1.
Tank
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A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat, with heavy firepower, strong armour, and tracks providing good battlefield maneuverability. The first tanks were designed to overcome the deadlock of trench warfare, now they are a mainstay of ground forces. Modern tanks are versatile mobile land weapon platforms, mounting a large-calibre cannon in a rotating gun turret. In both offensive and defensive roles, they are units that are capable of performing tasks which are required of armoured units on the battlefield. As a result of advances, tanks underwent tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. Tanks in World War I were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and this was a prototype of a new design that would become the British Armys Mark I tank, the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. The name tank was adopted by the British during the stages of their development. While the British and French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tanks potential, Tanks of the interwar period evolved into the much larger and more powerful designs of World War II. Tanks in the Cold War were designed with these weapons in mind, improved engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design, during the Cold War, the main battle tank concept arose and became a key component of modern armies. Modern tanks seldom operate alone, as they are organized into combined arms units which involve the support of infantry and they are also usually supported by reconnaissance or ground-attack aircraft. The tank is the 20th century realization of an ancient concept, the internal combustion engine, armour plate, and continuous track were key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank. Many sources imply that Leonardo da Vinci and H. G. Wells in some way foresaw or invented the tank, leonardos late 15th century drawings of what some describe as a tank show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle with cannons all around it. However the human crew would not have power to move it over larger distance. In the 15th century, Jan Žižka built armoured wagons containing cannons, the caterpillar track arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century and it is frequently claimed that Richard Lovell Edgeworth created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a machine, that should carry and lay down its own road and his own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track, armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed
2.
Robert A. Heinlein
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Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science-fiction writer. Often called the dean of science writers, his controversial works continue to have an influential effect on the genre. Heinlein became one of the first science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov and he also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was named the first Science Fiction Writers Grand Master in 1974 and he also anticipated mechanical Computer Aided Design with Drafting Dan and described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel The Door into Summer, though he never patented or built one. In the first chapter of the novel Space Cadet he anticipated the cell-phone,35 years before Motorola invented the technology, several of Heinleins works have been adapted for film and television. Heinlein was born on July 7,1907 to Rex Ivar Heinlein and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler and he was a 6th-generation German-American, a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war starting with the War of Independence. His childhood was spent in Kansas City, Missouri, Heinleins experience in the U. S. Navy exerted a strong influence on his character and writing. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland with the class of 1929 and he was assigned to the new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, where he worked in radio communications, then in its earlier phases, with the carriers aircraft. The captain of this carrier was Ernest J. King, who served as the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief. Heinlein was frequently interviewed during his later years by historians who asked him about Captain King. Heinlein also served aboard the destroyer USS Roper in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U. S. Army, the U. S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard, in 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City in Los Angeles, and their marriage lasted about a year. His second marriage in 1932 to Leslyn MacDonald lasted for 15 years, in 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy due to pulmonary tuberculosis. During a lengthy hospitalization, he developed a design for a waterbed, Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining, but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclairs socialist End Poverty in California movement in the early 1930s, when Sinclair gained the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but was unsuccessful, while not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing in order to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, Life-Line, was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction, originally written for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contests first-prize payoff
3.
Supernatural
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One complicating factor is that there is disagreement about the definition of natural and the limits of naturalism. Concepts in the domain are closely related to concepts in religious spirituality. Sometimes we understand by nature the established course of things, as when we say that nature makes the night succeed the day, nature hath made respiration necessary to the life of men. Sometimes we take nature for the universe, or system of the works of God, as when it is said of a phoenix, or a chimera. And sometimes too, and that most commonly, we would express by nature a semi-deity or other kind of being. Parapsychologists use the term psi to refer to a unitary force underlying the phenomena they study. Views on the supernatural vary, for example it may be seen as, from this perspective, some events occur according to the laws of nature, and others occur according to a separate set of principles external to known nature. For example, in Scholasticism, it was believed that God was capable of performing any miracle so long as it didnt lead to a logical contradiction, others believe that all events have natural and only natural causes. They believe that human beings ascribe supernatural attributes to purely natural events, such as lightning, rainbows, floods, the supernatural is a feature of the philosophical traditions of Neoplatonism and Scholasticism. In contrast, the philosophy of Metaphysical naturalism argues for the conclusion that there are no supernatural entities, objects, most religions include elements of belief in the supernatural while also often featuring prominently in the study of the paranormal and occultism. Process theology is a school of thought influenced by the process philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead. It is not possible, in process metaphysics, to conceive divine activity as an intervention into the “natural” order of events. Process theists usually regard the distinction between the supernatural and the natural as a by-product of the doctrine of creation ex nihilo, in process thought, there is no such thing as a realm of the natural in contrast to that which is supernatural. On the other hand, if “the natural” is defined more neutrally as “what is in the nature of things, in Whiteheads words, “It lies in the nature of things that the many enter into complex unity”. It is tempting to emphasize process theisms denial of the supernatural, dreams as a Source of Supernatural Agent Concepts. Riekki T, Lindeman M, Raij T. T, Supernatural Believers Attribute More Intentions to Random Movement than Skeptics, An fMRI Study. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Purzycki Benjamin G, the Minds of Gods, A Comparative Study of Supernatural Agency. Unresolved Mourning, Supernatural Beliefs and Dissociation, A Mediation Analysis, vail K. E, Arndt J, Addollahi A
4.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
5.
Topper (film)
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The film was adapted by Eric Hatch, Jack Jevne and Eddie Moran from the novel by Thorne Smith. The movie was directed by Norman Z. McLeod, produced by Hal Roach, the supporting cast includes Billie Burke and Eugene Pallette. Topper was a hit with film audiences in the summer of 1937, since Cary Grant had a percentage deal on the film. Topper was the first black-and-white film to be colorized, re-released in 1985 by Hal Roach Studios. George and Marion Kerby are as rich as they are irresponsible, when George wrecks their classy sports car, they wake up from the accident as ghosts. Topper, a bank president, is trapped in a boring job. Worse still, Clara, his wife, seems to care only about nagging him. On a whim, after George and Marion die, Topper buys George’s flashy sports car, soon he meets the ghosts of his dead friends, and immediately they begin to liven up his dull life with drinking and dancing, flirting and fun. Cosmo moves out into a hotel with Marion who claims she is no longer married since she is dead, Clara fears she has lost Cosmo forever. The Toppers loyal butler suggests that she lighten up a bit, she decides he’s right and dons the lingerie and he introduces the song Old Man Moon, which is sung by Grant and Bennett. As the couple leave the bar, George says, night Hoagy. and Carmichael replies So long, see ya next time. After a long career producing comedy shorts, producer Hal Roach was looking to expand into films, and found a property in The Jovial Ghosts. Roach immediately wanted Cary Grant to play George Kerby, but he had difficulty getting the actor to agree to play the part, since Grant was concerned about the supernatural aspects of the story. Assurance from Roach that the aspects of the story would be played up – plus a fee of $50,000 – were sufficient to convince Grant to do the film. For Grants opposite number, Roach was interested in Jean Harlow, Fields, but Harlow was too ill, and Fields turned down the offer. When Roach reached out to Constance Bennett, she was impressed enough with the property that she agreed to be less than her usual $40,000 fee. Production models of a Cord were too small to use, so the body was built on the chassis of a 1936 Buick Roadmaster by Bohman & Schwartz Co. The Buick trunk had special compartments for camera equipment, afterwards, the car was purchased by the Gilmore Oil Co. who used it for many years for promotional purposes
6.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
7.
Across the River and into the Trees
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The title derives from the last words of U. S. Civil War Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson, “Let us cross over the river and rest under the shade of the trees. ”Hemingways novel opens with aging Colonel Richard Cantwell duck hunting in Trieste, Italy. It then presents his life in a flashback, with Cantwell thinking about a young Venetian woman, Renata. During a trip to Italy not long before writing the novel, Hemingway had met young Adriana Ivancich, with whom he became infatuated, the novels central theme is death, and, more importantly, how death is faced. One biographer and critic sees a parallel between Hemingways Across the River and Into the Trees and Thomas Manns Death in Venice. The novel is built upon successive layers of symbolism, and as in his writing, Hemingway employs here his distinctive, spare style. Hemingway himself said of Across the River and into the Trees, Books start slow, I bring emotion up to where you can’t stand it, then we level off, so we won’t have to provide oxygen tents for the readers. Written in Italy, Cuba and France in the late 1940s, it was the first of his novels to receive bad press and reviews. It was nonetheless a bestseller in America, spending 7 weeks at the top of the New York Times bestsellers list in 1950, more recently, since its initial unenthusiastic critical reception, critics and scholars now generally see it as an important addition to the Hemingway canon. Across the River and Into the Trees begins in the first chapter with the story of 50-year-old Colonel Cantwells duck hunting trip to Trieste set in the time-present. Cantwell, who is dying of disease, spends a Sunday afternoon in a duck blind in Trieste. In the second chapter, Hemingway takes Cantwell back in time by means of a stream of consciousness interior monologue, in the final six chapters, Cantwell is again presented in the frame story set in the time-present. In the flashback he had thought of his recent weekend in Venice with 18-year-old Renata, the novel ends with Cantwell suffering a fatal series of heart attacks as he leaves the duck blind. Hemingways name was on the list of authors Hotchner was to contact, so he went to Cuba, asked for a meeting, and for a short article. Hemingway did not write an article, but he did submit his next novel Across the River and into the Trees to Hotchner, in the fall of 1948 he arrived in Italy and visited Fossalta where in 1918 he had been wounded. A month later, while hunting with an Italian aristocrat he met 18-year-old Adriana Ivancich. He and his then wife Mary then went to Cortina to ski, she broke her ankle and, bored, Hemingway himself then became ill with an eye infection and was hospitalized. In the spring he went to Venice where he ate lunch with Adriana a few times, in May he returned to Cuba and carried out a protracted correspondence with her while working on the manuscript. In the autumn he had returned to Europe and at the Ritz in Paris he finished the draft, once done, he and Mary went again to Cortina to ski, for the second time she broke her ankle and he contracted an eye infection
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
9.
Death
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Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death, other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. The potential for an afterlife is of concern for some humans, the word death comes from Old English deað, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauthuz. This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the Process, act, when a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of decease, as in the deceased. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian, unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day, physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs, in general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise definition of death becomes more difficult. The concept of death is a key to understanding of the phenomenon. There are many approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death
10.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
11.
Recording industry
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, the recording industry–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces, labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels. The largest portion of the music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation. Live Nation is a subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the first decades of the 2000s, the industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet. A conspicuous indicator of changes is total music sales, since 2000. In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company, printed music in Europe, Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of chants, dates from about 1465. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand, to copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music, the use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to cities and countries more quickly. With music printing, though, a composers music could be printed, as sheet music of major composers pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and this led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the business and music centers during this period
12.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
13.
Police
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the use of force. Law enforcement, however, constitutes part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, in some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree, the police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous, many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and this is derived from πόλις, city. Law enforcement in ancient China was carried out by prefects for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period, in Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. Under each prefect were subprefects who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area, some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. The concept of the system spread to other cultures such as Korea. In ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police, in Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves, in the Roman empire, the army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to some extra security. Magistrates such as fiscal and quaestors investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The vigiles were supported by the Urban Cohorts who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force, in medieval Spain, Santa Hermandades, or holy brotherhoods, peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a fixture of Spain
14.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
15.
Adam-12
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The show originally ran from September 21,1968, through May 20,1975, and helped introduce police procedures and jargon to the general public in the United States. Adam-12 featured the year-old LAPD Rampart Division station at 2710 West Temple Street as the setting for the series, however, according to the radio call sign of the unit 1-Adam-12, the patrol area was within the Central Division, which serves Downtown Los Angeles, rather than Rampart. The designation 1-Adam-12 is a combination of three elements, the first element indicates the units LAPD division. The second element indicates the type of unit, the third element identifies the patrol cars number. The one in 1-Adam-12 means the car operates in Division 1. LAPD assigns two-person units the letter A, in the LAPD phonetic alphabet, the letter A is spoken as Adam. The third element is the last two numbers of the cars full unit number. In the program, 1-Adam-12 typically operated in the Rampart Division, Division 2, not the Central Division, Division 1, there was never an actual patrol car with the call sign of 1-Adam-12. In the series first episode, Reed is less than a week out of the prestigious Los Angeles Police Academy, and is eager to begin his career. Three weeks before, Malloys patrol partner had been killed in an attempt to apprehend an armed suspect, Malloy is deeply saddened. On what is to be Malloys last shift, the watch commander Lieutenant Moore assigns Malloy to take the young, raw, Moore was Malloys first training officer seven years earlier. His comment to Reed at the end of their first watch together was, I couldnt turn you loose on the citizens of Los Angeles, reeds probationary period is played out during the first and second seasons, after which he is promoted to a full officer. Reed and Malloy remain beat partners, Malloy displays a Distinguished Expert shooting medal, Reed displays a Sharpshooter medal. Malloy and Reed reported to Shift Supervisor William Mac MacDonald, who took a black-and-white command cruiser with the call sign 1-L-20 into the field. Reed once questioned why Malloy had not taken the sergeants exam, Malloy related he preferred working patrol on the street to supervision. Malloy later showed he could supervise when Mac was ill, several of their fellow officers were recurring characters, the most frequent were Jerry Woods, Ed Wells, Detective Sgt Jerry Miller, and Officer Brinkman. Shaaron Claridge, a real-life LAPD dispatcher, was the dispatcher, over the course of the series, Sergeant Mac MacDonald was promoted to Sergeant 2. Lt Moore was promoted to Captain, and served as the officer of the division
16.
Dragnet (franchise)
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Dragnet was an American radio, television and motion picture series, enacting the cases of a dedicated Los Angeles police detective, Sergeant Joe Friday, and his partners. The show takes its name from the police dragnet, meaning a system of coordinated measures for apprehending criminals or suspects. Dragnet is perhaps the most famous and influential police procedural drama in media history, the series gave audience members a feel for the danger and heroism of police work. Dragnet earned praise for improving the public opinion of police officers, Actor and producer Jack Webbs aims in Dragnet were for realism and unpretentious acting, he achieved both goals, and Dragnet remains a key influence on subsequent police dramas in many media. Another Dragnet trademark is the opening narration, Ladies and gentlemen. Only the names have changed to protect the innocent. This underwent minor revisions over time, the only and ladies and gentlemen were dropped at some point, and for the television version hear was changed to see. Variations on this narration have been featured in subsequent crime dramas, Webb relaunched Dragnet in 1966, with NBC once again chosen to air the series. He tried to persuade Ben Alexander to rejoin him as Frank Smith, Alexander was then committed to an ABC police series, Felony Squad, and the producers would not release him. Webb reluctantly came up with a new character to take the role of Joe Fridays partner, Morgan had previously portrayed rooming house proprietor Luther Gage in the 1949 radio series episode James Vickers. George Fenneman returned as the primary announcer with John Stephenson replacing Hal Gibney in the role of announcing the trial dates. Fenneman replaced Stephenson in that role during the fourth season, unlike the previous Dragnet series, the revival was produced and aired in color. Webb produced a TV movie pilot for the new version of the show for Universal Television, NBC bought the show on the strength of the movie and it debuted as a midseason replacement for the sitcom The Hero on Thursday nights in January 1967. To distinguish it from the original, the year was included in the title of the show, although Friday had been promoted to lieutenant in the final episode of the 1950s production, Webb chose to have Friday revert to sergeant with his familiar badge,714. Cooke was technical advisor to the KNBC documentary Police Unit 2A-26, the show had good ratings on NBCs schedule for four seasons, although its popularity did not exceed that of the 1950s version. Much as was done 11 years earlier, Webb decided voluntarily to discontinue Dragnet after its season to focus on producing and directing his other projects through Mark VII Limited. The first of these projects was a spinoff of Dragnet titled Adam-12, a 30-minute police procedural like its parent series, the series premiered in the fall of 1968 and ran for seven seasons, coming to an end in 1975. Adam-12, in turn, spawned its own spinoff in early 1972 called Emergency, running as a weekly series until 1977 and as a series of made-for-television movies for two years after that, Emergency
17.
Hill Street Blues
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Hill Street Blues is an American serial police drama that aired on NBC in primetime from 1981 to 1987 for a total of 146 episodes. The show received acclaim, and its production innovations influenced many subsequent dramatic television series produced in the United States. Its debut season was rewarded with eight Emmy Awards, a season record surpassed only by The West Wing. The show received a total of 98 Emmy nominations during its run, MTM Enterprises developed the series on behalf of NBC, appointing Steven Bochco and Michael Kozoll as series writers. The writers were allowed considerable freedom and created a series that brought together, for the first time. Each episode features a number of intertwined storylines, some of which are resolved within the episode, the conflicts between the work lives and private lives of the individual characters are also large elements of storylines. In the workplace there is also a focus on the struggle between doing what is right and what works. Almost every episode begins with a sequence consisting of briefing. Many episodes are written to take place over the course of a single day, Frank Furillo and public defender Joyce Davenport in a domestic situation, often in bed, discussing how their respective days went. The show deals with issues and employs commonly used language. In terms of production, the camera is close in. The extensive use of overheard or off-screen dialogue gives a feel to the action. Rather than studio cameras, handheld Arriflex cameras were used to add to the documentary feel, although filmed in Los Angeles, the series is set in a generic unnamed inner-city location with a feel of a U. S. urban center in the Midwest or Northeast. Bochco had intended this fictional city to be a hybrid of Chicago, Buffalo, however, at the beginning of season 7, episode 17, one of the police cars is driving past a sign indicating an approach to Interstate 90 and Interstate 94. Pittsburgh is in Allegheny County while Interstate 90 only runs in Erie County, although Interstate 90 does run to Buffalo, Interstate 94 goes no farther east than Michigan. The only major city where both Interstate 90 and Interstate 94 run is in Chicago, also, the police cars are duplicates of the Chicago Police Dept. vehicles, except that instead of saying Chicago Police on the sides of the cars it says Metro Police. Additionally, a corner tavern sporting a Heileman Old Style beer sign appears in the title sequence. A regional beer brewed in Wisconsin, Heilemans was a dominant product in the Chicago–Milwaukee area during the time the show was in production
18.
The Transformers (TV series)
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The Transformers is a half-hour American animated television series which originally aired from September 17,1984 to November 11,1987. The first of series in the Transformers franchise, it was based upon Hasbros Transformers toy line and depicts a war among giant robots that can transform into vehicles. Co-produced between Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions for first-run syndication, animation for the series was predominantly done by Toei Animation in Japan, the series was supplemented by a feature film, The Transformers, The Movie, taking place between the second and third seasons. The Transformers toyline and cartoon/animated series was inspired by the Japanese toyline, later still, in 1983, a Microman sub-line, MicroChange was introduced, featuring actual size items that transformed into robots, such as microcassettes, guns and toy cars. By 1984, U. S. regulators had removed many of the restrictions regarding the placement of promotional content within childrens television programming, the way was cleared for the new product-based television program. Hasbro had previously worked with Marvel Comics to develop G. I, oNeill declined to make said revisions, and the project was turned down by several writers and editors approached by Shooter until editor Bob Budiansky accepted the task. His designs were simplified by Floro Dery, who went on to become the lead designer for the series, creating many more concepts. The three-part pilot miniseries first aired in the United States in September 1984, the miniseries concludes with the Decepticons believed dead after their space cruiser is sent plunging into the ocean depths, while the Autobots prepare to return to Cybertron. The thirteen-episode first season, commissioned and produced before the pilot aired, was broadcast between October and December on Saturday mornings. A loose story arc centered on this technology spans the season, paraplegic computer expert, Chip Chase, joins Spike and Sparkplug as a new human ally for the Autobots. 49 further episodes were commissioned for the second season in 1985. Compared to the first season, season twos stories are more episodic, a new recurring human cast member was also added in the form of Spikes girlfriend Carly. Partway into the season, the remainder of the 1985 product line was introduced, to expand the line, however, Hasbro also licensed several toys from other companies, including Takaras Japanese competitor, Bandai. To promote these new toys even further in Japanese markets, a single Japanese-exclusive episode, Transformers, the gap between seasons two and three was bridged by The Transformers, The Movie, released to theaters in the summer of 1986. Young Autobot Hot Rod used the power of the Autobot talisman known as the Matrix of Leadership to become the new Autobot leader Rodimus Prime, and defeated the planet-eating robot world Unicron. The Decepticons, meanwhile, are in exile on the world of Chaar, led now by Galvatron—the rebuilt, upgraded form of Megatron. This season saw story-editing duties transfer from Marvel Productions to Sunbow, overseen by Flint Dille, Marv Wolfman, the Return of Optimus Prime aired in March 1987. The series came to a close in November 1987 with the broadcast of the fourth season, the series concluded with the successful restoration of Cybertron at last, but the Decepticons stole the final scene, their threat not yet quashed
19.
Optimus Prime
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Optimus Prime is a fictional character from the Transformers franchise. As the current Matrix of Leadership bearer, Optimus Prime is the de facto leader of the Autobots, the Autobots are constantly waging civil war against a rival faction of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis ONeil was responsible for his name, in the Transformers, Covenant of Primus, it was established that Optimus Prime was the last born of the original Thirteen Transformers. It was his unique spark and his inspiring reassurance that All are One that allowed the Primes to rally and this brings a Great War to their planet of Cybertron. Optimuss origins and personality can vary depending on which universe hes seen in and this origin is the most consistent between the various incarnations. Further differences are listed in the sections below. The first generation Optimus Prime transforms into a Kenworth K100 cab over truck, within his chest is a mystic talisman, known as the Autobot Matrix of Leadership or the Creation Matrix, carried by all Autobot leaders. When Optimus transforms, his cab disconnects to become a sentient robot, the combat deck supports a mobile battle-station and command headquarters armed with assorted artillery and beam weapons that fire automatically. The combat deck can also serve as an antenna for battlefield communications between the autobots. The combat deck also included Roller, a mobile scout buggy meant to scout behind enemy lines, when Roller is deployed, Optimus can see and hear what Roller sees and hears. Injury to one component is felt by each of the others, if the combat deck or Roller were to be destroyed, Prime could survive. However, despite the degree of autonomy they possess, the combat deck. In the animated series, Optimus is able to fire short-range optic blasts, project holographic maps, in the animated series, Optimus was also given the ability to retract his right hand unit and replace it with a glowing axe. Across the assorted continuities of the original Transformers universe, there have various interpretations of Optimus Prime. One of Primes most notable characteristics over all continuities his unswaying commitment to leadership by example, the animated seriess version of Optimus Prime is depicted as a straightforward, wise, and upbeat battlefield general. Additionally, the animated version of Optimus dislikes rap music, putting him at odds with music-loving characters like Blaster. In the Marvel Comics series, in addition to characteristics, Prime is secretly plagued by self-doubt. Originally, Optimus Prime was created as the Autobots leader, though it is if he was created or his origins
20.
Megatron
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Megatron is a character from the Transformers franchise, created by Hasbro in 1984, based on a toy design by Takara. The original Megatron was the Decepticon Leader, which could transform into three different types of guns, a Walther P38 handgun, a beam cannon. He is a sentient robotic lifeform from the planet Cybertron and the leader of the villainous Decepticons as well as the archenemy of the Autobot leader Optimus Prime, Megatron is usually depicted as having risen up from the lowly worker to become a champion in gladiatorial combat. As a gladiator, he took the legendary name Megatronus as his own, Prime would later use his teachings against him when he became corrupt. He has the ability to transform between his robot shape and various weapons or vehicles, but these alternate-modes, his origins and even personality and this origin is considered the most consistent between the various incarnations. Further differences are listed in the sections below. The original Megatronus, better known as the Fallen, was one of the original Thirteen Primes created by Primus, Megatronus betrayed his creator by siding with Primus dark twin, the malevolent planet-eater Unicron. In the final battle between Primus and Unicron, Megatronus fell victim to the fate as his master, sucked through a black hole into another dimension. However, while Unicron emerged in another universe, the Fallen was not so fortunate, another being addressed simply as Megatron is an apocalyptic figure said to bring about death and destruction through alteration of the time stream. Possible interpretations in the book of him are Alpha and Omega, the Fallen made his first appearance in the second volume of Transformers, The War Within. The character appears as the main antagonist in the live action film, Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen. Director Michael Bay described him as apocalyptic and he has the ability to teleport and generate a shockwave upon reappearance. He wields a spear as his weapon and has the ability of telekinesis, Megatronus is also mentioned as one of Thirteen in Transformers, Exodus and later appeared as the main antagonist in the first-season finale of Transformers, Robots in Disguise, voiced by Gil Gerard. Megatronuss history would be retconned in Transformers, The Covenant of Primus, Megatronus was one of the original thirteen Primes. Megatronus commissioned Solus Prime to create the Requiem Blaster, following the War of the Primes, he exiled himself from Cybertron after unintentionally murdering Solus Prime. Megatron is the founder of the Decepticon uprising and their most feared leader, bob Budiansky, the writer for the Marvel Comics series, stated that originally Hasbro took issue with the name, saying it sounded too frightening. Budiansky responded that as the villain, that was the point. Hasbro later agreed with his reasoning, and approved the name Megatron, the name itself probably comes from the Greek word megas, although in one of his interviews Budiansky claimed that it is in fact a portmanteau of electronic and megaton
21.
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
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Transformers, Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg. It is a sequel to the 2007 film Transformers and the installment in the live-action Transformers film series taking place two years after its predecessor. The plot revolves around Sam Witwicky, who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots, the Autobots, led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons, returning Transformers include Optimus Prime, Bumblebee, Ironhide, Ratchet, Megatron, Starscream, Bonecrusher and Scorponok. Shooting took place from May to November 2008, with locations in Egypt, Jordan, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Revenge of the Fallen was released on June 19,2009 in the United Kingdom and on June 24,2009 in the United States. The film grossed a total of $402.1 million in the U. S. and Canada and $434.2 million in other territories, for a total of $836.3 million worldwide. It was the second highest-grossing film of 2009 in the US and Canada, 23rd domestically, with over 11 million home media sales in 2009, it was also the top-selling film of the year in the United States. Metacritic said the film received unfavorable reviews. However, critics praised the effects, music and the voice performances of Hugo Weaving, Charlie Adler. It won three Golden Raspberry Awards at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony and became the film to win the Worst Picture award. This was the last film in the series to star Megan Fox, a third film, Dark of the Moon, was released on June 29,2011 and a fourth film, Age of Extinction, was released on June 27,2014. A fifth film, Transformers, The Last Knight is scheduled for a 2017 release, a sixth film serving as a Bumblebee spin-off is scheduled for a 2018 release. A seventh film, serving as the main entry Transformers 6 is scheduled for a 2019 release. In 17,000 B. C. the Seven Primes traveled the galaxy to create Energon with star-absorbing machines called Sun Harvesters. After defeating ancient humans, The Fallen is confronted by the other Primes, the Primes then sacrifice themselves to hide the Matrix in an unknown location shortly afterwards. During a mission in Shanghai, Optimus Prime is warned by Demolisher of The Fallens return, simultaneously, Soundwave hacks into a U. S. military satellite, overhears the information, and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard. Meanwhile, Sam Witwicky prepares to attend college, leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes, while preparing, he discovers a smaller AllSpark shard in his jacket. He picks up the shard, which causes him to see Cybertronian symbols, after Bumblebee destroys the rampaging appliances, Sam gives the shard to Mikaela, who later captures Decepticon Wheelie when he tries to steal it. The Constructicons resurrect Megatron by using the shard retrieved by Ravage, a pretender Decepticon, Alice, tries to seduce Sam, until he gets rescued by Mikaela and his college roommate Leo
22.
Ferris Bueller's Day Off
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Ferris Buellers Day Off is a 1986 American teen comedy film written, co-produced and directed by John Hughes, and co-produced by Tom Jacobson. The film stars Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller, a slacker who spends a day off from school, with Mia Sara. Ferris regularly breaks the wall to explain techniques and inner thoughts. Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week, filming began in September 1985 and finished the following November. Featuring many landmarks, including the Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago, not just in the architecture and landscape, but the spirit. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, in 2016, Paramount, Turner Classic Movies, and Fathom Events re-released the film and Pretty in Pink to celebrate its 30th anniversary. In suburban Chicago, high school senior Ferris Bueller fakes sickness to stay home, Ferris frequently breaks the fourth wall to talk about his friends and give the audience advice on how to skip school. His parents believe him, though his sister Jeannie is not convinced, dean of Students Edward R. Rooney notes and suspects Ferris is being truant again and commits to catching him. However, Ferris uses a computer to alter the schools records to reduce his absences from 9 to 2, Ferris convinces his friend Cameron Frye, who really is absent due to illness, to report that his girlfriend Sloane Petersons grandmother has died. Rooney doubts this, but they succeed as planned, borrowing Camerons fathers prized 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder against Camerons wishes, he, Ferris, and Sloane drive into Chicago to sightsee. Leaving the car with two parking attendants, who take it on a joyride, the trio visit the Art Institute of Chicago, Sears Tower, Chicago Mercantile Exchange. They then go to a French restaurant for lunch where Ferris poses as the Sausage King of Chicago Abe Froman while narrowly avoiding his father, who is eating lunch at the restaurant. Meanwhile, after failing to find Ferris, Rooney visits the Bueller residence and fails to enter, Jeannie, skipping class, returns home and discovers her brothers ruse, but encounters Rooney snooping. She kicks him and calls the police, who arrest her for false reporting after Rooney leaves, while at the station, Jeannie meets a juvenile delinquent, who advises her not to worry so much about Ferris. Just as things shine bright, they retrieve the car and notice that, due to the attendants joyride, the revelation shocks Cameron into a state of self-analysis, realizing his life is controlled by his fathers figure. They return the car to Camerons garage and unsuccessfully try to run it backwards to remove the miles, Ferris suggests that they crack it open and turn it back manually. Cameron refuses and vents anger towards his father, kicking, severely denting, and leaning on the car, Ferris offers to take the blame, though Cameron insists on taking a stand against his father after destroying the car. At the police station, Mrs. Bueller picks up Jeannie, Ferris returns Sloane home, but realizes he only has a limited time to return home to avoid trouble
23.
Matewan
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The film dramatizes the events of the Battle of Matewan, a coal miners strike in 1920 in Matewan, a small town in the hills of West Virginia. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and it was 1920 in the southwest West Virginia coal fields, and, as the narrator recalls, things were tough. The new workers are African Americans from Alabama and are coming in on the train, but the train is stopped outside town, derided as scabs, they are then attacked by the local miners, but manage to get back on the train and continue their journey. Witnessing the attack is Joe Kenehan, a passenger on the train and an organizer for the United Mine Workers. He arrives in Matewan and takes up residence at a house run by a coal miners widow, Elma Radnor, and her 15-year-old son, Danny, who is also a miner. Kenehan and the leader, Sephus, then go around to meet the rest of the black miners as well as a contingent of Italians to try to bring them into the union. But later, caught between the guns and the local miners, the blacks and the Italians throw down their coal shovels. C. E. Lively, an agent provocateur for the company who has infiltrated the union, tries to goad the miners towards violence. The infiltrator also pens a note to the Baldwin–Felts Detective Agency, the next day, two Baldwin–Felts men, Hickey and Griggs, show up in town and take up residence at the Radnor boarding house. Danny at first refuses to give rooms to Hickey and Griggs, Hickey and Griggs then start their campaign against the union by forcibly evicting miners from company-owned houses in town. Mayor Testerman and Police Chief Sid Hatfield refuse to let them be evicted without eviction writs from Charleston, Hatfield deputizes all the men in town and tells them to go home and come back with their guns. The Baldwin–Felts men then turn their attention on the camp outside town. At night, the armed strikebreakers fire shots into the camp, the next day, they enter the camp to demand that all food and clothing purchased at the company store with scrip be turned over to them. But then some armed foothill people, whose land was taken by the coal company, expressing disdain for the noise caused by the gunmens automobile the night before, their presence and sympathy for the miners compels the Baldwin–Felts men to leave empty-handed. The slow arrival of the thinly stretched strike funds tests the patience of Danny Radnor and other miners who become disillusioned. The miners are involved in a shootout with the agents. He is rescued by some people but not before he recognizes Lively as the infiltrator. Danny Radnor overhears Hickey and Griggs talking about the scheme but is caught, one of the miners hurries to the camp to find Few Clothes, who had drawn the short straw for who would kill Kenehan for his assumed treachery
24.
Matilda (1996 film)
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Matilda is a 1996 American childrens fantasy comedy film directed by Danny DeVito, who also produced with Michael Shamberg, Stacey Sher, and Lucy Dahl. It was written by Nicholas Kazan and Robin Swicord, based on Roald Dahls novel of the same name, mara Wilson, DeVito, Rhea Perlman, Embeth Davidtz, and Pam Ferris star. The film was released in the United States on August 2,1996, Matilda Wormwood is a genius, but her parents, Harry and Zinnia, ignore and mistreat her. At the age of 4, she discovers the library and walks there every day to read while her father is at work, her mother is playing bingo. At age six-and-a-half, Matilda begins to lose patience with her parents, in retaliation for her father constantly berating her, she adds hydrogen peroxide to his hair tonic, turning his hair an unhealthy blonde. He takes his children to his workshop, where he reveals that the cars he sells are faulty, Matilda accuses him of being dishonest and he belittles her, so she responds by putting super glue on his hat, forcing Zinnia to cut it off his head. She reads a borrowed copy of Moby-Dick, which Harry rips up while her family is watching television. When he forces her to watch them, she becomes increasingly angry. Miss Trunchbull is the principal of a rundown elementary school. Harry enrolls Matilda there, where she befriends several children and learns of Trunchbulls violent nature, Matildas teacher, Jennifer Honey, is a kind woman who adores her class and takes an immediate liking to Matilda. She requests to Trunchbull that Matilda be moved up to a higher class and that night, Miss Honey pays the Wormwoods a visit to encourage them to spend more time with Matilda, but they snub her. Trunchbull goes to Miss Honeys class for a checkup to belittle the students. As a prank, Lavender, one of Matildas friends, places a newt in Trunchbulls water jug to frighten her. Upon discovery of the newt, Trunchbull accuses Matilda, whose anger at the injustice leads her to tip the glass over, splashing water. Afterward, Miss Honey invites Matilda to her house for tea, when Miss Honey was five, her father died of an alleged suicide. Eventually, she moved into a small cottage, when Matildas telekinetic powers manifest again during an argument with her father, she trains herself to use them at her own will. She returns to Trunchbulls house and uses her telekinesis to wreak havoc in an attempt to scare her away and she almost flees, but Trunchbull finds Matildas hair ribbon and realizes that she was there. The following day, Trunchbull visits Miss Honeys class again to get Matilda to admit her guilt, Matilda uses her powers to write a message on the blackboard, posing as the ghost of Magnus, accusing Trunchbull of murdering him
25.
Toy Story 2
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Banjo-Tooie is a platform video game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was first released on 20 November 2000 in North America and on 12 April 2001 in Europe and it is the second instalment in the Banjo-Kazooie series and serves as a sequel to the original Banjo-Kazooie. The story of the game follows series protagonists Banjo and Kazooie as they attempt to stop the plans of antagonist Gruntilda, development of the game started in June 1998, directly after the release of its predecessor. Several new features were cut from the due to time constraints. It also includes a mode where up to four players can compete in several minigames. Upon release, the game more than three million copies and received critical acclaim from video game critics. The game is included in the Rare Replay video game compilation. Similar to its predecessor Banjo-Kazooie, Banjo-Tooie features three-dimensional worlds containing items to be collected, among the items are golden jigsaw pieces, called Jiggies, that are used to complete jigsaw puzzles that unlock the levels. Instead of exploring the hub world in search of incomplete puzzle boards as in Banjo-Kazooie, whenever the player has obtained the number of Jiggies required, a timed puzzle-completion challenge can be played, after which Jiggywiggy grants access to each world. Each puzzle challenge requires more Jiggies than the last, musical notes return in Banjo-Tooie, but are now used to learn new moves from Bottles brother, the drill sergeant Jamjars, who assumes Bottles role from the first game. Mumbo Jumbo also returns, this time as a character who can venture out into each world and use specific magic spells to help Banjo. Taking over Mumbos previous role of transforming the duo into different forms is Humba Wumba, another feature introduced in Banjo-Tooie is the direct connections between its worlds. In addition, the train Chuffy can be used to minor characters between worlds which contain stations. The game also includes a mode where up to four players can play each of the games single-player minigames in customisable competitions. Two years following Gruntildas first defeat by Banjo and Kazooie, the two are playing poker with their friends Mumbo Jumbo and Bottles in Banjos house. Meanwhile, Gruntildas sisters Mingella and Blobbelda arrive in a large digging machine, the Hag 1, unfortunately Gruntildas time spent underground has rotted her flesh away and reduced her to a skeleton. Seeking revenge, Gruntilda destroys Banjos house before fleeing with her sisters, Banjo, Kazooie, and Mumbo escape the house, but Bottles, who stays behind believing it is all a joke, gets caught in the blast and is killed. The three remaining friends swear to track Gruntilda down and put an end to her plans and he gives the two their first Jiggy as a token of gratitude to help find them
26.
Todd Beamer
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Todd Morgan Beamer was an American passenger aboard United Airlines Flight 93 which was hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001. He was one of the passengers who tried to reclaim the aircraft from the hijackers, leading them to crash it into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Todd Beamer was born on November 24,1968, in Flint, Michigan, to David Beamer, an IBM sales representative, and Peggy Jackson Beamer, a muralist, the middle child of three and only son. Beamer and his two sisters, Melissa and Michele, were raised with a strong biblical value system and work ethic. The family relocated to Poughkeepsie, New York, and then to Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago, where David worked at Amdahl, Beamer attended Wheaton Christian Grammar School, where he played baseball, basketball, and soccer. He attended Wheaton Academy, a Christian high school, from 1983 to 1985 and he was elected class vice president in his junior year. After David was promoted to president of Amdahls California headquarters, the family moved. He returned home to Illinois and transferred to Wheaton College, a Christian university and their first date was November 2,1991, the 10-year anniversary of which they had been planning to celebrate at the time of his death. He transferred to Wheaton College, where he majored initially in medicine before switching to business and he continued to play baseball and as a senior became captain of the basketball team. He subsequently worked for Wilson Sporting Goods while taking classes at DePaul University. Within months, Beamer was promoted to account manager, Beamer and Lisa taught Sunday school at Princeton Alliance Church for six years, and worked in youth ministry. Beamer also played on the softball team. He was a fan of the Chicago Cubs, Chicago Bulls. In 2000 the Beamers moved to Cranbury, New Jersey with their two sons, Beamers work forced him to travel up to four times a month, sometimes for as long as a week. In 2001, he earned a trip to Italy with his wife for being a top sales performer. They returned home on Monday, September 10, at 5 pm, while Beamer could have left that night for a Tuesday business meeting in California, he opted instead to spend time with his family. His wife was due the following January with their third child, United Flight 93 was scheduled to depart at 8, 00am, but the Boeing 757 did not depart until 42 minutes later due to runway traffic delays. Six minutes later, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the World Trade Centers North Tower
27.
Aircraft hijacking
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Aircraft hijacking is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. In most cases, the pilot is forced to fly according to the orders of the hijackers, occasionally, however, the hijackers have flown the aircraft themselves, such as the September 11 attacks. In at least three cases, the plane was hijacked by the pilot or co-pilot. Unlike the typical hijackings of vehicles or ships, skyjacking is not usually committed for robbery or theft. Most aircraft hijackers intend to use the passengers as hostages, either for monetary ransom or for political or administrative concession by authorities. Various motives have driven such occurrences, including demanding the release of inmates, highlighting the grievances of a particular community. Hijackers also have used aircraft as a weapon to target particular locations, hijackings for hostages commonly produce an armed standoff during a period of negotiation between hijackers and authorities, followed by some form of settlement. Settlements do not always meet the original demands. If the hijackers demands are deemed too great and the show no inclination to surrender. 1929, In the Fort Worth Star-Telegram daily newspaper 19 September 1970 and he was flying a postal route for the Mexican company Transportes Aeras Transcontinentales, ferrying mail from San Luis Potosí to Toreon and then on to Guadalajara. He was approached by Gen. Saturnino Cedillo, governor of the state of San Luis Potosí, Cedillo was accompanied by several other men. He was told through an interpreter that he had no choice in the matter and he stalled long enough to convey the information to his boss, who told him to cooperate. He had no maps, but was guided by the men as he flew above Mexican mountains and he landed on a road as directed, and was held captive for several hours under armed guard. He eventually was released with a Buenos from Cedillo and his staff, DeCelles kept his flight log, according to the article, but he did not file a report with authorities. He went on to work for the FAA in Fort Worth after his flying career,1931, The first recorded aircraft hijack took place on February 21,1931, in Arequipa, Peru. Byron Richards, flying a Ford Tri-Motor, was approached on the ground by armed revolutionaries and he refused to fly them anywhere and after a 10-day standoff, Richards was informed that the revolution was successful and he could go in return for flying one group member to Lima. 1939, The worlds first fatal hijacking occurred on 28 October 1939, larry Pletch shot Carl Bivens,39, a flight instructor who was offering Pletch lessons in a yellow Taylor Cub monoplane with tandem controls in the air after taking off in Brookfield, Missouri. Bivens, instructing from the front seat, was shot in the back of the head twice, Carl was telling me I had a natural ability and I should follow that line, Pletch later confessed to prosecutors in Missouri
28.
United Airlines Flight 93
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United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four Al-Qaeda terrorists on board, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, during an attempt by the passengers, all 44 people aboard were killed, including the four hijackers, but no one on the ground was injured. The hijackers stormed the aircrafts cockpit approximately 46 minutes after takeoff. C, although the specific target is not known, it is believed that the hijackers intended to crash the plane into the White House or the Capitol Building. Many of the passengers then attempted to control of the aircraft from the hijackers. C. A few people witnessed the impact from the ground, and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour, a temporary memorial was built near the crash site soon after the attacks. The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a member of al-Qaeda, Jarrah was born in Lebanon to a wealthy family and had a secular upbringing. He intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in 1996, a year later, he moved to Hamburg and began studying aeronautical engineering at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. While living in Hamburg, Jarrah became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical Hamburg cell, in November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for Afghanistan, where he spent three months. While there, he met with al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in January 2000, Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and in February obtained a new passport containing no stamped records of his travels by reporting his passport as stolen. In May, Jarrah received a visa from the U. S. Embassy in Berlin, there, he began taking flying lessons as well as training in hand-to-hand combat. Jarrah maintained contact with his girlfriend in Germany and with his family in Lebanon in the preceding the attacks. This close contact upset Mohamed Atta, the leader of the plot. Four muscle hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, the first, Ahmed al-Nami, arrived in Miami, Florida, on May 28,2001, on a six-month tourist visa with United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Mohand al-Shehri. The second Flight 93 hijacker, Ahmed al-Haznawi, arrived in Miami on June 8 with Flight 11 hijacker Wail al-Shehri, the third Flight 93 muscle hijacker, Saeed al-Ghamdi, arrived in Orlando, Florida, on June 27 with Flight 175 hijacker Fayez Banihammad. On August 3,2001, an intended fifth hijacker, Mohammed al-Qahtani and he was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Saudi Arabia. Ziad Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdis passports were recovered from the Flight 93 crash site, jarrahs family asserted that he had been an innocent passenger on board the flight. The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757–222, registration N591UA, the seven crew members were Captain Jason Dahl, First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr. and flight attendants Lorraine Bay, Sandra Bradshaw, Wanda Green, CeeCee Lyles and Deborah Welsh. The four hijackers checked in for the flight between 07,03 and 07,39 Eastern Time, at 07,03, Ghamdi checked in without any luggage while Nami checked in two bags
29.
World Trade Center (1973-2001)
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The World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4,1973, and were destroyed as a result of the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet, the other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center,4 WTC,5 WTC,6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 million, the complex was located in New York Citys Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet of office space. The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13,1975, a bombing on February 26,1993, and a robbery on January 14,1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a company to manage. On the morning of September 11,2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of other, two hours later, both had collapsed. The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, the cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which time what remained of the other World Trade Center buildings was demolished. The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over a span of more than a decade, the site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers, while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the United States, is the building for the new complex. The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River and they built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, the remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, later, the area became Radio Row. New York Citys Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966, was a district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually the area several blocks of electronics stores. The used radios, war surplus electronics, junk, and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, according to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business. The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943, the New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project but the plans were put on hold in 1949. During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan, to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan
30.
The Pentagon
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The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D. C. As a symbol of the U. S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U. S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon was designed by American architect George Bergstrom, and built by general contractor John McShain of Philadelphia. Ground was broken for construction on September 11,1941, General Brehon Somervell provided the major motive power behind the project, Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U. S. Army. The Pentagon is one of the worlds largest office buildings, with about 6,500,000 sq ft, approximately 23,000 military and civilian employees and about 3,000 non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi of corridors. It was the first significant foreign attack on Washingtons governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British, when World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded, Stimson told U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On July 17,1941, a hearing took place, organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum. Reybold agreed to back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, the requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agricultures Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, the site originally chosen was Arlington Farms which had a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon. Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D. C. from Arlington Cemetery, the building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modified into a pentagon which resembled the star forts of the gunpowder age. While the project went through the process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. and Doyle and Russell. In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres, which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million. The Hells Bottom neighborhood, a slum with numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, Later 300 acres of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres for the Pentagon. Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were finalized with McShain and the contractors on September 11
31.
Georgia World Congress Center
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The Georgia World Congress Center is a convention center in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Enclosing some 3.9 million ft2 in exhibition space and hosting more than a million each year. Opened in 1976, the GWCC was the first state-owned convention center established in the United States, the authority later developed the Georgia Dome and Centennial Olympic Park. The Georgia Dome was closed on March 5,2017 and is scheduled for demolition, in addition to convention and trade shows, the GWCC often coordinates with the Georgia Dome to host activities in conjunction with major events being held at the dome. Every year, the center hosts SEC Football Fanfare, a two-day fan festival for the thousands of Southeastern Conference football fans in the city for the SEC Championship Game, the center played host to a similar event in tandem with WrestleMania XXVII, WrestleMania Axxess. Family Feud started taping at Georgia World Congress Center in 2016, the GWCC is located in downtown Atlanta at 285 Andrew Young International Boulevard NW, adjacent to CNN Center and Philips Arena. Public transportation is serviced by the Dome/GWCC/Philips Arena/CNN Center MARTA station, delta Air Lines previously had a ticket office in the lobby of the complex. Though similarly named, the Georgia International Convention Center is a smaller unrelated facility located near Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, the GWCC is made up of three adjacent buildings, Buildings A, B, and C. In total these buildings have twelve exhibit halls,105 meeting rooms, Building A has three exhibit halls and the Sidney Marcus auditorium seating 1,740. Building B, the largest, contains five halls and the 33,000 square-foot Thomas B. Murphy Ballroom. The newest building, Building C, has four exhibit halls, freight rail tracks run through the middle of the complex and under the parking decks. The complex incorporates pedestrian bridges to connect exhibit halls on opposite sides of the tracks, see article,2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak. Designed by Atlanta-based architects tvsdesign, the GWCC opened in 1976 with 350,000 square feet of exhibit space, additional phases opened in 1985,1992, and 2002. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the GWCC hosted handball, fencing, judo, table tennis, weightlifting, wrestling, the International Broadcast Centre for the worldwide media was also set up inside the GWCC. On November 8,2001, President George W. Bush made a speech at the GWCC in which he exhorted the crowd of police, firefighters, and politicians, My fellow Americans, Lets roll. He would use the words again in the 2002 State of the Union address, For too long our culture has said, “If it feels good, do it. ”Now America is embracing a new ethic and a new creed, “Let’s roll. ”The center also hosted the 2009 Soul Train Music Awards, the first held outside of the Los Angeles area. On March 14,2008, a tornado struck Atlanta, including the downtown area, the Georgia World Congress Center was heavily damaged by the storm, including roof and water damage. In addition to rain pouring in from the holes in the roof, there was water damage from the sprinkler system
32.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
33.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
34.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
35.
State of the Union
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The State of the Union address is a speech presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new presidents term. The address not only reports on the condition of the nation but also allows the President to outline his legislative agenda, during most of the countrys first century, the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress. With the advent of radio and television, the address is now broadcast live across the country on most networks, although the language of this Section of the Constitution is not specific, by tradition, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3, before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report. When a presidential inauguration occurs in January, the date may be delayed until February, what began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, to reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET. George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8,1790, in New York City, in 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical. Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy, however, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, for many years, the speech was referred to as the Presidents Annual Message to Congress. The actual term State of the Union first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23,1933 changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February. The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term, in years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night, only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U. S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night. Calvin Coolidges 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, harry S. Trumans 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Johnsons address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening, three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Ronald Reagans 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed
36.
Neil Young
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Neil Percival Young, OC OM, is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, producer, director and screenwriter. Young began performing in a group covering Shadows instrumentals in Canada in 1960, in 1966, after a brief stint with the Rick James-fronted Mynah Birds, he moved to Los Angeles, where he formed Buffalo Springfield with Stephen Stills, Richie Furay and others. Young had released two albums by the time he joined Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1969, in addition to two as a member of Buffalo Springfield. From his early albums and those with his backing band Crazy Horse, Young has recorded a steady stream of studio and live albums. Youngs often-distorted electric guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature tenor singing voice transcend his long career, Young also plays piano and harmonica on many albums which frequently combine folk, rock, blues and other musical styles. Known to rip up live set lists, Young often plays acoustic versions of songs in one show and his gritty guitar work, especially with Crazy Horse, earned him the nickname Godfather of Grunge and led to his 1995 album Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam. More recently Young has been backed by Promise of the Real, Young directed films using the pseudonym Bernard Shakey, including Journey Through the Past, Rust Never Sleeps, Human Highway, Greendale, and CSNY/Déjà Vu. He also contributed to the soundtracks of the films Philadelphia and Dead Man, Young has received several Grammy and Juno awards. The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inducted him twice, as a solo artist in 1995, in 2000, Rolling Stone named Young the 34th greatest rock n roll artist. He has lived in California since the 1960s but retains Canadian citizenship and he was awarded the Order of Manitoba on July 14,2006, and was made an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30,2009. Young was born on November 12,1945, in Toronto and his father, Scott Alexander Young, was a journalist and sportswriter who also wrote fiction. His mother, Edna Blow Ragland Rassy Young was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, although Canadian, his mother had American and French ancestry. Youngs parents married in 1940 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and their first son, shortly after Youngs birth in 1945, his family moved to rural Omemee, Ontario, which Young later described fondly as a sleepy little place. Young suffered from polio in 1951 during the last major outbreak of the disease in Ontario, after his recovery, the Young family vacationed in Florida. During that period, Young briefly attended Chisolm Elementary School in New Smyrna Beach, in 1952, upon returning to Canada, Young moved from Omemee to Winnipeg for a year, before relocating to Toronto and Pickering. Young became interested in music he heard on the radio. When Young was twelve, his father, who had several extramarital affairs and his mother asked for a divorce which was granted in 1960. Young went to live with his mother, who moved back to Winnipeg, during the mid-fifties, Young listened to rock n roll, rockabilly, doo-wop, R&B, country, and western pop
37.
L.A. Guns
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Guns are an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 1983. As of 2014, the lineup consists of Phil Lewis, Steve Riley, Kenny Kweens, the first incarnation of the group was formed by Tracii Guns in 1983 and merged with fellow Los Angeles group Hollywood Rose to form Guns N Roses in 1984. In 1985, the group was reformed by Guns and singer Paul Black adding Mick Cripps, Black would soon be replaced by former Girl singer Phil Lewis while former Faster Pussycat bassist Kelly Nickels was added to the group. Later, Alexander would be replaced by former W. A. S. P, drummer Steve Riley with this being known as the classic lineup of L. A. Guns. They achieved moderate success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, the group went through lineup changes and failed to regain mainstream attention. The classic lineup of the group would reunite in 1999 and began recording new material, however, the group continued to change lineups and Guns eventually left to form the hard rock supergroup Brides of Destruction with Nikki Sixx of Mötley Crüe in 2002. Guns continued without Guns, bringing in guitarist Stacey Blades, however, following his decision to put Brides of Destruction on hiatus in 2006, the groups lineup consisted of former L. A. Guns members Black, Alexander as well as Jeremy Guns, with the group eventually changing their name to L. A. Guns, both groups continued to record and tour under the L. A. Guns moniker until 2012, when the Tracii Guns led version of the group disbanded, Guns has released ten studio albums – L. A. L. A. Guns were first formed in 1983 by guitarist Tracii Guns, the first lineup included singer Michael Jagosz bassist Ole Beich and drummer Rob Gardner. This lineup recorded the bands debut EP, Collectors Edition No,1, before Jagosz was replaced by Axl Rose. Originally released on vinyl, the record was produced and engineered by Blues/Rock guitarist Chuck Rosa, the same material would later be released as a bonus disc with the compilation album Hollywood Raw in 2004. Rose would leave the group to front Rapidfire before going on to form Hollywood Rose, following the breakup of Hollywood Rose, in 1984, singer Rose rejoined L. A. Guns. However, Hollywood Rose reunited, briefly, with Rose, Stradlin, Weber, Guns drummer Gardner also joined the group. Weber, who left to move to New York City, was replaced by Tracii Guns. The group changed their name to Guns N Roses with the lineup composed of Axl Rose, Tracii Guns, Izzy Stradlin, Ole Beich, Beich was eventually replaced by Duff McKagan while Guns left the group, being replaced by Slash. McKagan went on to book shows taking place between Sacramento and Seattle, which was dubbed The Hell Tour, during this time, Gardner quit the group and was replaced by Steven Adler with this line-up becoming known as the classic lineup of Guns N Roses
38.
DC Talk
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DC Talk is a Christian rap and rock trio. The group was formed at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia in 1987 by Toby McKeehan, Michael Tait and they released five major studio albums together, DC Talk, Nu Thang, Free at Last, Jesus Freak, and Supernatural. In 2002, the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music called DC Talk the most popular overtly Christian act of all time, in 2000, the group released an EP titled Solo, which contained two solo songs from each member. Since that time, DC Talk has been on an hiatus. They performed and recorded individual songs together several times during the 2000s, the groups musical style evolved significantly throughout its career. Its first two releases, DC Talk and Nu Thang, were of the hip hop genre, DC Talks third album, Free at Last, also mainly took influence from the hip hop style, although the groups music began taking on a rock sound. The trios last two albums, Jesus Freak and Supernatural, were predominantly pop rock, DC Talk was a nickname that Toby Michael McKeehan, later TobyMac, who was born in Falls Church, Virginia, was given for being from the Washington D. C. area. While attending Liberty University, McKeehan met Michael DeWayne Tait, Tait had been featured singing on Jerry Falwell’s The Old Time Gospel Hour and recorded with the Falwell Singers. He also performed solo, what TobyMac later described his kind of an R&B / church-oriented music, the two joined forces to record a song that McKeehan had written, Heavenbound. They performed the song before an audience of 8,000 Liberty students with McKeehan rapping, the song was well received, selling out the approximately 3,000 copies of their demo tape, Christian Rhymes to a Rhythm. The tape included Heavenbound and was distributed by the group in the Washington D. C. area, the group’s demo tape eventually led to a recording contract with Forefront Records in 1988. Kevin Max Smith, later Kevin Max, came from a rock band to join the group, and the trio called themselves DC Talk. The name was simplified to DC Talk, which came to stand for decent Christian talk. After signing the contract with ForeFront the label released their self-titled debut album, DC Talk, in 1989 with Mike Valliere. The music video for their first single, Heavenbound, received airplay on the BET network, the album became the best selling debut by a Christian artist, but has since been surpassed. Their follow-up release, Nu Thang, and a Christmas EP titled Yo, Yo Ho Ho had three songs — the title track, Reason for the Season and The King, which was also on DC Talks first album. Nu Thang had two singles, I Luv Rap Music and Can I Get a Witness. Apart from dealing strictly with Christian themes, the band incorporated songs addressing social issues, such as racism in the song Walls and abortion in Children Can Live Without It
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The Stills
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The Stills were a Canadian rock band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 2000 and disbanded in 2011. The bands original lineup consisted of lead vocalist and guitarist Tim Fletcher, guitarist Gregory Paquet, bassist Olivier Corbeil, the band members had known each other since the age of 12 and played in various bands prior to forming the Stills, including Chinatown and Amentum. Their EP, Rememberese, was released on June 17,2003 by Vice Records, followed by their debut album, keyboardist Liam ONeil played on several of the albums tracks. The album elicited critical acclaim and comparisons to Interpol and Echo & the Bunnymen, with AllMusic citing its brooding post-punk soundscapes, Paquet left the band in 2005 to finish his university degree, and Hamelin moved to guitar, sharing lead vocal duties with Fletcher. Julien Blais joined as drummer, and ONeil became a member of the band on keyboards. The Stills second album, Without Feathers, was released May 9,2006 on Vice Records and it featured guest appearances from Sam Roberts, Emily Haines and Jason Collett. They supported Kings of Leon on that bands UK spring tour in 2007 and they signed with Arts & Crafts for the release of their third album, Oceans Will Rise, which was released August 19,2008. Critics noted that the album reconciled the mannered 1980s sound that first got noticed with the open-hearted earthiness of their sophomore effort. On July 20,2008, the Stills played in Quebec City, opening for Paul McCartney, for the citys 400th anniversary. On February 7,2009, they played at Nathan Phillips Square as part of Torontos WinterCity Festival, on March 28,2009, the Stills were awarded two Juno Awards for their album Oceans Will Rise, in the categories of Best New Group and Best Alternative Album. On April 29,2010, the announced that Paquet was rejoining the band. On April 15,2011, the Stills announced on their site that they had officially disbanded, in 2009, Hamelin, ONeil and Broken Social Scene drummer Justin Peroff formed the band Eight and a Half, releasing their self-titled debut in 2012. ONeil played various instruments on Kings of Leons 2010 album Come Around Sundown, and is involved with hip-hop act Da Gryptions. S. com 11/8/2008
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Logic Will Break Your Heart
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Logic Will Break Your Heart is the debut album by the Montreal-based indie rock band the Stills. The album was released in North America on October 21,2003 and it included the singles Lola Stars and Stripes, Changes Are No Good and Still in Love Song. - baritone guitar on track 7, additional guitar on track 12, recorded by Werner F. at The Boiler-Room, Brooklyn, NY. except track 10, recorded by Jay Braun at Melody Lane, NYC. Mixed by Gus Van Go and Werner F. Mastered by Emily Lazar at The Lodge, art direction and design by Surface to Air
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Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
