Secret Service Special Agents and Special Officers (foreground) protecting the
President of the United States,
George W. Bush in 2007.
United States Secret Service
–
Logo of the U.S. Secret Service
United States Secret Service
–
Secret Service agents providing security for
Pope Benedict XVI in Washington, D.C.
United States Secret Service
–
Secret Service agents in response to the assassination attempt of
Ronald Reagan by
John Hinckley, Jr. on March 30, 1981
22.
United States Coast Guard
–
The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the countrys seven uniformed services. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine, by the 1860s, the service was known as the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse, the modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U. S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U. S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War. As of 2014 the Coast Guard had over 36,000 men and women on duty,7,350 reservists,29,620 auxiliarists. In terms of size, the U. S. Coast Guard by itself is the worlds 12th largest naval force. Because of its authority, the Coast Guard can conduct military operations under the U. S. Department of Defense or directly for the President in accordance with Title 14 USC 1–3. The Coast Guards enduring roles are maritime safety, security, to carry out those roles, it has 11 statutory missions as defined in 6 U. S. C. §468, which include enforcing U. S. law in the worlds largest exclusive economic zone of 3.4 million square miles, the Coast Guards motto is the Latin phrase, Semper Paratus. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, the Coast Guards most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit. Wil Milam, a swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, In the Navy. Practicing for war, training for war, in the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself. The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are subdivided into eleven statutory missions. Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for military and civilian search and rescue. The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators, previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports, details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution, the five uniformed services that make up the U. S
United States Coast Guard
–
A boatswain's mate watches from the side port door as
Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf's Over-The-Horizon small boat departs to receive personnel from Coast Guard Cutter Chandeleur in 2008.
United States Coast Guard
–
The official seal of the United States Coast Guard, adopted in December 1966.
United States Coast Guard
–
A Coast Guard
Aviation Survival Technician assisting with the rescue of a pregnant woman during
Hurricane Katrina.
United States Coast Guard
–
Search and Rescue Program Logo of the United States Coast Guard.
23.
Transportation Security Administration
–
The Transportation Security Administration is an agency of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security that has authority over the security of the traveling public in the United States. It was created as a response to the September 11,2001 attacks, chiefly concerned with air travel, the TSA employs screening officers in airports, armed Federal Air Marshals on planes, and mobile teams of dog handlers. The use of enhanced screening procedures has caused controversy. S, Congress, and signed into law by President George W. Bush on November 19,2001. Originally part of the United States Department of Transportation, the TSA was moved to the Department of Homeland Security on March 9,2003, the TSA was created as a response to the September 11,2001 attacks. Its first administrator, John Magaw, was nominated by President Bush on December 10,2001, the organization was charged with developing policies to protect U. S. transportation, especially in airport security and the prevention of aircraft hijacking. TSA Screeners represent a case of a large scale staffing project completed over a period of time. The only effort in U. S history that came close to it was the testing of recruits for the forces in the First World War. TSA screeners, during the period from February to December 2002,1.7 million applicants were assessed for 55,000 positions. With state, local, and regional partners, the TSA oversees security for highways, railroads, buses, mass transit systems, pipelines, however, the bulk of the TSAs efforts are in aviation security. The TSA is responsible for screening passengers and baggage at more than 450 U. S. airports, private screening did not disappear under the TSA, which allows airports to opt out of federal screening and hire firms to do the job instead. Such firms must still get TSA approval under its Screening Partnership Program, among the U. S. Schulz – Sonoma County Airport, and Jackson Hole Airport. When TSA was established by the Aviation and Transportation Security Act in the Department of Transportation, following the TSAs transfer to the Department of Homeland Security, the position was reclassified as the Administrator of Transportation Security Administration. The position has also referred to as the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for the Transportation Security Administration. There have been six administrators and several acting administrators in TSAs history and they screen people and property and control entry and exit points in airports. They also watch several areas before and beyond checkpoints, TSOs carry no weapons, and are not permitted to use force, nor do they have the power to arrest. Transportation Security Officers provide security and protection of air travelers, airports and aircraft in a courteous, performing searches and screening, which may include physical interaction with passengers, conducting bag searches and lifting/carrying bags, bins, and property weighing up to 70lbs. Controlling terminal entry and exit points, interacting with the public, giving directions and responding to inquiries. This may include application of risk-based security screening protocols that vary based on program requirements. Key Requirements for Employment Be a U. S, a handful of airports also have a retention bonus of up to 35%
Transportation Security Administration
–
TSA headquarters located in
Pentagon City, Arlington County, Virginia.
Transportation Security Administration
–
Seal when under the
Department of Transportation
Transportation Security Administration
–
TSA security search
Transportation Security Administration
–
VIPR team working cars waiting to board a ferry in Portland, Maine
24.
United States Department of Defense
–
The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence
United States Department of Defense
–
The Pentagon, headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense
United States Department of Defense
–
Department of Defense
United States Department of Defense
–
President
Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949
United States Department of Defense
–
Department of Defense organizational chart (December 2013)
25.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
The Federal Protective Service is the police division of the National Protection and Programs Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The FPS is a law enforcement agency, and employs approximately 900 law enforcement officers. They are given 3 weeks of training under FPS, the FPS was formerly a part of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement until October 2009, when it was transferred to the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Federal Protective Service is a branch of the National Protection and Programs Directorate, as the police force of the Secretary of Homeland Security, FPS is responsible for policing, securing and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct their business. FPS does this by investigating threats posed against over 9,000 federal facilities nationwide, fPSs work focuses directly on the interior security of the nation and the reduction of crimes and potential threats to federal facilities throughout the nation. Uniformed FPS officers/inspectors and special agents respond to calls for assistance, conduct investigations and provide crime prevention tips, all federal facilities under FPS control receive a thorough building security assessment on a recurring schedule. Based on the findings and working with the agencies housed in the facility, security countermeasures are added or adjusted and this allows for tailored security for each individual facility versus a one-size-fits-all approach. FPS law enforcement officers also undergo training, depending on their assignment to special units within the service. Prior to the establishment of the seat of government, the commissioners hired six night watchmen to protect the designated buildings the government was intended to occupy. FPS traces its origins to the appointment of these six night watchmen, FPS has resided in a number of different agencies over the years. The act of June 1,1948, authorized the Federal Administrator to appoint special policemen for duty in connection with the policing of all buildings owned and occupied by the United States. In 1949, Congress enacted the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, the FPS force, known at the time as the United States Special Police, came under the supervision of the Protection Division of the Public Building Service. Initially, the function of FPS was protection, as an integral part of building operations. By 1960, the mission of FPS became the first line of defense against bomb threats, bombings, vandalism, mass demonstrations, in 1980, Fidel Castro instigated a wave of emigration from Cuba to the United States using the harbor town of Mariel for debarkation. The thousands of refugees were eventually distributed to military installations in several states, the Immigration and Naturalization Service and Border Patrol were understaffed to provide civilian law enforcement officers needed to maintain order within the installations. Federal Protective Officers from across the country frequently served in the camps, more recently, the role of the FPS officer has undergone further changes. The FPS has shifted its emphasis from the guard post concept of security to a mobile police patrol. FPS contracts private security companies to guard fixed posts, the Civil Service Commission developed standards for FPS applicants, which included background investigations, and physical examinations
United States Federal Protective Service
–
A FPS SUV seen in 2010, an
ICE shield is included in this vehicle's
livery.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
Patch of the Federal Protective Service
United States Federal Protective Service
–
Federal Protective Service vehicle.
United States Federal Protective Service
–
United States Federal Protective Service color guard
26.
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina at peak strength on August 28, 2005
Hurricane Katrina
–
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
–
Katrina on August 28, nearing the
Gulf Coast.
Hurricane Katrina
–
Flanked by
Michael Chertoff,
Secretary of Homeland Security, left, and
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, President
George W. Bush meets with members of the
White House Task Force on Hurricane Katrina Recovery on August 31, 2005, in the Cabinet Room of the White House.
27.
Federation
–
A federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central government. The governmental or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism and it can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. Federations are often multiethnic and cover an area of territory. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, at some time, that is recognized and a movement is organized to merge more closely. At other times, especially when common cultural factors are at such as ethnicity and language. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an example of formal non-unitary statehood. Several colonies and dominions in the New World consisted of autonomous provinces, the oldest continuous federation, and a role model for many subsequent federations, is the United States. Some of the New World federations failed, the Federal Republic of Central America broke up into independent states ten years after its founding, others, such as Argentina and Mexico, have shifted between federal, confederal, and unitary systems, before settling into federalism. Brazil became a federation only after the fall of the monarchy, australia and Canada are also federations. Germany is another nation-state that has switched between confederal, federal and unitary rules, since the German Confederation was founded in 1815, the North German Confederation, the succeeding German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federations. The Russian Federation has inherited a similar system, Nigeria, Pakistan, India and Malaysia became federations on or shortly before becoming independent from the British Empire. In some recent cases, federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iraq since 2005. The component states are in some sense sovereign, insofar as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government, however, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy, however, German Länder have that power, which is beginning to be exercised on a European level. Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others, an example of such a federation is Malaysia, in which Sarawak and Sabah agreed to form the federation on different terms and conditions from the states of Peninsular Malaysia. A federation often emerges from an agreement between a number of separate states. The purpose can be the will to solve problems and to provide for mutual defense or to create a nation state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland, however, as the histories of countries and nations vary, the federalist system of a state can be quite different from these models
Federation
–
The
United Provinces of Central America was a short-lived federal republic
Federation
–
Unitary states
28.
Unitary state
–
The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states,165 of them are governed as unitary states, unitary states are contrasted with federal states. In a unitary state, sub-national units are created and abolished, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an example of a unitary state. Many unitary states have no areas possessing a degree of autonomy, in such countries, sub-national regions cannot decide their own laws. Examples are the Republic of Ireland and the Kingdom of Norway, in federal states, the sub-national governments share powers with the central government as equal actors through a written constitution, to which the consent of both is required to make amendments. This means that the units have a right of existence. The United States of America is an example of a federal state, under the U. S. Constitution, powers are shared between the federal government and the states
Unitary state
–
Unitary states
29.
Confederal
–
A confederation is a union of sovereign states, united for purposes of common action often in relation to other states. Confederalism represents a form of inter-governmentalism, this being defined as ‘any form of interaction between states which takes place on the basis of sovereign independence. The nature of the relationship among the member states constituting a confederation varies considerably, likewise, the relationship between the member states and the general government, and the distribution of powers among them is highly variable. Some looser confederations are similar to international organisations, other confederations with stricter rules may resemble federal systems. Since the member states of a confederation retain their sovereignty, they have a right of secession. … The deliberations in common will offer no violence to the sovereignty of each member’, under a confederal arrangement, in contrast with a federal one, the central authority is relatively weak. Decisions made by the government in a unicameral legislature, a council of the member states. They are therefore not laws acting directly upon the individual, also, decision-making in the general government usually proceeds by consensus and not by majority, which makes for a slow and inefficient government. For example, C. E. some aspects of a confederation in Le Soir, also in Le Soir, Professor Michel Quévit of the Catholic University of Leuven wrote that the Belgian political system is already in dynamics of a Confederation. Nevertheless, the Belgian regions lack the necessary autonomy to leave the Belgian state, as such, federal aspects still dominate. Also, for policy and public finances, the federal state dominates the other levels of government. The increasingly confederal aspects of the Belgian Federal State appear to be a reflection of the profound cultural, sociological. Parties that strongly advocate Belgian unity and appeal to voters of both communities play usually only a role in nationwide general elections. This makes Belgium fundamentally different from countries like Switzerland, Canada, Germany. In those countries, national parties regularly receive over 90% of voter support, in Canada, the word confederation has an additional, unrelated meaning. Confederation refers to the process of establishing or joining the Canadian federal state, in modern terminology, Canada is a federation and not a confederation. However, at the time of the Constitution Act,1867, confederation was the normal British, therefore, on July 1,1867, Canada became a self-governing dominion of the British Empire with a federal structure under the leadership of Sir John A. Macdonald. The provinces involved were the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, later participants were Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Alberta and Saskatchewan, and finally Newfoundland in 1949
Confederal
–
The monarchs of the member states of the
German Confederation meet in
Frankfurt in 1863.
30.
United States government
–
The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
United States government
–
The
United States Capitol is the
seat of government for Congress.
United States government
–
Great Seal of the United States
United States government
–
Diagram of the Federal Government and American Union, 1862.
31.
Constitution of the United States of America
–
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
Constitution of the United States of America
–
Page one of the original copy of the Constitution
Constitution of the United States of America
–
Signing the Constitution, September 17, 1787
Constitution of the United States of America
–
Territorial extent of the United States, 1790.
Constitution of the United States of America
–
"We the People" in an original edition
32.
US state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
US state
–
U.S. states
33.
Sovereignty
–
Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a term designating supreme authority over some polity. It is a basic principle underlying the dominant Westphalian model of state foundation, derived from Latin through French souveraineté, its attainment and retention, in both Chinese and Western culture, has traditionally been associated with certain moral imperatives upon any claimant. The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, and is still actively debated and it has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority, Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy. The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that, The imperium of the people is transferred to the Emperor, the Emperor is not bound by the law. Emperor is the law making and abiding force, Ulpian was expressing the idea that the Emperor exercised a rather absolute form of sovereignty, although he did not use the term expressly. Classical Ulpians statements were known in medieval Europe, but sovereignty was an important concept in medieval times, Medieval monarchs were not sovereign, at least not strongly so, because they were constrained by, and shared power with, their feudal aristocracy. Furthermore, both were strongly constrained by custom, Sovereignty existed during the Medieval Period as the de jure rights of nobility and royalty, and in the de facto capability of individuals to make their own choices in life. 1380–1400, the issue of sovereignty was addressed in Geoffrey Chaucers Middle English collection of Canterbury Tales. The story revolves around the knight Sir Gawain granting to Dame Ragnell, his new bride, what is purported to be wanted most by women and we desire most from men, From men both lund and poor, To have sovereignty without lies. For where we have sovereignty, all is ours, Though a knight be ever so fierce and it is our desire to have master Over such a sir. Jean Bodin, partly in reaction to the chaos of the French wars of religion, in his 1576 treatise Les Six Livres de la République Bodin argued that it is inherent in the nature of the state that the sovereign must have both great and perpetual authority. Bodin rejected the notion of transference of sovereignty from people to the ruler, however, although he is often connected with absolutism, Bodin held some moderate opinions on how government should in practice be carried out. Thus, Bodin’s sovereign was restricted by the law of the state. Bodin believed that “the most divine, most excellent, and the form most proper to royalty is governed partly aristocratically and partly democratically”. With his doctrine that sovereignty is conferred by law, Bodin predefined the scope of the divine right of kings. During the Age of Enlightenment, the idea of sovereignty gained both legal and moral force as the main Western description of the meaning and power of a State
Sovereignty
–
The frontispiece of
Thomas Hobbes '
Leviathan, depicting the Sovereign as a massive body wielding a
sword and
crozier and composed of many
individual people.
34.
Fugitive
–
A fugitive is a person who is fleeing from custody, whether it be from jail, a government arrest, government or non-government questioning, vigilante violence, or outraged private individuals. The fugitive from justice is ‘international’ if wanted by law enforcement authorities across a national border, interpol is the international authority for the pursuit of trans-border fugitives. In the United States, the U. S. Marshals Service is the law enforcement agency that tracks down federal fugitives. As a verbal metaphor and psychological concept, one might also be described as a fugitive from oneself, finally, the literary sense of fugitive includes the meaning of simply fleeing. Recently, convicted rapist Andrew Luster had his appeals denied on the basis that he spent six months as a fugitive, while a person is being sought for potential arrest, the person may be described variously as being at large or as a person of interest to law enforcement. The latter term is used in an All-points bulletin issued to other law enforcement persons or agencies. A person who has jumped bail after arraignment in court may be hunted or pursued by his bail bondsman, the act of fleeing from the jurisdiction of a court is described colloquially as fleeing justice or running from the Law. A wanted poster may be issued, especially by the FBI, on the lam or on the run often refers to fugitives. Mencken quotes a newspaper report on the origin of lam which actually traces it back to Shakespeares time. Its origin should be obvious to anyone who runs over several phrases for leavetaking. The allusion in lam is to beat, and beat it is Old English, during the period of George Ades Fables in Slang, cabaret society delight in talking slang, and lam was current. Like many other terms, it went under in the flood of new usages of those days, a quarter of a century later it reappeared. Mencken also quotes a story from the New York Herald Tribune newspaper in 1938 which reported one of the oldest police officers in New York said that he had heard on the lam thirty years ago. Various methods can be used to find fugitives, phone taps and pen registers can be used on relatives. Credit card and cell phone activities and electronic transfer of money can also be traced, Wanted posters and rewards can also be used. Jail records are sometimes used, for instance, after the U. S. Government determined that Timothy McVeigh had perpetrated the Oklahoma City Bombing
Fugitive
–
Fugitives are often profiled in the media in order to be apprehended, such as in the TV show
America's Most Wanted.
35.
State police (United States)
–
In the United States, state police are a police body unique to each U. S. state, having statewide authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. They support local police and help to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force activity in serious or complicated cases in states that grant full police powers statewide. A general trend has been to bring all of these agencies under a state-level Department of Public Safety, twenty-three U. S. states use the term State Police. Forty-nine states have a State Police agency or its equivalent, with Hawaii being the state without a statewide police agency. The Texas Rangers are the earliest form of law enforcement in the United States. The original ranger force consisted of ten men charged with protecting settlers from Indian attacks and they continued to fill basic law enforcement and frontier protection roles until the close of the wild west era. In the early 1900s, they transformed into an investigative agency. The history and legacy of the Texas Rangers has spawned numerous depictions in popular culture, the Pennsylvania state police force emerged in the aftermath of the anthracite mine strike of 1902, in Pennsylvania. Whenever the miners elected to go out on strike and they invariably found the power of the State bought, paid for, and fighting as a partisan on their employers side. Nor was there any attempt made to do this monstrous thing under mask of decency, roosevelts assertions notwithstanding, the Iron and Coal Police continued to operate in increasing numbers into the 1930s. The formation of the New York State Police force on April 11,1917, was done amidst controversy and public debate, and the legislation creating it passed by only one vote. Instead, they were to be more like the police of Australia. The strikebreaking demands on the New York state police decreased over time and their mandate modernized with the creation of the highway system. While the early state troopers, as the name implies, were mounted troops, additionally, southern states were non-union and had little need for such state police, as did some northern mining states. During this time the Ku Klux Klan was also on a resurgence, over time, these agencies were vested with general police powers, but remained focused primarily on highway and vehicular law enforcement. Local NC sheriffs did not have the personnel, resources or training to do so during that era, thus, the NC State Highway Patrol was established on July 1,1929. Its original command staff was sent to the Pennsylvania State Police Academy for training, upon completion, these lieutenants and a captain returned to NC and started the SHP with a training camp for new recruits at Camp Glenn, a WW1 abandoned army post in Morehead City. Chartered to enforce traffic laws only, in the early 1930s the NCSHP had added in its charter that it had powers to deal with other crimes
State police (United States)
–
The
North Carolina Highway Patrol patrolling
Interstate 85 in March 2008.
State police (United States)
–
An Oregon State Police car on I-5N
36.
States of the United States
–
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories, and various possessions. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D. C. are in central North America between Canada and Mexico, the state of Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states. As provided by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress exercises exclusive jurisdiction over the federal district, which is not part of any state. Prior to passage of the 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act, which devolved certain Congressional powers to a mayor and council. Even so, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council, as it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate. However, since 1971, its residents have been represented in the House of Representatives by a non-voting delegate, additionally, since 1961, following ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the district has been entitled to select three electors to vote in the Electoral College. In addition to the 50 states and federal district, the United States has sovereignty over 14 territories, five of them have a permanent, nonmilitary population, while nine of them do not. With the exception of Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands, Navassa Island is claimed by Haiti. The five inhabited territories each have limited autonomy in addition to having territorial legislatures and governors, california is the most populous state, with 38,332,521 residents, Wyoming is the least populous, with an estimated 582,658 residents. The District of Columbia, with an estimated 646,449 residents as of 2012, has a population than the two least populous states. The largest state by area is Alaska, encompassing 665,384 square miles, while the smallest is Rhode Island, encompassing 1,545 square miles. The first state to ratify the current Constitution was Delaware, which it did on December 7,1787, while the newest state is Hawaii, which was admitted to the Union on August 21,1959. The largest territory in terms of population and size is Puerto Rico, with 3,725,789 residents as of the 2010 Census. The most recent entity to come under the sovereignty of the United States in its current form is the Northern Mariana Islands, which formally did so on November 3,1986. S
States of the United States
–
A map of the United States with all 50 states and the District of Columbia. 48 states and the District of Columbia are
contiguous, located north of
Mexico and south of
Canada.
Alaska is located in the extreme northwest of
North America, bordering the
Canadian territory of
Yukon and province of
British Columbia, and
Hawaii is located in the
Pacific Ocean.
37.
State police
–
State police or provincial police are a type of sub-national territorial police force, found particularly in North America, South Asia, and Oceania. Some other countries have analogous police forces, such as the police in some Canadian provinces. Each state of Australia has its own police force. Municipalities do not have police forces and it is left to the forces to police all geographic areas within their respective states. Prior to the Federation of Australia, each Colony within Australia had numerous police forces, Military Police — they are uniformed gendarmerie forces fulfilling roles as State police. They are a branch of the Brazilian armed forces but do not perform regular Military Police duties as they are performed by service police such as the Army Police. Two provinces in Canada have a force with jurisdiction over the entire province. In all other provinces, provincial police services are carried out by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a third police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary, which serves several metropolitan areas. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. In Alberta, highway patrol and civic guard duties are performed by the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the British Columbia Provincial Police existed from the mid 19th century until 1950 when it was incorporated into the RCMP. The Landespolizei is a used in the Federal Republic of Germany to denote the law enforcement services that perform law enforcement duties in the States of Germany. The German federal constitution leaves the majority of law enforcement responsibilities to the 16 states of the country. The IPS is not a law enforcement agency in its own right, the state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas. Each of the 31 states of Mexico maintains a law enforcement agency or Policia Estatal. Each of these forces is tasked with the protection of their citizens, keeping local order and combating insecurity. Certain states including Veracruz and Nuevo León have a new model of police force designated as Civilian Forces, three communities in the Kingdom of Spain possess their own police force akin to State Police or Community Police. Similarly, on 1 April 2013, Scotlands eight regional police forces amalgamated to create a Scottish national police service, Police Scotland, both are local as well as national forces of their respective constituent countries - effectively state-level within the UK. England and Wales, in contrast, typically organise policing on a city or county basis, see also, List of state police agencies
State police
–
A
Dodge Charger of the state police of
Yucatán in a parade.
State police
–
A North Carolinian state trooper's car on
I-85 in 2008.
38.
Highway patrol
–
They are also referred to in many countries as traffic police, although in other countries this term is more commonly used to refer to foot officers on point duty who control traffic at junctions. Duties of highway patrols or traffic police may include the following, commercial vehicle enforcement Enforcing highway laws related to commercial transport, including weight limits and hazardous materials rules. Education Providing public information, handouts, and displays to encourage safe driving, emergency response Securing the scene of a traffic accident by using cones and flares as well as providing first aid to the injured. Law enforcement Assisting local police in rural areas, and keeping an eye out for non-traffic violations, maintenance Observing and reporting damage to the roadways, and conducting hasty road surveys after disasters or the passage of inclement weather. Traffic enforcement Enforcing laws and regulations intended to improve traffic safety, in Argentina, traffic policing is the responsibility of the Argentine National Gendarmerie. In Australia, traffic policing is the responsibility of the police forces. Each force has its own sections, often a local section in each area. Wiki page about the WPR In Brazil, traffic policing is the responsibility of state, State administered highways are policed by a branch of the Military Police forces, called State Highway Military Police. At the same time Federal highways and roads are the responsibility of the Federal Highway Police, in Canada, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, except for the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Ontario Provincial Police Sûreté du Québec There is also a police force in Newfoundland known as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary. Although this police force no longer exists as the provincial police service. Currently, the provincial sheriffs service in Alberta maintains a patrol that shares traffic duties with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and historically, several provinces. New Brunswick, have had their own highway patrols, Quebec also operates the Contrôle routier Québec, who enforce traffic laws in relation heavy vehicles. In Colombia, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Highway Police, in Croatia, traffic police special department is the national motorway patrol, patrols the motorways in Croatia. Missions include the prevention and detection of driving offences, the car fleet is BMW 330d, Mercedes-Benz C320 CDI, Skoda Superb, VW Passat, VW Tuareg, Audi A4, Honda Accord, Ford Mondeo, Opel Vectra and Porsche Carrera 997. In the Czech Republic, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Policie CR, in the Finland, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Finnish National Police. In Germany, traffic policing on highways is the responsibility of the Autobahnpolizei section of the Landespolizei, in India, traffic policing on highways are carried out by state police forces. The Garda Traffic Corps, a unit of the Garda Síochána is responsible for patrolling the countries motorways
Highway patrol
–
Renault Twizy of the Madrid Highway police
Highway patrol
–
California Highway Patrol
39.
State Attorney General
–
The state attorney general in each of the 50 U. S. states and territories is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the states chief law enforcement officer. In some states, the attorney general serves as the head of a department of justice. 43 states have an attorney general. Elected attorneys general serve a term, except in Vermont. Seven states do not elect an attorney general, in Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming, the attorney general is a gubernatorial appointee. The attorney general in Tennessee is appointed by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term, in Maine, the attorney general is elected by the state Legislature for a two-year term. The District of Columbia and two U. S. territories, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, elect their attorneys general for a four-year term,2014 marked the first year that the District of Columbia and Northern Mariana Islands held an election for the office. In American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands, in Puerto Rico, the attorney general is officially called the secretary of justice, but is commonly known as the Puerto Rico attorney general. List of attorneys general by U. S. states and territories, Rows of the Attorney General table below are color coded indicating the political party of the office holder
State Attorney General
–
Democratic attorney general
40.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
Texas
–
Sam Rayburn Reservoir
Texas
–
Flag
Texas
–
Texas Hill Country
Texas
–
Big Bend National Park.
41.
Texas Ranger Division
–
The Texas Ranger Division, commonly called the Texas Rangers, is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction in Texas, based in the capital city of Austin. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in a written in 1823 and were first headed by Captain Morris. After a decade, on August 10,1835, Daniel Parker introduced a resolution to the Permanent Council creating a body of rangers to protect the border. The unit was dissolved by the authorities during the post–Civil War Reconstruction Era. Since 1935, the organization has been a division of the Texas Department of Public Safety, as of 2014, there are 150 commissioned members of the Ranger force. During their history, a distinct Ranger tradition has evolved, their significance to Texians. There is a dedicated to the Texas Rangers in Waco. While there is discussion as to when Austin actually employed men as rangers. The Texas Rangers were formally constituted in 1835 and, in November, within two years the Rangers comprised more than 300 men. Following the Texas Revolution and the creation of the Republic of Texas, lamar, raised a force of 56 Rangers to fight the Cherokee and the Comanche, partly in retaliation for the support they had given the Mexicans at the Cordova Rebellion against the Republic. Ten rangers were killed in the Battle of Stone Houses in 1837 and they played important roles at various battles, acting as guides and participating in Counter-guerrilla warfare, soon establishing a fearsome reputation among both Mexicans and Americans. Richard Addison Gillespie, a famed Texas Ranger, died at Monterrey, John Jackson Tumlinson Sr. the first alcalde of the Colorado district, is considered by many Texas Ranger historians to be the first Texas Ranger killed in the line of duty. One of his most urgent issues was protection of settlers from theft, on his way to San Antonio, in 1823, to discuss the issue with the governor, Tumlinson was killed by Native Americans. His travelling companion, a Mr. Newman, escaped, the now 100-strong Rangers participated in campaigns against the Comanche and other tribes, whose raids against the settlers and their properties had become common. Ford and his Rangers fought the Comanche in the Battle of Little Robe Creek in 1858, the success of a series of campaigns in the 1860s marked a turning point in Rangers history. The U. S. Army could provide limited and thinly-stretched protection in the enormous territory of Texas. Such a force could use the deep familiarity with the territory and this option was not pursued, in view of the emerging national political problems, and the Rangers were again dissolved. Many Rangers enlisted to fight for the Confederacy following the secession of Texas from the United States in 1861 during the Civil War, in 1870, during Reconstruction, the Rangers were briefly replaced by a Union-controlled version called the Texas State Police, disbanded only three years later
Texas Ranger Division
–
Logo of the TxDPS, Texas Ranger Division
Texas Ranger Division
–
Patch of the TxDPS, Texas Ranger Division
Texas Ranger Division
–
An early depiction of a group of Texas Rangers, c. 1845
Texas Ranger Division
–
Texas Historical Marker for Texas Ranger Camp Roberts in
Blanco Canyon
42.
Campus police
–
Instead most universities have a police liaison officer seconded from the areas police service. The liaison officer can provide crime prevention and recruitment information, patrol of campus site and create links with community as part of the national Community Policing Strategy and it is also known for officers to take lectures in policing for students studying law, police studies etc. This allows students to gain first hand knowledge on policing and real life scenarios that the force faces, most universities will have a security team responsible for patrolling the campuses. Some college campus public safety departments are actual police departments and able to all the duties of sworn police officers including make arrests, issue citations. These departments operate either as individual police departments on campus in cooperation with law enforcement. These officers go through the same training as local police officers do. They could, in theory, assist local law enforcement when necessary if that agreement exists between the two departments, if it is not an actual police department, officers cannot perform the same functions as sworn police officers such as arrest perpetrators or issue citations. Some college security departments have the equivalent of armed security officers that are allowed to carry a firearm under that states individual licensing requirements. Other states have similar certifications and training requirements, college campus safety officer defensive tactics should be taught to all officers who are hired to protect students on campus, regardless of if they are able to carry a firearm or not. Many university police officers are commissioned through their state Police Officer Standards and Training after completing established training and this is usually equivalent to that of a municipal or state police officer. They routinely attend the police academy as local or state police officers. In some cases, campus police agencies are better equipped and staffed than municipal, the campus police in some state-owned schools may have statewide authority and jurisdiction similar to that afforded to state police. Hawaii, Idaho, and New Hampshire are the states in the US to not have a statutory provision for the commissioning of sworn campus police officers. They were joined by Oregon until 2009, when that state revised its system of Campus law enforcement in Oregon and they do not rely on the city police around them to take on their responsibilities. Both The University of Delaware Police and Delaware State University Police are fully accredited police agencies with police powers, equipment. Campus police officers for public universities in Louisiana have full powers on. UMPD enforces law on all University property, and works closely with the Minneapolis Police Department to enforce the law in neighborhoods close proximity to the University. University of Missouri Police Department University of Missouri-St, all police officers must be NC Basic Law Enforcement Training certified and pass all state standards for peace officers
Campus police
–
Rather than traditional police colors, cruisers at some institutions sport the livery colors of the university they serve.
Campus police
–
Patrol cars of the
Ohio University Police Department in
Athens, Ohio.
43.
Psychiatric hospital
–
Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients, others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment. Patients are often admitted on a basis, but people whom psychiatrists believe may pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment. Psychiatric hospitals may also be referred to as psychiatric wards when they are a subunit of a regular hospital, modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal, a crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Open units are units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. Another type of hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. In the United Kingdom, both admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness, long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time-frame. Another institution for the mentally ill is a halfway house. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums, the development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. It greatly differed from the view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society. The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD, others would rapidly follow, with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication. Western Europe would adopt these views later on with the advances of physicians like Philippe Pinel at the Bicêtre Hospital in France and they advocated the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. The arrival in the Western world of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century, nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums, the Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every country compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. The Act required asylums to have written regulations and to have a resident physician, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were a few thousand sick people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000
Psychiatric hospital
–
Traverse City State Hospital,
Traverse City, Michigan
Psychiatric hospital
–
The
York Retreat (c.1796) was built by
William Tuke, a pioneer of moral treatment for the insane.
Psychiatric hospital
–
Vienna 's
Narrenturm —
German for "fools' tower"—was one of the earliest buildings specifically designed for mentally ill people. It was built in 1784.
44.
Water police
–
Their patrol areas may be coastal sea waters, rivers, estuaries, harbours, lakes, canals or a combination of these. They may also be responsible for security, conservation law enforcement, immigration and smuggling patrols. Equipment ranges from personal water craft and inflatable boats to large seagoing craft, in some areas these vessels incorporate a firefighting capability through a fixed deck nozzle. The operators of vessels are generally trained in many rescue disciplines including, first aid, vessel dewatering. They may also be rescue and scuba divers who are specially trained, royal Gibraltar Police Marine Section Hong Kong Hong Kong Police Force Marine Region - The Marine Police patrol 1,651 km2 of waters within the territory of Hong Kong, including 263 islands. The Marine Region with about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 143 in total, made up of 71 launches and 72 craft is the largest of any civil police force
Water police
–
A
NYPD boat on patrol in
New York Harbor
Water police
–
A
Metropolitan Police launch on the
River Thames in
London
Water police
–
Patrol boat of the
Wasserschutzpolizei of
Hamburg /
Germany
Water police
–
A
Chicago Police Department boat on
Lake Michigan
45.
Game wardens
–
A game warden or wildlife officer is an employee who has the role of protecting wildlife. Game wardens may also be referred to as troopers, state troopers, wildlife troopers and they have much the same role as gamekeepers in the United Kingdom. They play a role in keeping a balance in the animal kingdom. As noted at the North American Game Warden Museum, confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens. Recognition of the sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers, motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, and hypothermia are other risk they face while on duty. In North America game wardens are employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U. S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title, Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out invasive species. In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are more comprehensive than local enforcement. They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada. Guy Bradley Dave Jackson North American Game Warden Museum Park ranger Trooper Gamekeeper Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies, North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
Game wardens
–
L. Pressley Reeves,
South Carolina 's first game wardens ventured afield in 1905
Game wardens
–
Game trying to loosen rope on the deer's neck to prevent choking. Being unsuccessful in his attempts to loosen the rope, he cut it. November 1939
46.
Parishes of Louisiana
–
The U. S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes in the same way that 48 other states of the United States are divided into counties. Alaska, the exception, is divided into boroughs and census areas instead. Forty-one parishes are governed by a called the Police Jury. The other 23 have various forms of government, including, president-council, council-manager, parish commission. Louisiana was formed from French and Spanish colonies, which were both officially Roman Catholic, local colonial government was based upon parishes, as the local ecclesiastical division. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislative council divided the Territory of Orleans into 12 counties. The borders of counties were poorly defined, but they roughly coincided with the colonial parishes. On March 31,1807, the legislature created 19 parishes without abolishing the old counties. In 1811, a convention was held to prepare for Louisianas admission into the Union. This organized the state into seven districts, each consisting of groups of parishes. In 1816, the first official map of the state used the term parish, since then, the official term for Louisianas primary civil divisions has been parishes. The 19 original parishes were joined by Catahoula Parish in 1808, by April 1812, Attakapas Parish became St. Martin Parish and St. Mary Parish. On April 30, the state was admitted to the Union with 25 parishes, by 1820, Washington Parish was added, and Feliciana Parish split into West and East in 1824. The next year, Jefferson Parish was carved from Orleans Parish, by 1830, Claiborne Parish was created, and the old Warren Parish was mostly absorbed into Ouachita Parish, only to return as Carroll Parish a few years later. In 1838, Caddo Parish was created from Natchitoches, as were Madison, in 1839, Union Parish was formed from Ouachita, and Calcasieu was formed from St. Landry in 1840. Five parishes were created in 1843, Bossier, DeSoto, Franklin, Sabine, morehouse Parish and Vermilion Parish were formed from Ouachita and Lafayette parishes, respectively, in 1844. The next year, Jackson Parish was formed, the old county units were abandoned, in 1848, Bienville Parish was formed from Claiborne Parish. In 1852, Winn parish was formed, while further south added
Parishes of Louisiana
–
EC
47.
Borough (Alaska)
–
A borough in some U. S. states is a unit of local government or other administrative division below the level of the state. In Alaska, the borough is used instead of county. Like counties, boroughs are administrative divisions of the state, each borough in Alaska has a borough seat, which is the administrative center for the borough. The Municipality of Anchorage is a consolidated city-borough, as are Sitka, Juneau, Haines, most of the states area, however, is part of the vast Unorganized Borough, which has no borough-level government at all. The United States Census Bureau has divided the Unorganized Borough into ten areas for statistical purposes. In addition to cities, Connecticut also has another type of dependent municipality known as a borough, boroughs are usually the populated center of a town that decided to incorporate in order to have more responsive local government. When a borough is formed, it is part of. There are nine boroughs in Connecticut, one borough, Naugatuck, is coextensive and consolidated with its town. The other eight boroughs, such as Woodmont, have jurisdiction over only a part of their town, in Minnesota the term borough was applied to one municipality, Belle Plaine, from 1868 to 1974. Many boroughs were formed out of townships, but even in such cases there is no continuing link between the borough and the township. Most boroughs were formed during the Boroughitis phenomenon of the mid-1890s, New York City is subdivided into five boroughs, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island. Each of these is coterminous with a county, Kings, New York, Queens, Bronx, the powers of the borough governments are inferior to the powers of the city-wide government. The boroughs of New York City are still treated as counties for judicial purposes. In Pennsylvanias state laws that govern classes of municipalities, the borough is used the way other states sometimes use the word town. A borough is an entity that is generally smaller than a city. If an area is not governed by either a borough or city, villages or hamlets are unincorporated and have no municipal government, other than the township in which they are found. By tradition, as recognized by publications of the state government, in Virginia, under Code of Virginia §15. Those boroughs are not separate local governments, in Virginia Beach, the seven boroughs were abolished effective July 1,1998
Borough (Alaska)
–
Municipal offices sign for
Littlestown, a borough of Pennsylvania
Borough (Alaska)
–
Town center of West Chester, a borough in
Pennsylvania.
48.
Counties of the United States
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
Counties of the United States
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A highway sign designating the border between
Nicholas and
Greenbrier counties in
West Virginia along a secondary road.
Counties of the United States
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County
49.
Security police
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In some countries, security police are those persons, employed by or for a governmental agency, who provide police and security services to those agencies properties. Security police protect their agencys facilities, properties, personnel, users, visitors and operations from harm and may enforce certain laws, most security police have at least some arrest authority. As distinct from general law enforcement, the focus of security police is on the protection of specific properties. This causes some overlap with functions normally performed by security guards. S. C, one key distinction is between sworn, and non-sworn or civilian who are ordinary employees with normal obligations to an employer. Some security police are full-fledged peace officers with the powers as regular Peace Officers. Others have enhanced powers which are limited by law to the properties they protect, in some cases these powers are expanded by a Memorandum of Understanding or other legal document where other policing agencies delegate additional powers to enforce local law. Some special police have the more limited powers than a security guards in compliance with the laws of their jurisdiction and these distinctions are of particular importance to special police and their employers. The RAAF Security Police is responsible for security and policing the RAAF. The Military Working Dog Unit also provides a security function. Each state police force in Australia employs a team of officers known as Protective Security Officers, stationed in and around public or government buildings, these PSOs are armed and wear a slightly different uniform. They are also called upon by police officers if the need arises. They generally undergo training at the police college and share many resources. Some police officers have used the PSO path as a stone to their current roles. The Polizei beim Deutschen Bundestag is the smallest and least known police agency in Germany and it is responsible for the protection of the premises of the Bundestag in Berlin. Because the chief of the Bundestagspolizei is the president of the Bundestag and not the Minister of the Interior, the number of their officers is not published yet. The Bundestagspolizei recruit their staff from all German police agencies, only skilled officers are accepted, a special division of the Hong Kong Police Force, known as the ATU, has been engaged by airports in Hong Kong, to provide security services. These personnel have higher standards and are issued with heavier firepower. Airport Security It is one of the largest central paramilitary forces in India, strength is nearly 105,000 and rivals other countries when it comes to a Government agency providing security to such a large number of industries
Security police
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Police patrol personnel monitoring on the residence of VIP property. The police patrol mobile unit is a part of the C4-i Implementation System.
