1.
Burscough
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The population taken at the 2011 Census was 9,493. Burscough developed originally as a farming village on a low ridge above the West Lancashire Coastal Plain. Of early importance to the village was Burscough Priory, the ruins of which stand to the southwest of the current settlement. The Priory formerly housed the tombs of the Earls of Derby, a prominent family in the region, with constant development of new housing estates and apartments, Burscoughs population has recently grown rapidly. At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish stood at 9,493, there was an operational Fleet Air Arm air station, RNAS Burscough,1.5 miles southwest of the town. It was active between September 1943 and May 1946, shopping in the town is provided for by a large Tesco supermarket, a Booths, an Aldi and some other smaller shops including a Spar, as well as local florists, barbers, etc. For many years there was an Ordnance Depot on the edge of Burscough, but this has closed. On 12 February 2011, a retail and leisure development known as Burscough Wharf opened its doors to the public. Situated on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, next to the bridge of the town centre. Burscough has three churches, St John the Baptist Church, St John The Evangelist Roman Catholic Church, the A59 trunk road and Leeds and Liverpool Canal pass through Burscough and the A5209 brings large volumes of traffic through the town from where it connects to the A59. Lancashire County Council describe the town as suffering from severe congestion, the canal junction with the Rufford Branch of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal is in Burscough. The town has two railway stations, Burscough Junction, on the Liverpool to Preston line, was opened by the East Lancashire Railway on 2 April 1849. Burscough Bridge, on the Southport to Manchester line, was opened by the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway on 9 April 1855, there is also a third station two miles from the centre in New Lane, which is a small halt on the same line as Burscough Bridge. These lines formerly had a known as the Burscough curves. The deletion of the curves prevents through train services between Ormskirk and Southport and Southport and Preston, the presence of the two stations is a sign of the two previous villages and their differing landowners. The Burscough Junction Station Crash occurred on 15 January 1880 on the Liverpool to Preston railway line, the Windmill Farm Railway is a narrow gauge railway line located at the Windmill Animal Farm. The railway operates over a 1. 1-mile track at 15 in gauge, using locomotives previously from the Fairbourne Railway, Burscough F. C. play at Victoria Park. They won the FA Trophy in 2003 when they defeated conference side Tamworth in the final at Villa Park, in the 2005-06 FA Cup competition they beat league side Gillingham 3-2 at home in the first round
2.
Beam (nautical)
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The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point as measured at the ships nominal waterline. The beam is a bearing projected at right-angles from the fore and aft line, Beam may also be used to define the maximum width of a ships hull, or maximum width plus superstructure overhangs. Typical length-to-beam ratios for small sailboats are from 2,1 to 5,1, large ships have widely varying beam ratios, some as large as 20,1. Rowing shells designed for racing may have length to beam ratios as high as 30,1. The beam of many vessels can be calculated using the following formula. Some examples, For a standard 27 ft yacht, the root of 27 is 3,3 squared is 9 plus 1 =10. The beam of many 27 ft monohulls is 10 ft, for a Volvo Open 70 yacht,70.5 to the power of 2/3 =17 plus 1 =18. The beam is often around 18 ft, for a 741 ft long ship, the cube root is 9, and 9 squared is 81, plus 1. The beam will usually be around 82 ft, e. g. Seawaymax, as catamarans have more than one hull, there is a different beam calculation for this kind of vessel. BOC stands for Beam On Centerline and this term in typically used in conjunction with LOA. The ratio of LOA/BOC is used to estimate the stability of multihull vessels, the lower the ratio the greater the boats stability. The BOC for vessels is measured as follows, For a catamaran, carlin – similar to a beam, except running in a fore and aft direction. Keever, John M. American Merchant Seamans Manual, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
3.
Canal & River Trust
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The Canal & River Trust is a charitable trust set up to manage the navigable waterways of England and Wales. Transfer of ownership from British Waterways, took place on 2 July 2012 and those navigable inland waterways currently managed by the Environment Agency were scheduled for transfer to the trust in 2015 but this has been postponed indefinitely. The Canal & River Trust was born of the managerial and financial short-comings of its predecessor, British Waterways as a statutory corporation was regulated latterly by the 1995 British Waterways Act and financed by government but deemed to be run inefficiently and wastefully. It came under increasing scrutiny of a government and, when its budget deficit hit £30m in 2009 British Waterways was tasked with producing a workable solution. BW began to look at devolving to a charitable trust, a concept which gained momentum when the 2010 Budget, in August 2009, BW was listed on a leaked list of quangos to be abolished. BWs future demotion was sealed in October 2010, the BW board decided that a volunteering element would be desirable, an operating environment seen to be fit for purpose necessary and a secure income stream essential. These elements were most likely to be enabled by re-invention of BW as a charitable trust. In October 2011, BW announced a name and logo for a charitable trust which would inherit its English and Welsh operations, – the Canal & River Trust for England, C&RT received charitable status in April and received parliamentary approval in June. The change, originally set for 1 April 2012, was later delayed, in July 2012 all BW assets, liabilities and responsibilities in England and Wales were transferred to the Canal & River Trust, launched officially on 12 July 2012. BWML, a company limited by guarantee, is wholly owned by the Canal & River Trust. It involves retail sales, moorings and services and also acts as a front in the issue of e. g. short-term licences. In Scotland British Waterways continues to operate as a public corporation under the trading name Scottish Canals. The trust is headed by a board of 10 trustees with a Chairman, the trust has a 35-member council which referees the business of the trust and whose construction is supposed to ensure that all waterways users, in all areas, have a representative voice. Finally, a management board of seven directors are collectively concerned with the running of the trust. The Canal & River Trust has a council of 35 members. Members of the first council included a mix of nominated and elected individuals, council advises on shaping policy, raising and debating issues, providing guidance, perspective and a sounding board for the trustees. For each of the trust’s waterway areas there is a regional partnership drawn from local communities, in addition an all-Wales partnership will consider issues relating to Welsh waterways and a separate partnership exists for the trusts museums and attractions. The trustees are legally responsible for ensuring that the trust meets its charitable objectives, trustees are the unpaid board directors of the trust, they take collective decisions on policy and overarching strategy and provide oversight of the executive directors
4.
James Brindley
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James Brindley was an English engineer. He was born in Tunstead, Derbyshire, and lived much of his life in Leek, Staffordshire, at age 17, encouraged by his mother, he was apprenticed to a millwright in Sutton, Macclesfield and soon showed exceptional skill and ability. Having completed his apprenticeship he set up business for himself as a wheelwright in Leek, in 1750 he expanded his business by renting a millwrights shop in Burslem from the Wedgwoods who became his lifelong friends. He soon established a reputation for ingenuity and skill at repairing many different kinds of machinery, in 1752 he designed and built an engine for draining a coal mine, the Wet Earth Colliery at Clifton in Lancashire. Three years later he built a machine for a mill at Congleton. Brindleys reputation brought him to the attention of the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater who was looking for a way to improve the transport of coal from The Dukes coal mines at Worsley to Manchester, in 1759 The Duke commissioned the construction of a canal to do just that. The resulting Bridgewater Canal, opened in 1761, is regarded as the first British canal of the modern era. Brindley was engaged, at the insistence of Gilbert, to assist with problems such as the Barton Aqueduct. This most impressive feature of the canal carried the canal at an elevation of 12 metres over the River Irwell at Barton, Brindleys technique minimised the amount of earth moving by developing the principle of contouring. He preferred to use a route that avoided embankments. Though this recognised the primitive methods of earth-moving available at the time, but his greatest contribution was the technique of puddling clay to produce a watertight clay-based material, and its use in lining canals. Puddle clay was used extensively in UK canal construction in the period starting shortly after his death, starting about 1840 puddle clay was used more widely as the water-retaining element within earthfill dams, particularly in the Pennines. Brindleys reputation soon spread and he was commissioned to construct more canals. He extended the Bridgewater to Runcorn, connecting it to his major work. Brindley believed it would be possible to use canals to link the four rivers of England. In 1762 he set out for Chester and Shropshire survey or a raconitering according to his diary and he had with him a sketch map of the continuation of the Dee southwards past Whitchurch. The first sod was cut by Josiah Wedgwood in 1766 and Brindley carried it away in a barrow, there was mounting ridicule about his scheme and in the event, although the canal opened from Shardlow to near Stafford in 1770, it took eleven years to drive the tunnel. The Trent and Mersey Canal was the first part of this network
5.
Leeds city centre
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Leeds city centre is the city centre of Leeds, England. It is within the Leeds Central parliamentary constituency, represented by Hilary Benn as MP since a by-election in 1999, the term central Leeds is often used to describe the city centre, although it refers to a wider area within the Inner Ring Road. While the city centre has no definition, it is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north. The Civic Quarter is the area north of the Headrow and is predominantly home to a number of Victorian buildings. Prominent landmarks include the Leeds Magistrates and Crown Courts, the City Library and City Gallery, and Leeds Town Hall, Queen Square is also found here. The citys largest hospital, the Leeds General Infirmary, has been operating here since 1869, behind Leeds Town Hall are Millennium Square and Leeds Civic Hall. Millennium Square was a project to mark the year 2000 and hosts regular concerts, with past performers including the Kaiser Chiefs, Bridewell Taxis HARD-Fi, Fall Out Boy. Leeds Civic Hall was opened in 1933 by King George V and is home to the Lord Mayors Room, many barristers chambers and solicitors offices are found here because of the close proximity to the courts. The Corn Exchange was home to independent shops, until they were mostly evicted in 2007 by the building owners. Opened 21 March 2013, the new Trinity Leeds shopping centre had a surge of 130,000 people enter its doors on the first day of opening, costing £350m and creating 3,000 jobs, this was a major development for Leeds. It was the major retail development to open in the UK in 2013. It covers 1,000,000 sq ft with key anchor stores being Topman, other stores in the centre include Apple, River Island, Next, Hollister, H&M, Primark, Everyman, Conran Restaurants and Mango. It has a capacity for 120 shops and numerous pop-up shops, off Briggate are several of Leeds famous shopping arcades, such as the Thornton Arcade and the Victoria Quarter. Briggate was fully pedestrianised in 1996 and connected the two previously pedestrian areas either side of it, in addition, two further shopping centres are proposed, namely the Eastgate Quarters which is to include a John Lewis department store and Trinity Quarter. The Cultural Quarter is situated in the east of the city centre, the Cultural Quarter is also where the Royal Armouries Museum can be found, although it is more in the south of the city centre than it is the east. The building, designed by architect Derek Walker, was built at a cost of £42.5 million, clarence Dock also lies on the fringes of the Cultural Quarter. The Financial Quarter is bounded by Park Row to the East, Leeds Inner Ring Road to the west, The Headrow to the north and it is centred on the Georgian Park Square, one of the green spaces in Leeds city centre. The City Centre Loop passes through the quarter, using City Square, Quebec Street, King Street, Leeds Law School is located at Cloth Hall Court
6.
Leeds railway station
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Leeds railway station is the mainline railway station serving the city centre of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is the third busiest railway station in the UK outside London and it is located on New Station Street to the south of City Square, at the bottom of Park Row, behind the landmark Queens Hotel, it is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail. Leeds is an important hub on the British rail network, there are also regular inter-city services to major destinations throughout Northern England including Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle and Sheffield. It is also the terminus for trains running on the scenic Settle to Carlisle Line, future expansion will link the station to the proposed High Speed 2 network. Leeds is a hub for local and regional destinations across Yorkshire such as to York, Scarborough, Hull, Doncaster. The station lies at the heart of the Metro commuter network for West Yorkshire providing services to Bradford, Wakefield, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, the railway station is situated on a hill falling from the south of the city to the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal basin. The railway station has 17 platforms, making it the largest by number of platforms in England outside London, there are 11 terminus and six through platforms. Most platforms are subdivided into up to four sections, i. e. 1a, 1b, all together including the numbers, there are 47 platforms. Retail facilities in the station include coffee shops, fast food outlets, a bar, newsagents, chemists, a British Transport Police station on New Station Street houses officers who police the West Yorkshire railway stations. Leeds railway station retained manned ticket barriers through the 1990s until 2008 when they were replaced by automatic barriers by Northern to improve congestion around the barriers at peak times,9,11,12,15,16 – through platforms. CrossCountry services heading north to York and beyond depart from Platforms 9 or 11,7,14 – Bay platforms used for local Northern services running north/east from Leeds. Leeds Interchange, located at the New Station Street exit, provides onward transport connections from the station. There are five bus stands serving Arriva, First and Yorkshire Tiger routes 4,5,16, 16A,19, 19A,40,85,87,90,757,870, a 24-hour taxi rank also operates at the interchange. Further bus stops are located on Neville Street below the railway station, infirmary Street and Boar Lane Bus Points are a short walk for more bus connections. Leeds Interchange hosts one of the UKs first cycle hubs that allows a number of cycling services including repair, storage, the facility opened in summer 2010 and is designed to encourage visitors and commuters into Leeds to continue their journey from the railway station by bike. Its design is based on the Dutch cyclepoint concept, the railways arrived in Leeds in 1834 when the Leeds and Selby Railway opened its line. It had a terminus at Marsh Lane east of the city centre, in 1840, the North Midland Railway constructed its line from Derby via Rotherham to a terminus at Hunslet Lane to the south. It was extended to a more centrally-located terminus at Wellington Street in 1846, another railway station, Leeds Central, was opened in 1854 by the Manchester and Leeds Railway and the London and North Western Railway, or LNWR
7.
River Aire
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The River Aire is a major river in Yorkshire, England,148 miles in length. In the Handbook for Leeds and Airedale, it notes that the distance from Malham to Howden is 58 miles direct, part of the river below Leeds is canalised, and is known as the Aire and Calder Navigation. The Aire starts its journey at Malham Tarn, after Cononley, the river enters West Yorkshire where it passes through the former industrial areas of Keighley, Bingley, Saltaire and Shipley. It then passes through Leeds and on to the villages of Swillington, at Castleford is the confluence of the Aire and Calder, just downstream of the confluence was the ford where the ancient British road, used by the Romans, crossed on its way north to York. The river re-enters North Yorkshire near Knottingley and in its lower reaches forms part of the boundary between North Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, the River Aire empties into the River Ouse at Airmyn, myn being an old English word for river mouth. The name possibly derived from Common Brittonic *Isara, meaning strong river, still others have claimed that it is actually the name of the battle and not the body of water itself. Between Malham Tarn and Airmyn, the river drops 400 metres, tests have been conducted to authenticate the actual source of the Aire. The tarn at Malham has been dammed and then allowed to flood, observers have noted that whilst water surged at Aire Head, it also surged at the bottom of Malham Cove. There was a significant difference of 30 minutes between the two surges with Malham Cove being slower to react to the floodwater, the section between Malham Tarn and the confluence of the becks at Aire Head is known as Malhamdale. Thereafter the valley is known as Airedale and encompasses Bradford, and by the time it reaches Leeds, the river is darcy and ðarcy in 963, in the same source. It is Eyr’ in 1135 in The Coucher Book of Selby, eir is given in 1175-7 in one of the Dodsworth Manuscripts in Farrers Early Yorkshire Charters. Air from c.1160 to 1577, Air’ in the thirteenth century, the Aire was forded by a paved way by the Romans at Castleford. The Roman Road connected Doncaster with York and went north through the town near to the church, an Act of Parliament was passed in 1699 to make the river downstream of Leeds navigable with a further act to extend the navigable part of the river upstream to Bingley. This second act formed the basis of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, between the middle part of the nineteenth century to the latter part of the twentieth, the River Aire was devoid of fish life downstream of Shipley due to its pollution. Efforts have been made to return the river to a good wildlife status and fish, there are three power stations alongside the River Aire east of Castleford, Ferrybridge C, Eggborough and Drax. Drax takes its water from the Ouse, but both Ferrybridge and Eggborough draw their water from the Aire. Both of these plants stopped generating in 2016, with Eggborough being a stand-by for capacity problems until March 2017, due to the Aire flowing through the former industrial landscape of West Yorkshire, it had a reputation as being heavily polluted. In 2007, Yorkshire Water carried out improvements to Esholt Sewage Works at a cost of £110 million under the EUs Fresh Water Fish Directive
8.
Aire and Calder Navigation
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The Aire and Calder Navigation is a river and canal system of the River Aire and the River Calder in the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. The first improvements to the rivers above Knottingley were completed in 1704 when the Aire was made navigable to Leeds, lock sizes were increased several times, as was the depth of water, to enable larger boats to use the system. The Aire below Haddlesey was bypassed by the opening of the Selby Canal in 1778, a canal from Knottingley to the new docks and new town at Goole provided a much shorter route to the River Ouse from 1826. The New Junction Canal was constructed in 1905, to link the system to the River Don Navigation, by then part of the Sheffield, steam tugs were introduced in 1831. In the 1860s, compartment boats were introduced, later called Tom Puddings and this system enabled the canal to carry at its peak more than 1.5 million tons of coal per year, and was not abandoned until 1986. To handle trains of compartments, many of the locks were lengthened to 450 feet, although much of the upper reaches are now designated as leisure routes, there is still significant commercial traffic on the navigation. 300,000 tons were carried in 2007, although most of the traffic is now petroleum and gravel, the Aire and Calder is a canalisation of the River Calder from Wakefield to Castleford, where it joins the branch from Leeds, which follows the River Aire. The Aire continues to flow eastwards to Bank Dole Junction, then continues in a direction to Haddlesey. The section below Haddlesey is no part of the navigation. Instead, the Selby Canal flows northwards from Haddlesey to the Ouse at Selby, below Dole Bank Junction, the Knottingley and Goole Canal flows eastards to join the Ouse at Goole. The Aire and Calder still fulfils its purpose of linking Leeds and Wakefield with York. More recent canals now also make the Navigation a vital link in the English and Welsh connected inland waterway network, beyond Leeds, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal carries boats over the Pennines. The Calder and Hebble Navigation, which connects to the Navigation at Wakefield, allows boats to reach the Huddersfield Broad and Narrow Canals, and the Rochdale Canal. The Selby Canal connects to the Ouse, from boats can travel upstream to reach York, Boroughbridge and Ripon. Beyond Goole are the Humber and hence Hull, Immingham, in the early 1600s, the River Aire was navigable to Knottingley, and boats carrying up to 30 tons traded on the river, which was tidal up to this point. The traders of Leeds were keen to have a link to the town, to make easier the export of woollen cloth. William Pickering, who was mayor of Leeds, had further attempts to obtain an act of Parliament for improvements to the river in 1679. As the 1600s drew to a close, a number of bills were passed for other rivers, a bill was drawn up in 1698, with support from wool traders in Leeds and general merchants in Wakefield
9.
Lock (water navigation)
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A lock is a device used for raising and lowering boats, ships and other watercraft between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. Locks are used to make a more easily navigable, or to allow a canal to cross land that is not level. Later canals used more and larger locks to allow a direct route to be taken. Since 2016 the largest lock worldwide is the Kieldrecht Lock in the Port of Antwerp, a pound lock is a type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on canals and rivers. A pound lock has a chamber with gates at both ends that control the level of water in the pound, in contrast, an earlier design with a single gate was known as a flash lock. Pound locks were first used in medieval China during the Song Dynasty, having been pioneered by the government official and engineer Qiao Weiyue in 984. The gates were hanging gates, when they were closed the water accumulated like a tide until the level was reached. The water level could differ by 4 feet or 5 feet at each lock, in medieval Europe a sort of pound lock was built in 1373 at Vreeswijk, Netherlands. This pound lock serviced many ships at once in a large basin, yet the first true pound lock was built in 1396 at Damme near Bruges, Belgium. A famous civil engineer of pound locks in Europe was the Italian Bertola da Novate, who constructed 18 of them on the Naviglio di Bereguardo between the years 1452 and 1458. When a stretch of river is navigable, a lock is sometimes required to bypass an obstruction such as a rapid, dam. In large scale river navigation improvements, weirs and locks are used together, a river improved by these means is often called a Waterway or River Navigation. Sometimes a river is made entirely non-tidal by constructing a sea lock directly into the estuary, in more advanced river navigations, more locks are required. Where a longer cut bypasses a stretch of river, the upstream end of the cut will often be protected by a flood lock. The longer the cut, the greater the difference in level between start and end of the cut, so that a very long cut will need additional locks along its length. At this point, the cut is, in effect, a canal, Early completely artificial canals, across fairly flat countryside, would get round a small hill or depression by simply detouring around it. However, locks continued to be built to supplement these solutions, all pound locks have three elements, A watertight chamber connecting the upper and lower canals, and large enough to enclose one or more boats. The position of the chamber is fixed, but its level can vary
10.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
11.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
12.
Dam
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A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. Reservoirs created by not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity, a dam can also be used to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. The word dam can be traced back to Middle English, and before that, from Middle Dutch, the first known appearance of dam occurs in 1165. However, there is one village, Obdam, that is mentioned in 1120. The word seems to be related to the Greek word taphos, so the word should be understood as dike from dug out earth. The names of more than 40 places from the Middle Dutch era such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, early dam building took place in Mesopotamia and the Middle East. Dams were used to control the level, for Mesopotamias weather affected the Tigris. The earliest known dam is the Jawa Dam in Jordan,100 kilometres northeast of the capital Amman and this gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high and 1 m-wide stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide earth rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC, the Ancient Egyptian Sadd-el-Kafara Dam at Wadi Al-Garawi, located about 25 km south of Cairo, was 102 m long at its base and 87 m wide. The structure was built around 2800 or 2600 BC as a dam for flood control. During the Twelfth Dynasty in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, Amenemhat III, two dams called Ha-Uar running east-west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called Mer-wer or Lake Moeris covered 1,700 km2 and is today as Berkat Qaroun. One of the wonders of the ancient world was the Great Dam of Marib in Yemen. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most important around 750 BC and these extensive works were not actually finalized until 325 AD and allowed the irrigation of 25,000 acres. By the mid-late 3rd century BC, an intricate water-management system within Dholavira in modern-day India was built, the system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it. Eflatun Pınar is a Hittite dam and spring temple near Konya and it is thought to be from the time of the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th century BC
13.
Granary Wharf
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Granary Wharf is a mixed-use development that stands next to the brick tunnels beside the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the River Aire in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Leeds City railway station sits above the tunnels on Dark Neville Street. The tunnel complex is known locally as the Dark Arches, in 1864 it was proposed to build a New Station in Leeds. Construction began in 1866 and the station was completed in 1869, the new station was built on arches which span the River Aire, Neville Street and Swinegate. The building of the led to the creation of the Dark Arches over Neville Street. Over 18 million bricks were used during their construction, breaking records at the time, although the arches appear to be part of one single structure, closer inspection reveals that it is a series of independent viaducts two or four tracks wide. The station is situated next to the terminus of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, developed in the 1990s and advertised as Leeds best kept secret, the Granary Wharf shopping centre is situated underneath the Dark Arches. There were several established businesses underneath the arches, these included, restaurants, shops, boutiques, cafes, a bakery, exhibition spaces, the Arches as a shopping centre was in decline for some time, and has now been developed as a car park. In 2009 Granary Wharf was redeveloped with a new hotel and two apartment blocks, Candle House and Watermans Place
14.
Towpath
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A towpath is a road or trail on the bank of a river, canal, or other inland waterway. The purpose of a towpath is to allow a vehicle, beasts of burden, or a team of human pullers to tow a boat. This mode of transport was common where sailing was impractical due to tunnels and bridges, unfavourable winds, after the Industrial Revolution, towing became obsolete when engines were fitted on boats and when railway transportation superseded the slow towing method. Since then, many of these towpaths have been converted to multi-use trails and they are still named towpaths — although they are now only occasionally used for the purpose of towing boats. As river banks were privately owned, such teams worked their way along the river banks as best they could. On British rivers such as the River Severn, the situation was improved by the creation of towing path companies in the late 1700s. The companies built towing paths along the banks of the river and they were not universally popular, however, as tolls were charged for their use, to recoup the capital cost, and this was resented on rivers where barge traffic had previously been free. With the advent of canals, most of them were constructed with towpaths suitable for horses. Many rivers were improved by artificial cuts, and this gave an opportunity to construct a towing path at the same time. Even so, the River Don Navigation was improved from Tinsley to Rotherham in 1751, on the River Avon between Stratford-upon-Avon and Tewkesbury, a towpath was never provided, and bow-hauling continued until the 1860s, when steam tugs were introduced. While towing paths were most convenient when they stayed on one side of a canal, there were occasions where it had to change sides and this had the benefit that the rope did not have to be detached while the transfer took place. The rope passed through a gap at the centre of the bridge between its two halves. One problem with the horse towing path where it passed under a bridge was abrasion of the rope on the bridge arch. This resulted in deep grooves being cut in the fabric of the bridge, and in many cases and these too soon developed deep grooves, but could be more easily replaced than the stonework of the bridge. In more recent times, this has provided difficulties for walkers, where an attractive river-side walk cannot be followed because the towpath changes sides, not all haulage was by horses, and an experiment was carried out on the Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal in 1888. The locomotive ran on 18 in gauge tracks, and was similar to Pet and it pulled trains of two and four boats at 7 mph, and experiments were also tried with eight boats. The mules which assist ships through the locks of the Panama Canal are an example of the concept. Towpaths are popular with cyclists and walkers, and some are suitable for equestrians, in snowy winters they are popular in the USA with cross-country skiers and snowmobile users
15.
Leeds Central railway station
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Leeds Central railway station was a terminus railway station in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was opened in 1854 as a joint station between the London and North Western Railway, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, the Great Northern Railway and it replaced the cramped LNW terminus at Wellington Street, which had opened in 1848 with the line to Dewsbury. It closed in 1967, when its services were moved to Leeds City to consolidate all of Leeds train services in one station, the station was not architecturally distinguished and was built above street level. The site is now a park which in turn is to be redeveloped into offices. A goods lift and a viaduct that approached the station remain extant, the last train left from Leeds Central on 29 April 1967. This was a Saturday and as there was no Sunday service, the last train was an early evening service to Harrogate filled by the usual Birmingham RC&W DMU. Detonators were placed on the track by Railway staff which exploded as the train rolled away from the platform, the Railways of Great Britain - A Historical Atlas
16.
A58 road
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The A58 is a major road in Northern England that runs between Prescot, Merseyside and Wetherby, West Yorkshire. The road then goes through Ripponden and Sowerby Bridge to Halifax and onwards to Leeds via the villages of Hipperholme, Birkenshaw and it runs through Leeds as the A58 motorway, then north-east through Scarcroft, Bardsey and Collingham to its terminus at Wetherby. The original route between Leeds and Wetherby was bypassed with a new dual carriageway diverting from Roundhay Road/ Wetherby Road and it runs along the Easterly Road dual carriageway passing Oakwood and Gipton. The re-routed A58 meets its original route at Boggart Hill in Seacroft, the re-routed section was constructed in the 1930s and had a branch of the Leeds Tramway running along the central reservation until the 1950s. The proposed Leeds Supertram was also to run this route, google map of A58 Media related to A58 road at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Armley
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Armley is a district in the west of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It starts less than 1 mile from Leeds city centre, like much of Leeds, Armley grew in the Industrial Revolution and had several mills, one of which is now the Armley Mills museum. Armley is predominantly and historically a working class area of the city, still retains many smaller industrial businesses. Armley is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book reference to, Ristone, at the time there were eight villagers in Ristone and Ermelai. The actual population is indeterminable as this only accounts for the head of household, Armley Mills, now the Armley Mills Industrial Museum, was the worlds largest woollen mill when it was built in 1788. In the 18th and 19th centuries Armley was, through its mills, many of the buildings standing in and around Armley were built in the 1800s, including many of the churches, schools, shops and houses. Ledgard Way is named after the entrepreneur, Samuel Ledgard, Armley also has picturesque views over the rest of Leeds from certain vantage points. William Tetley started his business of malters in Armley in 1700, from the 1870s until 1956, Armley was home to the J W Roberts asbestos mattress and boiler lining factory. This facility exposed residents to asbestos fibres and resulted in a cancer cluster which persists to this day. One of the victims June Hancock launched a court action against Turner & Newall, although the court case was successful, corporate restructuring had, as of 2005, avoided the case being settled. Hancocks story was the subject of a play, Dust, by Kenneth F. Yates, performed in Armley, the parish church, St Bartholomews, is home to a notable pipe organ built by the German organbuilder, Edmund Schulze. Originally built for Meanwood Towers in 1866-69, it was opened by S. S. Wesley and it was moved to St Bartholomews in 1879. Schulzes work, and this organ in particular, had influence on the development of British organ building in the 19th century. Both church and organ have been restored, the smaller Christ Church is located at the end of Theaker Lane nearer the centre of Armley. Legend has it that a pedlar called Charlie used to rest and water his pony and he apparently sold spicy shortbread to the citizens of Upper Armley for 1d a piece. Today the triangular-shaped park is known as Charlie or Charley Cake Park, according to Armley Through the Camera, written in 1901, the park was within memory of many present residents of Armley, a patch of wasteland. Some of them regularly played cricket on its turf There were two stations in Armley. Armley Moor railway station closed 1966, and Armley Canal Road railway station closed 1965, Armley Town Street includes two high street names, charity shops and food and independent retailers
18.
Harrogate line
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The Harrogate line is a passenger rail line through parts of North Yorkshire and the West Yorkshire area of northern England connecting Leeds to York by way of Harrogate and Knaresborough. Service on the line is operated by Northern, with a few additional workings by Virgin Trains East Coast starting and terminating at Harrogate, West Yorkshire Metros bus and rail MetroCard ticket is available for journeys between Leeds and Harrogate. Here was Royal Gardens, only a distance from Burley Park. Here was Cardigan Road Goods station Burley Park, headingley here was Horsforth Woodside station which closed in 1864 and is located near the A6120 Leeds Outer Ring Road. It is speculated that a new station will open here in the future, the closest railway station with a bus link is Guiseley on the busier electrified Wharfedale Line. Here was the junction with the Harrogate–Church Fenton line, the present line climbs and then turns sharply to join the former Harrogate–Church Fenton line and cross Crimple Valley Viaduct, under which the original main line passed, en route to Starbeck. The course of this section can be seen from the viaduct Aerial View, hornbeam Park for Oatlands Also the closest station to the Great Yorkshire Showground Harrogate for Harrogate and its Bus Station Starbeck for Starbeck and Woodlands. Here were the junctions for Pateley Bridge and Northallerton, here was the line to Pilmoor. The line crosses the River Nidd on a viaduct and this is to reduce the queue for tickets at Leeds station. Extra services are run on the Harrogate line for the Great Yorkshire Show. On weekdays a daily morning service to London Kings Cross operates via Leeds. In July 2014, the Tour de France Grand Depart 2014 was held in Yorkshire with stage 1 from Leeds to Harrogate, two locomotive hauled services ran between Leeds and Harrogate during the day, alongside the local trains which were also running with extra seats available. The route is served by a variety of Northern rolling stock. Class 158s sometimes make appearances on the line as well, Virgin Trains East Coast services use the InterCity 125. In July 2011, Harrogate Chamber of Commerce proposed electrifying the line with 750 V DC third rail, using D Stock of the London Underground, the D stocks replacement by S Stock on the District line in 2015 will make them available for other locations. It is proposed that the stock will be converted to use the third rail system. The scheme has yet to support from Metro, Northern Rail or National Rail. Furthermore, the D stock is older than current stock using the line, several new stations have also been proposed, including at Flaxby and Knaresborough East
19.
Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills
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The Leeds Industrial Museum at Armley Mills is a museum of industrial heritage located in Armley, west Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It includes collections of textile machinery, railway equipment and heavy engineering amongst others, the Grade II* listed building housing the museum was once the worlds largest woollen mill. The current structures were built in 1805 by Benjamin Gott and closed as a mill in 1969. They were taken over by Leeds City Council and reopened as a museum of heritage in 1982. It is located between the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the River Aire and accessed from Canal Road or Milford Place, Armley Mills lie on the south bank and an island in the River Aire. The mill is 150 feet above sea level, at a point, a weir has been built upstream, and this maintains a good head of water to power water wheels. This gave the mill a wharf which could be used for incoming raw materials, nearby is Botany Bay Yard which was so named because it was the first place in England where wool from Botany Bay in Australia was landed. There was a wharf at this location served the Benjamin Gott Mill. There still exists the remains of the wharf unloading shed and what appears to be a barge alongside the canal at this location. The earliest record of Armley Mills dates from the middle of the century when local clothier Richard Booth leased Armley Millnes from Henry Saville. A document of 1707 describes them as fulling mills, one contained two wheels and four fulling stocks, while another was used to grind corn mill and two fulling stocks. The mills expanded and by 1788 were equipped with five waterwheels driving eighteen fulling stocks, Fulling was a necessary but dirty process where woven wool is felted. The bundles of cloth are hit repeatedly by large hammers, the stocks, while soaked in water, urine. The urine which is a source of ammonia was collected from neighbouring houses, the mills were sold in 1788, ten years after the new canal opened. In 1804/1805 the mills were sold to Benjamin Gott- but burnt down, the early mills were fire hazards, the fibres in the air igniting and setting fire to the flammable structure. Gott rebuilt the mill using fireproof principles, the structure survives. Gott was the owner of several woollen mills and he died in 1840 and was succeeded by his sons John Gott and William Gott. They introduced an engine to supplement the water wheels in 1850
20.
Airedale line
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The Airedale line is one of the rail services in the West Yorkshire Metro area centred on West Yorkshire in northern England. The service is operated by Northern, on the route connecting Leeds, some services along the line continue to Morecambe or Carlisle. The route covered by the service was part of the Midland Railway. According to SELRAP, the Airedale line is the most heavily utilised passenger route outside the South East of England, the first section, between Leeds and Bradford, was opened by the Leeds and Bradford Railway on 1 July 1846. A number of the stations were closed in March 1965, however the line. Some of the stations, such as Saltaire, were re-opened during the 1980s. In 1994 under Regional Railways, the line was electrified at 25 kV AC overhead between Leeds and Skipton, and new British Rail Class 333 trains were introduced in the early 2000s. Investment in the line has seen passenger numbers grow, and now overcrowding on trains is a problem, new stock and longer trains are to be introduced by the new Northern Rail franchisee Arriva Rail North by December 2018 to tackle this issue. The branch is now the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway heritage line, steeton & Silsden Kildwick and Crosshills Cononley Skipton. Trains of the Leeds–Morecambe line and Settle–Carlisle line also run along the Airedale line from Leeds, the line is operated by Northern. The fare structure is as follows, Zone 1 Leeds railway station Zone 2 Kirkstall Forge Zone 3 Apperley Bridge to Crossflatts, because of the difficulty of lengthening platforms at Shipley, it will be hard to introduce longer trains as is being proposed on the neighbouring Wharfedale line. It is therefore proposed to run more trains per hour between Leeds and Keighley, with a new platform at Keighley to accommodate this and these are operated by InterCity 225s. East Coast, Virgin Trains East Coasts predecessor, wanted to run frequent services from December 2009. A recent report by Modern Railways claimed that an hourly service would operate on the line as far as Long Preston. It may also become a freight artery to improve capacity on the West Coast Main Line, network Rails own latest plans involve new signalling and other improvements for the sections of the line beyond Skipton. Carlisle services will be increased to a basic pattern with extra services to fill in the gaps at peak times during the day to give a 1 train/h frequency. Lancaster services will also be more frequent, however it has been suggested they will be terminated at Skipton in future. All of these plans are dependent on getting enough government funding
21.
Bradford
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Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 miles west of Leeds, and 16 miles northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the metropolitan borough. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as a centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, the textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century. However, Bradford has faced challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England, including deindustrialisation, social unrest. It was recorded as Bradeford in 1086, after an uprising in 1070, during William the Conquerors Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, there is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, by the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster, Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre, Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence. During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians, Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender, the Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William and Mary in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the development while new canal. In 1801, Bradford was a market town of 6,393 people. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley and was smaller than Halifax. This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside
22.
Skipton
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Skipton is a market town and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is on the River Aire, at the 2011 Census, Skipton had a population of 14,623. Skipton is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and it was important during the English Civil War and was the site of a prisoner of war camp during the First World War. The mill as it today is only half of what used to exist when two mills were in operation to produce corn for the whole of Skipton. The mill has been redesigned, from the mill grounds to the buildings themselves. Skipton Castle was built in 1090 as a wooden motte-and-bailey by Robert de Romille, the protection offered by Skipton Castle during the Middle Ages encouraged the urbanisation of the surrounding area, and during times of war and disorder the town attracted an influx of families. It is now one of the most complete and best preserved castles in England and is open to the public. Skipton became a market town, trading sheep and woollen goods, its name derives from the Old English sceap. A market stemming from its formative years still survives, since 1974, Skipton has been the seat of Craven District Council. The Skipton Building Society was founded in the town, Skipton is part of the parliamentary constituency of Skipton and Ripon, which was created in 1983. The constituency has returned a Conservative MP since its inception, the seat is currently held by Julian Smith MP. Before 1983 Skipton had its own eponymous constituency, Skipton forms part of Craven District, a Non-metropolitan district, and is home of the offices of Craven District Council. In 2007, proposals to make North Yorkshire County Council a unitary authority, Skipton has its own town council consisting of 16 Councillors, formed by 4 members from each of the four wards within the parish boundaries. Skipton Town Councillors elect a Town Mayor each year at its Annual General Meeting and this year, the Town Mayor is Councillor Gordon Bell. The Town Council Offices are based on the High Street, above Barclays Bank, the towns major local employer is Skipton Building Society, with its subsidiary companies. The town is home to several companies, including Blue Water Holidays. It is a centre for recruitment, with several hundred people employed in this sector, Recruitment firms include Medacs, JCJ, Templars, Holt and Medic International, and Justteachers. Tourism and retail sales are also significant, there is also a recruitment software company called LMS Recruitment Systems Ltd
23.
Bramley, Leeds
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Bramley is a district in west Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The appropriate City of Leeds Ward is Bramley and Stanningley with a population of 21,334 at the 2011 Census, the area is an old industrial area with much 19th century architecture and 20th century council housing in the east and private suburban housing in the west. Bramley is one of the three villages make up the West Leeds Riviera tourism area, along with Rodley and Farsley. Bramley is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as Brameleia and Bramelie, much of Bramley was redeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s. The Bramley Shopping Centre replaced the town centre, and was Leeds second purpose-built town centre after Seacroft town centre. Unlike Seacroft, the Bramley Shopping Centre replaced an existing town centre, the redevelopment replaced substandard shops and houses, many of the shops and cottages were dilapidated and in need of repair. From 2008, following the deterioration of the centre, the landlord brought new stores such as Farmfoods. The redevelopment of Bramley was condemned as one of the least sensitive redevelopment programmes in Yorkshire, in 2008 the Yorkshire Evening Post ran an article describing the redevelopment of a once-picturesque area, and questioning the replacement of an historic Yorkshire town centre. Much of historical Bramley is now protected by the Bramley Town Conservation Area, Bramley lies within the Parliamentary constituency of Leeds West. The Member of Parliament is Labour MP Rachel Reeves, at Bramley Park a fireworks display and the Bramley Carnival is held most years. Bramley Baths are an example of Edwardian swimming baths, built in 1904, and restored, it has a 25-metre pool, a gymnasium and a Russian steam room. The baths were used for dances during its years, when the pool was covered with a large dance floor. The baths are among the best remaining examples of an Edwardian baths in Leeds today, Bramley Shopping Centre is a 1960s-style concrete shopping plaza which was erected to replace the traditional stone-built village centre. Shops include charity shops, banks, travel agents, bakeries, pawnbrokers, supermarkets, a post office, Greggs, Pizza Hut Delivery, a thrift shop, estates in Bramley that have residents associations include Moorside and Ganners, Landseer, Rossefield, and Newlay and Whitecote. LILAC, an affordable green co-housing project is based in Bramley, Bramley churches include those for Baptist, Nazarenes, Roman Catholics, Jehovahs Witnesses, and Methodists, and two for Anglicans. Bramley railway station is on the Leeds-Bradford Line, Bramley is accessible by bus routes from Leeds city centre, operated by First Leeds. Bramley Juniors Football Club was established 1994 and runs with open-age teams, the club developed from one under-9s club in 1994. Bramley rugby league club is the Bramley Buffaloes, and the Rugby union club, ernie Wise, of Morecambe and Wise fame
24.
Kirkstall Brewery
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Kirkstall Brewery is situated in Kirkstall, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It operated as a brewery between 1833 and 1983, Kirkstall Brewery consists of several Grade II listed buildings built in the 1860s and 1870s. These buildings are situated on side of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. On one of the buildings on the west side of the canal it is possible to see the doors just above the level that were used to load barrels of beer onto barges. The Kirkstall Brewery Co Ltd was registered in 1871, and by 1898 the brewery was producing around 72,000 barrels of beer a year, the beer was sold in Leeds, Yorkshire and beyond. Kirkstall beers have even been recorded arriving as far as Australia, in 1936 Dutton’s Blackburn Brewery Ltd purchased Kirkstall Brewery Co Ltd. and its subsidiaries, Albion Brewery Ltd and Willow Brewery Co. Ltd. In 1938 the Company was renamed Dutton’s Lancashire & Yorkshire Brewery Corporation Ltd, duttons in turn was bought by Whitbread in 1957. Kirkstall Brewery was re-equipped, and the production of bitter and mild went up to quarter of a million barrels a year, the brewery was closed in 1983, bringing to an end a 150-year tradition of brewing in the Kirkstall Valley. Kirkstall Brewery stood empty and unused for years until it was given a new lease of life in the late 1990s with an ambitious project to create Kirkstall Brewery Student Village. This project was undertaken by Leeds Metropolitan University, the development provides accommodation for over 900 students. This was initially over 1000 but due to subsidence to 2 residential buildings 144 en suite rooms were lost, Kirkstall Brewery has a very friendly village atmosphere with over 200 car park spaces, a friendly reception/maintenance and security team managed by UPP. There is also a Laundry, conference room and multi-purpose hall on site, in September 2014, what was the student union bar, got refurbished and is now The Vault managed and run by Chartwells FM & catering. Following on from this Sky and BT SPORTS as well as Starbucks have all incorporated into the Vault in September 2015. A new brewery with the name has been set up close to the original site. During renovation it was discovered that a Second World War submarine engine was installed at the brewery as a power back-up facility and this engine was one of a pair built in 1943 for submarine duties but was never actually installed in a submarine. It was sold after the Second World War to the brewery for power generation, although it is the size of a Ford Transit van it was carefully removed and now resides at the Anson Engine Museum in Poynton, Cheshire, United Kingdom where it is undergoing restoration. Photographs and progress of the engine can be found here, Kirkstall Brewery Student Village won the City of Leeds Award for Architecture in 1997
25.
Kirkstall
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Kirkstall is a north-western suburb of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, on the eastern side of the River Aire. To the west is Bramley, to the east is Headingley, the population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 21,709. Kirkstall is around 2 miles from the city centre and is close to the University of Leeds and Leeds Metropolitan University and its main visitor attraction is Kirkstall Abbey. Another landmark is St. Stephens Church designed by the architect Robert Dennis Chantrell, richard Oastler, a reformer and fighter for childrens rights, is buried in a crypt under the churchs east end. In the 12th century Cistercian monks founded Kirkstall Abbey, a house of Fountains Abbey in North Yorkshire. The Abbey House Museum opposite the abbey tells the story of the community, Henry De Lacey, Baron of Pontefract, gave the land for the foundation of the abbey, and Kirkstall has a few roads named in his memory. The Abbey Light Railway, which connected the grounds of the abbey with the Bridge Road commercial area, was closed down in 2012, the Kirkstall Festival is an annual event, held in the abbey grounds on the second Saturday in July since 1981. It is a festival of music, local arts and crafts, Kirkstall is part of the Leeds West parliamentary constituency, whose MP is Rachel Reeves of the Labour Party, first elected in 2010. Fred Asquith was a specialist Yorkshire cricket wicketkeeper who was born in Kirkstall, during the English Civil War, the bridge over the Aire at Kirkstall was blown up by Royalist troops from Leeds. Kirkstall was historically an important centre of industry, Kirkstall Forge lays claim to being the longest continually used industrial site in Britain founded in the 13th century by the Cistercian monks of the abbey, and a number of printers. The earliest known activity on the site was a mill race which supplied water to power the corn mill at Kirkstall Abbey. Iron production took place at the forge from the 1580s onwards, during the late 18th century the reconstruction of the upper and lower forges allowed shovel and spade production to commence. A railway was built at the forge in 1830 and sustained growth at the plant, the First World War brought about large scale growth, providing axles for military vehicles and by 1930 most lorries and buses made in the UK had a Kirkstall back axle casing. In 2002 the owners of the site, the Dana Holding Corporation announced the closure of the works, shifting production to India, the site is undergoing major redevelopment, as is the old Waides Printers & Kwik Save site. Printing has, like iron-founding, suffered a decline, several printing companies remain, until the late 1970s when it was closed, Kirkstall was dominated by a coal fired power station. It was replaced by power stations away from town at Ferrybridge, Eggborough. The power station was demolished in the early 1980s, Kirkstall Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery set in grounds which are now a public park on the north bank of the River Aire. It was founded in about 1152 and took over 75 years to construct and it was closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under the auspices of Henry VIII
26.
Kirkstall Abbey
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Kirkstall Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery in Kirkstall, north-west of Leeds city centre in West Yorkshire, England. It is set in a park on the north bank of the River Aire. It was disestablished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, the picturesque ruins have been drawn and painted by artists such as J. M. W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and John Sell Cotman, Kirkstall Abbey was acquired by Leeds Corporation as a gift from Colonel North and opened to the public in the late 19th century. Henry de Lacy, Lord of the manor of Pontefract, 2nd Lord of Bowland and he recovered and agreed to give the Abbot of Fountains Abbey land at Barnoldswick in the West Riding of Yorkshire on which to found a daughter abbey. Abbot Alexander with twelve Cistercian monks from Fountains went to Barnoldswick and they stayed for six years but found the place inhospitable. Abbot Alexander set about finding a suitable place for the abbey. Alexander sought help from de Lacy who was sympathetic and helped acquire the land from William de Poitou, the monks moved from Barnoldswick to Kirkstall displacing the hermits, some of whom joined the abbey, the rest being paid to move. The buildings were completed between 1152 when the monks arrived in Kirkstall and the end of Alexanders abbacy in 1182. Millstone Grit for building came from Bramley Fall on the side of the river. The English Cistercian houses, of which there are remains at Fountains, Rievaulx, Kirkstall, Tintern and Netley were mainly arranged after the same plan, as an example, below is the groundplan of Kirkstall Abbey, one of the best preserved. The church is of the Cistercian type, with a short chancel, the building is plain, the windows are unornamented, and the nave has no triforium. The cloister to the south occupies the length of the nave. On the east side stands the two-aisled chapter-house, between which and the transept is a small sacristy, and on the other side two small apartments, one of which was probably the parlour. Beyond this is the calefactory or day-room of the monks, above this whole range of building runs the monks dormitory, opening by stairs into the south transept of the church. Adjacent to this apartment are the remains of the kitchen, pantry and buttery, the arches of the lavatory are to be seen near the refectory entrance. The western side of the cloister is occupied by vaulted cellars and these have been identified as the hospitium or the abbots house, but they occupy the position in which the infirmary is more usually found. The hall was a spacious apartment, measuring 83 ft. in length by 48 ft.9 inches in breadth
27.
Kirkstall forge
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Kirkstall Forge Engineering was a metalworking business based near Kirkstall, in Yorkshire. The history of the forge can be dated to a 12th-century millrace which powered a mill for the monks of Kirkstall Abbey. Iron production began in the 16th century, making it the oldest forge in England, in the 19th century, as well as ironforging, the business produced axles for horse-drawn vehicles. As motor vehicles became common, in the early 20th century. During the First World War, forging was stopped, allowing the business to concentrate on axle production, during the Second World War, production expanded to meet the demand for military vehicles, and the site was camouflaged to reduce the risk of bombing raids. In 1964, Kirkstall Forge bought the Regent Axle company based in Burnley to expand its gear machining capabilities, in 1974, Kirkstall Forge Engineering was bought by GKN
28.
Leeds Outer Ring Road
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The Leeds Outer Ring Road is a main road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The ring road is approximately 25 miles long and consists of single, hence the road is not a loop and so is not a true ring road, although it is designated as such. The road begins in Belle Isle and ends in Colton at junction 46 of the M1 motorway and it begins in Belle Isle as an un-numbered road and goes through to Beeston. For the rest of the way between Farsley and Colton the road is the A6120 and it is a mixture of single, the ring road becomes the A63 road following a short concurrency and ends in Colton. There are future proposals for the dualling of the congested Outer Ring Road. The road name of the ring road reflects the district it passes through, the table below states the name of the ring road and the number of carriageways in each district. As A6110 A643 road Ring Road Beeston / Elland Road There is a concurrency where the A6110. As A6120 A64 road Ring Road Seacroft There is a concurrency where the A6120. A63 road Selby Road The former A63 between M1 J46 and Whitkirk Roundabout was redesignated A6120 in 2001, A6120 Leeds Outer Ring Road study - Leeds City Council. Leeds Outer Ring Road - UK Roads, Leeds
29.
Packhorse bridge
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A packhorse bridge is a bridge intended to carry packhorses across a river or stream. Typically a packhorse bridge consists of one or more narrow masonry arches, multi-arched examples sometimes have triangular cutwaters that are extended upwards to form pedestrian refuges. Packhorse bridges were built on the trade routes that formed major transport arteries across Europe and Great Britain until the coming of the turnpike roads. Before the road-building efforts of Napoleon, all crossings of the Alps were on packhorse trails, travellers carriages were dismantled and transported over the mountain passes by ponies and mule trains. In the British Isles at least, the definition of a bridge is somewhat nebulous. Ernest Hinchliffe discusses the difficulty of defining a true packhorse bridge in A Guide to the Packhorse Bridges of England and he claims that before the eighteenth century bridges were described as horse bridges or cart bridges and his strict definition excludes the latter. He suggests that a classic packhorse bridge should generally be, less than 6 feet in width, built before 1800, on a recognised packhorse route
30.
Calverley
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Calverley is a village in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England, on the A657 road, midway between Leeds city centre and Bradford. The population of Calverley in 2011 was 4,328, the appropriate City of Leeds ward was called Calverley and Farsley with a population at the 2011 Census of 22,594. In the 1086 Domesday Book, Calverley is listed as Caverleia, Calverley is a rural village with a medieval manor house, Calverley Old Hall which was home to the Calverley family. Houses in the village are constructed of sandstone, darkened by the soot of the Industrial Revolution. The Anglican parish church St Wilfrids has parts dating from the 11th or 12th century, the tower was added and increased in the 13th to 15th century. There is a Methodist church dating from 1872, beside Victoria Park, both churches are Grade II listed buildings. There are two courses to the south of the village, Woodhall Hills off Woodhall Road. In 1604 the landowner, Walter Calverley, went insane and murdered some of his children in Calverley Hall and he refused to plead and was ordered to be pressed to death, a method used to try to force a confession. He died without confessing his crime in order to ensure that his estate was not taken from his remaining family, the village was part of the Municipal Borough of Pudsey alongside Farsley until 1974, though for centuries previously both Pudsey and Farsley were part of the Calverley parish
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Apperley Bridge
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Apperley Bridge is a village in the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England. Apperley Bridge is north-east of Bradford on the boundary with the City of Leeds bounded in the east by Carr Beck, the village straddles the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the River Aire. It takes its name from the old bridge over the river on Apperley Lane, parts of Rawdon in Leeds of similar character are included in the BD10 Apperley Bridge postal district. The bridge from which the village takes its name was built in the century or early-17th century. In 1777 a stone arched bridge was built on Harrogate Road over the canal, from 1846 until its closure in 1965, Apperley Bridge railway station was situated across the boundary in Rawdon. Off Tenterfields close to the canal were four 19th-century mills, Apperdale Mill, Oaklea Mills, Valley Mills, Apperdale Mill and Oaklea Mills survive close to the canal basin, which is now a pleasure boat marina. Since the 1990s housing has been built in the Tenterfields area between the canal up to Greengates, Valley Mills and Whitfield Mills were demolished to make way for the development, while Apperdale Mill and Oaklea Mill were converted into residential units. Hammonds sauce factory on Harrogate Road close to the canal has been replaced by modern development, in the 2000s the village was considered for conservation area status but was turned down partly because many of its older buildings already had listed building status. Apperley Bridge is in the Idle and Thackley ward, on Apperley Lane is the head office of JCT600 vehicle hire and dealership. Next to the Harrogate Road bridge over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal is Apperley Bridge Quarries, on the canal itself is Apperley Bridge Marina with a cafe, office, and chandler operated by Calder Valley Marine. Regarding leisure and tourism there are cafes and historic public house / restaurants in the area. The old bridge from which Apperley Bridge takes its name is of ashlar construction with two arches and a partially obliterated inscription by the road edge, numerous farm buildings, barns, and previously canal related buildings along Apperley Road near Millman Bridge have listed building status. The Dog and Gun, The George and Dragon, * and The Stansfield Arms* public houses are historic houses, farmhouses. The Woodhouse Grove Methodist Church and the Moody Cow on Harrogate Road in Rawdon are notable large buildings, the canal marina has a modern steel, glass, and stone cafe, office and chandler. Close to the marina is the base of a canal side wharf crane. There are numerous listed buildings in Apperley Bridge to be found on Apperley Lane, Apperley Road, Laburnum Place, there are no operating schools in Apperley Bridge itself, though to the north of the village is Woodhouse Grove School, a fee paying independent day and boarding school. Greengates Primary School is located to the south of the village in Greengates and is the primary school for Apperley Bridge. The nearest secondary school is Immanuel College in Idle, Apperley Bridges sports ground is on Apperley Lane north of the old Apperley Bridge and there are other sports grounds or playing fields close by between the canal and river
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Idle, West Yorkshire
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Idle is a residential suburban area in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, in England and was a separate village and before that the Manor of Idle. Idle is loosely bordered by the areas of Eccleshill, Wrose, Thackley, Apperley Bridge, the manor of Idle contained the villages of Idle and Windhill and hamlets of Thackley, Thorpe-Green, Parkhill, Cross-Keys, Buckmill, and Wrose. The manor of Idle was bounded by the River Aire in the north and in the east Pighill Beck up to Blakehill Tongue, the name is thought to be a corruption of Idlawe meaning Ides Hill, where Ida is supposed to be an Anglo Saxon settler. Idle was once part of the parish of Calverley but in 1584 a chapel of ease was built on Town Lane, the building is now known as Old Chapel. In 1775 Round Steps School was added to the end of Old Chapel and was rebuilt in 1836. The school building contained a lockup and the towns offices. It was demolished in the late 19th century, in 1914 there was a move to demolish Old Chapel to improve road access however there was a successful campaign to oppose this and preserve the Old Chapel. In 1717 Upper Chapel was built on Westfield Road by dissenters, rebuilt in 1790 and this was demolished in 1953 and rebuilt again becoming the United Reformed Church in 1972. The Primitive Methodists Church was established on Town Lane in 1861 but was later demolished, the property was used by the Idle branch of the YMCA. Thorpe Methodist Chapel was built in 1814 and a new built in 1871 then demolished circa 1981. Holy Trinity Church was built off Town Lane in 1830 and later the graveyard was extended into land between the church and The Grange previously occupied by Church Farm, in 1858 the Unitarian Church was built on Highfield Road but was later demolished. St Johns Church was built on Cavendish Road but this has now been demolished, the Idle Baptist Chapel was built on Bradford Road in 1810 and the Idle Baptist Church was built in 1875 but later demolished in 1983. The Salvation Army came to Idle in 1884 and took up residence in the Old Green Mill in Idle Green. In 1890 the foundations were laid for the present Idle Citadel Salvation Army Worship Hall on Walter Street The builders were Messrs Obank & sons of Thackley. The hall was opened in April 1893. In 1999 a new community hall was built adjoining the hall over the site of the old air-raid shelter. The Idle Spiritualist Church was established on Highfield Road in the premises of the White Hart Inn. Idles early local industry was based on measures and quarrying. Stone was exported using the canal and later on the railway, Mills in the Idle area include Old Green Mill, Butt Lane Cotton Mill, Union Mills, Simpson Green Mill or Castle Mill, New Mill and Albion Mill
33.
Esholt
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Esholt is a village between Shipley and Guiseley, in the metropolitan district of the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. The name Esholt indicates that the village was first established in a wooded area of ash trees. In the 12th century, the Esholt estate was owned by Syningthwaite Priory, and Esholt Priory, when the nunnery was dissolved in about 1547 the estate was granted to Henry Thompson by Edward VI. In the 17th century Frances Thompson, the heiress of Henry Thompson married Walter Calverley, in 1709 their son Walter Calverley built Esholt Hall, a Queen Anne style mansion house, on the site of the old nunnery. In 1775 the Calverleys sold the estate to Robert Stansfield whose family remained in possession until 1906 when it was sold to Bradford City Council, to the north of the village was Esholt railway station opened in 1876 and closed in 1940. In 1892 a notable rail crash occurred nearby at Esholt Junction on the Otley and Ilkley Joint Railway, from 1912 to 1915 Nanson, Barker & Co manufactured the Tiny cyclecar in Esholt. In 1919 after the First World War the company made cars under the Airedale brand. Just before the First World War land on the estate was used for Airedale Aerodrome, the current owner of the estate, Yorkshire Water, operates a waste water treatment plant on what was the location of the aerodrome. Home farm on the estate is used as a conference and staff learning centre, the manor house, Esholt Old Hall at Upper Esholt is medieval in origin, probably 16th century, and possibly once had a moat. It is well-preserved and has Grade II* listed building status, Esholt has two public houses, The Woolpack* in Main Street and The Old Barn. The Church of Saint Paul was built at a cost of £800 in 1839 by William Rookes Crompton-Stansfield for use as a family chapel. Historically part of the parish of Guiseley, the Church of St Paul is a successor to the chapel in the old manor house. It was consecrated in 1853 and the chancel added in 1895, since 1983 it has been in the combined parish of Guiseley with Esholt. There are many listed buildings on Esholt Lane, Cunliffe Lane, Chapel Lane, Church Lane, Main Street, St Leonards Farm, Upper Esholt, The Avenue, and Esholt Hall. * listed building Esholt Waste Water Treatment Works is located on a 300 acres site on the estate of Esholt Hall. It is Yorkshire Waters second largest waste treatment plant, exceeded only by Knostrop in Leeds. In 1862 a sewage system was begun in Bradford but Bradford Beck was still polluted, in 1869 William Stansfield of Esholt Hall obtained an injunction requiring Bradford Corporation to improve the sewage system so as not to pollute the beck. Bradford Corporation built a treatment works at Frizinghall to treat sewage before the water was put in the river, when Frizinghall works could not cope with the waste the Esholt estate was acquired for more than £239,000 as the site for a new sewage works
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Baildon
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Baildon is a civil parish and town in Northern England. It is part of the Bradford Metropolitan District in the county of West Yorkshire. It lies 3 miles north of Bradford city centre, other nearby suburbs include Shipley to the south and Saltaire to the west. Baildon Moor has a number of outcrops with numerous prehistoric cup. A denuded and mutilated bank represents the remains of an Iron Age settlement known as Soldiers Trench, a Bronze Age cup-marked rock is incorporated in the bank. Baildon had two houses, one on Hall Cliffe, the other in lower Baildon. In the 1960s the Hall Cliffe house was demolished and replaced with the Ian Clough Hall, in the latter years of the 20th century, the West Riding suffered from economic decline through the gradual closure of its textile and engineering industries. Bradford was particularly affected by this, however, Leeds grew as an administrative and financial centre. Baildon was an important location for the British Gypsy community, a report of 1929 stated that annual Gypsy Parties had started two to three hundred years before – records were said to go back to 1770 when it was reported to be an ancient custom. In 1881, up to 5,000 people are said to have paid for admission, gradually the event was taken over by local residents, who dressed up as Gypsies and formed tribes. Proceeds went to the local Horticultural Society, after 1897 the tradition died out, apparently because the real Gypsies had disappeared. However, in 1929 it was revived to raise funds for Baildon Hospital, the Gypsy Parties ended with the start of the Second World War and were never revived. However, in the early 1990s travellers used the Bank Holiday loophole to occupy Shipley Glen in Baildon for a weekend festival. In northern Shipley off Prod Lane there was a fairground with dodgem cars, booths. In earlier years the fairground attractions at Shipley Glen were much more extensive, the fairground closed and is now dismantled and newly built private housing now covers the site. The HDRCGB ran the rally up to 2001 when it moved to Berkshire, in 2003, Harley-Davidsons Centenary Year, the HDRCGB hosted the event for the last time in Baildon. The rally is now organised by the Shipley Harley-Davidson Club, in 2008430 riders were given a police escort down Browgate towards Hollins Hill, from where most riders travelled to Harewood House. Baildon lies to the north east of Bradford, and is linked to Bradford, to the north of Baildon lies Baildon Moor, a part of Rombalds Moor, with several quarries and underlying strata of coal
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Thackley
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The village of Thackley is a small suburban area to the north of the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire in England. The village is bordered by the village of Idle to the south, to the west by the West Royd area of Shipley and elsewhere by the Leeds. Thackley is the northernmost part of Bradford south of the River Aire, an archaeological project during 2009 funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, revealed the site in Buck Wood of an enclosure that was in use as a settlement from Neolithic to post-Roman times. This formed an enclosure, roughly 82 m by 78 m in size. The remains of a stone for grinding grain was found within this central area. Leading away from the enclosure is a wall of large stones. Historically the area formed part of the Lordship of Idle, in the 17th century a tanning industry developed and in the 19th century sandstone was quarried, and mills were built for a local cotton industry. Brackendale Mill was a mill established circa 1800 in the north of Thackley. The mill was extended in 1829 with a house and water wheel. Today the mill building is living accommodation, recent dwelling development on Weavers Croft off Crag Hill Road occupies part of the site of the former Bowling Green Mills. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal was built through the far north of Thackley in the 1770s, in 1845 railway construction began with the building of a two-track Thackley Railway Tunnel under Thackley Hill—in use up until 1968. In 1900 a second adjacent and parallel tunnel was added on the side of the original to create a fast passenger line. Thackley railway station, rebuilt in 1894, is in the middle of Thackley, the line wasnt competitive and after 1931 it was made single line freight only, and progressively closed from 1966 to 1968. The route through Thackley can be easily identified today—the rails have been removed, a trolleybus service ran from Shipley, West Yorkshire up to its terminus at Thackley Corner in the centre of Thackley. Between 1908 and 1939 sickly children from Bradford were bussed in to attend the Open Air School in Buck Wood, near the main entrance to Buck Wood on Ainsbury Avenue is a plateau originally formed from waste material created when the first railway tunnel was built under Buck Wood. The village has no obvious focal centre such as a village green however the system is centred on a crossroads in the south of the village known as Thackley Corner. From Thackley Corner Town Lane heads south toward Idle and Bradford while Thackley Road runs north into a residential area. To the north of the village is the Airedale Railway Line linking Shipley, North of the rail line is the Leeds and Liverpool Canal separating Thackley from Baildon and Esholt further north and then the River Aire
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Wharfedale line
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The Wharfedale line is one of the rail services in the West Yorkshire Metro area of northern England. The service connects Ilkley with Leeds and Bradford, and is operated by Northern, West Yorkshire Metrocards are available for use on the line, covering Zones 3–5. The line is served predominantly by four-coach Class 333 electric multiple units, the line was originally owned by the Midland Railway from Leeds to Burley-in-Wharfedale. At this point the line became joint property, with the North Eastern Railway, the two lines from Leeds and Bradford come together at Esholt Junction – the location of an 1892 crash – south of Guiseley. The station at Kirkstall Forge is expected to provide a service on the Wharfedale line outside of peak hours only, plans also exist to reinstate the O&IJt branch line to Otley from Milner Wood Junction, between Menston and Burley. The first section of the route from Bradford Forster Square is also used by the Airedale, the now-closed and lifted Midland line continued west of Ilkley via Addingham, Bolton Abbey and Embsay to Skipton. The section from Embsay to Bolton Abbey has been reopened by enthusiasts who operate steam locomotives as the Embsay, Metro Wharfedale Rail Users Group A description of a journey along the route
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Bradford Canal
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The Bradford Canal was a 3. 5-mile English canal which ran from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Shipley into the centre of Bradford. It opened in 1774, and was closed in 1866, when it was declared to be a health hazard. Four years later it reopened with a water supply. It was subsequently filled in, although consideration has been given to restoring it, there are some remains, including a short section of canal at the junction and a pumping station building, which is now a dwelling. Although the bill reached the stage, nothing more became of it. When the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was promoted in the 1760s, an Act of Parliament was obtained on 29 April 1771, which appointed 28 proprietors. They could also build reservoirs, and take water from various brooks, the canal ran for 3.5 miles, dropping by 86 feet through 10 locks on its way from Bradford to Shipley. Abraham Balme, one of the promoters, oversaw the construction. The locks on the canal were 66 by 15.2 feet, the sizes were the same as those of the neighbouring Leeds and Liverpool. The work was completed by March 1774, when Mr Balme paid for the ringers of Bradford to ring out his arrival by boat. The Leeds and Liverpool opened from Bingley to Thackley in the same month, the opening was a year later than planned, and the canal had cost £9,424 14s 2d to build, about £3,500 over budget. Initially the main cargo was stone, as a number of kilns were built beside the canal by the Bradford Lime Kiln Company and limestone was brought from Skipton. Coal pit owners on the side of Bradford in Broomfields and Bowling built tramways into the town. In about 1790 the newly established Bowling Iron Works constructed a wagon-way from its works in Bowling to a staithes at Golden Lyon Yard about 200 yards south of the canal basin, finished iron products and coal were exported from the town by the canal via the wagon-way. The carriage of wool from Australia was an important source of revenue from the 1820s, water supply was a significant issue for the canal company. As Bradford grew, the basin was surrounded by housing, further down, mills drew water from the canal, used it for industrial processes, and returned it to the canal. A wide-ranging sanitation bill was prepared, which included a clause to buy the canal, the action would be funded by a £100,000 public loan. Hot weather in 1864 led to a fund being opened, so that an order could be used to close the canal
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Aqueduct (bridge)
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Bridges for conveying water, called aqueducts or water bridges are constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct may also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a crossing at the level as the watercourses on each end. The word is derived from the Latin aqua and ducere, a modern version of an aqueduct is a pipeline bridge. Although particularly associated with the Romans, aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE, the Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system, including several aqueducts. In the seventh century BCE, the Assyrians built an 80 km long limestone aqueduct, roman aqueducts set a standard of engineering that was not surpassed for more than a thousand years. Navigable aqueducts, also called water bridges, are water-filled bridges to allow vessels on a waterway to cross ravines or valleys, during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, navigable aqueducts were constructed as part of the boom in canal-building. A notable revolving aqueduct has been made on the Bridgewater Canal and this allowed vessels to cross at high and low levels while conserving water.3 km long and featuring 74 arches Aqueduct of Zacatecas, Zacatecas. F
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Bingley Three Rise Locks
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Bingley Three Rise Locks is a staircase of three locks on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Bingley, West Yorkshire, England. It opened in 1774 and was a feat of engineering at the time along with the larger Five Rise opened at the same time. The lock comprises a staircase flight—the lower gate of one lock forming the gate of the next lock. In 1985 the locks were designated Grade II* listed status, in 2007 the lock gates were refurbished with full replacement of the gates taking place in December 2015. Hand crafted English Oak gates weighing 4.5 tonnes were swung into place on the locks in a £3.5 million modernisation programme
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Bingley Five Rise Locks
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Bingley Five-Rise Locks is a staircase lock on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Bingley. As the name implies, a passing through the lock is lifted or lowered in five stages. In effect the five-rise consists of five locks connected together without intermediate ponds, there are therefore five chambers, and six gates. As the Leeds Liverpool canal is a canal, the chambers are slightly more than 14 feet wide. Each half gate is more than 7 feet wide, so that the two halves close in a V shape. Water pressure on the side of the gate keeps it tightly closed until the water levels on either side are equal, when the gate can be opened. The five-rise is the steepest flight of locks in the UK, the intermediate and bottom gates are the tallest in the country. Because of the complications of working a staircase lock, and because so many boaters are inexperienced, a lock keeper is employed. Barry Whitelock, the keeper, after twenty years based here is now almost synonymous with the flight. Barry was awarded an MBE in the 2006 New Year Honours List for Services to Inland Waterways in the North, the Locks also have an overflow waterfall at the side, which water runs down when the lock is not open. When descending boat enters each lock chamber, the level rises slightly. The structure is Grade I listed, the five-rise opened on 21 March 1774 and was a major feat of engineering at the time. When the locks and therefore the canal from Gargrave to Thackley was opened in 1774, the first boat to use the locks took just 28 minutes. The first trip was described in the Leeds Intelligencer, the smaller Bingley Three Rise Locks opened at the same time just a few hundred yards downstream. The staircase is a tourist attraction in the area, boats that pass through often attract a crowd of gongoozlers. The staircase underwent extensive restorative maintenance in 2004, and again in 2006 when the gates and paddles were replaced. As is expected with such a feat of engineering it requires a lot of maintenance and is often on British Waterways list of winter stoppages for maintenance, in January 2012, the locks were drained to allow the installation of new lock gates. The new gates are made of English green oak and, taken together with the balance beam, weigh over 5 tons
41.
Keighley
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Keighley is a town and civil parish within the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it is situated 11 miles northwest of Bradford and is at the confluence of the rivers Aire and Worth. The town area, which is part of the Brontë Country, has a population of 51,429, Keighley lies in a fold between the countryside of Airedale and Keighley Moors. The town is the terminus of the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway, as of the 2011 census, Keighley had a population of 56,348. Henry de Keighley, a Lancashire knight, was granted a charter to hold a market in Keighley on 17 October 1305 by King Edward I. The poll tax records of 1379 show that the population of Keighley, from 1753 the Union stage coach departed on the Keighley and Kendal Turnpike from what was the Devonshire Arms coaching inn on the corner of Church Street and High Street. Rebuilt about 1788, this house has a classical style pedimented doorcase with engaged Tuscan columns in the high fashion of that age. The original route towards Skipton was Spring Gardens Lane – Hollins Lane – Hollins Bank Lane, the towns industries have typically been in textiles, particularly wool and cotton processing. In addition to the manufacture of textiles there were large factories making textile machinery. These included Dean, Smith & Grace, George Hattersley & Son and Prince, the first of these operated as a manufacturer of CNC machine tools, particularly precision lathes, until 2008. The town was incorporated as a borough on 28 July 1882 under the provisions of the Municipal Corporations Act 1882 in the West Riding of Yorkshire. On 1 April 1974 it became part of the City of Bradford Metropolitan District in accordance with the 1972 Local Government Act in the newly formed county of West Yorkshire. The merger caused a lot of bitterness among Keighley people who resented being taken over by Bradford, civil parish status was restored to Keighley in 2002, providing it with its own town council. The councils 30 members elect a mayor from amongst their number once a year, the town has a local history society, Keighley and District Local History Society, and a family history society, Keighley and District Family History Society. Keighley lies at the confluence of the rivers Worth and Aire in Airedale and its northern boundary is with Bradley and its southern limit is the edge of Oxenhope. To the west, the town advances up the hill to the suburb of Black Hill and in the east it terminates at the neighbourhoods of Long Lee. The outlying northeastern suburb of Riddlesden is sometimes referred to as a separate village. Past Black Hill and via Braithwaite Edge Road lies Braithwaite village which leads to Laycock, Laycock is a conservation area which overlooks the hamlet of Goose Eye
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Silsden
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Silsden is a town and civil parish situated in West Yorkshire, England. It lies on the slope of the Aire Valley between Keighley and Skipton. It is about 0.6 miles from the river, along the lower edge of the town is the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The town has a population of 7,999, increasing at the 2011 Census to 8,268. Silsden was mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book as Siglesdene, generally an agricultural area, industry came with the canal and the Industrial Revolution. The town hosted a number of mills none of which now operate in their original form, there is still industry in the town, some in old mill buildings and some in a new industrial estate between the town and the river. In 1911 there was a riot in Silsden when the station was attacked. A very unpopular policeman had been too enthusiastic in his duties, questions were raised in the House of Commons and it was reported in the national press. The policeman was removed from the town and no more trouble occurred, during the 1940s a hostel was built off Howden Road, The hostel housed refugees and PoW from various countries and various camps. The Guinness Book of World Records reported that the biggest onion ever, however this has since been beaten. On 6 July 2014, Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France from York to Sheffield, the village is part of the Craven ward of the Metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, part of the Metropolitan county of West Yorkshire. Silsden has been administered by the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council since 1974 and it also has its own town council. Silsden has four houses, the Robin Hood, the Red Lion, the Punch Bowl. There are two clubs, Sunnybank Social Club and Twisters Social Club. Whilst Silsden does not have its own station, the Steeton. The station provides a link for commuters to the cities of Leeds, lying between Keighley and Ilkley, Silsden is served by buses to both these towns. Silsdens public transport benefits from Silsden being part of West Yorkshire rather than North Yorkshire, the Lampkin family lived at Silsden during the Second World War. Lampkin brothers Arthur, Alan and Martin were, later, national motorcycle trials champions, Martin Lampkin won the 1975 FIM Trial World Championship and his son, Douglas Dougie Lampkin, is a twelve-time trials world champion
43.
Thanet Canal
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It was opened in 1773, and extended in 1794. It is sometimes called the Springs Branch, Lord Thanet, who was the owner of Skipton Castle in the late 18th Century, owned some limestone quarries near to the castle. When the Leeds and Liverpool Canal were building their main line and this they refused to do, and so on 10 May 1773 he obtained an act of Parliament which authorised the construction of a branch canal to serve this purpose. The Act did not authorise the raising of capital, as Lord Thanet financed the canal himself and its alternative title of the Springs Branch comes from the fact that the original Act was for a Canal from a Place called the Spring, lying near Skipton Castle. The branch was built quickly, as it was only one third of a mile long. It left the Leeds and Liverpool canal in the centre of Skipton, in 1785, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Company took over the lease of the canal. In 1794, a 240 yd extension was constructed, to a new loading dock, much of the limestone went to the Low Moor Ironworks in Bradford, where it was used in the smelting of iron. It was also used as stone, and some of it was burnt to produce lime, for use as a fertiliser. As built, the terminus was a lot higher than the canal. Because this caused damage to the boats and the noise disturbed the occupants of the castle, a tramway was constructed. One of the shorter metal chutes is still visible on the canal bank, canals of Great Britain History of the British canal system
44.
Gargrave
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Gargrave is a large village and civil parish in the Craven district located along the A65,4 miles north-west of Skipton in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales. The River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal pass through the village and it had a population of 1,764 in 2001 reducing slightly to 1,755 at the 2011 census. At Kirk Sink in the century the Romans built a villa in flat meadowland near the River Aire. It was excavated in 1968-1974 by Brian Hartley and its central room had a seven-metre square mosaic floor and a bath house was built alongside. The villa was surrounded by two ditches, Gargrave House was built in 1917 by the distinguished Scottish architect, James Dunn. Gargrave is in the Gargrave and Malhamdale ward of the authority, Craven District Council. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was measured at 3,037, for parliamentary elections Gargrave is in the Skipton and Ripon constituency. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes through the village and the road is the A65 Leeds to Kendal road. There has been a campaign to have a by-pass built around the village. Gargrave railway station is served by services to Skipton and Leeds to the east and Morecambe. Gargrave has bus links to Skipton, Settle, Malham, Barnoldswick, the parish church is dedicated to St Andrew was built in 1852 but has much earlier origins. Robert of Newminster who was born in the parish in about 1100 was an early rector, former Chancellor of the Exchequer Iain Macleod is buried in the south-east corner of the churchyard. Being on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and having the Pennine Way National Trail going through the village, Gargrave is a destination for hikers. Gargrave has a hall hosting art exhibitions, tea dances, snooker, lectures, indoor bowls. Gargraves football club currently has an A and a B team playing in the Premier Division and Division 1 of the Craven League, the cricket club has first and second team playing in the Craven and District Cricket League. There is also a club and a bowling club in the village as well as the Craven Lawn Tennis Club being sited there. Since the turn of the century there is a society run from the Masons Arms public house in the village
