1.
Manufacturing
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
2.
Roger Linn
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Roger Linn is an American industrial designer, mainly of electronic drum machines, and has recently branched out into guitar effects pedals. He is known for designing the first drum machine to use digital samples and his products have become underground hits, being used on many famous recordings. Besides being an accomplished guitarist and producer, Roger Linn is also a member of the Dead Presidents Society, in 1979, Roger Linn and Alex Moffett founded Linn Moffett Electronics to develop Linns design for a drum machine that uses digital samples. It would be called LM-1 for Linn/Moffett/1, Moffett would leave the company in 1982. In 1980, Roger Linn revolutionized the world of musical instruments with the release of the worlds first drum machine to use digital samples. The LM-1 was the first drum machine to use samples of a drum kit. To further add to the mystery, an entry in the museum of the Roger Linn Design company credits L. A. session drummer Art Wood with most of the samples. Examples of the LM-1 in use can be found on recordings by Prince, Gary Numan, in 1982 Linn released the LinnDrum as the successor to the LM-1. It improved on the LM-1 in some ways like the addition of crash, one drawback, on the LinnDrum only the snare, tom and conga samples can be tuned, whereas the LM-1 allows every sound to be individually tuned. Its high-quality samples, flexibility and affordability made the LinnDrum popular and it sold more units than its predecessor and its successor combined. The LinnDrum was used on countless recordings throughout the 1980s, including international hit Take on Me. In 1984 Linn released the Linn 9000 as the successor to the LinnDrum and it was the first integrated digital drum machine and MIDI sequencer. The 9000 had innovative features, like dynamic sensitive rubber pads, but chronic software bugs led to a reputation for unreliability and contributed to the eventual demise of the company. The 9000 can be heard on Michael Jacksons 1987 album, Bad, on the cuts Bad, Man in the Mirror, in 1985 Linn released the LinnSequencer, a rack mount 32 track hardware MIDI sequencer. It used the same flawed operating system used in the Linn 9000, as a result, the machine earned a reputation for unreliability. In January 1986, Linn debuted the LinnDrum Midistudio at the Winter NAMM Show as the successor to the Linn 9000, the Midistudio is essentially a rack mount version of the Linn 9000 with some improvements. It used the same flawed operating system used in the Linn 9000 and it never went into production because Linn Electronics went out of business the following month. Similarities between the LinnDrum Midistudio and the Akai MPC series lead some to perceive a family resemblance, most notably, the Midistudio has sixteen dynamic sensitive rubber pads in the distinctive, four by four pattern, that would become the hallmark of the MPCs, starting with the MPC60
3.
Polyphony and monophony in instruments
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Polyphony is a property of musical instruments that means that they can play multiple notes simultaneously. Instruments featuring polyphony are said to be polyphonic, instruments that are not capable of polyphony are monophonic or paraphonic. A monophonic synthesizer or monosynth is a synthesizer that produces one note at a time. Well-known monosynths include the Minimoog, the Roland TB-303, and the Korg Prophecy, duophonic synthesizers, such as the ARP Odyssey and Formanta Polivoks built in the 1970s and 1980s respectively, have a capability to independently play two pitches at a time. These synthesizers have at least two oscillators that are controllable, and a duophonic keyboard that can generate two control voltage signals for the lowest- and highest-note. When two or more keys are pressed simultaneously, the lowest- and highest-note will be heard, when only one key is pressed, both oscillators are assigned to one note, possibly with a more complex sound. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were built in the late-1930s, but the concept did not become popular until the mid-1970s, harald Bodes Warbo Formant Orguel, developed in 1937, was an archetype of a voice allocation polyphonic synthesizer. Novachord by Hammond Organ Company, released in 1939, is a product of frequency divider organs. It uses octave divider technology to generate polyphony, and about 1,000 Novachords were manufactured until 1942, using an octave divider a synthesizer needs only 12 oscillators - one for each note in the musical scale. The additional notes are generated by dividing down the outputs of these oscillators, to produce a note one octave lower, the frequency of the oscillator is divided by two. Polyphony is achieved so long as one of each note in the scale is played simultaneously. One notable early polyphonic synthesizer was the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5, six-voice polyphony was standard by the middle 1980s. With the advent of synthesizers, 16-voice polyphony became standard by the late 1980s. 64-voice polyphony was common by the middle 1990s and 128-note polyphony arrived shortly after, there are several reasons for providing such large numbers of simultaneous notes, Even with only ten fingers, it is possible to play more than ten notes at once. Notes may continue to sound even after a key is released, the synthesizers resources may still be in use to produce the sound of the previously struck notes tapering off, especially when a sustain pedal is used. A sound may be generated by more than one oscillator or sound-source to allow more complicated sounds to be produced, a synthesizer with 16 oscillators may be capable of 16-note polyphony only when simple, single-oscillator sounds are produced. If a particular patch requires four oscillators, then the synthesizer is only capable of four-note polyphony, synthesizers may be configured to produce multiple timbres, particularly necessary when sounds are layered or sequenced. Multitimbral instruments are always polyphonic but polyphonic instruments are not necessarily multitimbral, some multitimbral instruments have a feature which allows the user to specify the amount of polyphony reserved or allowed for each timbre
4.
Timbre
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The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include spectrum and envelope. Singers and instrumental musicians can change the timbre of the music they are singing/playing by using different singing or playing techniques, for example, a violinist can use different bowing styles or play on different parts of the string to obtain different timbres. On electric guitar and electric piano, performers can change the timbre using effects units, in simple terms, timbre is what makes a particular musical sound have a different sound from another, even when they have the same pitch and loudness. For instance, it is the difference in sound between a guitar and a playing the same note at the same volume. Experienced musicians are able to distinguish between different instruments of the type based on their varied timbres, even if those instruments are playing notes at the same pitch. Tone quality and tone color are synonyms for timbre, as well as the attributed to a single instrument. However, the texture can also refer to the type of music, such as multiple. The sound of an instrument may be described with words such as bright, dark, warm, harsh. There are also colors of noise, such as pink and white, in visual representations of sound, timbre corresponds to the shape of the image. The Acoustical Society of America Acoustical Terminology definition 12, Timbre has been called. the psychoacousticians multidimensional waste-basket category for everything that cannot be labeled pitch or loudness. Many commentators have attempted to decompose timbre into component attributes, the richness of a sound or note a musical instrument produces is sometimes described in terms of a sum of a number of distinct frequencies. The lowest frequency is called the frequency, and the pitch it produces is used to name the note. The dominant frequency is the frequency that is most heard, for example, the dominant frequency for the transverse flute is double the fundamental frequency. Other significant frequencies are called overtones of the frequency, which may include harmonics. Harmonics are whole number multiples of the frequency, such as ×2, ×3, ×4. There are also sometimes subharmonics at whole number divisions of the fundamental frequency, most instruments produce harmonic sounds, but many instruments produce partials and inharmonic tones, such as cymbals and other indefinite-pitched instruments. When the tuning note in an orchestra or concert band is played, each instrument in the orchestra or concert band produces a different combination of these frequencies, as well as harmonics and overtones. The sound waves of the different frequencies overlap and combine, the timbre of a sound is also greatly affected by the following aspects of its envelope, attack time and characteristics, decay, sustain, release and transients
5.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
6.
Sampler (musical instrument)
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The samples are loaded or recorded by the user or by a manufacturer. These sounds are played back by means of the sampler program itself. Because these samples are stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to different pitches to produce musical scales, often samplers offer filters, effects units, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have polyphonic capabilities – they are able to more than one note at the same time. Many are also multitimbral – they can play back different sounds simultaneously, prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape, to change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the sampler made sampling far more practical. Bruce Haack built a digital sampler which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers Neighborhood in 1967, the home made synthesizer device included a built-in sampler which recorded, stored, played back and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact. EMS Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono, David Cockerell, the system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment PDP-8s. These had 12,000 bytes of memory, backed up by a hard drive of 32k. EMS equipment was used to control the worlds first digital studio, the E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler progressed Hip-Hop away from the drum machine sound upon its release in August 1987, ushering in the sample-based sound of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Akai pioneered many processing techniques, such as crossfade looping and time stretch to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch, during the 1980s, hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are the Korg M1, Roland U-110, Yamahas SY series, samplers, together with traditional Foley artists, are the mainstay of modern sound effects production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape, usually a sampler is controlled by an attached music keyboard or other external MIDI controller or source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample, often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in pitch by an appropriate amount, each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a keyzone, and the resultant set of zones is called a keymap. For example, in Fig 1, a keymap has been created four different samples
7.
Computer data storage
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Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a function and fundamental component of computers. The central processing unit of a computer is what manipulates data by performing computations, in practice, almost all computers use a storage hierarchy, which puts fast but expensive and small storage options close to the CPU and slower but larger and cheaper options farther away. In the Von Neumann architecture, the CPU consists of two parts, The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit. The former controls the flow of data between the CPU and memory, while the latter performs arithmetic and logical operations on data, without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result. It would have to be reconfigured to change its behavior and this is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators, digital signal processors, and other specialized devices. Von Neumann machines differ in having a memory in which they store their operating instructions, most modern computers are von Neumann machines. A modern digital computer represents data using the numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits, a piece of information can be handled by any computer or device whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, the works of Shakespeare, about 1250 pages in print. Data is encoded by assigning a bit pattern to each character, digit, by adding bits to each encoded unit, redundancy allows the computer to both detect errors in coded data and correct them based on mathematical algorithms. A random bit flip is typically corrected upon detection, the cyclic redundancy check method is typically used in communications and storage for error detection. A detected error is then retried, data compression methods allow in many cases to represent a string of bits by a shorter bit string and reconstruct the original string when needed. This utilizes substantially less storage for many types of data at the cost of more computation, analysis of trade-off between storage cost saving and costs of related computations and possible delays in data availability is done before deciding whether to keep certain data compressed or not. For security reasons certain types of data may be encrypted in storage to prevent the possibility of unauthorized information reconstruction from chunks of storage snapshots. Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and this traditional division of storage to primary, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit. In contemporary usage, memory is usually semiconductor storage read-write random-access memory, typically DRAM or other forms of fast but temporary storage
8.
Sound effect
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In motion picture and television production, a sound effect is a sound recorded and presented to make a specific storytelling or creative point without the use of dialogue or music. The term often refers to a process applied to a recording, in professional motion picture and television production, dialogue, music, and sound effects recordings are treated as separate elements. Dialogue and music recordings are never referred to as sound effects, even though the processes applied to such as reverberation or flanging effects, the term sound effect ranges back to the early days of radio. In its Year Book 1931 the BBC published an article about The Use of Sound Effects. It considers sounds effect deeply linked with broadcasting and states, It would be a mistake to think of them as anologous to punctuation marks. They should never be inserted into an already existing. The author of a broadcast play or broadcast construction ought to have used Sound Effects as bricks with which to build, treating them as of value with speech. If it fails to do so its presence could not be justified, the sound of people talking in the background is also considered a BG, but only if the speaker is unintelligible and the language is unrecognizable. These background noises are also called ambience or atmos, Foley sound effects are sounds that synchronize on screen, and require the expertise of a foley artist to record properly. Footsteps, the movement of hand props, and the rustling of cloth are common foley units, design sound effects are sounds that do not normally occur in nature, or are impossible to record in nature. These sounds are used to suggest futuristic technology in a fiction film. Each of these sound effect categories is specialized, with sound editors known as specialists in an area of sound effects, Foley is another method of adding sound effects. With this technique the action onscreen is essentially recreated to try to match it as closely as possible, if done correctly it is very hard for audiences to tell what sounds were added and what sounds were originally recorded. In the early days of film and radio, foley artists would add sounds in realtime or pre-recorded sound effects would be played back from analogue discs in realtime. Today, with effects held in digital format, it is easy to any required sequence to be played in any desired timeline. In the days of silent film, sound effects were added by the operator of an organ or photoplayer. Theater organ sound effects are usually electric or electro-pneumatic, and activated by a button pressed with the hand or foot, photoplayer operators activate sound effects either by flipping switches on the machine or pulling cow-tail pull-strings, which hang above. Sounds like bells and drums are made mechanically, sirens and horns electronically, due to its smaller size, a photoplayer usually has less special effects than a theater organ, or less complex ones
9.
Musical keyboard
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A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument. Depressing a key on the causes the instrument to produce sounds, either by mechanically striking a string or tine, plucking a string, causing air to flow through a pipe. On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit, since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the piano keyboard. The twelve notes of the Western musical scale are laid out with the lowest note on the left, because these keys were traditionally covered in ivory they are often called the white notes or white keys. The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale— are raised, because these keys receive less wear, they are often made of black colored wood and called the black notes or black keys. The pattern repeats at the interval of an octave, the arrangement of longer keys for C major with intervening, shorter keys for the intermediate semitones dates to the 15th century. The break was between middle C and C-sharp, or outside of Iberia between B and C, broken keyboards reappeared in 1842 with the harmonium, the split occurring at E4/F4. The reverse-colored keys on Hammond organs such as the B3, C3, the chromatic compass of keyboard instruments has tended to increase. Harpsichords often extended over five octaves in the 18th century, while most pianos manufactured since about 1870 have 88 keys, some modern pianos have even more notes. While modern synthesizer keyboards commonly have either 61,76 or 88 keys, organs normally have 61 keys per manual, though some spinet models have 44 or 49. An organ pedalboard is a keyboard with long pedals that are played by the organists feet, pedalboards vary in size from 12 to 32 notes. In a typical layout, black note keys have uniform width. In the larger gaps between the keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven natural keys per octave, over the last three hundred years, the octave span distance found on historical keyboard instruments has ranged from as little as 125 mm to as much as 170 mm. Several reduced-size standards have been proposed and marketed, a 15/16 size and the 7/8 DS Standard keyboard developed by Christopher Donison in the 1970s and developed and marketed by Steinbuhler & Company. There have been variations in the design of the keyboard to address technical and musical issues, thus, an octave would have eight white keys and only four black keys. During the sixteenth century, when instruments were tuned in meantone temperament, some harpsichords were constructed with the G♯. The broken octave, a variation of the short octave
10.
MIDI
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A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen channels of information, each of which can be routed to a separate device. These messages are sent via a MIDI cable to other devices where they control sound generation, a simple example of a MIDI setup is the use of a MIDI controller such as an electronic musical keyboard to trigger sounds created by a sound module. This MIDI data can also be recorded into a hardware or software device called a sequencer, advantages of MIDI include compactness, ease of modification and manipulation and a wide choice of electronic instruments and synthesizer or digitally-sampled sounds. MIDI technology was standardized in 1983 by a panel of industry representatives. In June 1981, Roland founder Ikutaro Kakehashi proposed the idea of standardization to Oberheim Electronics founder Tom Oberheim, in October 1981, Kakehashi, Oberheim and Smith discussed the idea with representatives from Yamaha, Korg and Kawai. Smith proposed this standard at the Audio Engineering Society show in November 1981, MIDIs development was announced to the public by Robert Moog, in the October 1982 edition of Keyboard magazine. By the time of the January 1983 Winter NAMM Show, Smith was able to demonstrate a MIDI connection between his Prophet 600 analog synthesizer and a Roland JP-6, the MIDI Specification was published in August 1983. The MIDI standard was unveiled by Ikutaro Kakehashi and Dave Smith, MIDIs appeal was originally limited to professional musicians and record producers who wanted to use electronic instruments in the production of popular music. The standard allowed different instruments to speak with other and with computers. This interoperability allowed one device to be controlled from another, which reduced the amount of hardware musicians needed to own, MIDIs introduction coincided with the dawn of the personal computer era and the introductions of samplers and digital synthesizers. The creative possibilities brought about by MIDI technology have been credited as having helped to revive the industry in the 1980s. MIDI introduced many capabilities which transformed the way musicians work, MIDI sequencing made it possible for a user with no notation skills to build complex arrangements. A musical act with as few as one or two members, each operating multiple MIDI-enabled devices, could deliver a performance which sounds similar to that of a larger group of musicians. By performing preproduction in an environment, an artist can reduce recording costs by arriving at a recording studio with a song that is already partially completed and worked out. Educational technology enabled by MIDI has transformed music education and those new to the subject of MIDI might confuse it with digital audio. MIDI symbolically represents a note, whereas digital audio represents the sound produced by the note, MIDI was invented so that musical instruments could communicate with each other and so that one instrument can control another. Analog synthesizers that have no digital component and were built prior to MIDIs development can be retrofit with kits that convert MIDI messages into analog control voltages. When a note is played on a MIDI instrument, it generates a signal that can be used to trigger a note on another instrument
11.
Drum machine
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A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music such as house music. They are usually used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce sounds, as well as allowing the user to compose unique drum beats. In the 2010s, most modern machines are sequencers with a sample playback or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse. Received with considerable interest when it was introduced in 1932. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, Chamberlin Rhythmate In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape. It contained a volume and a control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets. First commercial product – Wurlitzer Side Man In 1959 Wurlitzer released a drum machine called the Side Man. The Side Man was intended as an accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos, the sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e. g. waltzes and these combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm, the Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry. Raymond Scott In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, scotts machines were used for recording his album Soothing Sounds for Baby series
12.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
13.
The Human League
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The Human League are an English synthpop band formed in Sheffield in 1977. After signing to Virgin Records in 1979, the band released two albums and a string of singles before attaining commercial success with their third album Dare in 1981. The album contained four hit singles, including Love Action, Open Your Heart, the band received the Brit Award for Best British Breakthrough Act in 1982. Further hits followed throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, including Being Boiled, Mirror Man, Fascination, The Lebanon, Human, the band began as an avant-garde all-male synthesizer-based group. The only constant band member since 1977 has been lead singer and songwriter Philip Oakey, keyboard players Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh both left the band in 1980 to form Heaven 17. Under Oakeys leadership, The Human League then evolved into a commercially successful band with a new line-up including female vocalists Joanne Catherall. Since the mid-1990s, the band has essentially been a trio of Oakey, Catherall, since 1978, the Human League have released nine studio albums, four EPs,30 singles and several compilation albums. They have had five albums and eight singles in the UK Top 10 and have more than 20 million records worldwide. Before adopting the name The Human League, the band briefly had two previous incarnations, in early 1977, Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh, who had met at youth arts project Meatwhistle, were both working as computer operators. Their musical collaboration combined pop music with electronic music. Their musical reputation spread and they were invited to play at a friends 21st birthday party, for the party, Ware and Marsh formed themselves into an informal band called The Dead Daughters. Their live highlight was a rendition of the theme of the British TV series Doctor Who, after a few more low-key, private performances, Ware and Marsh decided to officially form a band. Joined by their friend Adi Newton and another synthesizer, they formed The Future, the association with Adi Newton was short, Newton left The Future and went on to form Clock DVA. Ware at this point decided that he needed a singer rather than another keyboard player. Ware and Marsh searched for a vocalist, but their first choice, Ware then decided to invite an old school friend, Philip Oakey, to join the band. Oakey was working as a porter at the time and was known on the Sheffield social scene for his eclectic style of dress. Although he had no experience, Ware thought he would be ideal as lead singer for The Future as he already looked like a pop star. When Ware called on Oakey he found he was out, so asked him to join the Future by leaving a note stuck to his front door and he accepted the invitation, but early sessions were awkward. Oakey had never sung in front of an audience before, could not play keyboards, listening to one of Ware and Marshs demos, Oakey was inspired to write some lyrics which later became the single Being Boiled
14.
Gary Numan
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Gary Anthony James Webb, professionally known as Gary Numan, is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. Born in Hammersmith, London, he first entered the industry as the lead singer of the new wave band Tubeway Army. After releasing two albums with the band, Numan released his solo album The Pleasure Principle in 1979. Most widely known for his chart-topping hits Are Friends Electric, and Cars, Numan achieved his peak of mainstream popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but maintains a loyal cult following. His signature sound consists of heavy synthesizer hooks fed through guitar effects pedals, Numan is also known for his distinctive voice and androgynous android persona. Born in Hammersmith, London, Numan was the son of a British Airways bus driver based at Heathrow Airport. He was educated at Town Farm Junior School in Stanwell, Surrey, Ashford County Grammar School, then Slough Grammar School in Berkshire and he joined the Air Training Corps as a teenager. He then briefly held jobs including forklift truck driver, air conditioning ventilator fitter. When Numan was 15 years old, his father bought him a Gibson Les Paul and he played in various bands, including Mean Street and The Lasers, before forming Tubeway Army with his uncle, Jess Lidyard, and Paul Gardiner. His initial pseudonym was Valerian, probably in reference to the hero in French science fiction comic series Valérian and he later picked the surname Numan from an advert in the Yellow Pages for a plumber whose surname was Neumann. Numan rose to prominence at the end of the 1970s as front man, writer, after recording an albums worth of punk-influenced demo tapes, he was signed by Beggars Banquet Records in 1978 and quickly released two singles, Thats Too Bad and Bombers, neither of which charted. A self-titled, new wave-oriented debut album later that year sold out its limited run and introduced Numans fascination with dystopian science fiction. Tubeway Armys third single, the dark-themed and slow-paced Down in the Park, also failed to chart and it was featured with other contemporary hits on the soundtrack for the movie Times Square, and a live version of the song can be seen in the movie Urgh. Following exposure in a advertisement for Lee Cooper jeans with the jingle Dont be a Dummy. The single took seven weeks before finally reaching No.1 at the end of June, the parent album Replicas simultaneously reached No.1. A few months later Numan found success in the charts on both sides of the Atlantic with Cars, which peaked at No.1 in the UK in 1979, No.1 in Canada and No.9 in the US in 1980. Cars and the 1979 album The Pleasure Principle were both released under Numans own stage name, the album reached number one in the UK, and a sell-out tour followed, the concert video it spawned is often cited as the first full-length commercial music video release. The Pleasure Principle was an album with no guitars, instead, Numan used synthesizers fed through guitar effects pedals to achieve a distorted, phased
15.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
16.
Oberheim DMX
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The DMX is a programmable digital drum machine manufactured by Oberheim Electronics. It was introduced in 1981 at a list price of US$2895, the Oberheim DMX was the second digital drum machine ever to be sold as a commercial product, following the Linn LM-1 Drum Computer in 1980. Its popularity among musicians of the era contributed to the sound and evolution of 1980s new wave, synthpop, the DMX featured sampled sounds of real drums, as well as individual tuning controls for each drum voice and a swing function. In addition, it boasted several humanizing elements such as rolls, flams, the DMX features 24 individual drum sounds derived from 11 original samples and allows for a maximum 8-voice polyphony, one voice per card. It also featured eight separate outputs for individual processing, and allowed up to 100 sequences and 50 songs, later models included factory-fitted MIDI ports and third party companies also manufactured MIDI interfaces for the DMX. Drum and percussion samples are stored in EPROM chips placed on removable voice cards, the data format is 8-bit PCM using μ-law companding, increasing sound resolution to approximately 12 bits in the analog domain. It is in use in dancehall reggae music. Introduced in 1983, the Oberheim DX was a stripped down version of the DMX. Additionally, the voices were stored on EPROMs directly on the board instead of removable voice cards. The DXa model added MIDI support from the factory, like the DMX, the DX was popular among early hip-hop artists
17.
Bass drum
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A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul
18.
Snare drum
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The snare drum or side drum is a percussion instrument that produces a sharp staccato sound when the head is struck with a drum stick. Snare drums are used in orchestras, concert bands, marching bands, parades, drumlines, drum corps. It is one of the pieces in a drum set, a collection of percussion instruments designed to be played by a seated drummer. Snare drums are played with drum sticks, but the use of other beaters such as the brush or the rute can be used to achieve very different sounds. The snare drum is a versatile and expressive percussion instrument due its sensitivity, the snare drum originates from the tabor, a drum first used to accompany the flute. The tabor evolved into more modern versions, such as the kit snare, marching snare, tarol snare, each type presents a different style of percussion and size. The snare drum that one might see in a music concert is usually used in a backbeat style to create rhythm. In marching bands, it can do the same but is used mostly for a front beat, in comparison with the marching snare, the kit snare is generally smaller in length between the two heads, while the piccolo is the smallest of the three. The snare drum is easily recognizable by its loud cracking sound when struck firmly with a stick or mallet. The depth of the sound varies from snare to snare because of the different techniques, some of these qualities are head material and tension, dimensions, and rim and drum shell materials and construction. The snare drum is constructed of two heads—both usually made of plastic—along with a rattle of metal wires on the head called the snares. The wires can also be placed on the top, as in the tarol snare, the top head is typically called the batter head because that is where the drummer strikes it, while the bottom head is called the snare head because that is where the snares are located. The tension of each head is constant by tension rods. Tension rod adjustment allows the pitch and tonal character of the drum to be customized by the player, the strainer is a lever that engages or disengages contact between the snares and the head, and allows snare tension adjustment. If the strainer is disengaged, the sound of the drum resembles a tom because the snares are inactive. The rim is the ring around the batter head, which can be used for a variety of things. The drum can be played by striking it with a stick or any other form of beater, including brushes, rute and hands. When using a stick, the drummer may strike the head of the drum, when the top head is struck, the bottom head vibrates in tandem, which in turn stimulates the snares and produces a cracking sound
19.
Hi-hat
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A hi-hat, also spelled hihat or high-hat, is a combination of two cymbals, a foot-operated pedal which moves a rod which in turn moves one of the cymbals, all mounted on a metal stand. Hihats are a part of the standard drum kit used by drummers in many popular music. It consists of a pair of small to medium-sized cymbals mounted on a stand. The bottom cymbal is fixed and the top is mounted on a rod which moves the top cymbal towards the one when a foot pedal is depressed. The hi-hat evolved from a cymbal, a pair of similar cymbals mounted at ground level on a hinged, spring-loaded foot apparatus. Drummers invented the first sock cymbals to enable one drummer to play percussion instruments at the same time. Over time these became mounted on short stands - also known as low-boys -, when extended upwards roughly 3 they were originally known as high sock cymbals, which evolved over time to the familiar high-hat term. While the term normally refers to the entire setup, in some cases. Initial versions of the hi-hat were called clangers, which were small cymbals mounted onto a drum rim. Then came shoes, which were two hinged boards with cymbals on the ends that were clashed together, next was the low-sock, low-boy or low-hat, pedal-activated cymbals employing an ankle-high apparatus similar to a modern hi-hat stand. A standard size was 10, some with heavy bells up to 5 wide, hi-hats that were raised and could be played by hand as well as foot may have been developed around 1926 by Barney Walberg of the drum accessory company Walberg and Auge. In the early 1970s, hard rock drummers began to use 15-inch hi-hats, in the early to mid-1990s, Paiste offered 8 inches mini hi-hats as part of its Visions series, these were among the worlds smallest hi-hats. Starting in the 1980s, a number of manufacturers also experimented with rivets in the lower cymbal, but by the end of the 1990s, the standard size was again 14 inches, with 13 inches a less-common alternative, and smaller hats mainly used for special sounds. Rivets in hi-hats failed to catch on, modern hi-hat cymbals are much heavier than modern crash cymbals, reflecting the trend to lighter and thinner crash cymbals as well as to heavier hi-hats. Another evolution is that a pair of cymbals may not be identical, with the bottom often heavier than the top. Some examples are Sabians Fusion Hats with holes in the cymbal, and the Sabian X-cellerator, Zildjian Master Sound and Zildjian Quick Beats, Paiste Sound Edge. Some drummers even use completely mismatched hi-hats from different cymbal ranges, of different manufacturers, max Roach was particularly known for using a 15-inch top with a 14-inch bottom. Other recent developments include the X-hat and cable-controlled or remote hi-hats, Sabian introduced the Triple Hi-Hat, designed by Peter Kuppers
20.
Cabasa
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The cabasa, similar to the shekere, is a percussion instrument that is constructed with loops of steel ball chain wrapped around a wide cylinder. The cylinder is fixed to a long, narrow wooden or plastic handle, the cabasa of gourd was originally of African origin. The African original version of the Cabasa is called, agbe, there are many versions of this instrument, particularly in Latin music. Cabaça, is used in Latin American Dance, the Cabaça is a natural or synthetic round or pear-shaped gourd covered with a network of beads and finishing in a single handle. This is compared to the version used in Latin Jazz music. The metal cabasa was created by Martin Cohen, founder of Latin Percussion and this company have built a more durable cabasa that they call an afuche-cabasa. It provides a metallic, rattling sound when shaken or twisted and it is often used in Latin jazz, especially in bossa nova pieces. Precise rhythmic effects can be gained by the advanced player, in addition to Latin music, many band and orchestra pieces call for the cabasa. The instrument is used in music therapy, particularly with individuals who have physical/neurological disabilities as it requires minimal hand movement to produce a sound. Modern adaptations of this instrument include Meinl Percussion foot pedal, ed OBrien Spencer Bohren Morgan Nicholls Evan Gattis ] Strong cabasa track played by Paulinho da Costa / Lennie Castro, on the song Your Ways on the 1980 Triumph album by The Jackson 5
21.
Tambourine
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The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called zils. Classically the term denotes an instrument with a drumhead, though some variants may not have a head at all. Tambourines are often used with regular percussion sets and they can be mounted, for example on a stand as part of a drum kit, or they can be held in the hands and played by tapping or hitting the instrument. Tambourines come in shapes with the most common being circular. It is found in forms of music, Turkish folk music, Greek folk music, Italian folk music, classical music, Persian music, samba, gospel music, pop music. Tambourines originated in Egypt, where they were known as the kof to the Hebrews, from the Middle Persian word tambūr lute, drum. There are several ways to achieve a tambourine roll, the easiest method is to rapidly rotate the hand holding the tambourine back and forth, pivoting at the wrist. An advanced playing technique is known as the thumb roll, the finger or thumb is moved over the skin or rim of the tambourine, producing a fast roll from the jingles on the instrument. This takes more skill and experience to master, the thumb or middle finger of the hand not holding the tambourine is run around the head of the instrument approximately one centimeter from the rim with some pressure applied. If performed correctly, the thumb should bounce along the head rapidly, usually, the end of the roll is articulated using the heel of the hand or another finger. In the 2000s, the roll may be performed with the use of wax or resin applied to the outside of the drum head. This resin allows the thumb or finger to bounce more rapidly and forcefully across the head producing an even sound, a continuous roll can be achieved by moving the thumb in a figure of 8 pattern around the head. By drummers – Drummers such as Larry Mullen, Jr. of U2 mount a tambourine above the cymbals of their hi-hat stand, tambourines in rock music are most often headless, a ring with jangles but no drum skin. The Rhythm Tech crescent-shaped tambourine and its derivatives are popular, the original Rhythm Tech tambourine is displayed in the Museum of Modern Art. Jack Ashfords distinctive tambourine playing was a dominant part of the section on Motown records. The tambourine was featured in Green Tambourine, a song with which The Lemon Pipers. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was among the earliest western composers to include the tambourine in his compositions, gustav Holsts seven-movement orchestral suite The Planets also features the tambourine in several places throughout the suite, especially in the Jupiter movement. Originated in Galicia or Portugal, the pandeiro was brought to Brazil by the Portuguese settlers and it is a hand percussion instrument consisting of a single tension-headed drum with jingles in the frame
22.
Tom-tom drum
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A tom-tom drum is a cylindrical drum with no snares. The name came originally from the Anglo-Indian and Sinhala, the tom-tom drum was added to the drum kit in the early part of the 20th century. Most toms range in size between 6 and 20 inches in diameter, though floor toms can go as large as 24 inches, the first drum kit tom-toms had no rims, the heads were tacked to the shell. As major drum manufacturers began to offer tunable tom-toms with hoops and tuning lugs, later a 16 in drum mounted on three legs was added. Finally, a drum was mounted on the right of the bass drum. Together with a 14 in snare drum and a drum of varying size. Later, the mounted tom-toms, known as hanging toms or rack toms, were deepened by one inch each, extra-deep hanging toms, known as cannon depth, never achieved popularity. A wide variety of configurations are available and in use at all levels from advanced student kits upwards. Most toms range in size between 6 and 20 inches in diameter, though floor toms can go as large as 24 inches. Note that these terms do not imply drum depths, so for example and these terms fusion and rock are really marketing terms invented by drum manufacturing companies, and there is not an absolute definition for them, more a case of an accepted norm. In the 50s and early 60s, it was common to have only a single hanging tom, Standard tom-tom depths The standard depth rack toms popular in the 1950-1980s were 12×8 and 13×9. This classic configuration is popular among many players. FAST sizes are 10×8, 12×9, 13×10, etc, DW use the marketing term FAST for these sizes, but they are not unique to DW, and are widely popular sizes with all drum manufacturers. New Standard - 10×9, 12×10, 13×11, etc. i. e, the New standard sizes are 2 deeper than what was considered standard in the 50s. However, despite the term, these are becoming standard in favour of FAST sizes. Power toms are one inch deeper than standard, so standard sizes are 10×9 or 10×10, 12×11 and this depth overtook the classic setup in popularity during the 1980s. Square - 10×10, 12×12, 13×13, etc, popular in the 80s and 90s but no longer popular. Hyperdrive - Shallow depths made popular initially by Tama, 10×6.5, 12×7, 13×7.5, single-headed tom-toms have also been used in drumkits, though their use has fallen off in popularity since the 1970s
23.
Conga
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The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified three types, quinto, tres dos or tres golpes, and tumba or salidor. Most modern congas have a wooden or fiberglass shell. They are usually played in sets of two to four with the fingers and palms of the hand, typical congas stand approximately 75 centimetres from the bottom of the shell to the head. The drums may be played while seated, alternatively, the drums may be mounted on a rack or stand to permit the player to play while standing. While they originated in Cuba, their incorporation into the popular and folk music of countries has resulted in diversification of terminology for the instruments. In Cuba, congas are called tumbadoras, Conga players are called congueros, while rumberos refers to those who dance following the path of the players. The term conga was popularized in the 1930s, when Latin music swept the United States, Cuban son and New York jazz fused together to create what was then termed mambo, but later became known as salsa. In that same period, the popularity of the Conga Line helped to spread this new term, desi Arnaz also played a role in the popularization of conga drums. However, the drum he played was similar to the type of known as bokú used in his hometown. The word conga came from the rhythm la conga used during carnaval in Cuba, the drums used in carnaval could have been referred to as tambores de conga since they played the rhythm la conga, and thus translated into English as conga drums. There are five basic strokes, Open tone is played with the four fingers near the rim of the head, producing a clear resonant tone with a distinct pitch. Muffled or mute tone, like the tone, is made by striking the drum with the four fingers. Bass tone, played with the palm on the head. It produces a low muted sound, slap tone, the most difficult technique producing a loud clear popping sound. Touch tone, as implied by the name, this tone is produced by just touching the fingers or heel of the palm to the drum head. It is possible to alternate a touch of the palm with a touch of the fingers in a maneuver called heel-toe, the moose call or glissando is done by rubbing the third finger, supported by the thumb, across the head of the drum. The finger is sometimes moistened with saliva or sweat, and sometimes a little coat of beeswax is put on the surface of the head to help make the sound
24.
Cowbell
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A cow bell or cowbell is a bell worn by freely roaming livestock, making animals easier to locate should they wander off. Although they are referred to as cow bells, due to their extensive use with cattle. The bell and clapper are commonly crafted from iron, bronze, brass, copper, the collar used to hold the bell is traditionally made with leather and wood fibers. Most cow bells are made of thin, flat pieces of plated sheet metal, plating causes the sheet metal to have a surface which can be decorated or left plain. The craftsmanship of cow bells varies by location and culture. The cow bell is used to track of grazing animal herds such as goats, reindeer, sheep. They are mainly used in Europe, Mediterranean areas and Latin America, different bells can have specific sounds to identify important characteristics of the animals, such as age, sex, and species. Each of these bells possess unique sounds, shapes, and sizes and it is difficult to pinpoint when exactly the use of cow bells began, but the earliest examples of truly recognizable cow bells date back to the Iron Age. The use of bells in sub-Saharan African music and the Niger–Congo area is linked to the early iron-making technology spread during the Bantu migrations. The earliest archaeological evidence of bells dates back to more than 5000 years ago, during this era, there is evidence of early forms of pottery cowbells, which were likely used to track goats, sheep, and cattle. The pottery bells were replaced by metal bells. In West Asia, the first bells appeared in 1000 BC, the earliest metal bells, one found in the Taosi site, and four in the Erlitou site, are dated to about 2000 BC. Kuhschelle points to a 1410 mention in a Frankfurt archive, the OED lists 1440 as the earliest attestation of a bell-wether, in 15th-century Germany, a cow bell was worn only by the best and leading piece of livestock. The wider distribution of the worn by livestock was a gradual process of the Early Modern period. The importance of the cow bell is highlighted in Swiss folklore, as opposed to regular cast-metal bells, trychlen are made of hammered sheet metal. This results in a clanking, less sound, but at the same time results in a bell that is lighter. In Southern Germany, such cow bells are called Kuhglocke, modern-day manufacturing of cow bells continues today in Korea, Indonesia, and India, created as village handicrafts. S. In Western Europe, when the snow has melted in the spring and this event, called Alpaufzug, is celebrated in each village with a procession through the village to the high pastures
25.
Claves
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Claves are a percussion instrument, consisting of a pair of short (about 20–30 cm, thick dowels. Traditionally they are made of wood, typically rosewood, ebony or grenadilla, in modern times they are also made of fibreglass or plastics. When struck they produce a clicking noise. Claves are sometimes hollow and carved in the middle to amplify the sound, the basic principle when playing claves is to allow at least one of them to resonate. The usual technique is to hold one lightly with the thumb and fingertips of the non-dominant hand and this forms the hand into a resonating chamber for the clave. Holding the clave on top of finger nails makes the sound more clear, the other is held by the dominant hand at one end with a firmer grip, much like how one normally holds a drumstick. With the end of this clave, the player strikes the resting clave in the center, traditionally, the striking clave is called el macho and the resting clave is called la hembra. This terminology is used even when the claves are identical, a roll can be achieved on the claves by holding one clave between the thumb and first two fingers, and then alternating pressure between the two fingers to move the clave back and forth. This clave is then placed against the resonating clave to produce a roll, claves are very important in Cuban music, such as the son and guaguancó. They are often used to play a rhythmic figure throughout a piece, known as clave. Among the better known rock recordings featuring claves are the Beatles recording And I Love Her, most notably, claves are heard in the interstitial spaces of the Night Court theme song. The Cuban Overture of George Gershwin includes claves, steve Reichs Music for Pieces of Wood is written for five pairs of claves. Palitos Clapsticks F. Ortiz, La Clave, Editorial Letras Cubanas, La Habana, D. Peñalosa, The Clave Matrix – Afro-Cuban Rhythm, Its Principles and African Origins, Bembe Books, Redway California, U. S. A. O. A. Rodríguez, From Afro-Cuban Music to Salsa, Piranha, E. Uribe, The Essence of Afro-Cuban Percussion and Drum Set, Warner Brothers Publications, Miami, Florida,1996
26.
Cymbal
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A cymbal is a common percussion instrument. Often used in pairs, cymbals consist of thin, normally round plates of various alloys, the majority of cymbals are of indefinite pitch, although small disc-shaped cymbals based on ancient designs sound a definite note. Cymbals are used in ensembles ranging from the orchestra, percussion ensembles, jazz bands, heavy metal bands. Drum kits usually incorporate at least a crash, ride or crash/ride, a player of cymbals is known as a cymbalist. The word cymbal is derived from the Latin cymbalum, which is the latinisation of the Greek word κύμβαλον kymbalon, cymbal, which in turn derives from κύμβη kymbē, cup, bowl. In orchestral scores, cymbals may be indicated by the French cymbales, German Becken, Schellbecken, Tellern, or Tschinellen, Italian piatti or cinelli, many of these derive from the word for plates. Cymbals have existed since ancient times, representations of cymbals may be found in reliefs and paintings from Hittite Anatolia, Larsa, Babylon, Assyria, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome. References to cymbals also appear throughout the Bible, through many Psalms, cymbals may have been introduced to China from Central Asia in the 3rd or 4th century AD. Cymbals were employed by Turkish janissaries in the 14th century or earlier, by the 17th century, such cymbals were used in European music, and more commonly played in military bands and orchestras by the mid 18th century. Since the 19th century, some composers have called for larger roles for cymbals in musical works, and a variety of shapes, techniques. The anatomy of the plays a large part in the sound it creates. A hole is drilled in the center of the cymbal, which is used to mount the cymbal on a stand or for tying straps through. The bell, dome, or cup is the section immediately surrounding the hole. The bell produces a higher pinging pitch than the rest of the cymbal, the bow is the rest of the surface surrounding the bell. The bow is sometimes described in two areas, the ride and crash area, the ride area is the thicker section closer to the bell while the crash area is the thinner tapering section near the edge. The edge or rim is the circumference of the cymbal. Cymbals are measured by their diameter either in inches or centimeters, the size of the cymbal affects its sound, larger cymbals usually being louder and having longer sustain. The weight describes how thick the cymbal is, Cymbal weights are important to the sound they produce and how they play
27.
Swing (jazz performance style)
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In jazz and related musical styles, the term swing has two main uses. The term is used more specifically, to refer to a particular rhythmic technique that involves alternately lengthening and shortening pulse-divisions. Like the term groove, which is used to describe a cohesive rhythmic feel in a funk or rock context, indeed, some dictionaries use the terms as synonyms, Groovy. As a performance technique, swing has been called the most debated word in jazz, when jazz performer Cootie Williams was asked to define it, he joked, Define it. Boogie-woogie pianist Maurice Rocco argues that the definition of swing is just a matter of personal opinion, when asked for a definition of swing, Fats Waller replied, Lady, if you gotta ask, youll never know. Perhaps the best answer, after all, was supplied by the hep-cat who rolled her eyes, stared into the far-off and sighed, You can feel it, but you just cant explain it. Stanley Dance, in The World of Swing, devoted the two first chapters of his work to discussions of the concept of swing with a collection of the musicians who played it and they described a kinetic quality to the music. It was compared to flying, take off was a signal to start a solo, the rhythmic pulse continued between the beats, expressed in dynamics, articulation, and inflection. Swing was as much in the music anticipating the beat, like a the swing of a jumprope anticipating the jump, as in the beat itself. Swing has been presented in terms of formal rhythmic devices. Swing rhythm is notated as a two-element beat with a note leading into the accented main note. The length of the note may vary. Music of the Baroque and Classical notes inégales era follow similar principles, in shuffle rhythm, the first note in the pair may be twice the duration of the second note. In swing rhythm, the ratio of the first notes duration to the second notes duration can take on a range of magnitudes, in traditional jazz, swing is typically applied to eighth notes, commonly notated as a dotted-eight - sixteenth couplet. In other genres, such as funk and jazz-rock, swing is often applied to sixteenth notes. In most jazz music, especially of the big band era and later, the second and fourth beats of a 4/4 measure are emphasized over the first and third, the dah anticipates, or leads into, the DUM. The first note of each pair is often understood to be twice as long as the second, implying a triplet feel, Swing eighth notes are generally played legato. The instruments of a rhythm section express swing in different ways from each other
28.
Roland CR-78
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The Roland CompuRhythm CR-78 is a drum machine launched in 1978. Famous songs that make prominent use of the Roland CR-78 include Vienna by Ultravox, Heart of Glass by Blondie, Duchess by Genesis, the CR-78 uses analog drum voices, which sound very little like real percussion instruments. The unit also incorporates an NEC microprocessor to provide control of its functions. Previous Roland drum machines had offered only a selection of preset rhythms, the CR-78s key new feature at the time of its introduction was that in addition to offering 34 preset rhythms, it provided four programmable memory locations for storing patterns created by the user. These can be created by using step programming with the WS-1 box, the four user patterns are stored in RAM memory, when the CR78 is switched off, the contents of the RAM are maintained by a NiCd rechargeable battery. The CR-78s front panel allows the user to customize the preset rhythms by altering the balance between bass and treble sounds, canceling some sounds altogether, and adding metallic beat. Many of the rhythms have a memorable character, and the ability to manipulate them further made the CR-78 a versatile instrument. No digital control of tempo is provided on the front panel, however, the CR-78 accepts an external V-trig clock, allowing a control voltage to be fed in from another device such as a music sequencer. A selection of preset fills and rhythm variations are available, either to trigger manually. Some of these fills were used in songs such as Enola Gay by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Roland also produced a drum machine, the CompuRhythm CR-68. This was essentially the same as the CR-78, but without programmable patterns or the ability to drum sounds in. At the same time Roland also sold the TR-66, a unit which offered fewer preset rhythms. The CR-78s built-in rhythm sounds were a development of those available on the earlier Roland Rhythm 33,55 and 77 machines. The analog percussion voices consist of bass drum, snare drum, rim shot, hi-hat, cymbal, maracas, claves, cowbell, high bongo, low bongo, low conga, tambourine, guiro, and metallic beat. The CR-78 has an accent control, which increases the loudness of certain steps in a pattern, there are four patterns named Rock and two named Disco. Other patterns are named Waltz, Shuffle, Slow Rock, Swing, Foxtrot, Tango, Boogie, Enka, Bossa Nova, Samba, Mambo, Chacha, Beguine, each pattern is available in two variations, labelled A and B
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Roland Corporation
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The Roland Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments, electronic equipment and software. It was founded by Ikutaro Kakehashi in Osaka on April 18,1972, in 2005, Rolands headquarters relocated to Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture. Today it has factories in Italy, Taiwan, Japan, as of March 31,2010, it employed 2,699 employees. It has existed in different forms since 1960, making it relatively old among still-operating manufacturers of musical electronics, known for hundreds of popular synthesizers, drum machines, and other instruments, Roland has been one of the top names in professional music equipment since the late 1970s. In 2014, Roland Corporation was subject to a management buyout by Rolands CEO Junichi Miki, Kakehashi founded Ace Electronic Industries in 1960, a manufacturer of numerous combo organs, guitar amplifiers, and effects pedals. He was also contracted by Hammond to produce machines for the companys line of home organs. In 1973, Kakehashi cut ties with companies to found Roland. As with many Japanese start-ups of the period, the name Roland was selected for export purposes as Kakehashi was interested in a name that was easy to pronounce for his worldwide target markets. Rumour has long circulated that he named his company after the French epic poem La Chanson de Roland, in reality, the name Roland was found in a telephone directory. Kakehashi opted for it as he was satisfied with the simple two-syllable word, the letter R was chosen because it was not used by many other music equipment companies, and would therefore stand out in trade show directories and industry listings. Kakehashi did not learn of The Song Of Roland until later, Roland markets products under a number of brand names, each of which are used on products geared toward a different niche. The Roland brand is used on a range of products including synthesizers, digital pianos, electronic drum systems, dance/DJ gear, guitar synthesizers, amplifiers. BOSS is a used for products geared toward guitar players and is used for guitar pedals, effects units, rhythm and accompaniment machines. Edirol was a line of professional video-editing and video-presentation systems, as well as digital audio recorders. Edirol also had Desktop Media products, more production-oriented, and included computer audio interfaces, mixers, Roland Systems Group is a line of professional commercial audio and video products. Rodgers was founded in 1958 as a company and survives today as a subsidiary of Roland, still manufacturing high-quality electric, electronic. Cakewalk music software company is a partner of Roland’s. In January 2008, Roland announced the purchase of controlling interest in the company, in 2013, ownership of Cakewalk passed from Roland to Gibson Guitar Corporation
30.
Toto (band)
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Toto is an American rock band formed in 1977 in Van Nuys in Los Angeles. The bands current lineup consists of Joseph Williams, David Paich, Steve Porcaro, Steve Lukather, plus touring members Lenny Castro, Warren Ham, Shem von Schroeck and Shannon Forrest. Toto is known for a style that combines elements of pop, rock, soul, funk, progressive rock, hard rock, R&B, blues. David Paich and Jeff Porcaro had played together as musicians on several albums. David Hungate, Steve Lukather, Steve Porcaro and Bobby Kimball were recruited before their first album release, the band enjoyed great commercial success in the late 1970s and 1980s, beginning with the bands eponymous debut released in 1978. With the release of the acclaimed and commercially successful Toto IV. Widely known for the Top 5 hits Hold the Line, Rosanna, and Africa, Hungate left in 1982 followed by Kimball in 1984 but rejoined the band in 1998 until 2008. Jeff Porcaro died in 1992 of a heart attack, Hungate rejoined Toto as a touring musician and later a band member. In 2008, Lukather announced his departure from the band, the band have released 17 studio albums, and have sold over 40 million records worldwide. The group was honored with several Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2009. The members of Toto were regulars on albums by Steely Dan, Seals and Crofts, Boz Scaggs, Sonny and Cher, keyboardist David Paich, son of musician and session player/arranger Marty Paich, rose to fame after having co-written much of Scaggss Silk Degrees album. They brought in bassist and fellow session vet David Hungate, having played him in the backing band for Scaggs. In addition, the duo asked guitarist Steve Lukather and Jeff Porcaros brother Steve Porcaro to join the team, Lukather and Steve Porcaro were high school classmates and continued the band Rural Still Life after Paich and Jeff graduated. With the addition of former S. S, fools singer Bobby Kimball, the group began to work on their first album in 1977 after signing with Columbia Records. Once the band together, David Paich began composing what would become the eponymous debut album. According to popular myth, at the first recording sessions, in order to distinguish their own demo tapes from other bands in the studio, in the early 1980s, band members told the press that the band was named after the dog in The Wizard of Oz. One popular rumor is that the name came from Bobby Kimballs true last name and this rumor was in fact only a joke popularized by former bassist David Hungate. After the completion of the first album, the band and record were still unnamed, David Hungate, after viewing the name on the demo tapes, explained to the group that the words In Toto in Latin translated to all-encompassing
31.
Steve Porcaro
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Steven Maxwell Steve Porcaro is an American keyboardist, composer and original member of the rock band Toto. He is also the sole surviving Porcaro brother with his brothers Jeff, porcaros touring career began playing with Gary Wright during his tour in 1977, supporting the latters The Dream Weaver album. Porcaro and the original members of Toto then played with Boz Scaggs before forming Toto. Porcaro wrote or co-wrote at least one song on each of Totos first six albums and his two older brothers Mike and Jeff were Totos bassist and drummer as well as session musicians while his father Joe is a prolific session percussionist. He left Toto in 1987 after the Fahrenheit album in order to pursue a more full-time songwriting and composing career, however, Porcaro continued working with Toto in various supporting capacities, assisting with keyboards, drum looping, synthesizers and arranging/composing. He was also a member of Chris Squires short lived band, The Chris Squire Experiment, Steve Porcaro is currently working on film scores. He composed the music for the FX television show Justified, among other projects. He collaborated with his daughter Heather Porcaro on her album, The Heartstring Symphony. Porcaro returned to play with Toto at live performances since 2010 and they scheduled further concerts in Europe. Porcaro performed on the bands 2015 studio album Toto XIV, co-writing and singing lead on The Little Things and writing/singing lead on the Japan-only bonus cut, Steve released his first ever solo album on June 10,2016. Someday/Somehow was co/written/produced by Michael Sherwood, former member of the band Lodgic, the album contains 13 songs, one of which reunites Steve with his late brothers Mike and Jeff Porcaro, from recordings made prior to their passing. Steve Porcaro played a variety of synthesizers on Toto albums. While David Paich handled piano duties, it was usually Steves job to complement the music with creative synth sounds. He was known to use Yamaha GS1, Yamaha DX1, Yamaha CS80, Roland Jupiter-8, Minimoog, Oberheim Xpander, Polyfusion Modular, Dynacord Add One, the synth solo in the Toto song Rosanna is a noted example of his approach. Nowadays he prefers working with software synthesizers, onstage he is using two Yamaha Motifs to drive his Apple Mainstage based virtual synth rig
32.
Integrated circuit
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An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. The ICs mass production capability, reliability and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of using discrete transistors. ICs are now used in all electronic equipment and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the small size. These advances, roughly following Moores law, allow a computer chip of 2016 to have millions of times the capacity, ICs have two main advantages over discrete circuits, cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time, furthermore, packaged ICs use much less material than discrete circuits. Performance is high because the ICs components switch quickly and consume little power because of their small size, the main disadvantage of ICs is the high cost to design them and fabricate the required photomasks. This high initial cost means ICs are only practical when high production volumes are anticipated, Circuits meeting this definition can be constructed using many different technologies, including thin-film transistor, thick film technology, or hybrid integrated circuit. However, in general usage integrated circuit has come to refer to the single-piece circuit construction originally known as a integrated circuit. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typical industrial applications of his patent, an immediate commercial use of his patent has not been reported. The idea of the circuit was conceived by Geoffrey Dummer. Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington and he gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas, and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares, Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which seemed very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, however, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design, the IC. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as a body of semiconductor material … wherein all the components of the circuit are completely integrated. The first customer for the new invention was the US Air Force, Kilby won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. His work was named an IEEE Milestone in 2009, half a year after Kilby, Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor developed his own idea of an integrated circuit that solved many practical problems Kilbys had not. Noyces design was made of silicon, whereas Kilbys chip was made of germanium, Noyce credited Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric for the principle of p–n junction isolation, a key concept behind the IC
33.
Tape loop
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In music, tape loops are loops of magnetic tape used to create repetitive, rhythmic musical patterns or dense layers of sound when played on a tape recorder. Popular music authors of 1960s and 1970s, particularly in psychedelic, progressive and ambient genres, in the 1980s, analog audio and tape loops with it gave way to digital audio and application of computers to generate and process sound. Stockhausen also used the technique for live performance in Solo, the length of the loop controls the length of the repeated sound, and combines with the desired content of the composer to create a single tape loop. On a standard reel-to-reel, one loop is, at most, some composers were satisfied with this approach, but there were other methods to allow for longer loops. By using this or other methods, some composers could create very long loops which allowed for lengthier fragments of sound. When recording his landmark 1978 ambient album Music for Airports, Brian Eno reported that for a song, One of the tape loops was seventy-nine feet long. The longest tape loop ever created was made by Barry Anderson for performances of Stockhausens Solo, in the late 1940s, Pierre Schaeffer used special phonograph discs with a sillon fermé to repeat segments of sounds in his musique concrète studio in Paris. Several different configurations of tape loops were employed in the years of the WDR Studio in Cologne. One such arrangement was used to build up multilayered textures by sequentially recording sounds with the erase head disconnected or with an arrangement of the heads. Gottfried Michael Koenig applied this method in 1954, in his Klangfiguren I, in Canada, Hugh Le Caine produced a particularly clear and memorable example of musique concrète in 1955 titled Dripsody. It was built from the sound of a drop of water, using a variable-speed tape recorder, tape loops. Pioneer of minimalism Terry Riley began employing tape loops at the end of the 1950s, with assistance of Richard Maxfield and Ramon Sender, Riley combined tape loops with echoplex devices, producing an acid trip piece Mescalin Mix, made from sound samples from his earlier works. Steve Reich also used tape loops to compose, using a technique which he called phasing and he would put two tape loops together at slightly different speeds, so they would start playing simultaneously and then drift apart. Pieces created by this method are Its Gonna Rain and Come Out, in Violin Phase he combined the tape loop with an instrumental score. Later on, Gavin Bryars explored a concept in composition 1,2, 1-2-3-4. In the 1960s and 1970s, use of loops made a breakthrough in popular music. Revolution 9 was a more experimental venture, consisting almost entirely of tape loops fading in. Introduction of new technologies, such as music sequencers and synthesizers in the 1970s, followed by digital sequencers in 1977
34.
Jeff Porcaro
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Jeffrey Thomas Jeff Porcaro was an American drummer, songwriter, and record producer. In a career spanned more than 20 years, Porcaro was best known for his work with the rock band Toto. Porcaro is one of the most recorded musicians in history, working on hundreds of albums. While already an established player in the 1970s, he came to prominence in the United States as the drummer on the Steely Dan album Katy Lied. He was posthumously inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1993, jeffrey Thomas Porcaro was born on April 1,1954, in Hartford, Connecticut, the eldest son of Los Angeles session percussionist Joe Porcaro and his wife, Eileen. His brothers Mike and Steve were also successful musicians and members of the band Toto. Porcaro was raised in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, on October 22,1983, Porcaro married Susan Norris, a Los Angeles television broadcaster. Together, they had three sons, Christopher Joseph, Miles Edwin Crawford, and Nico Hendrix, Porcaro began playing drums at the age of seven. Lessons came from his father Joe Porcaro, followed by studies with Bob Zimmitti. When he was seventeen, Porcaro got his first professional gig playing in Sonny & Chers touring band and he later on called Jim Keltner and Jim Gordon his idols at that time. During his 20s, he played on hundreds of albums, including several for Steely Dan and he toured with Boz Scaggs before co-founding Toto with his brother Steve and childhood friends Steve Lukather and David Paich. Jeff Porcaro is renowned among drummers for the pattern he used on the Grammy Award winning Toto song Rosanna. The drum pattern called the Half-Time Shuffle Groove, was created by the legendary drummer Bernard Purdie who called it the Purdie Shuffle. Porcaro created his own version of this groove by blending the aforementioned shuffle with the one heard in the Led Zeppelin song Fool in the Rain, Porcaro describes this groove in detail on a Star Licks video he created shortly after Rosanna became popular. Besides his work with Toto, he was also a sought after session musician. Porcaro had contributed drums to four tracks on Michael Jacksons Thriller, on the 1993 10cc Alive album, recorded after his death, the band dedicated The Night That the Stars Didnt Show to him. Richard Marx dedicated the song One Man to him and said Porcaro was the best drummer he had worked with. Michael Jackson made a dedication to Porcaro in the notes for his 1995 album HIStory, Past, Present and Future
35.
Motown
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
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Sixteenth note
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In music, a sixteenth note or semiquaver is a note played for half the duration of an eighth note, hence the name. It is the equivalent of the semifusa in mensural notation, first found in 15th-century notation, sixteenth notes are notated with an oval, filled-in note head and a straight note stem with two flags. A corresponding symbol is the sixteenth rest, which denotes a silence for the same duration, as with all notes with stems, sixteenth notes are drawn with stems to the right of the notehead, facing up, when they are below the middle line of the musical staff. When they are on or above the line, they are drawn with stems on the left of the note head. Flags are always on the side of the stem. On stems facing up, the start at the top and curve down, for downward facing stems. When multiple sixteenth notes or eighth notes are next to each other, note the similarities in notating sixteenth notes and eighth notes. Similar rules apply to smaller divisions such as notes and sixty-fourth notes. In Unicode, U+266C is a pair of beamed semiquavers, the note derives from the semifusa in mensural notation. However, semifusa also designates the modern sixty-fourth note in Spanish, Catalan, the name of this note in different languages varies greatly, musical notation Morehen, John, and Richard Rastall. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell
37.
Peter Gabriel
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After leaving Genesis in 1975, Gabriel launched a solo career with Solsbury Hill as his first single. His 1986 album, So, is his release and is certified triple platinum in the UK. The albums most successful single, Sledgehammer, won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, Gabriel has been a champion of world music for much of his career. He co-founded the WOMAD festival in 1982 and he has continued to focus on producing and promoting world music through his Real World Records label. He has also pioneered digital distribution methods for music, co-founding OD2, Gabriel has also been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts. In 1980, he released the anti-apartheid single Biko and he has participated in several human rights benefit concerts, including Amnesty Internationals Human Rights Now. Tour in 1988, and co-founded the Witness human rights organisation in 1992, Gabriel developed The Elders with Richard Branson, which was launched by Nelson Mandela in 2007. He was made a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his influence on generations of music makers, AllMusic has described Gabriel as one of rocks most ambitious, innovative musicians, as well as one of its most political. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010, in March 2015 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of South Australia in recognition of his achievements in music. Peter Brian Gabriel was born in Chobham, Surrey and his father, Ralph Parton Gabriel, was an electrical engineer, and his mother, Edith Irene, who was from a musical family, taught him to play the piano at an early age. His great-great-great-uncle, Sir Thomas Gabriel, 1st Baronet, served as Lord Mayor of London from 1866 to 1877, Gabriel attended Cable House, a private primary school in Woking, St. Andrews Prep School in Horsell, and Charterhouse School in Godalming from 1963. He played drums in his first rock bands, and Mike Rutherford commented in 1985 that Pete was—and still is, Gabriel founded Genesis in 1967 with fellow Charterhouse School pupils Tony Banks, Anthony Phillips, Mike Rutherford, and drummer Chris Stewart. The name of the band was suggested by fellow Charterhouse alumnus, the pop music impresario Jonathan King, Gabriel has said to be influenced by many different sources in his way of singing, such as Family lead singer Roger Chapman. In 1970, he played the flute on Cat Stevenss album, the concerts made extensive use of black light with the normal stage lighting subdued or off. Early Genesis concerts were hampered by a bad public address system made it difficult for audiences to understand what Gabriel was singing. According to Mike Rutherford, this drove Gabriel to find ways to impress his personality on the audience. In an episode of the 2007 British documentary series Seven Ages of Rock and it was the dress-wearing, fox-headed entity immortalised on the cover of Foxtrot. Hackett and the rest of the band had no inkling that Gabriel was going to do this and it was a success, encouraging Gabriel to continue wearing stage clothes while singing
38.
Fleetwood Mac
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Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band, formed in London in 1967. The band has more than 100 million records worldwide, making them one of the worlds best-selling bands of all time. In 1998, selected members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, to date, the album has sold over 40 million copies worldwide, making it the eighth-highest-selling album of all time. Due to numerous changes, the only original member present in the band is drummer Mick Fleetwood. Keyboardist Christine McVie, who joined the band in 1970 while married to John McVie, has appeared on every album except the debut album and she left the band in 1998 but returned in 2014. Fleetwood Mac were formed in July 1967 in London when Peter Green left the British blues band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Peter Green had replaced guitarist Eric Clapton in the Bluesbreakers, and received critical acclaim for his work on their album A Hard Road. After he had been in the Bluesbreakers for some time, Green asked if drummer Mick Fleetwood could replace Aynsley Dunbar, Green had been in two bands with Fleetwood—Peter Bs Looners and the subsequent Shotgun Express. John Mayall agreed and Fleetwood became a member of the band, the Bluesbreakers now consisted of Green, Fleetwood, John McVie and Mayall. Mayall gave Green free recording time as a gift, in which Fleetwood, McVie, the fifth song was an instrumental which Green named after the rhythm section, Fleetwood Mac. Soon after, Green contacted Fleetwood to form a new band, the pair wanted McVie on bass guitar and even named the band Fleetwood Mac as a way to entice him. However, McVie opted to keep his income with Mayall rather than take a risk with a new band. The Green, Fleetwood, Spencer, Brunning version of the band made its debut on 13 August 1967 at the Windsor Jazz, Brunning merely played at a handful of gigs with Fleetwood Mac. Within weeks of this show, John McVie agreed to join the band as permanent bassist, Fleetwood Macs first album, Fleetwood Mac, was a no-frills blues album and was released on the Blue Horizon label in February 1968. In fact there were no players on the album. The album was successful in the UK, hitting No,4, though it did not have any singles on it. The band soon released two singles Black Magic Woman and Need Your Love So Bad, the bands second album, Mr. Wonderful, was released in August 1968. Like the first it was an album, but this time they made a few changes. The album was recorded live in the studio with miked amplifiers and PA system and this method provided the ideal environment for producing this style of music, and gave it an authentically vintage sound
39.
Stevie Wonder
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Stevland Hardaway Morris, known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. A child prodigy, he is considered to be one of the most critically and commercially successful musical performers of the late 20th century, Wonder signed with Motowns Tamla label at the age of 11, and he continued performing and recording for Motown into the 2010s. He has been blind since shortly after birth, Wonder is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday a holiday in the United States. In 2009, Wonder was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, in 2013, Billboard magazine released a list of the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles charts 55th anniversary, with Wonder at number six. Stevie Wonder was born in Saginaw, Michigan, in 1950, the third of six children of Calvin Judkins and Lula Mae Hardaway, when Wonder was four, his mother left his father and moved to Detroit with her children. She changed her back to Lula Hardaway and later changed her sons surname to Morris. Wonder has retained Morris as his legal surname and he began playing instruments at an early age, including piano, harmonica and drums. He formed a partnership with a friend, calling themselves Stevie and John, they played on street corners. Before signing, producer Clarence Paul gave him the name Little Stevie Wonder, because of Wonders age, the label drew up a rolling five-year contract in which royalties would be held in trust until Wonder was 21. He and his mother would be paid a stipend to cover their expenses, Wonder received $2.50 a week. Wonder was put in the care of producer and songwriter Clarence Paul, tribute to Uncle Ray was recorded first, when Wonder was still 11 years old. Mainly covers of Ray Charless songs, it included a Wonder and Paul composition, the Jazz Soul of Little Stevie was recorded next, an instrumental album consisting mainly of Pauls compositions, two of which, Wondering and Session Number 112, were co-written with Wonder. At the end of 1962, when Wonder was 12 years old, he joined the Motortown Revue, at the Regal Theater, Chicago, his 20-minute performance was recorded and released in May 1963 as the album Recorded Live, The 12 Year Old Genius. A single, Fingertips, from the album was released in May. The song, featuring a confident and enthusiastic Wonder returning for a spontaneous encore that catches out the replacement bass player, was a No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when Wonder was aged 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. The single was simultaneously No.1 on the R&B chart and his next few recordings, however, were not successful, his voice was changing as he got older, and some Motown executives were considering cancelling his recording contract. During 1964, Wonder appeared in two films as himself, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, but these were not successful either, sylvia Moy persuaded label owner Berry Gordy to give Wonder another chance. He also began to work in the Motown songwriting department, composing songs both for himself and his mates, including The Tears of a Clown, a No.1 hit for Smokey Robinson
40.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
41.
Giorgio Moroder
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Giovanni Giorgio Moroder is an Italian singer, songwriter, DJ and record producer. Moroder is frequently credited with pioneering Italo disco and electronic dance music, when in Munich in the 1970s, he started his own record label called Oasis Records, which several years later became a subdivision of Casablanca Records. Moroder also composed the soundtrack for the film Midnight Express, which won an Academy Award, in 1990, he composed Unestate italiana, the official theme song of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He also created a score of songs for performers including David Bowie, Kylie Minogue, Irene Cara, Janet Jackson, Madleen Kane, Melissa Manchester, Blondie, Japan, Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is Berlins Take My Breath Away. What a Feeling earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1986 and 1983, Moroder was born Giovanni Giorgio Moroder on 26 April 1940 in Urtijëi in South Tyrol, Italy. He came to prominence in 1969, when his recording Looky Looky and he then made a name for himself in studios around Germany in the early 1970s. That same year he co-wrote and produced the seminal Donna Summer hit single I Feel Love, the following year he released Chase, the theme from the film Midnight Express. Chase is often used on the American syndicated late-night radio show Coast to Coast and was used as an entrance theme for wrestlings group The Midnight Express. These songs achieved some success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe. The full film score for Midnight Express won him his first Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1979, in 1979 Moroder released his album E=MC². Text on the albums cover stated that it was the first electronic live-to-digital album and he also released three albums between 1977–1979 under the name Munich Machine. In 1980, he composed and produced two soundtrack albums, the first for Foxes and the second for American Gigolo. A double album of the Foxes soundtrack was released on the disco label Casablanca Records which includes Donna Summers hit single On the Radio, the Foxes soundtrack also contains a song titled Bad Love, written and performed by the singer-actress Cher and produced by Moroder. The American Gigolo soundtrack featured the Moroder-produced Call Me by Blondie, the combined club play of the albums tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts. In 1982 he wrote the soundtrack of the movie Cat People, in 1983, Moroder produced the soundtrack for the film Scarface. During its initial release, the album was available in a few countries. Notable Moroder-produced tracks included Scarface by Paul Engemann, Rush Rush by Debbie Harry, in 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the silent film Metropolis and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack. This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from Pat Benatar, Jon Anderson, Adam Ant, Billy Squier, Loverboy, Bonnie Tyler and Freddie Mercury
42.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
43.
LinnDrum
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The LinnDrum is a drum machine manufactured by Linn Electronics as the successor to the Linn LM-1. It was introduced in 1982 at a list price of $2,995, about 5,000 units were sold between 1982 and 1985. The Linn 9000 was the successor of the LinnDrum and its high-quality samples, flexibility and affordability made the LinnDrum popular, it sold far more units than its predecessor and its successor combined. Roger Linn re-used the moniker on the LinnDrum Midistudio and the Roger Linn Designs LinnDrum II, the LinnDrum was used on many recordings throughout the 1980s, including international hits such as a-Has Take on Me and Tears for Fears Shout. When Linn Electronics closed in 1986, Forat Electronics purchased its assets and offered service, sounds. The LinnDrum was pre MIDI, but Retrofit Kits were offered by JL Cooper, like the LM-1, it provided a sequencer for programming rhythm patterns, a built-in mixer and individual output jacks for each sound. The LinnDrum sampled sounds from 28 to a 35 kHz sample rate, also, the LinnDrum was $2,000 less than the LM-1. One drawback, on the LinnDrum only the snare, tom and conga samples can be tuned, the LinnDrum is often erroneously called the LM-2, alluding to its predecessor, the Linn LM-1. Alex Moffett, an investor in the Linn drum computer development, wasnt with the company by the time the LinnDrum came around. However, The LM-1 was the first drum machine to use samples of a drum kit. To further add to the mystery, an entry in the museum of the Roger Linn Design company credits L. A. session drummer Art Wood with most of the samples. While the Roger Linn Designs Past Products Museum page credits Art Wood for most of the LM-1 sounds, although there have not been any official virtual instrument versions of the LinnDrum, several manufacturers have either emulated its interface and/or included samples of it. com
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LinnDrum Midistudio
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The Midistudio is essentially a rack-mount version of the Linn 9000 with some improvements. It was debuted at the 1986 Winter NAMM Show in January for a list price of $5,990 and it never went into production because Linn Electronics went out of business in February 1986. Apparently, one prototype is in existence and was placed up for auction in 2008, for Sale, Roger Linns original prototype MPC from 1986 Auction on VEMIA listing the Linn MidiStudio - Auction details. Published on, 12/04/2008 - Heres the one and only prototype of Roger Linns Midistudio, the LinnDrum Midistudio and the LinnSequencer used the same flawed operating system used in the ill-fated Linn 9000, released in 1984. Chronic software bugs led to a reputation for unreliability and contributed to the demise of Linn Electronics. The similarities between the LinnDrum Midistudio and the Akai MPC series, starting with the Akai MPC60, leads many to perceive a family resemblance, at the time of writing, many products, mostly software, bear the name Midistudio. But in 1986, the LinnDrum Midistudio was, perhaps, one of the very first to brandish that moniker, the Midistudio has virtually all the same features as the Linn 9000. Also, many optional 9000 features are standard on the Midistudio, both machines have large velocity- and pressure-sensitive rubber performance pads. The Midistudio has some improvements, including a rate of 10 kHz -50 kHz and 16 trigger inputs. The 9000 is a traditional, one-piece drum machine chassis. They both feature a mixer section providing real-time control over volume and pan. On the Midistudio, the sliders are in the rack, whereas on the 9000, they are on the one-piece, bobby Nathans Keyboard Magazine In The Studio Article #17 - What Happened to The Linn 9000. LinnDrum Midistudio Put a complete studio in your lap, Ad, Keyboard 1986 For Sale, Roger Linns original prototype MPC from 1986 Auction on VEMIA listing the Linn MidiStudio - Auction details. Published on, 12/04/2008 - Heres the one and only prototype of Roger Linns Midistudio and this machine was the demo model used by the sales team, and its for sale in the current Vemia auction. May 19,2014 - RetroSynthAds, Blogged,86 LinnDrum Midistudio - father to @Akai_Pro s MPC,1986 Linn Electronics LinnDrum Midistudio Ad MidiStudio - Synthony Musics Synth & Midi Museum Linn Electronics LinnDrum Midistudio Put a complete studio in your lap. The LinnDrum Midistudio looks like the predecessor to the MPC
45.
Linn 9000
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The Linn 9000 is an electronic musical instrument manufactured by Linn Electronics as the successor to the LinnDrum. It was introduced in 1984 at a list price of $5,000 and it combined MIDI sequencing and audio sampling with a set of 18 velocity and pressure sensitive performance pads, to produce an instrument optimized for use as a drum machine. It featured programmable hi-hat decay,18 digital drum sounds, a section,18 individual 1/4 outputs, an LCD display,6 external trigger inputs. The Linn 9000 had innovative and groundbreaking features and would influence many future drum machine designs, but chronic software bugs led to a reputation for unreliability and contributed to the eventual demise of Linn Electronics. The Linn 9000 would get a new lease on life when Forat Music and Electronics purchased Linns remaining assets, fixed all of the bugs, added new features, the Linn 9000 would be Roger Linns first attempt to create an integrated sampling/sequencing/MIDI work station. He would draw heavily on the Linn 9000 and the Sequential Circuits Inc, studio 440 when he designed the Akai MPC60, released in 1988. The Linn 9000 was plagued with problems from the beginning, on early models, the power supply over-heated the CPU and had to be replaced under warranty. The original Linn 9000 operating system was written in an esoteric high-level programming language called FORTH with some machine language. In early versions, some of the FORTH code produced unacceptable delays in user interface functions and was rewritten in machine language, but the operating system had numerous bugs and it was common for the machine to lock-up and lose data. Linn attempted to debug, rewrite and enhance the operating system, but the 64K code space memory segmentation in the Intel 8088 was perceived as an insurmountable limitation on memory that left no room for new features. The flawed Linn 9000 operating system was used in the LinnSequencer. As a result, both earned a reputation for being notoriously unreliable. In addition, the operating system was used in the LinnDrum Midistudio, a rack mount version of the Linn 9000 that was planned to be the successor to the 9000. These issues contributed to the demise of Linn Electronics in 1986. Forat Music and Electronics purchased Linns remaining assets, completely reinvented the Linn 9000, fixed all of the bugs and dubbed it the Forat F9000, the Linn 9000 had many firsts. In addition to being the first drum machine to incorporate a MIDI sequencer, it was the first drum machine with custom sounds, sampling capability, a disk drive. The programmable hi-hat decay is a feature that provides seven open hi-hat positions in addition to the closed hi-hat, allowing for subtle. The Linn 9000s most distinctive feature was 18 large velocity and pressure sensitive rubber pads, pad pressure is used for the Note Repeat feature
