1.
List of municipalities of the Netherlands
–
There are 388 regular municipalities and 3 public bodies, also referred to as special municipalities, in the Netherlands. Municipalities are the administrative division in the Netherlands and are subdivisions of their respective provinces. Their duties are delegated to them by the government and they are ruled by a municipal council that is elected every four years. Municipal mergers have reduced the number of municipalities by two-thirds since the first official boundaries were created in the mid 19th century. Municipalities themselves are subdivided into districts and neighbourhoods for administrative. These municipalities come in a range of sizes, Westervoort is the smallest at 7.84 km2. Schiermonnikoog is both the least populous municipality and has the lowest population density with 938 inhabitants for a density of 21/km2, Amsterdam has the highest population with 810,909 residents, whereas The Hague is most densely populated with a density of 6, 131/km2. As a second level administrative division municipalities are the tier of public administration in the Netherlands after the central government. The Netherlands is a unitary state, which means that the central government is supreme. The different levels do, however, make work agreements, which give municipalities a certain degree of independence in their policy decisions. Municipalities are responsible for a variety of public services, which include land-use planning, public housing, management and maintenance of local roads, waste management. After the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010 three special municipalities were formed and these municipalities function the same as regular municipalities and are grouped together as the Caribbean Netherlands and are not part of a province. The municipalities are governed by both a board of mayor and aldermen and a municipal council, the municipal council, which is titled island council in the special municipalities, is elected every four years. The number of members in the ranges from nine members for the smallest municipalities to forty-five members for the largest. It is the highest administrative body in the municipality and controls public policy, the mayor is appointed for six years at a time by the crown and the alderman are elected by the municipal council, typically after each municipal election. The mayor is responsible for order and is the first in command during emergencies. The exact portfolio for each person differs between each municipality, official municipal boundaries were first drawn up in 1832 in the Netherlands after a cadastre was formed. The Municipalities Act of 1851, written by prime minister Thorbecke, throughout the years, less populous municipalities have been merged
List of municipalities of the Netherlands
–
Map of municipalities of the Netherlands after the mergers of 1 January 2015
2.
Gracht
–
Gracht is a Dutch word frequently encountered by non-Dutch people when confronted with several things related to the Netherlands, such as Dutch art, Dutch history or tourism. A vaart is a canal used for transport rather than, for instance. Like most kanalen, they are usually in the countryside, a gracht is a waterway in the city with streets on both sides of the water. The streets are lined with houses, often in a closed front, a singel is by origin a water-filled moat which surrounds a city for defense purposes. When the city expands, the singel is incorporated in the structure and cannot be distinguished any more from a gracht. As such, singels often encircle parts of the city, but in other cases regular grachten were dug in circles as well, like the famous grachtengordel of Amsterdam. Although the word gracht means canal or waterway in the sense, there is no exact equivalent for the term in English. Grachten were the life-lines of Dutch and Flemish cities and they were used for many purposes, for transportation, for draining, as water supply and as sewers, all at the same time. In heavily populated cities, these combined functions repeatedly proved to be detrimental to the public health, most Hanseatic cities have grachten to transport, to load and to land goods in and from ships. Sometimes grachten were made from older rivers, like in Groningen, there the older river called Drentse Aa was used as a natural part of the grachten. In Delft, the main gracht – the Oude Delft – started as a canal for reclaiming land in marshy surroundings. When it was still a Dutch colony, Cape Town had a network of grachten and these provided water and sanitation for the infant town. In the ensuing centuries, the grachten were covered over, there is currently a project to restore some of these historic waterways. A function in almost every city was drainage, usually they were also used as a sewer. Because these functions are not needed any more, many grachten have been filled in to access to road traffic. However, these new streets have retained the names of the grachts. The history of the city of Delft is an illustration of how the origins of the grachten coincide with the origin of a Dutch town. In a period roughly around the year 1100, a canal was delved here and this canal was called Delf, later on Delft, from the word “delven” that is akin to the verb to “delve” in English
Gracht
–
Grachten in
Amsterdam
Gracht
–
Gracht in
Groningen, locally referred to as diep
Gracht
–
Old map showing the grachten of
Bruges, the singels are clearly visible
Gracht
–
Example of half a gracht
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 5500 BC
Netherlands
–
Flag
Netherlands
–
The Netherlands in 500 BC
Netherlands
–
An oak figurine found in
Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).
5.
Provinces of the Netherlands
–
The most populous province is South Holland, with over 3.5 million inhabitants in 2009. With approximately 381,000 inhabitants, Zeeland has the smallest population, in terms of area, Friesland is the largest province with a total area of 5,749 km2. If water is excluded, Gelderland is the largest province in terms of area at 4,972 km2, Utrecht is the smallest at 1,449 km2. In total about 13,000 people were employed by the administrations in 2009. The provinces of the Netherlands are joined in the Association of Provinces of the Netherlands and this organisation promotes the common interests of the provinces in the national government of the Netherlands in The Hague and within the EU in Brussels. The government of each province consists of three parts, The States-Provincial is the provincial parliament elected every four years. The number of members varies between 39 and 55, depending on the number of inhabitants of the province, being a member is a part-time job. The main task of the States-Provincial is to scrutinise the work of the provincial government, the Provincial Executive is a college elected from among the members of the States-Provincial and charged with most executive tasks. Each province has three and seven deputies, each having their own portfolio. The task of the Provincial Executive is the management of the province. The Kings Commissioner is a person appointed by the Crown who presides over the States-Provincial as well as over the Provincial Executive. The Commissioner is appointed for a term of six years, after which reappointment for another term is possible, the members of the States-Provincial are elected every four years in direct elections. To a large extent, the political parties are enlisted in these elections in the national elections. The chosen provincial legislators elect the members of the national Senate within three months after the provincial elections, the elections for the water boards take place on the same date as the provincial elections. The last three elections were held in 2007,2011 and in 2015. The provinces of the Netherlands have 7 core tasks, Sustainable spatial development, also, provinces have income from a part of the Vehicle Excise Duty. Several provinces have made a profit in the past from privatising utility companies originally owned or partly owned by the provinces. An example is Essent, which was owned by six provinces
Provinces of the Netherlands
–
Flags of the provinces flown at the
Hofvijver in
The Hague.
Provinces of the Netherlands
6.
South Holland
–
South Holland is a province in the midwestern Netherlands. It has a population of just over 3.6 million, situated on the North Sea in the west of the Netherlands, South Holland covers an area of 3,403 km2, of which 585 km2 is water. It borders North Holland to the north, Utrecht and Gelderland to the east, the provincial capital is The Hague, while its largest city is Rotterdam. Archaeological discoveries in Hardinxveld-Giessendam indicate that the area of South Holland has been inhabited since at least ca.7,500 years before present, agriculture and permanent settlements probably originated around 2,000 years later, based on excavations near Vlaardingen. In the classical antiquity, South Holland was part of the Roman Province of Germania Inferior, the Romans built fortresses along the border, such as Praetorium Agrippinae near modern-day Valkenburg, Matilo near modern-day Leiden, and Albaniana near modern-day Alphen aan den Rijn. A city was founded near modern-day Voorburg, Forum Hadriani and it was built according to the grid plan, and facilitated a square, a court, a bathhouse and several temples. After the departure of the Romans, the area belonged to the Frisian Kingdom, in 690, the Anglo-Saxon monk Willibrord arrived near Katwijk and was granted permission to spread Roman Catholicism by the Frankish king Pepin II. He accordingly founded a church in Oegstgeest, after which the area was gradually Christianised. The area was appointed to East Francia in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, after which the king granted lands to Gerolf and this was the birth of the County of Holland. Gerolf was later succeeded by Dirk I, who continued to rule Holland under the Frankish king, in 1248, count William II ordered the construction of the Ridderzaal, which was later finished by his son and successor Floris V. The first city in South Holland to receive city rights was Dordrecht, the city retained a dominant position in the area until it was struck by a series of floods in the late 14th century. The same century saw a series of civil wars, the Hook and Cod wars. Both his daughter Jaqueline and his brother John, the supported by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. The conflict ended in 1490, with John victorious, overall, the area of South Holland remained largely agrarian throughout the late Middle Ages. This changed around 1500, when Holland became Europes most urbanised area, during the Eighty Years War, the area of South Holland was the scene of the Capture of Brielle, the Siege of Leiden and the assassination of William the Silent. The United Netherlands declared their independence in 1581, and Holland quickly emerged as the dominant province, with important trading cities such as Leiden, Delft, Gouda. In 1575, the Netherlands first university was founded in Leiden by William the Silent, the Hague, which had originated around the castle of the counts of Holland, became its new political centre. Both the States of Holland and the States General seated in the Binnenhof, the Dutch Golden Age blossomed in the 17th century
South Holland
–
The liberation of
Leiden in 1574
South Holland
South Holland
–
The
Binnenhof by the
Hofvijver, 1625
South Holland
–
The centre of
Rotterdam in ruins after the
Rotterdam Blitz in 1940
7.
Municipal council (Netherlands)
–
In the Netherlands the municipal council is the elected assembly of the municipality. Its main role is laying down the guidelines for the policy of the council of mayor and aldermen and exercising control over its execution by the council of mayor and aldermen. The municipal councils range in size from nine to 45 seats, depending on the municipalitys population, in many municipalities all major political parties contest in the election in addition to local parties. All citizens and foreigners who live in the Netherlands for at least four years in a municipality have the right to vote, ministers and state secretaries in the national government are barred from standing in elections as well as mayors and civil servants employed by the municipality. After the elections the parties in the elect the aldermen. The municipal council is supported by its own civil service headed by the raadsgriffier, members of the council are not paid as full-time politicians, instead, most of them have day job. As in most legislatures, the members of municipal council work in political groups and policy area related committees. The mayor chairs the meetings of the council, some municipalities allow parties to have dual councillors, politicians who are not elected into the city council but are allowed to speak in committees
Municipal council (Netherlands)
–
Members of the city council of
Spijkenisse.
8.
Burgemeester
–
In the Netherlands and Belgium, the mayor is an appointed government position, whose main responsibility is chairing the executive and legislative councils of a municipality. The title is translated in English as burgomaster. In the Netherlands, mayors chair both the council of mayor and aldermen and the municipal council and they are members of the council of mayor and aldermen and have their own portfolios, always including safety and public order. They also have a role for the municipal government, both to its civilians and to other authorities on the local, regional and national level. A large majority of mayors are members of a political party and this can be the majority party in the municipal council, but there are many exceptions on this. However, the mayors are expected to exercise their office in a non-partisan way, the mayor is appointed by the national government for a renewable six-year term. In the past, mayors for important cities were chosen after negotiations between the national parties. This appointment procedure has been criticised because it was seen by some as undemocratic, especially the party D66 had a direct election of the mayor as one of the main objectives in its platform. In the early 2000s, proposals for change were discussed in the national parliament, however, opponents of the status quo were divided between two alternatives, direct election of the mayor by the people or appointment by the municipal council. A constitutional change to direct election gained a majority in both chambers but failed to pass the vote in the Senate in March 2005. In the meantime, although the law remained the same, the practice changed, nowadays, when a vacancy occurs, a special committee of the municipal council interviews candidates, which are pre-selected by the provincial governor. After advice by the committee, the council express its preferences to the Minister of the Interior, who almost always follows this recommendation
Burgemeester
–
Session of the council of the community
Oude IJsselstreek, eastern Netherlands: mayor
Steven de Vreeze (right) as chairman of the council.
9.
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
The Labour Party is a social-democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1946 as a merger of the Social Democratic Workers Party, the Free-thinking Democratic League, Prime Ministers from the Labour Party have been Willem Drees, Joop den Uyl, and Wim Kok. Since 2012, the PvdA is the partner in the Second Rutte cabinet with the Peoples Party for Freedom. Since 2016, Lodewijk Asscher has been Leader of the Labour Party, the party won 9 seats in the House of Representatives in the 2017 general election. The Labour Party is a member of the European Party of European Socialists, in the European Parliament, where the Labour Party has 3 seats, it is part of the parliamentary group Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. They were joined by individuals from Catholic resistance group Christofoor and the Protestant parties Christian Historical Union, the founders of the PvdA wanted to create a broad party, breaking with the historic tradition of Pillarisation. This desire to come to a new system was called the Doorbraak. The party combined socialists with liberal democrats and progressive Christians, however, the party was unable to break Pillarisation. Instead the new party renewed the ties that SDAP had with other socialist organisations. In 1948 some conservative members, led by former VDB leader Pieter Oud, together with the Freedom Party, they formed the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, a conservative-liberal party. Between 1946 and 1958, the PvdA formed coalition governments with the Catholic Peoples Party, the KVP and the PvdA together had a large majority in parliament. Since 1948, these cabinets were led by PvdA Prime Minister Willem Drees, under his leadership the Netherlands recovered from the war, began to build its welfare state and Indonesia became independent. After the cabinet crisis of 1958, the PvdA was replaced by the VVD, the PvdA was in opposition until 1965. The electoral support of PvdA voters began to decline, in 1965 a conflict in the KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD cabinet made continuation of the government impossible. The three confessional, Christian-influenced parties turned towards the PvdA, together they formed the Cals cabinet. This cabinet was also lived and conflict ridden. The conflicts culminated in the fall of the Cals cabinet over economic policy, meanwhile, a younger generation was attempting to gain control of the PvdA. A group of young PvdA members, calling themselves the New Left, prominent New Left members were Jan Nagel, André van der Louw and Bram Peper
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
Willem Drees, co-founder and party leader from 1946 until 1958,
Prime Minister from 1948 until 1958.
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
Joop den Uyl, leader from 1966 until 1986,
Prime Minister from 1973 until 1977.
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
Wim Kok, party leader from 1986 until 2001,
Prime Minister from 1994 until 2002.
Labour Party (Netherlands)
–
Job Cohen, party leader from 2010 until 2012.
10.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
11.
Metropolitan area
–
As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
–
Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
–
Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
–
Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
–
Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
12.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
13.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
14.
Central European Summer Time
–
It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
Central European Summer Time
–
light blue
15.
Dutch language
–
It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after English and German. Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English and is said to be roughly in between them, Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e. g. Hollands, West-Vlaams. The use of the word Vlaams to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands, the Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe. It literarily means the language of the people, that is. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the language of writing. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, later, theudisca appeared also in the Oaths of Strasbourg to refer to the Germanic portion of the oath. This led inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages, owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers, Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole. In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian Low Dietsch dialects in northeast Belgium, Nederlands, the official Dutch word for Dutch, did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, one of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, High Dutch, meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language. g, in English, too, Netherlandic is regarded as a more accurate term for the Dutch language, but is hardly ever used. Old Dutch branched off more or less around the same time Old English, Old High German, Old Frisian and Old Saxon did. During that period, it forced Old Frisian back from the western coast to the north of the Low Countries, on the other hand, Dutch has been replaced in adjacent lands in nowadays France and Germany. The division in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch is mostly conventional, one of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age, the Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups, East, West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period, Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German and High German
Dutch language
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The Utrecht baptismal vow Forsachistu diobolae...
Dutch language
–
Distribution of the Dutch language and its dialects in
Western Europe
Dutch language
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Second edition of this column decorated with a title of
Charles V 's portrait, with archaic Dutch inscriptions
Dutch language
–
Dutch language street sign in the Netherlands
16.
Oegstgeest
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Oegstgeest is a town and municipality in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands. Its population was 22,903 in 2014, the portion geest in the name refers to the geest lands, which were excavated in the seventeenth century for the benefit of the urban expansion of Leiden. About the Oegst part more uncertainty exists, the name was formerly often spelled Oestgeest or Oostgeest, which could indicate the geographical location of the village, east of the geest lands. However, the oldest spelling found in a copy of a list of goods of the St. Martins Cathedral in Utrecht from the tenth century states Osgeresgeest and this could indicate an original resident and owner of the territory, Osger. In the Middle Ages they also spoke of the Church of Kerckwerve if one referred to the Oegstgeester parish church, Oegstgeest is one of the earliest inhabited places along the coast. By the 9th century there was already a church in the same location as the current Little Green Church which. The existence of church is an indication that there may have been a community there. From the 11th to the 14th century, Oegstgeest enjoyed a period of progress and this ended when Leiden was granted city rights. The carrying out of trades and construction were no longer permitted within a distance from the city. In 1399, the heerlijkheid of Oegstgeest and that of Poelgeest were merged because their declining populations could no longer afford to pay the taxes to the Count of Holland. Until the 19th century the boundary of Oegstgeest extended right to the city walls, but in the 19th and 20th century, it conceded more and more of its territory to the rapidly expanding city of Leiden. Before the early 20th century, Oegstgeest had a rural character and it consisted of several unconnected smaller settlements. Only after 1900 were new neighbourhoods built between the settlements, first Wilhelminapark was built, followed by Prins Hendrikpark, Buitenlust or Indische Buurt, Julianapark, Oranjepark, and Emmapark, and Grunerie and the area between Emmalaan and Lange Voort. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Haaswijk and Morsebel neighbourhoods were built, in 2006 construction started on a new neighbourhood, Nieuw Rhijngeest. In 2017 there will be a new housepark being built, at the current location of the footballclub ASC, herefor ASC will move to the old location of the cricketclub of Oegstgeest. The municipality of Oegstgeest covers an area of 7.97 km2 of which 0.67 km2 is water, Oegstgeest lies just to the north of Leiden, with which it is conjoined in a conurbation and formed the Leiden region. Oegstgeest is a municipality, but it is effectively a suburb of Leiden. The municipality of Katwijk is to the west, the municipality of Teylingen to the north, Oegstgeest is the birthplace of the famous Dutch writer Jan Wolkers as well as stand up comedian Theo Maassen
Oegstgeest
–
Wind mill Oudenhofmolen in Oegstgeest
Oegstgeest
–
Oegstgeest, vicarage
Oegstgeest
–
Oegstgeest
Oegstgeest
–
Oud Poelgeest.
17.
Leiderdorp
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Leiderdorp is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland near the city of Leiden. It had a population of 26,786 in 2014, the municipality covers an area of 12.28 km2 of which 0.73 km2 is water. Leiderdorp has now become a suburb of the city of Leiden, although the Oude Rijn river, the HSL-Zuid high-speed rail line between Amsterdam and Brussels crosses Leiderdorp in a tunnel. It is one of the oldest towns in Zuid Holland province and was a base for the Spanish army in the Eighty Years War, Leiderdorp is twinned with Šamorín, in Slovakia. Armin van Buuren, born December 25,1976, lived in Leiderdorp, trance music producer, carice van Houten, born September 5,1976, lived in Leiderdorp, stage and film actress. Daphne Groeneveld, born December 24,1994, born in Leiderdorp, regina Bruins, born October 7,1986, lives in Leiderdorp, professional cyclist. Thomas Azier, born 14 August 1987, born in Leiderdorp, electro-pop singer and musician
Leiderdorp
–
The
Oude Rijn passing by Leiderdorp
Leiderdorp
–
Listed farm in spring
Leiderdorp
–
Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Leiderdorp, June 2015
18.
Voorschoten
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Voorschoten is a village and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It is a town in the Randstad, enclosed by the cities of Leiden, Wassenaar. The municipality covers an area of 11.56 km2 of which 0.40 km2 is covered by water, recently, plans to merge into one municipality with Wassenaar have been introduced. The town is relatively affluent, and the majority of Voorschotens population are commuters, several buildings of historical importance are situated in Voorschoten. For example, the old Castle Duivenvoorde, and the Manor Vredenhof - rebuilt by Diederik Jansz, Graeff, and until the 18th century in the hands from the De Graeff family - are located in or near Voorschoten. In recent years, the settlement has seen considerable expansion, with the addition of new areas of housing, such as Starrenburg, Krimwijk II and, most recently. The town benefits from excellent sporting and recreational facilities, including hockey, football and baseball clubs, a club, a swimming pool. Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Voorschoten, June 2015 Voorschoten has excellent public transport links to the rest of the Randstad. The Voorschoten railway station, is situated on the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway, and trains run regularly in the direction of the Hague and Amsterdam
Voorschoten
–
Kloosterkapel in Voorschoten
Voorschoten
–
Voorschoten
19.
Zoeterwoude
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Zoeterwoude is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers 21.96 km2 of which 0.70 km2 is water and it had a population of 8,088 in 2014. The municipality of Zoeterwoude consists of Zoeterwoude-Dorp, Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk, Gelderswoude, Weipoort, Westeinde, the main brewery of Heineken International is located there. Dutch topographic map of Zoeterwoude, Sept.2014, the name Zoeterwoude is first mentioned in a document from 1205, which references a certain Florentius van Sotrewold. It is uncertain if this is a reference to the village, the first confirmed existence is from 1276 when Dirk van Santhorst received the Soetrewold fiefdom from Floris V, Count of Holland. Its municipal boundaries were set circa 1300, at that time it was one of the largest municipalities in the Netherlands, but later much land was annexed by surrounding cities, notably Leiden. In 1450, the first bridge between Leiderdorp and Zoeterwoude was built, in 1574, Zoeterwoude was burnt to the ground and its polders inundated by Leideners in order to increase the range of the citys cannons. Almost no inhabitants remained in Zoeterwoude, around 1650, Zoeterwoude had been almost rebuilt and 50 years later it was prospering. After 1800, Leiden started a series of annexations, reducing the land area of Zoeterwoude. In 1960, the A4 motorway was built and since 1966 it has been the boundary between Leiden and Zoeterwoude
Zoeterwoude
–
Skyline of Zoeterwoude
Zoeterwoude
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Zoeterwoude
Zoeterwoude
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Zoeterwoude in 1867
Zoeterwoude
–
Zuidbuurt
20.
Katwijk
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Katwijk is a coastal municipality and town in the province of South Holland, which is situated in the mid-western part of the Netherlands. The Oude Rijn river flows through the town and into the North Sea, Katwijk is located on the North Sea, northwest of Leiden and 16 km north of The Hague. It shares its borders with the municipalities of Noordwijk, Teylingen, Oegstgeest, Leiden, in January 2016, Katwijk had a population of 64.169 and covers an area of 31.13 km2, of which 6.59 km2 is water. Katwijk is by far the largest town in the Duin- en Bollenstreek, the town consists of a number of districts, including namesakes Katwijk aan den Rijn and Katwijk aan Zee. On 1 January 2005 the various districts had the following populations, Katwijk aan den Rijn Katwijk aan Zee Katwijk-Noord Rijnsburg Valkenburg Lying on the coast, Katwijk aan den Rijn lies just slightly inland. Rijnsburg is situated east of Katwijk aan den Rijn whereas Valkenburg finds itself to the south, Katwijk-Noord is situated north of Katwijk aan Zee. Although consisting of separate towns that still today maintain separate identities. The creation of the municipality of Katwijk is a recognition of that fact, the town hall of the current municipality of Katwijk is located in Katwijk aan den Rijn, near the boundary of Katwijk aan Zee. All these districts lie along the Oude Rijn, the name Katwijk probably has its origins in the name of a Germanic tribe called the Chatten. The Dutch word wijk means area, so the name meant something like the Chatti area. In Romans times, Katwijk was a place of strategic importance and it was located at the Roman Empires northern border, at the mouth of the Rhine river, which in Roman times was larger in this area than it is today. There was a deal of traffic along the Rhine. Katwijk was also a point for the voyage to Britain. Built during the reign of Emperor Claudius, the name was Lugdunum Batavorum. The towns name was associated with the name of the city of Leiden. In 1231, the first reference to Catwijck appeared in records, the history of the modern municipality of Katwijk is essentially the history of its constituent parts, which for each village extends back to Roman times. However, Katwijk aan Zee, Katwijk aan den Rijn and Valkenburg were part of the same heerlijkheid called Beide de Katwijken en t Zand and they have been administratively joined for centuries despite their differing characters. Katwijk aan Zee was a town and Katwijk aan den Rijn had an agricultural character
Katwijk
–
View over
Katwijk aan Zee
Katwijk
–
Dutch Topographic map of Katwijk (urban area), March 2014
Katwijk
–
Coastal boulevard in Katwijk
Katwijk
–
This engraving by William van der Gouwen shows a twenty-meter (70 feet) long whale, which on the third of February, 1598 was stranded on the Dutch coast between
Scheveningen and Katwijk.
21.
Teylingen
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Teylingen is a municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. It was created on 1 January 2006, through the amalgamation of Sassenheim, Voorhout and it is named after Castle Teylingen, located in Voorhout. The municipality is bordered by Noordwijkerhout and Lisse to the north, Haarlemmermeer and Alkemade to the east, Leiderdorp and Leiden to the south and it is located in an area called the Dune and Bulb Region. The Kagerplassen are to the east of Sassenheim, Sassenheim - location of city hall Teijlingen, with Slot Teylingen Voorhout Warmond Official website
Teylingen
–
The
Kagerplassen lake system in Teylingen
Teylingen
–
The ruins of Teylingen
Teylingen
–
Dutch Topographic map of Teylingen, June 2015
22.
Noordwijk
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Noordwijk is a town and municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 51.45 km2 of which 15.97 km2 is water and had a population of 25,600 in 2014, the municipality of Noordwijk consists of the communities Noordwijk aan Zee and Noordwijk-Binnen, separated by a narrow green belt. Besides its beaches, Noordwijk is also known for its bulb flower fields and it is located in an area called the Dune and Bulb Region. Noordwijk is also the location of the headquarters for the European Space Research and Technology Centre, eSAs visitors centre Space Expo is a permanent space exhibition. Because of this award Noordwijk has been selected for inclusion in the atlas for sustainable tourism DestiNet. A place of pilgrimage, Noordwijk’s history dates back to 2000 BC and this is when the first traces of inhabitants were recorded, with the torture of Jeroen the priest in 857. Jeroen, a Scottish Benedictine monk who came to Noordwijk in 847 to carry out his work and build a chapel. His life came to an end in 857 when he was beheaded by ransacking Normans. His name lived on however, as more than a years later in 980 a Roman chapel was built in his honour. This chapel became a destination for pilgrims. In 1303 a large church was built on the site of the chapel, known as the Middle Aged gothic Great Church. Sint Jeroens skull served as an important relic, Noordwijk soon became known as a place of pilgrimage, which was officially confirmed by the Bishop of Utrecht in 1429. Sint Jeroens church developed over time into a church, which provided Noordwijk with a considerable income. However, the Eighty Years War put an end to this, only by paying a substantial sum to William of Oranges army could the church be saved during the Iconoclastic Fury of 1566. To be on the side however, all Catholic objects were removed from the church, including the most important relic. Tradition has it that his head lies buried somewhere in the church, towards the end of 1800 a new Roman Catholic church was erected in honour of Sint Jeroen. To this day the churchs altar houses the remains of Sint Jeroen. Fishermen, The first inhabitants of Noordwijk were most likely fishermen, the first vierboet was built in 1444, on the site of the current Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin
Noordwijk
–
Aerial view over Noordwijk aan Zee
Noordwijk
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Part of the Noordwijk beach on a non-summers day, when
kitesurfers have all the room there
Noordwijk
–
The Noordwijk
lighthouse landmark
Noordwijk
–
Biking (and walking) road through the dunes from Noordwijk in northern direction to
Zandvoort
23.
Noordwijkerhout
–
Noordwijkerhout is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 23.42 km2 of which 0.81 km2 is water and had a population of 15,976 in 2014, the town is in the bulb growing region of the Netherlands, famed for its tulips. The municipality of Noordwijkerhout also includes the towns, villages and townships. The coastal dunes where Noordwijkerhout is located have been inhabited since prehistoric times, archaeological digs in the area just north outside of town have found items and implements from before Christ. During the Roman era, this region was inhabited by a Germanic tribe, Noordwijkerhout is about 5 kilometers from the North Sea and provides access to the beach and nearby hiking opportunities through the dunes. Just north of town is the Oosterduinse meer which is used for swimming and windsurfing, the center is also historical and have a church Witte kerkje. Noordwijkerhout is located in a called the Dune and Bulb Region. In the spring when the bulb fields are in bloom. The towns fair is held during the first week of September
Noordwijkerhout
–
City hall
Noordwijkerhout
–
Noordwijkerhout
24.
Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)
–
For the Oude Rijn branch in Gelderland Province, see, Oude Rijn. The Oude Rijn is a branch of the Rhine delta in the Dutch provinces of Utrecht and its present-day length is 52 kilometres. In Roman times, it was the main Rhine branch, forming the border of the Roman Empire. In medieval times, it was used for transport and there is a towpath along large sections of the river. The river silted up in the course of the Middle Ages and had lost all of its importance by the 17th century. The city of Utrecht was founded at a ford near the fork of river Kromme Rijn into the Vecht to the north, of the original fork, little remains today and both Vecht and Rijn start from the city moat. For the first few kilometres of its course, the river is channelised and it becomes the Oude Rijn after the railway bridge near Harmelen. Then it flows westward through Woerden where first the river Lange Linschoten branches off to the south, after Woerden, the river Grecht branches off to the north and the Oude Rijn continues through the towns of Nieuwerbrug, Bodegraven, and Zwammerdam. Here the river De Meije ends into the Oude Rijn, in Alphen aan den Rijn, the Aar Canal ends in the Oude Rijn at the same location where the river Gouwe branches off to the south. It flows then along Koudekerk aan den Rijn and Hazerswoude-Rijndijk, after Zoeterwoude-Rijndijk and Leiderdorp, the Oude Rijn flows through Leiden. Here starts the Rhine-Schie Canal and the stream Zijl, the Nieuwe Rijn is a short branch that together with the Oude Rijn are part of Leidens moat system and both branches merge in the citys centre. The stream Korte Vliet discharges into the Oude Rijn and it continues through Valkenburg and Rijnsburg to Katwijk, at Katwijk aan den Rijn the oegstgeesterkanaal merges with the Oude Rijn. From here the river has been straightened into a canal and ends into the North Sea through a station, preventing high tides inland. In Roman times, the river Oude Rijn, which was much wider, many of the border-guarding castella and castra along the river evolved into cities and villages, including, Laurum, Nigrum Pullum, Albaniana, Matilo, Praetorium Agrippinae, and Lugdunum Batavorum. In Valkenburg, the layout of the Roman castellum has been marked in the pavement, media related to Oude Rijn at Wikimedia Commons
Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)
–
The Oude Rijn in Leiden.
Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)
–
Satellite close-up of the Utrecht region showing the Leidse Rijn-Oude Rijn stream (d).
Oude Rijn (Utrecht and South Holland)
–
Oude Rijn, Katwijk, a half mile before it ends: (A Pumping station to pump water into sea preventing high water levels inland.)
25.
The Hague
–
The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
26.
Amsterdam
–
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
27.
Kagerplassen
–
The Kagerplassen is a small lake system in South Holland located to the northeast of Leiden. The Kaag Lakes are an area for boating, watersports. Windmills, waterfront pasture land with grazing animals, quaint Dutch boats and buildings, the Kaag Lakes are part of two municipalities, Kaag en Braassem and Teylingen. Three villages that lies directly on the lakes are, Warmond De Kaag Buitenkaag, a number of other villages and towns are located on connecting waterways providing easy access to the lakes. The Kaag Lakes consist of a system of smaller lakes. The Kaag Lakes are fenland lakes and part of the Holland-Utrecht wet fenland area, there are several islands, including the following, The only inhabited island is Kagereiland, on which De Kaag is situated. Two others islands, de Lakerpolder en de Kogjespolder, are managed by the Dutch Forestry Commission, another island situated in the southwestern part of the system is called Boterhuiseiland. For at least 50 years this has been the home of the Kaag Lakes Sea Scout Centre, during the boating season this centre provides a basis for around two dozen Sea Scout groups in the region. Campgrounds on the island are used by other Dutch Scout groups. There is a canal named De Zijl that connects Leiden with the Kager Lakes, the lakes are home to several sailing schools. The oldest sailing school is t Vossenhol, founded in 1947, in 1952 sailing school De Kaag was founded. The Kaag Lakes are connected to a network of lakes. The other lake systems are called the Braassemermeer, Wijde Aa and they are all connected by the Haarlemmermeer Ring Waterway, the Does river and many smaller waterways. This network means that much of northern South Holland is enjoyable for boating, there are a multiple ferry lines around the lakes, De Kaag - Buitenkaag by a 24-hour ferry. A ferry line between Zevenhuizen and De Kaag-island, a ferry service between Leiden and Eastern Warmond
Kagerplassen
–
Sailing on the river Zijp, one of the connecting waterways
Kagerplassen
–
Recreation on the island Koudenhoorn in the Kaag lakes
Kagerplassen
–
Autumn at the Vennemeer ("Lake Venne")
28.
Leiden University
–
Leiden University, located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, the Dutch Royal Family and Leiden University still have a close relationship, Queens Juliana and Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander are all former students. Leiden University has seven faculties, over 50 departments and enjoys an international reputation. Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitys 2011 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked Leiden University as the 29th best university worldwide, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings consistently rank Leiden University as the best university in Continental Europe for Arts and Humanities. During this time Leiden was home to figures as René Descartes, Rembrandt, Christiaan Huygens, Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza. The university is a member of the Coimbra Group, the Europaeum, Leiden University houses more than 40 national and international research institutes. In 1575, the emerging Dutch Republic did not have any universities in its northern heartland, the only other university in the Habsburg Netherlands was the University of Leuven in southern Leuven, firmly under Spanish control. It is said the choice fell on Leiden as a reward for the defence of Leiden against Spanish attacks in the previous year. Ironically, the name of Philip II of Spain, Williams adversary, appears on the foundation certificate. Philip II replied by forbidding any subject to study in Leiden, renowned philosopher Baruch Spinoza was based close to Leiden during this period and interacted with numerous scholars at the university. At the end of the century, Leiden University again became one of Europes leading universities. At the world’s first university low-temperature laboratory, professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes achieved temperatures of one degree above absolute zero of −273 degrees Celsius. In 1908 he was also the first to succeed in liquifying helium, Kamerlingh Onnes was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913. In 2005 the manuscript of Einstein on the theory of the monatomic ideal gas was discovered in one of Leidens libraries. Of the seventy-seven Spinozapremie, nineteen were granted to professors of the Universiteit Leiden, literary historian Frits van Oostrom was the first professor of Leiden to be granted the Spinoza award for his work on developing the NLCM centre into a top research centre. Among other leading professors are Wim Blockmans, professor of Medieval History, the portraits of many famous professors since the earliest days hang in the university aula, one of the most memorable places, as Niebuhr called it, in the history of science. The University Library, which has more than 5 and it houses the largest collections worldwide on Indonesia and the Caribbean. Scholars from all over the world visit Leiden University Library, the oldest in the Netherlands, the anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are modern, and the museums of geology and mineralogy have been restored
Leiden University
–
Leiden University
Leiden University
Leiden University
–
The Leiden University Medical Centre
Leiden University
–
Faculty of Law
29.
Leiden University Medical Center
–
Leiden University Medical Center or LUMC is the university hospital affiliated with Leiden University, of which it forms the medical faculty. It is located in Leiden, Netherlands, LUMC is a modern university medical center for research, education and patient care. Its research practice ranges from pure fundamental medical research to applied clinical research, the hospital has clinical departments of all medical specialties, and acts as a tertiary referral centre for the northern part of the province of South Holland. Within LUMC different specialists work together around research themes, combining cross-border expertise may solve biomedical problems and bring answers not found when working in a stand-alone fashion. Education is seen as a joint responsibility of students and professors, enjoying studies and student life is also considered to be important. LUMC offers the following university courses, Bachelor and master in Medicine Bachelor and master in Biomedical Sciences Bachelor in Clinical Technology Master in Vitality, Master in Pharmacy Electives and exchange options for international students LUMC also offers continuing education and training for doctors, scientists and other healthcare professionals. Continuing education is organized by the departments Boerhaave nascholing and Educatie Zorgsector, in the very first teaching hospital in the Caeciliagasthuis in Leiden professors gave bedside lectures – for example, Herman Boerhaave, in the 18thcentury. Several times, patients and professors moved to larger and better furnished premises, at the time, the building did justice to nursing practices and operation techniques, but after a few decades it was already obsolete. More laboratory space was needed, and safer and more conditions for patients. The new hospital on Rijnsburgerweg, built in the early 1920s on the basis of the pavilion system, Medicine has changed and developed beyond recognition over the centuries. After World War II, fundamental research became an important task of Leiden University’s Faculty of Medicine. The Biomedical Science study programme is an expression of this, in patient care, high technology treatments have come in the place of admissions lasting weeks or months. The opening of two new buildings on 1 December 2006 was the fulfilment of a wish of long standing, the various buildings are linked by skyways and tunnels, thus symbolising the interrelationship of the core tasks. Universiteit Leiden Leiden Official website LUMC
Leiden University Medical Center
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Leiden University Medical Center
30.
Oxford
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Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire. With an estimated 2015 population of 168,270, it is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom, the city is situated 57 miles from London,69 miles from Bristol,65 miles from both Southampton and Birmingham and 25 miles from Reading. The city is known worldwide as the home of the University of Oxford, buildings in Oxford demonstrate notable examples of every English architectural period since the late Saxon period. Oxford is known as the city of dreaming spires, a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold, Oxford has a broad economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a number of information technology and science-based businesses. Oxford was first settled in Saxon times and was known as Oxenaforda, meaning Ford of the Oxen. It began with the establishment of a crossing for oxen around AD900. In the 10th century, Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes, Oxford was heavily damaged during the Norman Invasion of 1066. Following the conquest, the town was assigned to a governor, Robert DOyly, the castle has never been used for military purposes and its remains survive to this day. DOyly set up a community in the castle consisting of a chapel. The community never grew large but it earned its place in history as one of Britains oldest places of formal education and it was there that in 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote his History of the Kings of Britain, a compilation of Arthurian legends. Mary at Oseney and to the canons serving God in that place and we have made this concession and confirmation in the Common council of the City and we have confirmed it with our common seal. These are those who have made this concession and confirmation, a grandson of King John established Rewley Abbey for the Cistercian Order, and friars of various orders all had houses of varying importance at Oxford. Parliaments were often held in the city during the 13th century, the Provisions of Oxford were instigated by a group of barons led by Simon de Montfort, these documents are often regarded as Englands first written constitution. Richard I of England and John, King of England the sons of Henry II of England, were born at Beaumont Palace in Oxford, on 8 September 1157 and 24 December 1166 respectively. A plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates these events, the University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Of the hundreds of Aularian houses that sprang up across the city, what put an end to the halls was the emergence of colleges. Oxfords earliest colleges were University College, Balliol and Merton and these colleges were established at a time when Europeans were starting to translate the writings of Greek philosophers
Oxford
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From top left to bottom right: Oxford skyline panorama from St Mary's Church; Radcliffe Camera; High Street from above looking east; University College; High Street by night; Natural History Museum and Pitt Rivers Museum.
Oxford
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The
Radcliffe Camera, completed in 1748
Oxford
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Royal proclamation granting Lord Mayoralty to Oxford.
Oxford
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Photochrom of the High Street, 1890–1900
31.
University of Oxford
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The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris, after disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two ancient universities are frequently referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of a variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges, All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. Being a city university, it not have a main campus, instead, its buildings. Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the worlds oldest and most prestigious scholarships, the university operates the worlds oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain. Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 28 Nobel laureates,27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom, the University of Oxford has no known foundation date. Teaching at Oxford existed in form as early as 1096. It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris, the historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, the university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, the students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two nations, representing the North and the South. In later centuries, geographical origins continued to many students affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. At about the time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College, thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses. In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III. Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London, thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, the new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, as a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxfords reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment, enrolments fell and teaching was neglected
University of Oxford
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Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
University of Oxford
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University of Oxford
seal
University of Oxford
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Aerial view of
Merton College 's
Mob Quad, the oldest
quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378
University of Oxford
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In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map)
32.
Burcht van Leiden
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The Burcht van Leiden is an old shell keep in Leiden constructed in the 11th century. It is located at the spot where two tributaries of the Rhine come together, the Oude Rijn and the Nieuwe Rijn, the structure is on top of a motte, and is today a public park. From humble beginnings, the hill was raised during various periods of history up to 9 meters above the landscape in the 11th century. Ada van Holland used the keep as a residence until her died in 1203. In the same year the stone building was rebuilt after an attack on the castle, with tuff stone. The old interior keep that had built against the interior walls was slowly dismantled and reused for city construction. As the city of Leiden grew around it in the 13th and 14th centuries, the location became a romantic patriotic symbol after the Siege of Leiden in 1574, as historians recalled the earlier sieges of Leiden, Ada in 1203 and the siege in 1420. The city of Samaria is portrayed with a watch tower much like the Leidse Burcht, in 1651 the city bought the premises to make it into a water tower for public use. A system of leading to squares in the city is still intact. In this period a new portal on the wall was designed in 1662 with heraldric symbols by Rombout Verhulst. In this Southern gateway a poem in Latin was used for centuries to teach the rudiments of grammar to Leiden students, a memorial plaque was placed in 1999 with the modern translation in Dutch. List of castles in the Netherlands Information in English
Burcht van Leiden
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Burcht van Leiden (shell keep)
Burcht van Leiden
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Southern gate to the Burcht with historic timeline 1203, 1420 and 1574 in Latin. Now facing a busy shopping street.
Burcht van Leiden
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Samaria in Glass 26 by Isaac van Swanenburg, mayor of Leiden, 1601, showing the watchtower above left much like the Burcht.
Burcht van Leiden
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The Burcht in a 1698 print by
Frederick de Wit for his atlas
33.
Ancient Rome
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In its many centuries of existence, the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate the Mediterranean region and then Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and it is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France. By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond, its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia, the Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar. 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war against Parthia and it would become the longest conflict in human history, and have major lasting effects and consequences for both empires. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak, Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a prelude common to the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of history from the pre-medieval Dark Ages of Europe. King Numitor was deposed from his throne by his brother, Amulius, while Numitors daughter, Rhea Silvia, because Rhea Silvia was raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of war, the twins were considered half-divine. The new king, Amulius, feared Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, a she-wolf saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. Romulus became the source of the citys name, in order to attract people to the city, Rome became a sanctuary for the indigent, exiled, and unwanted. This caused a problem for Rome, which had a large workforce but was bereft of women, Romulus traveled to the neighboring towns and tribes and attempted to secure marriage rights, but as Rome was so full of undesirables they all refused. Legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins, after a long time in rough seas, they landed at the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, one woman, named Roma, suggested that the women burn the ships out at sea to prevent them from leaving. At first, the men were angry with Roma, but they realized that they were in the ideal place to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships, the Roman poet Virgil recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the Aeneid
Ancient Rome
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Senātus Populus que Rōmānus
Ancient Rome
–
Roman Republic
Ancient Rome
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According to legend,
Rome was founded in 753 BC by
Romulus and Remus, who were raised by a she-wolf.
Ancient Rome
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This bust from the
Capitoline Museums is traditionally identified as a portrait of
Lucius Junius Brutus.
34.
Brittenburg
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Today, they must be somewhere in the Rhine estuary, inaccessible for archaeological research. All that remains is a set of finds, taken away in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. A copy of the old Roman map Tabula Peutingeriana shows Brittenburg as Lugduno on the coast with two towers, eastwards from that point, two roads run towards Noviomagi. Along the northern route, the towns can be seen, Pretorium Agrippine, Matilone, Albanianis, Nigropullo. All of these locations are situated on the Oude Rijn, the southern route begins with the town Forum Hadriani, shown directly south of Matilone. These towns were connected by the Fossa Corbulonis or Corbulo-canal, the first mention of the Brittenburg in a Dutch text is in a poem of Willem van Hildegaersberch in 1401, who called it Borch te Bretten. In 1490 there is also a mention of the visibility of the burg te Britten, the discovery was in 1520 when a storm exposed the whole complex and Roman artefacts, were found. Some coins were dated, with the latest date being 270, the oldest picture of the Brittenburg is a woodcut by Abraham Ortelius in 1562 for Lodovico Guicciardinis first edition of The Low Countreys, printed in 1589 by Christophe Plantin in Antwerp. This woodcut was replaced in later editions with an engraving, the oldest picture was used later by Zacharias Heyns and Hermann Moll. It concerns a land surveyors draft, in which the distance from the westward to the church of Katwijk is mentioned. Some historians see in the also a granary, but for this a dryer. There has been a lot of confusion about the terms Brittenburg, the mysterious burcht te Bretten, a castle situated supposedly somewhere around Leiden, has been sought since the Middle Ages. When the remains at Katwijk were rediscovered in 1520, they were called Brittenburg for this reason, there were many burchts in this area that fell into disuse and were later torn down to reuse the stones in construction. Leiden has called itself Lugdunum Batavorum for this reason, the Latin name of Leiden University is Academia Lugduno-Batava. The Batava was only added to distinguish Leiden from another Lugdunums and this term is even more unfortunately chosen, since those same scholars also assumed that Leiden was located within the old Batavia, which was in fact much further east, near Germany. Lugdunum was in the territory of the Cananefates, not the Batavi, the Roman historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus wrote a story about the emperor Caligula, who lined up his soldiers and artillery on the beach and declared war on Neptune, god of the sea. After that he claimed victory over the ocean and commanded his men to collect shells as war booty, as a monument to this victory he built a tall lighthouse. This story resulted in a search for Caligulas lighthouse and this story of Caligula is probable, because a wine barrel was found originating from his personal vineyard in this area
Brittenburg
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Brittenburg, according to
Ortelius
Brittenburg
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Valkenburg in 1627.
Brittenburg
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Roman road visible from the highway near Valkenburg.
35.
Matilo
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Matilo or Matilone was once a Roman fort in modern-day Leiden. Positioned on the banks of the Oude Rijn, it served to protect the Roman borders in the province of Germania inferior. On the Peutinger map, it lies between the encampments of Albaniana and Praetorium Agrippinae, the seventh-century Ravenna Cosmography gives its name as Matellionem. Matilo probably derives its name from a body of water near which it was situated, as is usually the case with Roman place-names ending in -on, -one and this particular water body had most likely already received its name before Roman settlement along the Oude Rijn. It is therefore of Celtic or Germanic origin and its meaning remains unclear, due to lack of any evidence predating Roman finds, archaeologists usually conclude that the Romans were the first to settle in this particular location. Before their arrival, people mostly lived further from the river, the first Romans arrived at the site in 47 AD as part of a larger operation to reinforce the Germanic limes. In order to increase the efficiency of supply chains and communication lines within his army, general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo had a built, connecting the Meuse. Matilo was erected there, at the place of the Oude Rijn. Archaeological evidence seems to suggest that the Romans only constructed the fort itself somewhere at around 70 AD, the construction of Matilo therefore immediately followed the Batavian Rebellion in 69 and as such played an important role in restoring order to the province of Germania Inferior. Somewhere between 85 and 116, the moat was palisaded and between 130 and 196 AD the Romans added three moats and rebuilt the armoury in stone and they did this once more sometime in 196–243, and replaced the wooden outer wall with a stone one as well. The wall and moats were then once more after that. Archaeological findings of ammunition for an onager indicate that a division was once garrisoned there. Matilo - Rodenburg - Roomburg, De Roomburgerpolder van Romeins castellum tot moderne woonwijk, lems, E. Op zoek naar Matilo, Sporen van de Romeinen in Leiden
Matilo
–
Matilo's location in
Leiden
36.
Bishopric of Utrecht
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The Bishopric of Utrecht was a civil principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, in present Netherlands, which was ruled by the bishops of Utrecht as princes of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1024 until 1528, it was one of the Prince-Bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, constituting, in addition to its ecclesiastical aspect, in 1528, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, secularized its civil authority and territorial possessions. The Diocese of Utrecht was established in 695 when Saint Willibrord was consecrated bishop of the Frisians at Rome by Pope Sergius I, with the consent of the Frankish ruler, Pippin of Herstal, he settled in an old Roman fort in Utrecht. After Willibrords death the diocese suffered greatly from the incursions of the Frisians, whether Willibrord could be called the first bishop of Utrecht is doubtful, as James Palmer points out, there was no real concept of a well-defined bishopric until at least the days of Alberic. Better times appeared during the reign of the Saxon emperors, who summoned the Bishops of Utrecht to attend the imperial councils. In 1024 the bishops were made Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, the secular territory over which it ruled was known as Sticht Utrecht or Het Sticht. This territory was divided into the Nedersticht and Oversticht, in 1122, with the Concordat of Worms, the Emperors right of investiture was annulled, and the cathedral chapter received the right to elect the bishop. It was, however, soon obligated to share this right with the four other chapters in the city. The Counts of Holland and Guelders, between whose territories the lands of the Bishops of Utrecht lay, also sought to acquire influence over the filling of the episcopal see and this often led to disputes and consequently the Holy See frequently interfered in the election. After the middle of the 14th century the popes repeatedly appointed the bishop directly without regard to the five chapters. The chapters transferred their right of electing the bishop to Charles V and his government, the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht became the Lordship of Utrecht in 1528. Gosses, Izaak H. De Bisschop van Utrecht, het Domkapittel en de Groninger Prefect, bijdragen voor vaderlandsche geschiedenis en oudheidkunde. Apostolisch vicarissen van de Hollandse Zending Budde, Paul, archived from the original on 2014-01-18
Bishopric of Utrecht
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Flag
37.
Burgrave
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Burgrave was since the medieval period a title for the ruler of a castle, especially a royal or episcopal castle, as well as a castle district or fortified settlement or city. The burgrave was a count in rank equipped with judicial powers, the title became hereditary in certain feudal families and was associated with a territory or domain called a Burgraviate. The position and office of burgrave could be either by the king, a nobleman or a bishop. Etymologically, the word burgrave is the English and French form of the German noble title Burggraf, the wife of a burgrave was titled Burgravine, in German Burggräfin. The title is originally equivalent to that of castellan or French châtelain, in Germany, owing to the distinct conditions of the Holy Roman Empire, the title, as borne by feudal nobles having the status of Reichsfürst, obtained a quasi-princely significance. The most famous holder was William the Silent, who used his influence over the city to control its government and his predecessors in his family were Engelbrect, Henry and Rene. Subsequently in the Low countries, the rank of burggraaf evolved into the nobiliary synonymous with Viscount, the title Viscount of Antwerp is still claimed by the reigning monarch of the Netherlands as one of the subsidiary titles. The Grand Duke of Luxembourg maintains as a subsidiary title Burgrave of Hammerstein, in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the position and office of burgrave was also of senatorial rank. Their primus was the Burgrave of Kraków of the capital of Poland and Wawel Castle. Burgmann Ministerialis Vogt List of the burgraves of Meissen This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chambers, Ephraim. Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, james and John Knapton, et al
Burgrave
–
Burgrave of
Regensburg (Burggraf von Regensburg), early 14th-century illustration in
Codex Manesse.
38.
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
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Henry III, called the Black or the Pious, was a member of the Salian Dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. He was the eldest son of Conrad II of Germany and Gisela of Swabia and his father made him Duke of Bavaria in 1026, after the death of Duke Henry V. On Easter Day 1028, after his father was crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Henry was elected and crowned King of Germany in the cathedral of Aachen by Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne. After the death of Herman IV, Duke of Swabia in 1038, his father gave him that duchy, as well as the kingdom of Burgundy, which Conrad had inherited in 1033. Upon the death of his father on 4 June 1039, he became ruler of the kingdom and was crowned emperor by Pope Clement II in Rome. Henrys first tutor was Bruno, Bishop of Augsburg, on Brunos death in 1029, Egilbert, Bishop of Freising, was appointed to take his place. In 1033, at the age of sixteen, Henry came of age, Henry, in accordance with his promise to Egilbert, did not consent to his fathers act and Conrad, stupefied, fell unconscious after many attempts to turn Henry. Upon recovering, Conrad knelt before his son and exacted the desired consent, Egilbert was penalised dearly by the emperor. In 1036, Henry was married to Gunhilda of Denmark, a daughter of Canute the Great, King of Denmark, England, early on, Henrys father had arranged with Canute to have him rule over some parts of northern Germany and in turn to have their children married. The marriage took place in Nijmegen at the earliest legal age, in 1038, Henry was called to aid his father in Italy, and Gunhilda died on the Adriatic Coast during the return trip. In 1039, his father died, and Henry became sole ruler. Henry spent his first year in power on a tour of his domains and he visited the Low Countries to receive the homage of Gothelo I, Duke of Upper and Lower Lorraine. In Cologne, he was joined by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne, who accompanied him and his mother to Saxony, where he was to build the town of Goslar up from obscurity to stately imperial grandeur. He had a force when he entered Thuringia to meet with Eckard II, Margrave of Meissen, whose advice. Only a Bohemian embassy bearing hostages appeased Henry and he disbanded his army and he passed through Bavaria, where, upon his departure, King Peter Urseolo of Hungary sent raiding parties into Swabia. There, at Ulm, he convened a Council of Princes at which he received his first recognition from Italy and he returned to Ingelheim and was recognised by a Burgundian embassy and Aribert, Archbishop of Milan, whom he had supported against his father. This peace with Aribert healed the only open wound in the Empire, meanwhile, in 1039, while he was touring his dominions, Conrad, Adalberos successor in Carinthia and Henrys cousin, died childless. Henry being his nearest kin automatically inherited that duchy as well and he was now a triple-duke and triple-king
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
–
Henry with the symbols of rulership attending the consecration of the
Stavelot monastery church on 5 June 1040, mid-11th century miniature
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
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Monogram of Henry III
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
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Imperial palace at Goslar, largely the work of Henry
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
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Henry before
Tivoli in a 15th-century manuscript
39.
Ada, Countess of Holland
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Ada was Countess of Holland between 1203 and 1207. Ada was the surviving daughter of Dirk VII, Count of Holland. She succeeded her father but immediately had to deal with her uncle William, Ada married Louis II, count of Loon to strengthen her position. She was in such a hurry, that she married even before her father was buried and these events led to the outbreak of the Loon War. Ada was quickly captured by the supporters of William and taken prisoner in the citadel of Leiden and she was first imprisoned on the island of Texel and afterwards she was taken to John Lackland in the Kingdom of England. William had to accept Louis and Ada as count and countess at a treaty of Brugge in 1206, Louis managed to get Ada free in 1206, and the couple returned to Loon in 1207. Their reign was short-lived and William was appointed Count of Holland by Otto IV in 1208 and she did not accept the loss of her county, and Ada and Louis continued the fight. Louis died in 1218, leaving Ada to live out the rest of her life in obscurity and she was buried next to her husband in Herkenrode Abbey. The civil war in Holland became part of an international war between on one side France and the Hohenstaufen dynasty and on the other side England and the Welfs. William could get Holland through good maneuvering between both sides, Louis and Ada had to give up their claims. Annales Egmundani - Chroniek van Egmond, Oorkonde van Holland en Zeeland, annales sancti Iacobi Leodiensis, Ada, gravin van Holland
Ada, Countess of Holland
–
Burcht van Leiden, remnants of the castle where Ada was first taken prisoner after the death of her father.
40.
William I, Count of Holland
–
William I, Count of Holland from 1203 to 1222. He was the son of Floris III and Ada of Huntingdon. He started a revolt against his brother, Dirk VII and became count in Friesland after a reconciliation, Friesland was considered as a part of Holland by the Counts of Holland. His niece, Ada, Countess of Holland inherited Holland in 1203, after a war of succession, known as the Loon War, William won the county. Ada and her husband, Louis II, were supported by the bishop of Liège and bishop of Utrecht, William was supported by the duke of Brabant and by the majority of the Hollanders. Emperor Otto IV acknowledged him as count of Holland in 1203 and he and many others changed allegiance to emperor Frederick II after the battle of Bouvines in 1214. He took part in a French expedition against king John of England, the pope excommunicated him for this. Possibly because of this, William then became a fervent crusader and he campaigned in Prussia and joined in the conquest of Alcácer do Sal. In Europe, he came to be called William the Crazy for his chivalric, William conquered the city of Damietta during the Fifth Crusade. There were great changes in the landscape of Holland in the end of the 12th, many colonists bought land to turn the swamps into polders. Most of the swamps had been sold, and irrigation had started during the reign of William, huge infrastructural works were done, the island called Grote Waard was enclosed with dikes all around and a dam was built at Spaarndam. New governmental bodies were created, the water boards, which were charged with the task of protecting the polders against ever-present threat of flooding. Count William granted city rights to Geertruidenberg in 1213, to Dordrecht in 1217, to Middelburg in 1220, in this way he gave an impulse to trade. First, he was married in 1197 at Stavoren to Adelaide of Guelders, daughter of Otto I, Count of Guelders and they had the following children, Floris IV, Count of Holland. Otto, Regent of Holland in 1238–1239, Bishop of Utrecht, William, Regent of Holland in 1234–1238. Adelaide died on 12 February 1218 while William was away on crusade and it was Count William that introduced his son, Count Floris IV to Marie of Brabant, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Maud of Boulogne and Alsace, whom Floris quickly married. De Boer, Dick, Cordfunke, Erik, Graven van Holland, portretten in woord en beeld, Zwolle, Walburg Pers, pp. 29–30, ISBN 978-90-6011-915-0 Count Holland and Frisia, Chapter 2
William I, Count of Holland
–
Holland,
penny struck by William I as
Count of Holland between 1213-1222.
41.
Hook and Cod wars
–
The Hook and Cod wars comprise a series of wars and battles in the County of Holland between 1350 and 1490. The Cod faction generally consisted of the progressive cities of Holland. The Hook faction consisted for a part of the conservative noblemen. The origin of the name Cod is uncertain, but is most likely a case of reappropriation, perhaps it derives from the arms of Bavaria, that look like the scales of a fish. The Hook refers to the stick that is used to catch cod. After count William IV was killed in 1345, his sister Margaret inherited the county and she was married to Emperor Louis IV and resided in Bavaria. She appointed their second son William as her representative, in 1350, the nobles of Holland asked Margaret to return to Holland. As a reaction, the Cod league was formed on May 23,1350 by a number of supporters of William, on September 5 of the same year, the Hook league was formed. Soon afterward, these factions clashed, and a war began. Edward III of England, husband of Margarets sister Philippa, came to her aid, a few weeks later the Hooks and their English allies were defeated by William and the Cods at the Battle of Vlaardingen, which ruined Margarets cause. Edward shortly afterwards changed sides, and the empress saw herself compelled to come to an understanding with her son, he being recognized as count of Holland and Zeeland, Margaret died two years later, leaving William in possession of the entire Holland-Hainaut inheritance. William was married to Maud of Lancaster, sister to Blanche of Lancaster, although there were a number of smaller fights in the period after 1356, the main battle re-emerged at the death of William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut in 1417. Both Williams brother John and his daughter Jacqueline claimed the county, the Cods chose the side of John, and, after his death, of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, while the Hooks supported Jacqueline. Philip was named heir to the county, and Jacqueline, who was childless, was not allowed to remarry without Philips consent, the treaty became void when Jacqueline remarried in 1432 with Frank van Borssele, and she had to hand her territories over to Burgundy. This led to the Siege of Deventer, and two wars, and, concluded in favor of the Cods and Burgundy after the Battle of Westbroek. When the House of Burgundy had died out with the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, the revolt was led by Frans van Brederode, but crushed in 1490. Counts of Hainaut family tree Wolfert III van der Veer
Hook and Cod wars
–
Hook and Cod wars
42.
John III, Duke of Bavaria
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John III the Pitiless, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, of the House of Wittelsbach, was first bishop of Liège 1389–1418 and then duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland and Hainaut 1418–1425. John was born in Le Quesnoy and he was the youngest son of Duke Albert I and Margaret of Brieg. His elder brother was William II of Bavaria, who succeeded their father as Count of Holland, Zeeland and his sister was Margaret of Bavaria, who married in 1385 with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. As the youngest son of three, John was destined for a career in the church, at the age of 15, he became Prince-Bishop of Liège, with the support of Pope Boniface IX. Johns rule was a disaster. His authoritarian style clashed with the nobles and burghers of the Prince-Bishopric and he was expelled several times and saw even a counter-bishop being elected. John turned for help to his brother and brother-in-law, in 1408 a Burgundian army led by his brother-in-law John the Fearless went to the aid of John III against the citizens of Liège, who were in open revolt. On the field of Othée, on 12 September 1408, the men of Liège were decisively defeated, the ensuing executions of leading insurgents led to Johns nickname the Pitiless. In 1418, John III married Elisabeth, Duchess of Luxembourg, no children came from this marriage. With the aid of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who was his wifes uncle, John III immediately started a war against his niece Jacqueline. John the Pitiless supported the city of Dordrecht and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, a siege of Dordrecht in 1419 was unsuccessful, so John IV of Brabant agreed to start a joint administration with John III. Jacqueline herself as a woman, did not get a share in the political responsibility, John IV of Brabant finally gave up Holland and Hainaut and left the rule to John the Pitiless. His niece Jacqueline went to England in 1421 and married the brother, Humphrey. She was unable to control over Holland and Hainaut much longer after Johns death. Bavaria-Straubing was divided between the dukes of Bavaria, the portion of which went to Bavaria-Munich. John the Pitiless was known for the culture of his court, Jan van Eyck was among the artists he engaged. John the Pitiless died of poison in 1425 in The Hague and his Court Marshal Jan van Vliet had allegedly poisoned the pages of the ducal prayer-book, and had still been executed in 1424
John III, Duke of Bavaria
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Seal of John III
John III, Duke of Bavaria
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John III
John III, Duke of Bavaria
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Holland, gold
florin or 'Beiersgulden' with
St John the Baptist, struck 1421-1422 by John of Bavaria.
43.
Gouda, South Holland
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Gouda is a municipality and city in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. The city is famous for its Gouda cheese, stroopwafels, many grachten, smoking pipes, goudas array of historic churches and other buildings makes it a very popular day trip destination. The area, originally marshland, developed over the course of two centuries, by 1225, a canal was linked to the Gouwe and its estuary was transformed into a harbour. City rights were granted in 1272, around the year 1100, the area where Gouda now is located was swampy and covered with a peat forest, crossed by small creeks such as the Gouwe. Along the shores of this stream near the current market and city hall, in 1139, the name Gouda is first mentioned in a statement from the Bishop of Utrecht. In the 13th century, the Gouwe was connected to the Oude Rijn by means of a canal, Castle Gouda was built to protect this harbour. This shipping route was used for trade between Flanders and France with Holland and the Baltic Sea, in 1272, Floris V, Count of Holland, granted city rights to Gouda, which by then had become an important location. City-canals or grachten were dug and served as transport ways through the town, great fires in 1361 and 1438 destroyed the city. In 1572, the city was occupied by Les Gueux who also committed arson and destruction, in 1577 the demolition of Castle Gouda began. In 1551 was founded the oldest still functioning inn De Zalm, located on Markt 34, near the historic Waag building. In 1574,1625,1636, and 1673, Gouda suffered from plague epidemics, of which the last one was the most severe,2995 persons died. In the last quarter of the 16th century, Gouda had serious economic problems and it recovered in the first half of the 17th century and even prospered between 1665 and 1672. But its economy collapsed again when war broke out in 1672, after 1700, Gouda enjoyed a period of progress and prosperity until 1730. Then another recession followed, resulting in a period of decline that lasted well into the 19th century. Gouda was one of the poorest cities in the country during that period, starting in 1830, demolition of the city walls began. The last city gate was torn down in 1854, only from the second half of the 19th century onward did Gouda start to profit from an improved economic condition. New companies, such as Stearine Kaarsenfabriek and Machinale Garenspinnerij, acted as the impetus to its economy, in 1855, the railway Gouda-Utrecht began to operate. In the beginning of the 20th century, large-scale development began, first the new neighbourhoods Korte Akkeren, Kort Haarlem and Kadebuurt were built, followed by Oosterwei, Bloemendaal, and Goverwelle after World War II
Gouda, South Holland
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Market square with
gothic city hall
Gouda, South Holland
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Dutch Topographic map of Gouda (city), Sept. 2014
Gouda, South Holland
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Town center from the sky with townhall and church (de Grote of
Sint Janskerk)
Gouda, South Holland
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Gouda's 15th century Town Hall
44.
Count of Holland
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The Counts of Holland ruled over the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century. The first count of Holland, Dirk I, was the son or foster-son of Gerolf and he received land around Egmond from Charles the Fat at a place called Bladella in 922. This is seen as the beginning of the county of Holland, however, until about 1100, the usual names for the county were West-Friesland, Frisia or Kennemerland, in spite of this the counts from Dirk I onwards are named of Holland. Note that the chronology of the first few counts is uncertain and this third Count Dirk is placed between Dirk I and II and numbered as Dirk I bis to avoid confusion with the already established numbering referring to the other counts of Holland named Dirk. John of Avesnes was a son of Adelaide of Holland, sister of William II of Holland, during the rule of Margaret, her son William V had the real power in the county. He became ruler in his own right as a result of the Hook and he was also Duke of Bavaria-Straubing as William I. This war was won by Philip of Burgundy in 1432. Philip was a nephew of William VI, who had married a daughter of Philip the Bold of Burgundy, in 1432 he forced Jacqueline to abdicate from Hainaut and Holland on his behalf. In 1581, the Estates General of the United Provinces declared themselves independent from the Spanish rule of Philip II. Until the Treaty of Münster in 1648, the kings of Spain still used the title Count of Holland, but they had lost the actual power over the county to the States of Holland. Philip IV, King Philip III of Spain Philip V, King Philip IV of Spain The County remained in existence as a constituent member state of the Dutch Republic until 1795. There were no more Counts however since the Estates of Holland, the Stadtholders, who were servants of the Estates were the de facto Chief-Executives during this period. Counts of Holland family tree A book of 32 plates of the counts of Holland published in Amsterdam in 1663, engraved by Adriaen Matham B. K. S. Dijkstra, Een stamboom in been, Amsterdam 1991
Count of Holland
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Louis I 1203–1207 with
Ada
Count of Holland
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Coat of arms of the Counts of Holland
45.
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
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Jacqueline, was a Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing, Countess of Holland and Zeeland and Countess of Hainaut from 1417 to 1433. She was also Dauphine of France for a time between 1415 and 1417 and Duchess of Gloucester in the 1420s, if her marriage to Humphrey. Born in The Hague, Jacqueline, from her birth, was referred to as of Holland, Jacqueline was the last Wittelsbach ruler of Hainaut and Holland. Following her death, her estates passed into the inheritance of Philip the Good and she was the only daughter of William II, Duke of Bavaria from his marriage with Margaret, a daughter of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy and Margaret III, Countess of Flanders. At the age of only 22 months and again at the age of 4, Jacqueline was betrothed to John, Duke of Touraine, fourth son of King Charles VI of France, both children were brought up in the Castle of Le Quesnoy in Hainaut. The boy had been given into tutelage of his future father-in-law, since he was expected to succeed as ruler in Hainaut and not in any way in France itself. On 22 April 1411 the Pope gave his dispensation for the union and on 6 August 1415, when Jacqueline was fourteen, she and John married in The Hague. In March 1416, Count William raised the matter with Sigismund while the latter was the guest of the English king, Henry V in England, dauphin John died on 4 April 1417, leaving Jacqueline as a widow aged 16. Two months later on 31 May, she unexpectedly lost her father, Duke William II was bitten by a dog, which caused a blood infection that quickly killed him. The politically inexperienced Jacqueline now had to fight for her inheritance, in Hainaut, where female succession was long customary, Jacqueline was recognized as sovereign Countess on 13 June, but in Holland and Zeeland her rights were controversial from the beginning. Even before William IIs death, he had expected to become his successor, on the advice of her mother, Jacqueline initially gave her uncle the title of Guardian and Defender of the County of Hainaut in order to forestall his ambitions. Jacqueline also remarried, but her selection of husband was unfortunate, on 31 July 1417, two months after William IIs death, the betrothal between Jacqueline and John IV took place, and the wedding was celebrated in The Hague on 10 March 1418. However, the proved to be a failure. In addition to this, the financial problems of the young Duke John IV. John III, with the support of King Sigismund and the Cods, took the arms against Jacqueline, who was supported by the Hooks, this civil war was known as the Hook and Cod wars. The troops of uncle and niece met in the Battle of Gorkum in 1417, Jacqueline was victorious, but was forced to leave the major trading city of Dordrecht. Finally, John IV also pledged Hainaut to improve his situation, for Jacqueline. In the meanwhile, the situation had changed radically
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
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Jacqueline
Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
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Jacqueline, Countess of Holland and Zeeland, ca. 1435.
46.
William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing
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Duke William II of Bavaria-Straubing KG was also count William IV of Holland, count William VI of Hainaut and count William V of Zeeland. He ruled from 1404 until 1417, when he died from an infection caused by a dog bite, William was a son of Albert I and Margaret of Brieg. William, allied with the Hooks, was in conflict with his father until 1394, in 1404 he succeeded him as Count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut and duke of Bavaria-Straubing. As a result, he was no longer, as count of Hainaut, Williams reign was marked by internal strife within the county of Holland. In particular, Lord John V of Arkel supported Williams enemies in Holland, William conquered Arkel in 1412, at which point John accepted his defeat and Arkel was annexed by Holland. William claimed Friesland as the count of Holland, duke William I of Bavaria-Straubing had previously sent five expeditions to conquer Friesland. Only Stavoren was captured in 1398, William II also sent expeditions to the region but Stavoren was regained by the Frisians in 1414. Prior to his death, William ensured his nobles swore allegiance to his only daughter, however, on Williams death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between his brother John, the bishop of Liège and his daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut. This would be the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars and finally place Holland, the duchy of Bavaria-Straubing was divided between the dukes of Bavaria, the major portion went to Bavaria-Munich in 1429
William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing
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Holland, double
groat or "Tuin", struck in
Valenciennes under William of Bavaria as William VI,
Count of Holland.
William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing
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Duke William
47.
John of Bavaria-Straubing
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John III the Pitiless, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, of the House of Wittelsbach, was first bishop of Liège 1389–1418 and then duke of Bavaria-Straubing and count of Holland and Hainaut 1418–1425. John was born in Le Quesnoy and he was the youngest son of Duke Albert I and Margaret of Brieg. His elder brother was William II of Bavaria, who succeeded their father as Count of Holland, Zeeland and his sister was Margaret of Bavaria, who married in 1385 with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. As the youngest son of three, John was destined for a career in the church, at the age of 15, he became Prince-Bishop of Liège, with the support of Pope Boniface IX. Johns rule was a disaster. His authoritarian style clashed with the nobles and burghers of the Prince-Bishopric and he was expelled several times and saw even a counter-bishop being elected. John turned for help to his brother and brother-in-law, in 1408 a Burgundian army led by his brother-in-law John the Fearless went to the aid of John III against the citizens of Liège, who were in open revolt. On the field of Othée, on 12 September 1408, the men of Liège were decisively defeated, the ensuing executions of leading insurgents led to Johns nickname the Pitiless. In 1418, John III married Elisabeth, Duchess of Luxembourg, no children came from this marriage. With the aid of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who was his wifes uncle, John III immediately started a war against his niece Jacqueline. John the Pitiless supported the city of Dordrecht and Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy, a siege of Dordrecht in 1419 was unsuccessful, so John IV of Brabant agreed to start a joint administration with John III. Jacqueline herself as a woman, did not get a share in the political responsibility, John IV of Brabant finally gave up Holland and Hainaut and left the rule to John the Pitiless. His niece Jacqueline went to England in 1421 and married the brother, Humphrey. She was unable to control over Holland and Hainaut much longer after Johns death. Bavaria-Straubing was divided between the dukes of Bavaria, the portion of which went to Bavaria-Munich. John the Pitiless was known for the culture of his court, Jan van Eyck was among the artists he engaged. John the Pitiless died of poison in 1425 in The Hague and his Court Marshal Jan van Vliet had allegedly poisoned the pages of the ducal prayer-book, and had still been executed in 1424
John of Bavaria-Straubing
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Seal of John III
John of Bavaria-Straubing
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John III
John of Bavaria-Straubing
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Holland, gold
florin or 'Beiersgulden' with
St John the Baptist, struck 1421-1422 by John of Bavaria.
48.
Otto van Veen
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He is known for running a large studio in Antwerp, producing several emblem books, and for being, from 1594 or 1595 until 1598, Peter Paul Rubenss teacher. His role as a classically educated humanist artist, reflected in the Latin name by which he is known, Octavius Vaenius, was influential on the young Rubens. Van Veen was born in Leiden around 1556, where his father had been Burgomaster and he probably was a pupil of Isaac Claesz van Swanenburg until October 1572, when the Catholic family moved to Antwerp, and then to Liège. He studied for a time under Dominicus Lampsonius and Jean Ramey and he stayed there for about five years, perhaps studying with Federico Zuccari. Carel van Mander relates that van Veen then worked at the courts of Rudolf II in Prague and William V of Bavaria in Munich, before returning to the Low Countries. In Brussels, he was painter to the governor of the Southern Netherlands, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma until 1592. After becoming a master in the Guild of St. Luke in 1593, van Veen took numerous commissions for decorations, including altarpieces for the Antwerp cathedral. He also organized his studio and workshop, which included Rubens, the artist later served as dean in two prominent organizations in the city, the Guild of St. Luke in 1602, and the Romanists in 1606. In the seventeenth century, van Veen often worked for the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, later paintings include a series of twelve paintings depicting the battles of the Romans and the Batavians, based on engravings he had already published of the subject, for the Dutch States General. He had two brothers who were painters, Gijsbert van Veen was an engraver and Pieter was an amateur. His daughter Gertruid was also a painter, increasingly, van Veen was active in producing Emblem books, including Quinti Horatii Flacci emblemata, Amorum emblemata, and Amoris divini emblemata. In all these works, van Veens skills as an artist, the Amorum emblemata, for example, pictures 124 putti, or little cupids, enacting the mottoes and quotations from lyricists, philosophers, and ancient writers on the powers of Love. Some of these emblems are as relevant today as they would have to a seventeenth-century audience, a few examples of these mottoes read, A Wished Warre, The woundes that lovers give are willingly receaved. He goes on to quote Cicero and Seneca on this theme, another example familiar to us today as the story of The Tortoise and the Hare, is titled Perseverance winneth, The hare and the tortes layd a wager of their speed. Shows us a cupid and tortoise outpacing the hare and exemplifying the idea that the love which is steady, Emblem Project Utrecht -3 editions of emblem books by Otto van Veen Amorum Emblemata on Internet Archive. Vita D. Thomae Aquinatis a manuscript by Otto van Veen Otto van Veen on Artcyclopedia Belkin, Kristin Lohse, bertini, Giuseppe, Otto van Veen, Cosimo Masi and the Art Market in Antwerp at the End of the Sixteenth Century. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Otto van Veens Batavians defeating the Roman Van de Velde, Carl, Veen, entry at the Netherlands Institute for Art History Veen, Otto van. Emblemes of Love, with verses in Latin, English, media related to Otto van Veen at Wikimedia Commons
Otto van Veen
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Title print of three volume book Schouburg, by
Arnold Houbraken. Houbraken considered Van Veen to be the most impressive artist and scholar of his day and put his portrait (lower left) on his title print.
Otto van Veen
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Ottavio van Veen, in
Het Gulden Cabinet p 39
Otto van Veen
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Christ in the House of Martha and Mary, c. 1597
Otto van Veen
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Veen, Otto van. Amorum Emblemata... Emblemes of Love, with verses in Latin, English, and Italian. Antwerp: [Typis Henrici Swingenii] Venalia apud Auctorem, 1608.
49.
Luitingh-Sijthoff
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Luitingh-Sijthoff is a publishing company based in the Netherlands that releases fiction and nonfiction books for the Dutch language market. It is a subsidiary of Dutch conglomerate NDC VBK de uitgevers, Sijthoff company was founded by Albertus Willem Sijthoff in Leiden in 1851 and Luitingh was established in 1947. Sijthoff and Luitingh publishing companies merged to form Luitingh-Sijthoff, which is headquartered in Amsterdam, poema-Pocket is a publisher of mass market paperbacks by popular fiction authors such as Patricia Cornwell, Jill Mansell and Danielle Steel. Sitjhoff publishes thrillers and nonfiction books for readers, including De zaak Natalee Holloway by Joran van der Sloot. Since 2005, Uitgeverij L publishes cartoon collections and graphic novels and by comic book authors such as Christophe Arleston, the Battle of Evernight A Clash of Kings A Game of Thrones A Storm of Swords Luitingh-Sijthoff
Luitingh-Sijthoff
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Luitingh-Sijthoff
Luitingh-Sijthoff
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Sijthoff printing offices in
Leiden built in 1852 (top) and 1908 (bottom).
Luitingh-Sijthoff
.svg)
listen); in English and archaic Dutch also Leyden) is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. The municipality of Leiden has a population of 122,915, but the city forms one densely connected agglomeration with its suburbs Oegstgeest, Leiderdorp, Voorschoten and Zoeterwoude with 206,647 inhabitants. The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) further includes Katwijk in the agglomeration which makes the total population of the Leiden urban agglomeration 270,879, and in the larger Leiden urban area also Teylingen, Noordwijk, and Noordwijkerhout are included with in total 348,868 inhabitants. Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn, at a distance of some 20 kilometres (12 miles) from The Hague to its south and some 40 km (25 mi) from Amsterdam to its north. The recreational area of the Kaag Lakes (Kagerplassen) lies just to the northeast of Leiden.
.JPG)
Leiden
