1.
Eindhoven
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Eindhoven is a municipality and a city in the south of the Netherlands, originally at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender streams. The Gender was dammed short of the city centre in the 1950s, the city has a population of 223,220 in January 2015, making it the fifth-largest municipality of the Netherlands and the largest in the province of North Brabant. Neighbouring cities and towns include Asten, Son en Breugel, Nuenen, Geldrop-Mierlo, Heeze-Leende, Waalre, Veldhoven, Eersel, Oirschot, the agglomeration has a population of 337,487. The metropolitan area consists of 419,045 inhabitants, the city region has a population of 753,426. Also, Eindhoven is located in the Brabantse Stedenrij, a metropolitan area with about 2 million inhabitants. The name Eindhoven derives from the contraction of the regional words eind, toponymically, eind occurs commonly as a prefix and postfix in local place- and streetnames. A hove comprised a parcel of land which a local lord might lease to private persons, given that a string of such parcels existed around Woensel, the name Eindhoven may have originated with the meaning last hoves on the land of Woensel. The written history of Eindhoven started in 1232, when Duke Hendrik I of Brabant granted city rights to Endehoven, then a small town right on the confluence of the Dommel, at the time of granting of its charter, Eindhoven had approximately 170 houses enclosed by a rampart. Just outside the city stood a small castle. The city was granted the right to organize a weekly market. Another factor in its establishment was its location on the route from Holland to Liège. Around 1388, the fortifications were strengthened further. And between 1413 and 1420, a new castle was built within the city walls, in 1486, Eindhoven was plundered and burned by troops from Guelders. The reconstruction of Eindhoven was finished in 1502, with a stronger rampart, however, in 1543 it fell again, its defense works having been neglected due to poverty. A big fire in 1554 destroyed 75% of the houses but by 1560 these had been rebuilt with the help of William I of Orange, Eindhoven did not become part of the Netherlands until 1629. During the French occupation, Eindhoven suffered again with many of its houses destroyed by the invading forces, Eindhoven remained a minor city after that until the start of the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution of the 19th century provided a major growth impulse, canals, roads and railroads were constructed. Industrialization brought population growth to Eindhoven, at the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, Eindhoven had 2,310 inhabitants
2.
Eurovision Song Contest 1969
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The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 was the 14th in the series. Four countries won the contest, the first time ever a tie-break situation had occurred, however, there was no rule at the time to cover such an eventuality, so all four countries were declared joint winners. France became the first country to win the contest four times, the Netherlands win was their third. Spain and the United Kingdom each won for the second time, and it was the first time that any country had a winning ESC entry two years in a row. The venue selected to host the 1969 contest was the Teatro Real, the theatre reopened in 1966 as a concert theatre and the main concert venue of the Spanish National Orchestra and the RTVE Symphony Orchestra. The final featured a metal sculpture created by surrealist Spanish artist. The surrealist Spanish artist Salvador Dalí was responsible for designing the publicity material for the 1969 contest as well as the sculpture which was used on stage. It was the first time that the contest resulted in a tie for first place, since there was at the time no rule to cover such an eventuality, all four countries were declared joint winners. Had the later tie-break rule been in place, the Netherlands would have won, United Kingdom would then have been runner up, having received 5 points from Sweden. On the other hand, with the present tie-break rule been in place, France would have been the overall winner, both countries received votes from 9 countries, but France received 4 points from 2 countries whereas Spain received 3 points as their highest vote. A common urban legend on ESC forums and festivals is that just prior to the show, Laurita Valenzuela, the producers assured her that such a thing would never happen. Austria was absent from the contest, refusing to participate in a contest staged in Franco-ruled Spain, only the BBC has the exclusive right to represent the United Kingdom. Each performance had a conductor who led the orchestra, five artists returned in this years contest. Louis Neefs for Belgium who last represented the nation in 1967, the table below shows the order in which votes were cast during the 1969 contest along with the spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country. Each national broadcaster sent a commentator to the contest, in order to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language. Details of the commentators and the station for which they represented are also included in the table below
3.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
4.
De troubadour
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In a ballad inspired both musically and lyrically by folk-song traditions, Kuhr sings about a troubadour of the Middle Ages, describing the impact the music has on his audiences. Kuhr also recorded the song in English, French, German, Italian, the song was performed eighth on the night, following the United Kingdoms Lulu with Boom Bang-a-Bang and preceding Swedens Tommy Körberg with Judy, min vän. By the close of voting, it had received 18 points, the Netherlands thus achieved the rare feat of going from last to first in the space of one year. It was succeeded as the Netherlands representative at the 1970 contest by Hearts of Soul with Waterman, official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year,1969 Detailed info and lyrics, Diggiloo Thrush, De troubadour
5.
Georges Brassens
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Georges Brassens was a French singer-songwriter and poet. He wrote and sang, with his guitar, more than a hundred of his poems, as well as texts from many such as Victor Hugo, Paul Verlaine. In 1967, he received the Grand Prix de Poésie of the Académie française, between 1952 and 1976, he recorded fourteen albums that include several popular French songs such as Les copains dabord, Chanson pour lAuvergnat, La mauvaise réputation, and Mourir pour des idées. Most of his texts are black humour-tinged and often anarchist-minded, Brassens was born in the town of Sète, a town in southern France near Montpellier. He has also set to poems by both well-known and relatively obscure poets, including Louis Aragon, Victor Hugo, Jean Richepin, François Villon. During World War II, he was forced by the Germans to work in a camp at a BMW aircraft engine plant in Basdorf near Berlin in Germany. Here Brassens met some of his friends, such as Pierre Onténiente. They would later close friends. After being given ten days leave in France, he decided not to return to the labour camp, Planche lived with her husband Marcel in relative poverty, without gas, running water, or electricity. Brassens remained hidden there until the end of the war five months later, Planche was the inspiration for Brassenss song Jeanne. Apart from Paris and Sète, he lived first in Crespières, Brassens grew up in the family home in Sète with his mother, Elvira Dagrosa, father, Jean-Louis, half-sister, Simone, and paternal grandfather, Jules. His mother, who came from southern Italy, was a devout Roman Catholic, while his father was an easy-going, generous, openminded, Brassens grew up between these two starkly contrasting personalities, who nonetheless shared a love for music. His mother—whom Brassens labelled a missionary for songs, Simone and Jules, were always singing and this environment imparted to Brassens a passion for singing that would come to define his life. At the time he listened constantly to his idols, Charles Trenet, Tino Rossi. He was said to love music above all else, it was his first passion and he told his friend André Sève, a kind of internal vibration, something intense, a pleasure that has something of the sensual to it. He hoped to enroll at a conservatory, but his mother insisted that he could only do so if his grades improved. Consequently, he never learned to read music, a poor student, Brassens performed badly in school. Alphonse Bonnafé, Brassenss ninth-grade teacher, strongly encouraged his apparent gift for poetry, Brassens had already been experimenting with songwriting and poetry
6.
Les Poppys
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Les Poppys is a French musical group of 17 children founded 1946 in Asnières, France by Jean Amoureux as Les Petits Chanteurs dAsnières and renamed to Les Poppys in 1970. Les Poppys originated from the Hippie movement and made songs against the Vietnam War, seventeen boys from the choir were then selected and recorded their first single, Noel 70. The success came quickly and 600,000 copies were sold. This first single was followed by other hits during the 70s, Isabelle. Les Poppys became the first child stars in French music history and were invited by other countries to sing in galas, concerts. In The Netherlands and in Germany, they sold more records than the Beatles. In 4 years, Les Poppys sold more than 5 million records and their success inspired the New Poppys and other groups such as Mercredi Libre from members of Les Petits Chanteurs DAsnières. Some among them left since 1971 to yield to the generation of Poppys which included Gérald Meunier, Pascal Oubrayrie, Alain Drexler, Pascal Réali. The group ended in 1978 but Les Petits Chanteurs dAsnières kept on recording, making backgrounds vocals for famous singers and they also sang in 1983 for a TV musical covering songs by ABBA called Abbacadabra. Their 2 albums made were called, Abbacadabra and La Fusée de Noé and they also had a one off success with the song Il faudra leur dire sung with Francis Cabrel which went gold in 1987. They have since tried a comeback firstly in the eighties under the name The New Poppys. Although these last recordings were not commercially successful the album La ballade des ptits anges has become highly praised, although it has been suggested that the singing is better on this CD it is most likely due to the new songs included on this CD. The music to Commandant de la Calypso, La ballade des ptits anges, Je te demande pas, the Poppys still go on tour occasionally. Noël 70 Non, je ne veux pas faire la guerre, Non, non, rien n´a changé Des chansons pop Love, lioubov, amour Non, ne criez pas. Il Ny a Plus Detoiles de Mer LesPoppys
7.
Simon Hammelburg
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Simon Hammelburg is a Dutch entertainer, songwriter, author and journalist. During the seventies he started as a broadcaster with AVRO Broadcasting in the Netherlands where he worked as an anchor. In the early eighties he became the U. S. Bureau Chief for Dutch and Belgium radio and TV in New York and for several newspapers, prior to the first Gulf War he produced the video ‘Shalom from Holland with director Ralph Inbar and film maker Floris Sijbesma. Hammelburg co-wrote the song with Ron Klipstein and it was broadcast repeatedly on Dutch, Israeli and other international television networks during Gulf War I and was given a special award by the Knesset. The interviews were made during a campaign to help American Jews, simon Hammelburg is a Holocaust educator giving lectures in Europe, the United States and Israel
8.
Judaism
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Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
9.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
10.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
11.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
12.
Massiel
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María de los Ángeles Felisa Santamaría Espinosa, professionally known as Massiel, is a Spanish pop singer. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song La, la, la and she decided to abandon her music career in 1996, but released another album a year later and a further one in 2007, along with two new editions of 1970s albums. Massiel was born in Madrid, Spain and her first recordings were released in 1966, Di que no, No sé porqué, Llueve, No comprendo, Y sabes qué vi, Rufo el pescador, Aleluya and El era mi amigo. The song Rosas en el mar, written by her friend Luis Eduardo Aute in 1967, in 1967, she acted in the movie Vestida de novia. On March 29,1968, Massiel was asked to replace singer-songwriter Joan Manuel Serrat as Spains representative at the Eurovision Song Contest, nine days before the contest Massiel was on tour in Mexico. She returned to Spain, learned the song, and recorded it in five languages, on April 6 in London she beat the favorite, Cliff Richard with Congratulations, by one point and won the contest. Her song, La, la, la, was written by Ramón Arcusa, a 2008 Spanish documentary by La Sexta accused Spains television company TVE of bribing judges on the orders of General Franco. This allegation was based on a statement by journalist José María Íñigo, who would claim that he had repeated a widespread rumour. Both Massiel and Iñigo accused La Sexta of manufacturing the scandal, from 1966 to 1998, Massiel recorded songs of different genres for five record companies, Zafiro, Polygram, Hispavox, Bat Discos and Emasstor. Her discography includes around 50 records released as EPs, singles, LPs, CDs, in 1997 she released a Spanish album called Baladas Y Canciones De Bertolt Brecht. Massiel married her long-time boyfriend Vinny Cremonty, an Italian movie star, after retiring to raise her first son, Aitor Carlos Sayas, Massiel returned in 1981 with a brand-new sound and a new record label, Hispavox. Massiel would finish her pop comeback in 1983 with her career-defining record, not only was this album successful in her native country, but it was also her reconciliation with Latin America. The song Brindaremos Por El was a hit worldwide and topped the charts in many countries. In many ways, Massiel came back to the continent that loved her so throughout the 1960s, during the 1980s Massiel was an invited artist at the Festival de Viña del Mar in Chile because of her local popularity. At the time Chile was under the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, after singing for an hour, Massiel received the festivals most important prize, La Gaviota de Plata. In her speech of gratitude she said, Thank you Chile and she re-recorded her Eurovision winner La, la, la in 1997, with a hip-hop beat, background singers, whistling and Spanish percussion. In 1998, Massiel appeared in the film Cantando a la Vida, Massiel had the lead role of Maria and also sang the entire soundtrack to the film. In 2001 Massiel fell out of the window of her flat while trying to close the shutters and was hospitalized briefly
13.
La, la, la
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La, la, la is a song which was performed by the Spanish singer Massiel at the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 in London, winning the contest for Spain in that year. The performance of the song was the first of Spains two Eurovision wins to date, the song was composed by Ramón Arcusa and Manuel de la Calva, otherwise known as the singing duo Dúo Dinámico. This was the first Eurovision Song Contest broadcast in colour, with viewers noting Massiels backing singers in their short teal coloured dresses, La, la, la beat the favourite, the United Kingdoms Congratulations, by just one point. Bill Martin called the Spanish song a piece of rubbish, joan Manuel Serrat, the artist originally chosen to perform Spains entry, intended to sing it in Catalan. Hence the last-minute substitution of Massiel as singer and it was not until 2004, when Andorra made its first entry, that Catalan would be heard on the contest stage. A documentary film shown on Spanish television in 2008 claimed that General Franco had had the competition fixed to ensure a victory for Spain, which would boost the countrys image abroad. Massiel was outraged by the allegations, insisting that she won because her song was better, and she also blamed the allegations on competition among Spanish TV channels. Massiel recorded the song in four languages, Spanish, Italian, German, all as La, la, la and it was later covered by the Italian singer Mina in Radiotelevisione Italianas 1968 variety series Canzonissima and by Finnish singer Carola. The biggest-selling recording of the song, however, was the cover-version, performed in Spanish and it was also sung by Alpay, a famous Turkish singer, in Turkish that same year in Sen Gidince & La La La 45 rpm. Official Eurovision Song Contest site, history by year,1968 Detailed info and lyrics, The Diggiloo Thrush, La, la, la History of the song, as narrated by the members of Dúo Dinámico
14.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
15.
Lulu (singer)
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Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie was born in Lennoxtown, East Dunbartonshire, and grew up in Dennistoun, Glasgow, where she attended Thomson Street Primary School and Onslow Drive School. She lived in Gallowgate for a while before moving to Garfield Street, at 12 or 13, she and her manager approached a band called the Bellrocks seeking stage experience as a singer. She appeared with them every Saturday night, Alex Thomson, the bass player, has reported that even then her voice was remarkable. Lulu has two brothers and a sister and her father was a heavy drinker.7. Massey guided her career for more than 25 years, for most of time they were partners in business. After the success of Shout, Lulus next three singles failed to make an impact on the charts, in 1965 she released Leave A Little Love, which returned her to the UK top ten. Her next record, Try to Understand made the top 30, in 1966, Lulu toured Poland with the Hollies, the first British female singer to appear live behind the Iron Curtain. In the same year she recorded two German-language tracks, Wenn du da bist and So fing es an, for the Decca Germany label, All her Decca recordings were made available in 2009 on a 2-CD entitled Shout. issued on RPM Records. After two hit singles with the Luvvers, Lulu launched her solo career and she left Decca after failing to chart in 1966 and signed with Columbia to be produced by Mickie Most. In April 1967, she returned to the UK singles chart, reaching number 6 with The Boat That I Row, All seven singles she cut with Most made the UK Singles Chart. Nonetheless, when Mickie Most died in 2003, Lulu was full of praise for him, in 1967, she made her film debut in To Sir, with Love, a British vehicle for Sidney Poitier. Lulu both acted in the film and provided the song, with which she had a major hit in the United States. To Sir With Love became the best selling single of 1967 in the US, selling well in excess of a million copies, in the UK, To Sir With Love was released on the B-side of Lets Pretend, a No.11 hit. In the late-1960s Lulus pop career in the UK thrived and she had several series of her own. Her first BBC series aired in 1965 on BBC2, where she co-hosted Gadzooks and its The In-Crowd, with Alan David, completing the run as solo host under the rebranded Gadzooks. In 1966, she made appearances on BBC1s Stramash. The series often featured resident guests, including Adrienne Posta, Roger Kitter, Paul Greenwood and Pans People along with dance troupes choreographed by Nigel Lythgoe, the 1972 series was billed as Its Lulu. Not to mention Dudley Moore with Dudley Moore and his appearing in each of the 13 shows
16.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
17.
Frida Boccara
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Boccara was born in Casablanca, Morocco, into a Jewish family of Italian origin that lived in Tunisia before they settled down in Morocco. When she was 18, she moved from Casablanca to Paris, France, Boccara also had a brother and a sister in show business, composers Jean-Michel Braque and Lina Boccara. Her son, Tristan Boccara, was born in the mid-1970s, in 1964, Boccara had submitted the song Autrefois to the French Eurovision Song Contest selection panel, but she was unsuccessful. Five years later, at the Eurovision Song Contest 1969, held in Madrid, Spain, she represented France performing Un jour, un enfant – music by Émile Stern and her song shared first place along with the entries from the Netherlands, the UK, and Spain. Cent mille chansons was recorded in 1968 and earned her a Gold disc, while Un jour, un enfant earned her a Platinum disc, Un monde en sarabande and La prière. In the late 1960s, she also recorded Un pays pour nous, leonard Bernstein, who composed the original melody, declared that Boccaras version was his favorite. Boccara renewed her links with Eurovision by participating in the French national finals of 1980 – performing Un enfant de France – and 1981 – with Voilà comment je taime
18.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
19.
Dana Rosemary Scallon
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Dana Rosemary Scallon, known in her singing career as Dana, is an Irish singer and former Member of the European Parliament. While still a schoolgirl she won the 1970 Eurovision Song Contest with All Kinds of Everything and it became a worldwide million-seller and launched her music career. She entered politics in 1997, as Dana Rosemary Scallon, running unsuccessfully in the Irish presidential election, Scallon was again an independent candidate in the Irish 2011 presidential election, but was eliminated on the first count. Scallon was born in Frederica Street, Islington, North London, to Robert and her father worked as a porter at nearby Kings Cross station. A hairdresser by trade, hed relocated his family from his native Derry in Northern Ireland because of the high unemployment there after the war. She was five when her parents were advised by their doctor to return to Derry because of the London smog, and her parents were musical – her father played the trumpet in his own dance band, The Imperial All Stars, and her mother was their guest pianist. They had seven children in all, three sons and four daughters, including their third-born child Grace who died at eight months from a penicillin allergy. Fifth-born and youngest daughter Rosemary won the first talent contest she entered - an all-aged event at St Columbs Hall when she was six and she took part in many more music and dance contests. In the early 1960s, she performing with her sisters Eileen. Then Eileen left the trio to become a hairdresser, leaving the others as a duo and their Aunt Rosaleen in 1964 contacted a friend in the music business, arranger Frank Barber, and that led to Decca Records offering them a recording contract. Susan declined the offer, choosing instead to get married and emigrated to the United States with her husband, a member of the USAF. In 1965, the now solo Rosemary Brown took part in a talent contest at the Embassy Ballroom. After gaining seven good grades in her GCE O-level exams, Rex Records in Dublin received her demo and her debut single was Sixteen, written by Tony Johnston, while the B-side, Little Girl Blue, was her own composition. It came out on 17 November 1967, but failed to take off, though local TV and it was at this time that she adopted the professional name of Dana, which had been her school nickname. Now studying A-level music and English, she became popular in Dublins cabaret and folk clubs at weekends, with mixed feelings due to nerves she made it through to the final in Dublin where she sang Look Around by Michael Reade, later released as her fourth single. Shown live on Irish television, Scallon came second to Muriel Day and Wages of Love and her second attempt to win the Irish contest was a success. Perched on a stool while wearing an embroidered white mini-dress, she was the last of twelve contestants to perform that night. After the voting had finished she was declared the winner with 32 points, beating the favourite, UKs Mary Hopkin, with 26, spains Julio Iglesias came equal fourth with Guy Bonnet of France and Henri Dès of Switzerland
20.
All Kinds of Everything
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All Kinds of Everything is a song written by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith, as performed by Dana, it won the Eurovision Song Contest 1970. All Kinds of Everything represented a return to the form from the more energetic performances which had dominated Eurovision the previous years. Dana sings about all the things which remind her of her sweetheart, the recording by Dana became an international hit. Danas performance of All Kinds of Everything won the 1970 Irish National Song Contest, Dana was the twelfth and final performer on the night. Ireland chose not to send its own conductor to accompany Dana, so Dolf van der Linden, Dana sang seated on a stool fashioned as a cylinder which left her feet suspended above the floor and caused her concern that shed slide off. All Kinds of Everything took first place in the contest with a total of 32 votes besting second place Knock, Knock Whos There, by Mary Hopkin by seven votes. 1970 had augured to be an off year for Eurovision with five nations boycotting the contest, the surprise victory of All Kinds of Everything by the ingenuous Dana made 1970 one of the most memorable Eurovision contests. All Kinds of Everything was the first Eurovision win for the Republic of Ireland, All Kinds of Everything was also only the second song sung in English to win Eurovision outright. The entry was politically sensitive as Dana came from Derry in Northern Ireland, yet was representing Ireland, at this time The Troubles in Northern Ireland were erupting, and some people found political symbolism of a Northern Irishwoman representing the Republic. On the other hand, the United Kingdoms entry the year was sung by Clodagh Rodgers. Following her victory Dana returned to Derry and sang her victorious song to a crowd of cheering wellwishers from a balcony in the city, in the UK All Kinds of Everything was #1 for the weeks dated 18 April and 25 April 1970. All Kinds of Everything also charted in Italy but failed to become a hit with a #58 peak. Overall sales for Danas All Kinds of Everything are estimated at two million units, radio stations who insisted on playing the song were requested to reduce coverage of Danas candidacy by three minutes for each spin of the record. During the election journalist Vincent Browne was criticized for interviewing Dana in a confrontational manner and his apology took the form of a rendition of All Kinds of Everything during a subsequent radio panel discussion. Dana named her 2007 autobiography All Kinds of Everything, in 2008 Danas All Kinds of Everything - whose opening lyric runs, Snowdrops and daffodils. The song was featured in a scene of the 2011 movie Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, the 1997 play A Skull in Connemara by Martin McDonagh uses Danas All Kinds of Everything incongruously, the record plays during a scene in which three skulls are smashed to powder with hammers. A faster, 8-bit version of All Kinds of Everything is featured in the video games Magic Jewelry, an acoustic version of All Kinds of Everything was released by Hong Kong singer Albert Au in the album Simple Folk 2. Sinéad OConnor and Terry Hall recorded All Kinds of Everything for the 1998 album A Song For Eurotrash, foster & Allen included their version of All Kinds of Everything on their 2001 album The Songs That Sold A Million
21.
Ronnie Tober
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Ronald Edwin Tober is a Dutch singer with an international performance record. Tober was born in Bussum, Netherlands, and at the age of three moved to the United States with his family, where lived in Albany, the capital of the State of New York. Attending St. Peters Episcopal Church was a soprano soloist, invited to appear on The Teen Age Barn, a television show on the CBS affiliate WRGB, he performed every week for several years. During this time he appeared as a guest of singer Perry Como on television where they performed O Holy Night and he was also to guest star on the CBS series Route 66 with George Maharis and Martin Milner and appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show. Tober played the role of Tony in the musical The Boy Friend, introduced to songwriter/record producer Bob Crewe, Tober recorded his first record in 1959 entitled Who Taught You How To Love. In 1963 while in the Netherlands to visit his grandmother he appeared on the Off The Cuff a television show hosted by Willem Duys, based on the reaction to his performance he decided to return and live in the Netherlands. He signed with Phonogram/Philips and produced his first Dutch record Iedere Avond in 1964, in 1966 he was a winner at the Sopot International Song Festival in Sopot, Poland, for his medley, Showtime on Broadway. Tober performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London as the Netherlands representative in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968, Tober has had TV shows on both AVRO and KRO and his guests have included Vikki Carr, Roger Whittaker and Nancy Wilson. Jan Jochems, who Tober has been with since 1968, in 1999 Tober was diagnosed with bladder cancer and underwent chemotherapy. On 27 December 2003, during his 40th year in show business, tobers name is also inscribed on the Wall of Fame at the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam. In 2002 he started the Ronnie Tober Foundation to help assist people who have a developmental disability through cultural and musical works. He has also participated in the 2006 International Four Days Marches Nijmegen in Nijmegen, in 2007 Tober, Jochems and friends completed the 160 km march and were able to raise €10,000 for his foundation. The money will be used to take 50 children to Euro Disney
22.
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest
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The Netherlands has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 57 times since making its debut as one of the seven countries competing in the very first contest in 1956. It has missed only four contests so far, the preselection process was often done through the Nationaal Songfestival, with the winner qualifying to represent the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest. The Netherlands has won the contest four times, with four victories, the Netherlands ranks in the top 10 most successful Eurovision countries. The countrys first two came in the 1950s, with Corry Brokken in 1957 and Teddy Scholten in 1959. Sandra & Andres finished fourth in 1972 and Mouth & MacNeal were third in 1974, the Netherlands best result of the 1980s was fifth, achieved by both Maggie MacNeal in 1980 and Marcha in 1987. In the 1990s, Ruth Jacott, with sixth place in 1993 and Edsilia Rombley, with fourth in 1998, the Netherlands have finished last in the contest final on four occasions, in 1958,1962,1963 and 1968. They also finished last in the semi-final in 2011, since the semi-finals were introduced in 2004, the Netherlands has reached the final on only four occasions, failing to reach the final for eight years in a row, from 2005–2012. Opting for a selection has fared well for the Netherlands since 2013, when Anouk became the first Dutch entry in nine years to qualify for the final. In 2016, the Netherlands once again qualified for the final, the Netherlands has hosted the Eurovision Song Contest four times, in 1958,1970,1976 and 1980. The first three times were after winning the year, while the 1980 contest was staged in the Netherlands. Similarly, the Netherlands had declined the right to organise the 1960 contest, the Netherlands has missed only four contests in its Eurovision history. The first of these was at the 1985 contest, held in Gothenburg, the contest, held on 4 May conflicted with the Dutch Remembrance of the Dead and as such the Netherlands withdrew. In 1991 the contest was held on 4 May. There was no Dutch participation in the 1995 and 2002 contests, the Netherlands did compete in 2000. But at 22,00 on Saturday 13 May, the broadcast was cancelled because of the Enschede fireworks disaster which happened a few hours before. The points awarded by the Netherlands were taken from the jury vote. Table key NOTE, The full results for the first contest are unknown, the official Eurovision site lists all the other songs as being placed second. Willem van Beusekom provided NOS TV commentary every year from 1987 until 2005, however, on November 7,2005 it was announced that Van Beusekom would quit his role as Dutch commentator saying Its good to step back
23.
Hearts of Soul
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Hearts of Soul was formed by three Dutch Indo sisters from Harderwijk, Bianca, Stella and Patricia Maessen. They later moved to Veghel, also in the Netherlands and they worked in the late 1960s as session singers for Dusty Springfield until 1968. In 1969, they recorded their debut album, in 1970, they sang Waterman as the Netherlands entry to the Eurovision Song Contest. They finished 7th out of 12 participants and their single Its Great Fun was arguably their most popular at the time. They collaborated in 1972 on a single with Marius Monkau, the song Oh Complete Jesus is still popular, especially among religious people. In the mid-1970s the group moved to Belgium, there they formed Dream Express in 1975 with former Pebbles musician Luc Smets. In the summer of 1976 they had a Flemish number 2 hit with the self-titled song Dream Express, on 5 February 1977 they won the national finals in Belgium to enter the Eurovision Song Contest 1977, which was held in Wembley, London on Saturday 7 May. This was the first time that Belgium had entered a song to be entirely in English. With the song A Million in One, Two, Three they reached 7th place out of 18 participating countries, Dream Express changed names again in 1979 to LBS, which stood for Luc Bianca Stella. Their singles LBS and Uncle Jim received much airplay in 1979, Stella also released singles under the name of Stella Mason. She represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982, with the song Si tu aimes ma musique, on 24 April 1982 she finished 4th. Bianca released several singles from the early 1980s through to 1993, the single Two Dolphins to the Range of Hawaii was released as a tribute to the 100th anniversary of the creation of the Antwerp zoo. During the Eurovision song contest of 1986 Patricia was the singer of winning entrant Sandra Kim. In 1987, Patricia was also a singer for Plastic Bertrands. Patricia Maessen died on 15 May 1996 in Mortsel near Antwerp at the age of 44, from the effects of a stroke
24.
Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957
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The Netherlands were represented in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 by Corry Brokken with the song Net als toen written by Guus Jansen and Willy van Hemert. The Dutch entry was chosen during a final called Nationaal Songfestival. Like in the year, a national final titled National Songfestival was held with eight songs competing. Four singers took part in the selection, each of them presenting two songs, Corry Brokken was the only singer from the 1956 national final who tried again. The winner was chosen by postcard voting, however, this time. Again, the show was hosted by Karin Kraaykamp, Corry Brokken, who was already one of the two Dutch representatives in the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest, was the clear winner of the national final, as her entries finished first and second. Marcel Thielemans finished third and fourth, but far behind her, the winning song was Net als toen and would be the third Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest. “Net als toen” was released on an EP by Corry Brokken with the title “Grand Prix 1957 Eurovision”, the entry itself did not reach the Dutch single charts and was also not an international hit although it would win the Eurovision Song Contest. Brokken has also recorded a German version and a French version of the song, none of the other songs in the national final made any commercial impact. At the Eurovision Song Contest in Frankfurt, the Dutch entry was performed sixth on the night following Austria with “Wohin, kleines Pony. ” and preceding Germany with “Telefon, Corry Brokken was backed by violinist Sem Nijveen, who had a remarkable long solo part. The Netherlands won the Eurovision Song Contest, at the close of voting, the Dutch entry had received 31 points and at least one point from every other country. It would be the clearest victory ever in voting system as they got 31% of all votes and 34. 4% of the votes possible to be received. The Netherlands would be the country to win the contest on its second attempt until Ukraine did so in 2004. Every country had a jury of ten people, every jury member could give one point to his or her favourite song. Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Song Contest 1957 Eurovision Song Contest delootsbod. dk Information about the national final
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Lulu, 
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Dana
