1.
Lord High Steward
–
The position of Lord High Steward is the first of the Great Officers of State in England, nominally ranking above the Lord Chancellor. The office has remained vacant since 1421, and is now an ad hoc office that is primarily ceremonial and is filled only for a coronation. At coronations of the British monarch, the Lord High Steward bears St Edwards Crown, the Lord High Steward also presides during the trials of peers in the House of Lords. In general, but not invariably, the Lord Chancellor was appointed to act as Lord High Steward in the latter situation, the trial of peers by their peers in the House of Lords was abolished in 1948, although impeachment trials have not been abolished. There was a Court of the Lord High Steward which served this purpose when Parliament was not in session, although initially the position was largely an honorary one, over time it grew in importance until its holder became one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. From the late 12th century, the office was considered to be bound with the Earldom of Leicester, when the House of Lancaster ascended the throne in 1399, Henry IV made his second son, Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Steward. He held the post until his death in 1421, the equivalent offices in Scotland and Ireland respectively are the Great Steward of Scotland and the Lord High Steward of Ireland. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Lord High Steward
Lord High Steward
–
England
2.
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
–
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester KG was an English nobleman and the favourite and close friend of Elizabeth Is, from her first year on the throne until his death. He was a suitor for the hand for many years. Dudleys youth was overshadowed by the downfall of his family in 1553 after his father, Robert Dudley was condemned to death but was released in 1554 and took part in the Battle of St. Quentin under Philip II of Spain, which led to his full rehabilitation. On Elizabeth Is accession in November 1558, Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse, in October 1562, he became a Privy Councillor and, in 1587, was appointed Lord Steward of the Royal Household. In 1564, Dudley became Earl of Leicester and, from 1563, one of the greatest landowners in North Wales, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was one of Elizabeths leading statesmen, involved in domestic as well as foreign politics alongside William Cecil and Francis Walsingham. Although he refused to be married to Mary, Queen of Scots, Dudley was for a time relatively sympathetic to her until, from the mid-1580s. As patron of the Puritan movement, he supported non-conforming preachers, a champion also of the international Protestant cause, he led the English campaign in support of the Dutch Revolt. His acceptance of the post of Governor-General of the United Provinces infuriated Queen Elizabeth, the expedition was a military and political failure, and it ruined the Earl financially. Leicester was engaged in many business ventures and was one of the main backers of Francis Drake. During the Spanish Armada, the Earl was in command of the English land forces. In this function, he invited Queen Elizabeth to visit her troops at Tilbury and this was the last of many events he had organised over the years, the most spectacular being the festival at his seat Kenilworth Castle in 1575 on occasion of a three-week visit by the Queen. Dudley was a patron of the arts, literature. Robert Dudleys private life interfered with his career and vice versa. When his first wife, Amy Robsart, fell down a flight of stairs and died in 1560, however, the resulting scandal very much reduced his chances in this respect. Popular rumours that he had arranged for his wifes death continued throughout his life, for 18 years he did not remarry for Queen Elizabeths sake and when he finally did, his new wife, Lettice Knollys, was permanently banished from court. This and the death of his legitimate son and heir were heavy blows. Shortly after the death in 1584, a virulent libel known as Leicesters Commonwealth was circulated in England. It laid the foundation of a literary and historiographical tradition that depicted the Earl as the Machiavellian master courtier
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
–
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, c. 1564. In the background are the devices of the
Order of Saint Michael and the
Order of the Garter; Robert Dudley was a
knight of both.
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
–
Elizabeth's coronation procession: Robert Dudley is on horseback on the far left, leading the
palfrey of honour.
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
–
Elizabeth I Coronation Miniature
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
–
Lord Robert Dudley c. 1560
3.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
4.
Monarch
–
A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
Monarch
–
The nine European Monarchs who attended the
funeral of
King Edward VII of Britain, photographed at
Windsor Castle on 20 May 1910. Standing, from left to right:
King Haakon VII of Norway,
Tsar Ferdinand of Bulgaria,
King Manuel II of Portugal,
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany,
King George I of Greece and
King Albert I of Belgium. Seated, from left to right:
King Alfonso XIII of Spain,
King George V of Britain and
King Frederick VIII of Denmark.
Monarch
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
Monarch
Monarch
–
Ramesses II, the third
Pharaoh of the
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
5.
Licensing Act 2003
–
The Licensing Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Permission to carry on some or all of these activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different. These authorities are required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005. Key measures contained in the Act include, Flexible opening hours Flexible opening hours for licensed premises, with the potential for up to 24 hour opening, seven days a week, will now be available. This flexibility is intended to minimise public disorder resulting from a set closing time whereby numerous intoxicated individuals may leave licensed premises simultaneously at 23,00 and it is also an effort to decrease the culture of binge-drinking. Single premises licences The single integrated premises licence, bringing together the six existing licensing regimes with the intention of cutting down on bureaucracy, personal licences A new system of personal licences relating to the supply of alcohol is to be introduced. This will enable licence holders to move freely between premises where a premises licence is in force than is currently the case. Each local authority must set up a Licensing Committee with between ten and fifteen members and it is envisaged that most member level decisions will be made by a sub-committee of three. The Committee can and should have a scheme of delegation for different types of decision, the full Committee is expected to receive monitoring reports. The Committee is regarded as quasi-judicial, and many of the requirements of a council committee will not apply. The Committee should make its decisions in accordance with the principles of natural justice, the Act sets out four licensing objectives which must be taken into account when a local authority carries out its functions. Late night refreshment is defined as the supply of hot food or drink to the public for consumption, a premises licence is required for any premises offering licensable activities. However, once a licence is granted it is valid until it is either surrendered or lapses in accordance with the Act, in contrast to the predecessor schemes which generally had to be renewed annually. The application for a premises licence requires the completion of a schedule and the offering of conditions to be included on the premises licence. A premises licence that includes the sale of alcohol must name an individual who holds a licence granted under the Act. This person is known as the designated premises supervisor and must sign a consent form consenting to being named as that DPS and these bodies are all known as Responsible Authorities. Responsible Authorities are able to make representations to the licensing authority about an application, in addition to the Responsible Authorities the Act now allows for any other person to make representations
Licensing Act 2003
6.
Edward IV of England
–
Edward IV was the King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. He was the first Yorkist King of England, before becoming king, he was 4th Duke of York, 7th Earl of March, 5th Earl of Cambridge and 9th Earl of Ulster. He was also the 65th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Edward of York was born at Rouen in France, the second son of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville. He was the eldest of the four sons who survived to adulthood and he bore the title Earl of March before his fathers death and his accession to the throne. Edwards father Richard, Duke of York, had been heir to King Henry VI until the birth of Henrys son Edward in 1453, Richard carried on a factional struggle with the kings Beaufort relatives. He established a dominant position after his victory at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455, in which his chief rival Edmund Beaufort, however, Henrys Queen, Margaret of Anjou, rebuilt a powerful faction to oppose the Yorkists over the following years. The Yorkist leaders fled from England after the collapse of their army in the confrontation at Ludford Bridge, the Duke of York took refuge in Ireland, while Edward went with the Nevilles to Calais where Warwick was governor. In 1460 Edward landed in Kent with Salisbury, Warwick and Salisburys brother William Neville, Lord Fauconberg, raised an army and this left Edward, now Duke of York, at the head of the Yorkist faction. He defeated a Lancastrian army at Mortimers Cross in Herefordshire on 2–3 February 1461 and he then united his forces with those of Warwick, whom Margarets army had defeated at the Second Battle of St Albans, during which Henry VI had been rescued by his supporters. Edwards father had restricted his ambitions to becoming Henrys heir, and he then advanced against the Lancastrians, having his life saved on the battlefield by the Welsh Knight Sir David Ap Mathew. He defeated the Lancastrian army in the exceptionally bloody Battle of Towton in Yorkshire on 29 March 1461, Edward had effectively broken the military strength of the Lancastrians, and he returned to London for his coronation. King Edward IV named Sir David Ap Mathew Standard Bearer of England, Lancastrian resistance continued in the north, but posed no serious threat to the new regime and was finally extinguished by Warwicks brother John Neville in the Battle of Hexham in 1464. Henry VI had escaped into the Pennines, where he spent a year in hiding, Queen Margaret fled abroad with the young Prince Edward and many of their leading supporters. Even at the age of nineteen, Edward exhibited remarkable military acumen and he also had a notable physique and was described as handsome and affable. His height is estimated at 6 feet 4.5 inches, making him the tallest among all English, Scottish, most of Englands leading families had remained loyal to Henry VI or remained uncommitted in the recent conflict. The new regime, therefore, relied heavily on the support of the Nevilles, however, the king increasingly became estranged from their leader the Earl of Warwick, due primarily to his marriage. Warwick, acting on Edwards behalf, made arrangements with King Louis XI of France for Edward to marry either Louis daughter Anne or his sister-in-law Bona of Savoy. He was humiliated and enraged to discover that, while he was negotiating, Edward had secretly married Elizabeth Woodville, Edwards marriage to Elizabeth Woodville has been criticised as an impulsive action that did not add anything to the security of England or the York dynasty
Edward IV of England
–
Edward IV
Edward IV of England
–
Coat of arms of King Edward IV, from one of his manuscripts
Edward IV of England
–
Edward IV c.1520, posthumous portrait from original c. 1470–75
7.
Henry VIII of England
–
Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
Henry VIII of England
–
King Henry VIII by
Hans Holbein the Younger,
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.
Henry VIII of England
–
Henry's childhood copy of
De Officiis, bearing the inscription in his hand, "Thys boke is myne".
Henry VIII of England
–
An Illumination from a contemporary manuscript thought to depict Henry mourning the loss of his mother (1503). His sisters are also pictured.
Henry VIII of England
–
Eighteen-year-old Henry VIII after his
coronation in 1509
8.
Marshalsea Court
–
The Marshalsea Court was a court associated with the Royal Household in England. Associated with, but distinct from, the Marshalsea Court was the Palace Court and its criminal jurisdiction had long fallen into disuse by the time its civil jurisdiction was belatedly abolished in 1849. Associated with the Court was the Marshalsea Prison, originally the prison of the Court of the Marshalsea and known from about 1300, it was on a site in Mermaid Court, Southwark until relocated to a site off Borough High Street in 1811. Here it largely functioned as a prison until 1842 when its role was taken over by the Queens Bench Prison. It differed from the Marshalsea court in that it had no jurisdiction over the sovereigns household, the privilege of practising before the palace court was limited to four counsel. Blackborne served as steward of both courts, as did several other barristers, the Palace Court was held weekly together with the ancient Court of Marshalsea. The Court was abolished in 1849
Marshalsea Court
–
Marshalsea
Marshalsea Court
–
Interior of the Palace Court of the Marshalsea, 1800
9.
Palace Court
–
The Marshalsea Court was a court associated with the Royal Household in England. Associated with, but distinct from, the Marshalsea Court was the Palace Court and its criminal jurisdiction had long fallen into disuse by the time its civil jurisdiction was belatedly abolished in 1849. Associated with the Court was the Marshalsea Prison, originally the prison of the Court of the Marshalsea and known from about 1300, it was on a site in Mermaid Court, Southwark until relocated to a site off Borough High Street in 1811. Here it largely functioned as a prison until 1842 when its role was taken over by the Queens Bench Prison. It differed from the Marshalsea court in that it had no jurisdiction over the sovereigns household, the privilege of practising before the palace court was limited to four counsel. Blackborne served as steward of both courts, as did several other barristers, the Palace Court was held weekly together with the ancient Court of Marshalsea. The Court was abolished in 1849
Palace Court
–
Marshalsea
Palace Court
–
Interior of the Palace Court of the Marshalsea, 1800
10.
Oaths
–
Traditionally an oath is either a statement of fact or a promise with wording relating to something considered sacred as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who object to making sacred oaths is to give an affirmation instead. Nowadays, even when theres no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths, to swear is a verb used to describe the taking of an oath, to making a solemn vow. Usually oaths have referred to a deity significant in the sphere in question. The reciters personal views upon the divinity of the aspects considered sacred in a text of an oath may or may not be taken in to account. There might not be alternative personal proclamations with no mention of the dogma in question, such as affirmations. This might mean an impasse to those with unwillingness to edify the dogma they see as untrue, the essence of a divine oath is an invocation of divine agency to be a guarantor of the oath takers own honesty and integrity in the matter under question. By implication, this invokes divine displeasure if the oath taker fails in their sworn duties and it therefore implies greater care than usual in the act of the performance of ones duty, such as in testimony to the facts of the matter in a court of law. A person taking an oath indicates this in a number of ways. The most usual is the explicit I swear, but any statement or promise that includes with * as my witness or so help me *, with * being something or someone the oath-taker holds sacred, is an oath. However, the purpose of such an act is for ceremony or solemnity. Making vows and taking oaths became a concept in law practice that developed over time in different cultures. The concept of oaths is deeply rooted within Judaism and it is found in Genesis 8,21, when God swears that he will never again curse the ground because of man and never again smite every living thing. This repetition of the term never again is explained by Rashi, according to the Rabbis, a neder refers to the object, a shâmar to the person. In the Roman tradition, oaths were sworn upon Iuppiter Lapis or the Jupiter Stone located in the Temple of Jupiter, the punisher of broken oaths was the infernal deity Orcus. Various religious groups have objected to the taking of oaths, most notably the Religious Society of Friends and Anabaptist groups, like Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites and this is principally based on Matthew 5, 34-37, the Antithesis of the Law. Here, Christ is written to say I say to you, James the Just stated in James 5,12, Above all, my brothers, do not swear—not by heaven or by earth or by anything else. Let your Yes be yes, and your No, no, not all Christians interpret this reading as forbidding all types of oaths, however
Oaths
–
"
Tennis Court Oath " by
Jacques-Louis David
Oaths
–
"
Lwów Oath " by
Jan Matejko
Oaths
–
Princess
Isabel of Brazil takes oath as Regent of the
Empire of Brazil, c. 1870
Oaths
–
Bronisław Komorowski taking presidential oath in front of
National Assembly, 2010
11.
Sign-manual
–
The royal sign-manual is the signature of the sovereign, by the affixing of which the monarch expresses his or her pleasure either by order, commission, or warrant. A sign-manual warrant may be either an executive act—for example, an appointment to an office—or an authority for affixing the Great Seal of the pertinent realm, the sign-manual is also used to give power to make and ratify treaties. Sign manual, with or without hyphen, is an old term for a signature in general. The royal sign-manual usually consists of the regnal name, followed by the letter R for Rex or Regina. Thus, the signs-manual of both Elizabeth I and Elizabeth II read Elizabeth R, when the British monarch was also Emperor or Empress of India, the sign manual ended with R I, for Rex Imperator or Regina Imperatrix. Some letters patent are not signed by the monarch in person, instead, the monarch signs a warrant authorizing the preparation of the letters patent and approving the draft text of the letters patent. Other letters patent, due to the nature of their contents, such letters patent contain, at the bottom, the words, By the King/Queen Him/Herself, Signed with His/Her own hand. The royal sign-manual is usually placed by the sovereign at the top of the document and these papers usually must be countersigned by a principal secretary of state or other responsible minister
Sign-manual
–
The
Australia Act 1986 bearing the royal sign-manual of
Elizabeth II
Sign-manual
–
The royal sign-manual of
King George III
12.
Palace of Westminster
–
The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
Palace of Westminster
–
The Palace of Westminster with
Elizabeth Tower and
Westminster Bridge, viewed from across the
River Thames
Palace of Westminster
–
Conjectural restoration of Westminster during reign of Henry VIII
Palace of Westminster
–
Parliament before
1834 Fire with
Old Palace Yard in foreground
Palace of Westminster
–
A detail from
John Rocque's 1746 map of London. St Stephen's Chapel, labelled "H of Comm" (House of Commons), was adjacent to Westminster Hall; the Parliament Chamber—labelled "H of L" (House of Lords)—and the Prince's Chamber were to the far south. The Court of Requests, between the two Houses, would become the new home of the Lords in 1801. At the north-east, by the river, stood Speaker's House.
13.
Thomas Rempston
–
Sir Thomas Rempston KG, was Constable of the Tower and an MP. He was born the son of John Rempston at Rempstone, Nottinghamshire, in 1381 he was Knight of the Shire for Nottinghamshire, which he also represented in the parliaments of 1382,1393, and 1395 and served as Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1393. In 1398 he adopted the cause of Henry, Earl of Derby, who had been exiled by Richard II and he was one of the fifteen lances who embarked with Henry at Boulogne and landed at Ravenspur in July 1399. In Shakespeares Richard II his name is given as Sir John Ramston and he was summoned to the great council held in that year. In December 1402 he was negotiating with the Duke of Orleans, early in 1406 he was captured by French pirates while crossing the Thames from Queenborough to Essex, but was soon released, in the same year he was vice-chamberlain to the king. He was drowned in the Thames, close to the Tower, Rempston was the founder of his familys fortunes, he acquired extensive property in Nottinghamshire, including the manor of Bingham, which he made his seat. He married Margaret, daughter of Sir Simon Leeke, and widow of Sir Godfrey Foljambe, by her he had children, including a notable son. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Rempston
Thomas Rempston
–
Arms of Sir Thomas Rempston, KG
14.
Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester
–
He was the younger son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and Mary, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, who descended from Henry III of England. He was created Earl of Worcester in 1397 by King Richard II, along with his brother and nephew, he took part in Henry IVs deposition of Richard II, and later, in turn, in their own subsequent rebellion against King Henry IV. He was captured at the Battle of Shrewsbury and publicly beheaded in Shrewsbury two days later, on 23 July 1403 and he was buried in St. Peters, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. His head was displayed in London on London Bridge, emery, Anthony, Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, Volume I Northern England, Cambridge University Press, ISBN9780521497237
Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester
–
Arms of Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, KG
15.
Thomas Erpingham
–
Sir Thomas Erpingham KG was an English knight who became famous as the commander of King Henry Vs longbow wielding archers at the Battle of Agincourt. He was immortalised as a character in the play Henry V by William Shakespeare. Erpinghams career as a soldier led him to serve in France during the Hundred Years War, in Spain, in Scotland against the Scots, in Prussia and The Holy Land, and spanned nearly 50 years. Beginning with his service in Aquitaine under the Black Prince in 1368 and concluding with his role at the Battle of Agincourt, Thomas joined John of Gaunts service in 1380 as an esquire, and was knighted by him. He followed Gaunt to Spain in pursuit of the throne of Castile, after becoming a retainer of Gaunts, Erpingham served in the Scottish campaign of 1385, against the Duke of Brittany at the relief of Brest in 1385, he fought again in Spain in 1386. In 1390, he joined John of Gaunts son Henry Bolingbroke, then simply Earl of Derby, in 1392 he again accompanied Henry to Prussia and on from there on a journey through Europe and on to Jerusalem. Returning through Italy, it is thought he obtained the fabric for the Chasuble which bears his name, now in the possession of the Victoria, in July 1399, he landed at Ravenspur with Henry Bolingbroke, launching the campaign which led to the latters seizure of the throne. He was to hold the two posts until 1409. He served as Chamberlain until 1404, served briefly as Steward of the Household the same year, in 1401 was made a Knight of the Garter, and later a member of the Privy Council. Despite the martial nature of his offices, Erpingham took little part in the warfare of the years of Henry IVs reign. He was to hold this post until at least 1415, in April 1415, Erpingham indentured to serve with a company of 80 men on King Henrys forthcoming expedition to France. The 80 included 20 men-at-arms and 60 archers, when the company mustered in Southampton it consisted of 24 men-at-arms and 73 archers. The army crossed to France in August and Sir Thomas men were involved in the siege of Harfleur, after Harfleur, the remaining men of Thomas company marched with the King towards Calais. October, the English fought the French army at Agincourt, Sir Thomas was stationed in the main battle, alongside King Henry. Despite his long career, it was his first major battle. As an experienced soldier, however, Henry gave him the task of marshaling the armys archers and he is recorded as having ridden across the front of the army to carry out his duties. When he was satisfied that the archers were in position, he threw his marshals baton into the air and this has most commonly been interpreted as a rendition of Now Strike. Other interpretations are Now stretch or knee stretch, Erpingham then dismounted and joined the king
Thomas Erpingham
–
The Arms of Sir Thomas Erpingham: Vert an inescutcheon within an orle of martlets Argent.
Thomas Erpingham
–
Erpingham Gate, Norwich.
16.
John I Stanley of the Isle of Man
–
Sir John Stanley I, KG was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and titular King of Mann, the first of that name. The Stanley family later became the Earls of Derby and remained prominent in English history into modern times. John Stanley was the son of Sir William de Stanley of Stourton and Alice Massey of Timperley, Cheshire. Stanleys father was Master-Forester of the Forest of Wirral, notorious for his repressive activities, both Stanley and his older brother, William, were involved in criminal cases which charged them with a forced entry in 1369 and in the murder of Thomas Clotton in 1376. Conviction for the murder of Clotton resulted in Stanley being declared an outlaw, however, he was already distinguishing himself in military service in the French wars, and he was pardoned in 1378 at the insistence of his commander, Sir Thomas Trivet. In 1385 he married Isabel Lathom, heir to the lands of Sir Thomas Lathom in south-west Lancashire. The marriage took place despite the opposition of John of Gaunt and gave Stanley the sort of wealth, Stanley had four sons, John, Henry, Thomas and Ralph as well as two daughters. The year 1386 saw his first appointment in Ireland as deputy to Robert de Vere and this occurred because of the insurrection created by the friction between Sir Philip de Courtenay, the then English Lieutenant of Ireland, and his appointed governor James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond. Stanley led an expedition to Ireland on behalf of de Vere and he was accompanied by Bishop Alexander de Balscot of Meath and Sir Robert Crull. Butler joined them upon their arrival in Ireland, because of the success of the expedition, Stanley was appointed to the position of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Alexander to chancellor, Crull to treasurer, and Butler to his old position as governor. In 1389, Richard II appointed him justiciar of Ireland, a post he held until 1391 and he was heavily involved in Richards first expedition to Ireland in 1394–1395. Throughout the 1390s he was involved in placating possible rebellion in Cheshire, between 1396 and 1398 he served as captain of Roxburgh. Stanley took part in Richard IIs expedition to Ireland in 1399, however, on his return to England, Stanley, who had long proved adept at political manoeuvring, turned his back on Richard and submitted to Henry IV of England. Stanleys fortunes were equally good under the Lancastrians and he was granted lordships in the Welsh marches, and served a term as lieutenant of Ireland. In 1403 he was steward of the household of Henry. Unlike many of the Cheshire gentry, he took the side of the king in the rebellion of the Percys and he was wounded in the throat at the Battle of Shrewsbury. In 1405 he was granted the tenure of the Isle of Man, in this period he also became steward of the kings household, and was elected a Knight of the Garter. In 1413 King Henry V of England sent him to once more as lieutenant of Ireland
John I Stanley of the Isle of Man
–
Arms of Sir John Stanley, KG
17.
Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford
–
Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford KG was an English knight and landowner, from 1400 to 1414 Member of the House of Commons, of which he became Speaker, then was an Admiral and peer. He won renown in the Hundred Years War, fighting in many engagements and he was an English envoy at the Council of Constance in 1415. In 1417 he was admiral of the fleet. On the death of Henry V he was an executor of Henrys will and he attended the conference at Arras in 1435, and was a Member of the House of Lords sitting as Baron Hungerford from January 1436 until his death in 1449. For some years he was Treasurer of England and his mother was his fathers second wife, Joan Hussey, daughter and heiress of Sir Edmund Hussey of Holbrook. His father had been attached to the Lancastrian cause at the close of the reign of King Richard II. On the accession of King Henry IV in 1399, Walter was knighted and was granted an annuity of £40 out of the lands of Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk. He served as Member of Parliament for Wiltshire in October 1400, in 1404,1407,1413, and in January 1413–14 and he served as Speaker of the House of Commons from 29 January 1413/14, the last parliament in which he served as an MP. He was appointed Sheriff of Wiltshire for 1405, during which term he pronounced his own selection as MP for Wiltshire, Hungerford won renown as a warrior. In 1401 he was with the English army in France, and is said to have defeated the French king in a duel outside Calais and he distinguished himself in battle and tournament, and received substantial rewards. In consideration of his services he was granted in 1403 one hundred marks per annum, payable by the town and castle of Marlborough in Wiltshire, and was appointed Sheriff of Wiltshire. On 22 July 1414 he was nominated ambassador to treat for a league with Sigismund, King of the Romans, in the autumn of 1415, with twenty men-at-arms and sixty horse archers, Hungerford accompanied King Henry V to France. In Shakespeares Henry V, however, this officer is the Earl of Westmoreland and he fought bravely at the Battle of Agincourt, but the legend that he took Charles, Duke of Orléans prisoner is not substantiated. He was employed in May 1416 in diplomatic negotiations with ambassadors of Theodoric, Archbishop of Cologne, in 1417 he was made Admiral of the Fleet under John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, and in 1418 was with King Henry V at the Siege of Rouen. In November 1418 he was designated Steward of the Kings Household and he took part in the peace negotiations of 1419 and on 3 May 1421 was installed as a Knight of the Garter. Hungerford was an executor of the will of King Henry V, and in 1422 became a member of the council of the Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, the Lord Protector. In 1424 he was made Steward of the Household of the infant King Henry VI, the summons was continued to him until his death. Hungerford became Treasurer of England in succession to Bishop Stafford, when Bishop Beauforts resignation of the Great Seal in March 1426-7 placed Gloucester in supreme power
Walter Hungerford, 1st Baron Hungerford
–
Arms of Hungerford: Sable, 2 bars argent in chief 3
plates
18.
John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft
–
This English nobleman was the eldest son and heir of Sir Pain Tiptoft by his spouse, Agnes, née Wrothe. He was Lord of the Manors of Burwell and Eversden, in Cambridgeshire. In 1413 he was heir to his first cousin, Elizabeth Wrothe, wife of Sir William Palton, Kt. by which he inherited the manors of Nether Wallop, Hampshire, Worcesters, Middlesex, and Redlynch. He was returned to Parliament as knight of the shire for Huntingdonshire in January and October,1404 and again in 1406, when he was elected Speaker of the House of Commons. He was appointed Treasurer of the Household, Chief Butler of England in 1407, Treasurer of the Exchequer, Seneschal of Aquitaine, Councillor of Regency to Henry VI, on 7 January 1426 he was summoned to the House of Lords whereby he was created Baron Tiptoft. John Tiptoft married twice, leaving progeny by his 2nd marriage only, Firstly, before 24 February 1408, to a widow, Philippa Talbot, daughter of Sir John Talbot, of Richards Castle, Herefordshire. He married secondly, by licence dated 28 February 1422, to Joyce Charleton. By Joyce Charleton he had the children, John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, whose only son Edward Tiptoft, 2nd Earl of Worcester died in 1485. Philippa Tiptoft, married Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, joanna Tiptoft, married, in 1435, Sir Edmund Ingoldsthorpe, of Burgh Green, Cambridgeshire. Joyce Tiptoft, married Sir Edmund Sutton, Sir John, 1st Lord Tiptoft, was buried at Enfield in Middlesex, early in February 1443. Baron Tibetot History of Parliament TIPTOFT, Sir John of Burwell, Cambs Complete Peerage by G. E. Cokayne, magna Carta Ancestry by Douglas Richardson, Baltimore, Md. Fleming H Revell, Co. p.90
John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft
–
Arms of Tibetot (or Tiptoft): Argent, a
saltire engrailed gules
19.
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
–
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, KG, was an English commander in the Hundred Years War and Lord High Admiral of England from 1447 until 1450. He also appears prominently in William Shakespeares Henry VI, Part 1 and Henry VI, already holder of the title Earl of Suffolk, he was granted the additional titles Marquess of Suffolk, Earl of Pembroke and Duke of Suffolk. William de la Pole was born at Cotton, Suffolk, the son of Michael, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, and Katherine de Stafford, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Stafford, KG. Almost continually engaged in the wars in France, he was wounded during the Siege of Harfleur. Later that year his older brother Michael, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt and he became co-commander of the English forces at the Siege of Orléans, after the death of Thomas, Earl of Salisbury. When that city was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429 and he remained a prisoner of Charles VII of France for three years, and was ransomed in 1431. After his return to the Kingdom of England in 1434 he was made Constable of Wallingford Castle and he became a courtier and close ally of Cardinal Henry Beaufort. His most notable accomplishment in this period was negotiating the marriage of King Henry VI with Margaret of Anjou in 1444 and this earned him a promotion from Earl to Marquess of Suffolk. However, a clause was put in the agreement which gave Maine and Anjou back to France. With the deaths in 1447 of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort, Suffolk became the power behind the throne of the weak. In short order he was appointed Chamberlain, Admiral of England and he was created Earl of Pembroke in 1447, and Duke of Suffolk in 1448. However, Suffolk was later suspected of being a traitor, on 16 July he met in secret with Jean, Count de Dunois, at his mansion of the Rose in Candlewick street. The first of several meetings in London, they planned a French invasion, Suffolk passed Council minutes to Dunois, the French hero of the Siege of Orleans. It was rumoured that Suffolk never paid his ransom of £20,000 owed to Dunois, Lord Treasurer, Ralph Cromwell, wanted heavy taxes from Suffolk, the dukes powerful enemies included John Paston and Sir John Fastolf. Many blamed Suffolks retainers for lawlessness in East Anglia, the following three years saw the near-complete loss of the English possessions in northern France. Suffolk could not avoid taking the blame for failures, partly because of the loss of Maine. On 28 January 1450 he was arrested, imprisoned in the Tower of London, the king intervened to protect his favourite, who was banished for five years, but on his journey to Calais his ship was intercepted by the Nicholas of the Tower. Suffolk was captured, subjected to a trial, and executed by beheading
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
–
19th century illustration of Suffolk's murder
William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk
–
Arms of De la Pole: Azure, a fess between three leopard's faces or
20.
Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley
–
Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley and 6th Baron Sudeley KG was an English baron and aristocrat. He was the Captain of Calais and Treasurer of England, Ralph Boteler was the youngest surviving son of Thomas Boteler of Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire and Alice Beauchamp, daughter of Sir John Beauchamp of Powick, Worcestershire. About 1418 he married commercial wealth, in the person of Elizabeth, widow of John Hende, late Mayor of London. She died in 1462, and in the year he married Alice, daughter of John, Baron Deyncourt, and widow of William, Baron Lovel of Titchmarsh, Northamptonshire. The Barony of Sudeley was conferred upon him by Letters Patent, the title passed to both his elder brothers, John who died unmarried and childless in 1410 and William, who despite being married, also died childless seven years later. Williams widow, Alice, was appointed governess of Henry VI in 1424 and he is thought to have served with King Henry V of England in France as he was awarded grants of land there in 1420-21. He was captain of Arques and Crotoy in 1423 and took muster in Calais in 1425 and he served as Lord High Treasurer of England from 1443 to 1446. Along with the title, Ralph inherited Sudeley Castle, which he rebuilt in the 1440s, unfortunately he failed to gain royal permission to crenellate it and had to seek Henry VIs pardon. He lost it in 1469 due to his support for the Lancastrian cause, Sudeley left no surviving male heir from either marriage, for his son Thomas predeceased him, also without a male heir. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama
Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley
–
Arms of Sir Ralph Boteler, 1st Baron Sudeley, KG
21.
William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent
–
William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent KG and jure uxoris 6th Baron Fauconberg, was an English nobleman and soldier. He fought during the part of the Hundred Years War. Born circa 1405, he was the son of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland. His mother was the daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster. John of Gaunt was the surviving son of King Edward III of England. William was therefore a great-grandson of Edward III, however, the terms of the legitimisation of the Beaufort family specifically excluded them and their descendants from succession to the throne. Williams marriage took place at some point before 1422 and his wife was four years older than he was and was described as an idiot from birth. The Fauconberg estates were in North Yorkshire, a centre of power for members of the Neville family. He seemingly had a military career during the earlier part of Henry VIs reign. Knighted in May 1426, he was serving on the Scottish Borders in 1435, in 1436, he was serving with Richard, Duke of York, in France — his first contact with a man who was later to receive his allegiance. By 1439, he was a commander in France, with Lords Talbot. At the siege of Harfleur in 1440, he was made a Knight of the Garter for his part in the campaigns of 1438-39, in particular the capture, the town where Henry V had died was a crucial marches town for English Normandy. They had re-supplied the town, also retaking Montargis and Gerberoy, Fauconberg fought with the relief at Meaux when Richemont seized the stronghold by storm on 12 August 1439. The English lords forced a confrontation, but the French fled, as one of the three field commanders, Neville had been put on the royal council since 30 April, on Warwicks death, before a new regent could emerge. In October, Fauconberg helped recapture Harfleur, expelling the French garrison, the field commanders pre-eminence was supplanted in March 1442 by the appointment of William, Lord Bourgchier, as governor-general of Normandy. On 7 March 1443, while back in England, he took custody of Roxburgh Castle and he was granted £1,000 per annum during peacetime, twice this if at war with Scotland, and until 1448, satisfactory payment was made. However, in 1449, he returned to France as part of a diplomatic mission, one hundred and twenty men were taken in all. Neville was reluctant to surrender to an archer, who almost killed him
William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent
–
Arms of Sir William Nevill, 6th Baron Fauconberg, at the time of his installation into the Most Noble Order of the Garter
22.
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
–
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester KG was an English nobleman and scholar, Lord High Treasurer, Lord High Constable and Deputy Governor of Ireland. He was known as the Butcher of England, born at Eversden in 1427, He was the son of John Tiptoft, 1st Baron Tiptoft, and Joyce Cherleton, co-heiress of Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton. He was notable for his education, studying at University College at Oxford University from the ages of 13 to 16 and he married, Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick, daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, in 1449, by whom he had no issue. Elizabeth Greyndour, daughter and sole heiress of Robert Greyndour of Clearwell and they had one son, John, who died the year of his birth,1452. Elizabeth, née Hopton, by whom he had a son, Edward and he enjoyed a brilliant early career. After being created Earl of Worcester on 16 July 1449, he was employed in a number of posts, first as Lord High Treasurer. He then departed on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, and returned by way of Italy, there he gained a considerable reputation as a scholar of Latin. In 1464 he was appointed Chancellor of Ireland for life and in 1467 he again became Lord Deputy of Ireland, upon the Readeption of Henry VI in 1470, Tiptoft was unable to escape with Edward IV and his supporters. He was captured by the Lancastrians and beheaded at the Tower of London, attainted and his last act was to ask the executioner to chop off his head with three blows, for the sake of the Trinity. The title 2nd Earl of Worcester was the only restored to his minor son Edward, on 14 April 1471. His son Edward died in 1485, while still a minor, the titles thus became extinct on his death, or in abeyance between his aunts as co-heiresses. Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages thePeerage. com Kohl, Benjamin, Tiptoft, John, 1st earl of Worcester
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
–
Memorial to John Baron Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester in
Ely Cathedral
John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester
–
Arms of Sir John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, KG:
Quarterly 1 and 4: Argent, a saltire engrailed gules (Tiptoft); 2 and 3: Or, a lion rampant gules (Powys)
23.
Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
–
Henry Bourchier, 5th Baron Bourchier, 2nd Count of Eu, 1st Viscount Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, was the eldest son of William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu and Anne of Gloucester. On his mothers side, he was a great-grandson of Edward III of England and he inherited the title of 5th Baron Bourchier from his cousin Elizabeth Bourchier, 4th Baroness Bourchier on her death in 1433. He became the 1st Viscount Bourchier in 1446, a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1452, and was created 1st Earl of Essex in 1461. He saw considerable action in France and for his services was created Viscount Bourchier during the parliament of 1445–6. He later saw action in 1461 as a Yorkist supporter at the Second Battle of St Albans and he held the post of Lord High Treasurer from 29 May 1455 -5 October 1456,28 July 1460 -14 April 1462, and 22 April 1471 -4 April 1483. He also became Justice in Eyre south of the Trent in 1461 and he died on 4 April 1483 and was buried at Beeleigh Abbey, although his tomb was subsequently moved to Little Easton church. Prior to 1426, he married Isabel of Cambridge, another descendant of Edward III and she was the elder sister of Richard Plantagenet, which made her the aunt of Richards two sons, the future Edward IV and Richard III. Henry and Isabel were parents to at least eleven children, married Anne Woodville, daughter of Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and Jacquetta of Luxembourg. They were parents of Henry Bourchier, 2nd Earl of Essex and Cicely Bourchier, wife of John Devereux, married Elizabeth de Scales, Baroness Scales. Humphrey Bourchier, 1st and last Lord Bourchier of Cromwell, killed in the Battle of Barnet. Married first Elizabeth Ferrers and secondly Elizabeth Chichele, killed in the Battle of Wakefield. Laura Bourchier married John Courtenay On his death she did not remarry, luminarium Dictionary, Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex
Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
Henry Bourchier, 1st Earl of Essex
–
Canting arms of Bourchier: Argent, a cross engrailed gules between four water bougets sable
24.
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
–
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, KG was an English nobleman and politician. He was a titular King of Mann, and stepfather to King Henry VII of England and he was the eldest son of Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley and Joan Goushill. His estates included what is now Tatton Park in Cheshire, Lathom House in Lancashire and he was the last to use the style ‘King of Mann’, his successors opting for the safer ‘Lord of Mann’. Stanley was “a man of considerable acumen, and probably the most successful power-broker of his age”. After the death of his father in 1459, Stanley inherited his fathers titles, including those of Baron Stanley and King of Mann as well as his extensive lands and it was a formidable inheritance and gave him ample opportunity to gain experience in the leadership of men. At the same time, his fathers prominence in the household had provided him with an early introduction to court where he was named among the squires of Henry VI in 1454. After some years of weak and ineffectual government led by the Lancastrian Henry VI, in 1459 an accord between the Lancastrian and the Yorkist lords broke down, and the conflict lapped at the borders of the Stanleys’ sphere of influence. With the Earl of Salisbury mobilising on behalf of the House of York, however, when the two armies met at the Battle of Blore Heath in 1459, though only a few miles away, Stanley kept his 2,000 men out of the fight. His brother, Sir William Stanley, who was certainly in the Yorkist army was subsequently attainted, in the late 1460s, however, the coalition that had brought the Yorkist Edward to the throne was fracturing and Stanley found his loyalties divided once again. “The dramatic shifts in political fortune between 1469 and 1471, and their impact on the networks of affinity and allegiance, are hard to unravel. Lord Stanley was soon forgiven for his disloyalty, after the restoration of Edward IV in 1471, he was appointed steward of the kings household and thereafter became a regular member of the royal council. Yet, the death of his first wife, Eleanor Neville at this period severed his connection with Warwick and his new wife, Lady Margaret Beaufort, dowager Countess of Richmond, was the mother of Henry Tudor – potential heir of the House of Lancaster. When Gloucester attacked this group at a meeting in June 1483, Stanley was wounded and imprisoned. The Duke of Gloucester was therefore declared king Richard III by public acclamation, later confirmed by Parliament under the Act Titulus Regius. Apparently “in preparing the ground for the usurpation and in consolidating his position, Richard found it expedient to appease than to alienate the house of Stanley. ”Thus, Lord Stanley was soon at liberty and continued as steward of the royal household. He bore the great mace at Richards coronation, while his wife carried the new queen’s train and he was also appointed to the Order of the Garter, taking the stall vacated by the executed Lord Hastings. Whilst Stanley might have had no option than to act as Richard’s loyal subject. His wife, Margaret Beaufort, was a key conspirator, having brokered the marriage alliance between Edward IV’s daughter Elizabeth of York and her son Henry Tudor
Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
–
Portrait purported to be of the first Earl of Derby but the costume is of a later period
25.
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
–
Robert Willoughby was born at Brook, his fathers estate then in the parish of Westbury, Wiltshire, now in the later parish of Heywood. He was the son of Sir John Willoughby of the family of the Barons Willoughby of Eresby, seated at Eresby Manor near Spilsby, Lincolnshire. Edmund Cheyne was the eldest son and heir of Sir Ralph Cheyne of Poyntington in Somerset and of Brook by his wife Joan Pavely and he was High Sheriff of Cornwall in 1479 and High Sheriff of Devon in 1480. He was Lord of the Manor of Callington and steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, the barony of Willoughby de Broke, named after the manor of Brooke/Broke, Heywood, near Westbury, Wiltshire, was created when Robert Willoughby was summoned to Parliament by writ in 1492. On his death on 23 August 1502 the title passed to his eldest son Robert Willoughby and he died at the manor house of Callington, for he directed in his will that he should be buried in the church of the parish he died in. He married in 1472 Blanche Champernowne, daughter and heiress of John Champernowne of Bere Ferrers, Devon, John was the son of Alexander Champernowne of Modbury and Joan Ferrers, da. of Martyn Ferrers of Bere Ferrers. He thus acquired the manors of Callington, Cornwall. and Bere Ferrers amongst others and he had four children with Blanche, Robert Willoughby, 2nd Baron Willoughby de Broke. Predeceased by his son and heir Edward, whereupon the title became abeyant in 1521 between Edwards three daughters and was terminated around 1535, when daughter Elizabeth became sole heiress. Elizabeth, who married firstly John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham, and secondly William FitzAlan, 18th Earl of Arundel. The Strife of the Roses & Days of the Tudors in the West, Exeter,1890, Our Steward of Household, Robert, Lord Willoughby de Broke, K. G. pp. 346–7 & Appendix 3, pedigree of Willoughby de Broke. Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages – Peerages beginning with W Wellesley to Willoughby of Parham, Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke. Baron Willoughby of Broke from Crofts Peerage
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
–
Effigy of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke(d.1502), alabaster, St Mary's Church, Callington, Cornwall
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
–
19th-century drawings of monumental effigy of Robert Willoughby,
Callington Church, Cornwall. He wears the collar of the
Order of the Garter and his head rests on the crest of Willoughby a Saracen's head, couped at the shoulders, ducally crowned, and with earrings
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke
26.
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
–
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, 4th Earl of Waterford, KG, KB, PC was the son of John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, and Lady Catherine Stafford, daughter of the 1st Duke of Buckingham. The Earl was born at Shifnal, Shropshire, in 1468 and he succeeded to his fathers peerage in 1473, when aged five years, and was knighted in the Order of the Bath in 1475. Under King Henry VII, the Earl was a distinguished and honoured warrior, the Earl fought with distinction against Lambert Simnel at the Battle of Stoke. The Earl was created a Knight of the Garter after the battle, in 1489 he joined the English expedition to Flanders to aid the Emperor against the French. The same year, upon the birth of Henrys second child, on the accession of King Henry VIII, the Earl continued to serve the King as he did his father and again distinguished himself amongst his peers as a great warrior. He was Lieutenant-General of the English army sent to invade France in 1512, where he was present at the Battle of the Spurs and captured Thérouanne in August 1513. He was later present at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, was placed in command of the army sent to control the border of Scotland and he also signed the articles against Cardinal Thomas Wolsey in 1529. On 4 Nov 1530, Wolsey was arrested for treason and brought south from York for his trial and he was treated kindly by the Earl and his family, who tried to make his stay as comfortable as possible. However, Wolsey became very ill before leaving Sheffield while under guard, when the rebellion in the north broke out in October 1536, Shrewsbury promptly raised forces on his own authority, and his courage and fidelity on this occasion perhaps saved Henrys crown. An armistice was agreed upon, and the insurgents laid their demands before the King. Having a large family and being a wealthy man, he found the castle accommodation extremely cramped. He broke with the tradition of his family and decided to make Sheffield his home and this castle is best known for later holding Mary, Queen of Scots, prisoner and indeed it was the 6th Earl, the Earls grandson, who confined her. In 1516, he decided to build himself a mansion on a hill about two miles away. In 1520, he had a chapel added to the church at Sheffield to serve as a family chapel with a burial vault below. This is now known as the Shrewsbury Chapel and now forms a part of Sheffield Cathedral. In 1538, the Earl died, aged 70, while at Wingfield Manor and he was laid to rest in the Shrewsbury Chapel along with his first wife, Lady Anne. The monument to Talbot and his two wives can still be seen in the church and he married before 27 June 1481 at age 13, his second cousin, Lady Anne Hastings, daughter of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, and Katherine Neville. Lady Anne was at court as one of Katherine of Aragon’s ladies-in-waiting at the beginning of Henry VIII’s reign, Lady Anne was a maternal half-sister of Cecily Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
–
Effigy of George Talbot on the Talbot monument in Shrewsbury Chapel,
Sheffield Cathedral. His wife Anne is on his right side and Elizabeth on his left.
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
–
Ruins of Sheffield Manor, c.1819
George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury
–
The Shrewsbury Chapel in
Sheffield Cathedral (commissioned by George Talbot)
27.
Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex
–
Radcliffe had five sisters, Mary, the wife of Sir Edward Darrell, Bridget, Ursula, Jane, a nun, and Anne, wife of Sir Walter Hobart. In October 1495 Robert Radcliffes father was attainted of treason for confederacy with the pretender, Perkin Warbeck. His life was spared, and he was imprisoned at Guisnes, after he unsuccessfully attempted to escape, he was beheaded at Calais about 24 November 1496. Radcliffes mother was living on 6 July 1518, the date of her death is unknown. In his youth Radcliffe was in the service of King Henry VII and his elder son and heir, Arthur, Prince of Wales. Radcliffes fathers attainder was reversed by letters patent dated 3 November 1505, on 23 June 1509 he was made a Knight of the Bath, and on the following day officiated as Lord Sewer at the coronation of King Henry VIII. In 1515 he was at Westminster Abbey when Wolsey received his cardinals hat, Radcliffe served in the vanguard under George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, in the invasion of France in 1513, and was at the sieges of Therouanne and Tournai. In June 1520 he attended Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold and at his meetings with the Emperor Charles V in July 1520, Sussex also took the Kings part on the divorce issue. In 1539 Sussex was one of the appointed to defend the Thames. On 3 January 1540 he attended Henry VIII at the reception of Anne of Cleves at Blackheath, on 3 August 1540 he was granted a lifetime appointment as Lord Great Chamberlain. Robert Radcliffe died 27 November 1542, George Radcliffe, who married Katherine Marney, the daughter of John Marney, 2nd Baron Marney. After Radcliffes death, his widow married Thomas Poynings, 1st Baron Poynings, Anne Radcliffe, who married Thomas Wharton, 2nd Baron Wharton. Thirdly on 14 January 1537 Sussex married Mary Arundell, a daughter of Sir John Arundell of Lanherne St. Mawgan-in-Pyder, Cornwall, by his second wife, Katherine Grenvile. After Sussexs death on 27 November 1542, his widow Mary married, on 19 December 1545, as his wife, Henry FitzAlan. There were no issue of the marriage, Sussex had by Mary Arundell two sons, a first-born son baptized 22 March 1538 who died in infancy, Sir John Radcliffe of Cleeve, Somerset, younger son. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.135, the Complete Peerage edited by Geoffrey H. White. Radcliffe, Robert, first earl of Sussex, fitzalan, Henry, twelfth earl of Arundel. Everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, everingham, Kimball G. ed. Magna Carta Ancestry, A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex
–
Field of the Cloth of Gold, engraving by James Basire (1774)
Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex
–
Arms of Sir Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, KG
28.
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
–
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, 1st Viscount Lisle, KG was the son of Sir William Brandon and Elizabeth Bruyn. Through his third wife Mary Tudor he was brother-in-law to Henry VIII and his father was the standard-bearer of Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. Suffolk died of unknown causes at Guildford, Charles Brandon was the second but only surviving son of Sir William Brandon, Henry Tudors standard-bearer at the Battle of Bosworth Field, where he was slain by Richard III. His mother, Elizabeth Bruyn, was daughter and co-heiress of Sir Henry Bruyn, Charles Brandon was brought up at the court of Henry VII. He is described by Dugdale as a person comely of stature, high of courage and conformity of disposition to King Henry VIII, Brandon held a succession of offices in the royal household, becoming Master of the Horse in 1513, and received many valuable grants of land. On 15 May 1513, he was created Viscount Lisle, having entered into a contract with his ward, Elizabeth Grey. The contract was ended and the title was forfeited as a result of Brandons marriage to Mary Tudor in 1515 and he distinguished himself at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournai in the French campaign of 1513. One of the agents of Margaret of Savoy, governor of the Netherlands, writing from before Thérouanne, reminded her that Lord Lisle was a second king and advised her to write him a kind letter. After his marriage to Mary, Suffolk lived for years in retirement. In 1523 he was sent to Calais to command the English troops there. He invaded France in company with Floris dEgmont, Count of Buren, who was at the head of the Flemish troops, and laid waste the north of France, after Wolseys disgrace, Suffolks influence increased daily. He was one of the appointed by Henry to dismiss Catherines household. His family had a residence on the west side of Borough High Street, London, Suffolk supported Henrys ecclesiastical policy, receiving a large share of the lands after the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1544, he was for the time in command of an English army for the invasion of France. He died at Guildford, Surrey, on 24 August in the following year, at Henry VIIIs expense he was buried at Windsor in St Georges Chapel. Suffolk took part in the jousts which celebrated the marriage of Mary Tudor, Henrys sister and he was accredited to negotiate various matters with Louis, and on Louis death was sent to congratulate the new King, Francis I, and to negotiate Marys return to England. Love between Suffolk and the young Dowager Queen Mary had existed before her marriage, and Francis roundly charged him with an intention to marry her, the pair cut short the difficulties by a private marriage on 5 March 1515. Suffolk announced this to Thomas Wolsey, who had been their fast friend and they were openly married at Greenwich Hall on 13 May
Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk
–
His Grace The Duke of Suffolk, detail of a double wedding portrait attributed to
Jan Gossaert, c. 1516.
.jpg)
