1.
Order of Canada
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The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
2.
Peabody Award
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Reflecting excellence in quality, rather than popularity or commercial success, the Peabody is awarded to about 25–35 winners annually from more than 1,000 entries. Because submissions are accepted from a variety of sources and styles. Each entry is evaluated on the achievement of standards it establishes within its own contexts, entries are self-selected by those making submissions, for which a US$350 fee is required. In 1938, the National Association of Broadcasters formed a committee to recognize outstanding achievement in radio broadcasting. Fellow WSB employee Lessie Smithgall introduced Lambdin to John E. Drewry, of the University of Georgias Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, the Peabody Award was established in 1940 with the Grady College of Journalism as its permanent home. The Peabody Awards were originally only for radio, but in 1948 television awards were introduced, in the late 1990s additional categories for material distributed via the World Wide Web were added. Materials created solely for theatrical motion picture release are not eligible, the Peabody Awards judging process is unusually rigorous. Board members discuss recommended entries as well as their own selections at intensive preliminary meetings in Los Angeles and Washington, the Board convenes at the Peabody Offices on the University of Georgia campus in late March for final screenings and deliberations. Each entrant is judged on its own merit, and only unanimously selected programs receive Peabodys, there is no set number of Peabodys, the all-time record for Peabody recipients in a single year is 46 Awards in 2013. George Foster Peabody, namesake of the awards, was a successful investment banker who devoted much of his fortune to education. John E. Drewry was the first dean of the University of Georgias Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and he accepted the position of dean when it was created in 1940. That same year he helped Lambdin Kay, general manager of Atlantas WSB Radio, dr. Worth McDougald served as Director of the Peabody Awards program from 1963 until his retirement in 1991. Barry Sherman was the Director of the George Foster Peabody Awards program at the University of Georgia from 1991 until his death in 2000. Horace Newcomb held the Lambdin Kay Chair for the Peabodys in the Grady College of Journalism, jeffrey P. Jones succeeded Horace Newcomb in July 2013 as the Lambdin Kay Chair for the Peabodys in the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia. Each spring, Peabody organizers announce award recipients for work covering the previous year, traditionally, the winners announcements have been made via a simple press release and/or a press conference. In recent years, however, organizers have taken to television to reveal some Peabody recipients in an effort to expand the publics awareness of the awards. An April 2014 segment of CBS This Morning included an announcement of 2013 Peabody winners, in April 2015, the 2014 Peabodys were revealed over an 8-day period, with the entertainment-based recipients revealed on ABCs Good Morning America. The formal presentations of the Peabody Awards are traditionally held in late May or early June, the ceremony for 2014 recipients were held for the first time at night in a May 31,2015 award ceremony to be hosted by Fred Armisen
3.
Mandatory Palestine
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Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity under British administration, carved out of Ottoman Southern Syria after World War I. British civil administration in Palestine operated from 1920 until 1948, further confusing the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the wars end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria, the British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The civil Mandate administration was formalized with the League of Nations consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, the land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz. The divergent tendencies regarding the nature and purpose of the mandate are visible already in the discussions concerning the name for this new entity. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called Southern Syria in order to emphasise its close relation with another Arab State. During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs, following its occupation by British troops in 1917–1918, Palestine was governed by the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration. In July 1920, the administration was replaced by a civilian administration headed by a High Commissioner. The first High Commissioner, Herbert Samuel, a Zionist recent cabinet minister, arrived in Palestine on 20 June 1920, following the arrival of the British, Muslim-Christian Associations were established in all the major towns. In 1919 they joined to hold the first Palestine Arab Congress in Jerusalem and its main platforms were a call for representative government and opposition to the Balfour Declaration. The Zionist Commission was formed in March 1918 and was active in promoting Zionist objectives in Palestine, on 19 April 1920, elections were held for the Assembly of Representatives of the Palestinian Jewish community. The Zionist Commission received official recognition in 1922 as representative of the Palestinian Jewish community, Rutenberg soon established an electric company whose shareholders were Zionist organizations, investors, and philanthropists. Palestinian-Arabs saw it as proof that the British intended to favor Zionism, when Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Kamil al-Husayni died in March 1921, High Commissioner Samuel appointed his half-brother Mohammad Amin al-Husseini to the position. Amin al-Husseini, a member of the clan of Jerusalem, was an Arab nationalist. As Grand Mufti, as well as the influential positions that he held during this period. In 1922, al-Husseini was elected President of the Supreme Muslim Council which had created by Samuel in December 1921. The Council controlled the Waqf funds, worth annually tens of thousands of pounds, in addition, he controlled the Islamic courts in Palestine
4.
Saturday Night Live
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Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
5.
Late Night (TV series)
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Late Night is an American late-night talk and variety show airing on NBC since 1982. Four men have hosted Late Night, David Letterman, Conan OBrien, Jimmy Fallon, each iteration of the show was built around its host, and maintained distinct identities aside from the title. The longest-serving host to date was OBrien, who hosted Late Night with Conan OBrien for 16 years, the show replaced The Tomorrow Show, hosted by Tom Snyder, on Mondays through Thursdays. It did not expand to Fridays until 1987, when Friday Night Videos was moved back an hour to accommodate a five-day-a-week Late Night, Late Night originated from NBC Studio 6A at the RCA Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City. The program ran four nights a week, Monday to Thursday, Friday shows were added in June 1987. Entertainment Television purchased broadcast rights to Late Night, the network aired complete shows from various years five days per week from 1993 until 1996. Then Trio picked up reruns and showed them from 2002 until the channel went off the air in 2005, a number of programs were sold by GoodTimes Entertainment in 1992–93. These episodes were stripped of the theme, open and close. No DVD release is currently scheduled, a total of 1,819 shows were broadcast during its eleven and a half year run. Peter Ustinov was a guest on the one-shot 360-degree episode, during which the shows image gradually rotated 360 degrees during the course of an hour. Upon Johnny Carsons retirement from The Tonight Show in 1992, executives at NBC announced that Carsons permanent guest host Jay Leno would take over Tonight, NBC later claimed that Lettermans high ratings for Late Night was the reason it kept Letterman where he was. Letterman was bitterly disappointed and angry at not having been given The Tonight Show job, CBS signed Letterman to compete directly opposite Lenos Tonight Show at 11,35 PM. He moved his show over to CBS virtually unchanged, taking most of the staff, skits, NBC was faced with an unexpected need to replace not just Letterman, but Late Night itself. The network still owned the name, but needed to build a new show from scratch. The show was first offered to Dana Carvey and Garry Shandling, Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels company, Broadway Video, replaced Carson Productions and Lettermans Worldwide Pants as the shows co-production company, in partnership with NBC Studios. Michaels took a role in redeveloping the show, and comedians Jon Stewart, Drew Carey. Michaels suggested to OBrien, a writer for The Simpsons and former writer for Saturday Night Live. Despite having about 40 seconds of television-performance experience as an extra on Saturday Night Live sketches
6.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
7.
The Kids in the Hall
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The Kids in the Hall is a Canadian sketch comedy group formed in 1984, consisting of comedians Dave Foley, Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Mark McKinney, and Scott Thompson. Their eponymous television show ran from 1989 to 1995 on CBC in Canada, and CBS, HBO, the theme song for the show was the instrumental Having an Average Weekend by the Canadian band Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet. The troupe made one film, Brain Candy, which was released in 1996, the troupe reformed for various tours and comedy festivals in 2000. They later reunited for a miniseries, Death Comes to Town in January 2010. Before the troupe formed, Bruce McCulloch and Mark McKinney were working together doing Theatresports in Calgary, norm Hiscock, Gary Campbell, and Frank Van Keeken were co-members and later became writers on the show. At the same time, Dave Foley and Kevin McDonald were performing around Toronto as The Kids in the Hall. In 1984, the two met in Toronto, and began performing regularly as KITH, with a rotating band of members. When Scott Thompson was invited to join in January 1985, the group had its final form, the same year, McCulloch and Foley appeared in the Anne of Green Gables series, as Diana Barrys husband and a former classmate of Annes from the fictional Queens College, respectively. After SNLs Lorne Michaels saw them perform as a troupe, plans began for a TV show, the series first debuted as a one-hour pilot special which aired on HBO and CBC Television in 1988, and began airing as a regular weekly series on both services in 1989. The regular series premiered July 21,1989 on HBO, in the U. S. the first three seasons were on HBO before it moved to CBS in 1993, where it stayed for two more seasons airing late Friday nights. CBC aired the show for the duration of its run. A recurring character was Mr. Tyzik, played by McKinney, McKinney also played Chicken Lady, a shrill-voiced sexually excitable human-chicken hybrid. Many of the sketches featured gay characters and themes, most of these sketches were written by and starred Scott Thompson, the Kids frequently appeared as themselves rather than as characters, and some sketches dealt directly with the fact that they were a comedy troupe producing a TV show. For example, Kevin McDonald announces that if the sketch is not successful. In another episode, Thompson declares that he isnt gay anymore, in yet another sketch McDonald complains the setup is cliché and his character one-dimensional. Monologues were a staple of the show, Scott Thompsons Buddy Cole monologues are the best known, but the other Kids performed solo pieces as well. McCulloch in particular performed monologues that consisted of him, acting as himself, telling stories of the struggles. The show originated in Canada, and the content was at times edited slightly for U. S. broadcast tastes, sketches mocking religion were sometimes cut down or removed, necessitating the addition of material from other episodes to round out the half-hour
8.
The Tonight Show
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The Tonight Show is an American late-night talk show currently broadcast from the Rockefeller Center in New York City and airing on NBC since 1954. It is the worlds longest-running talk show, and the longest running and it is the third-longest-running show on NBC, after the news-and-talk shows Today and Meet the Press. Over the course of more than 60 years, The Tonight Show has undergone only minor title changes and it aired under the name Tonight for several of its early years, eventually settling on The Tonight Show after the seating of long-time host Johnny Carson in 1962. In 1957, the show briefly tried a more news-style format and it has otherwise remained a talk show throughout its run. The Tonight Show began broadcasting in 1954 and it has had six official hosts, beginning with Steve Allen, followed by Jack Paar, Johnny Carson, Jay Leno, Conan OBrien, and Jimmy Fallon. It has had recurring guest hosts, a practice especially common during the Paar. Carson is the longest-serving host to date, the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson aired for 30 seasons between October 1962 and May 1992. Leno, however, has the record of having hosted the greatest number of total televised episodes, during Johnny Carsons first eighteen years, the show ran for ninety minutes. During Johnnys 1980 contract negotiations, the show was shortened to sixty minutes, besides the guest hosts Johnny used, NBC ran The Best of Carson which was reruns of popular older shows Johnny had done. Prior to the starting of Saturday Night Live in 1975, NBC showed The Best of Carson on Saturday nights at 11,30 pm, outside of its brief run as a news show in 1957, OBrien is the shortest-serving host. OBrien hosted 146 episodes over the course of less than eight months, current host Fallon took the helm on February 17,2014. Fallon had previously hosted Late Night, and before Late Night he was a member of the cast of Saturday Night Live. From 1950 to 1951 NBC aired Broadway Open House, a variety show hosted primarily by comic Jerry Lester. Broadway… demonstrated the potential for late-night network programming. The format of The Tonight Show can be traced to a nightly 40-minute local program in New York, hosted by Allen and it was quickly retitled The Steve Allen Show. This premiered in 1953 on WNBT-TV, the local affiliate in New York City. Beginning in September 1954, it was renamed Tonight. and began its run on the full NBC network. Notes for hosting history The first Tonight announcer was Gene Rayburn, when the show became a success, Allen got a primetime Sunday comedy/variety show in June 1956, leading him to share Tonight hosting duties with Ernie Kovacs during the 1956–57 season
9.
Kibbutz
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A kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania, today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism, in recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a kibbutznik, in 2010, there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel. Their factories and farms account for 9% of Israels industrial output, worth US$8 billion, some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. For example, in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, the kibbutzim were founded by members of the Bilu movement who emigrated to Palestine. The first kibbutz was Degania Alef, founded in 1909, joseph Baratz, one of the pioneers of the kibbutz movement, wrote a book about his experiences. We were happy enough working on the land, but we knew more and more certainly that the ways of the old settlements were not for us. This was not the way we hoped to settle the old way with Jews on top and Arabs working for them, anyway, we thought that there shouldnt be employers. There must be a better way, though Baratz and others wanted to farm the land themselves, becoming independent farmers was not a realistic option in 1909. Ottoman Palestine was a harsh environment, the Galilee was swampy, the Judaean Mountains rocky, and the south of the country, the Negev, was a desert. To make things more challenging, most of the settlers had no farming experience. The sanitary conditions were also poor, malaria, typhus and cholera were rampant. Bedouins would raid farms and settled areas, sabotage of irrigation canals and burning of crops were also common. Living collectively was simply the most logical way to be secure in an unwelcoming land, finally, the land had been purchased by the greater Jewish community. From around the world, Jews dropped coins into Jewish National Fund Blue Boxes for land purchases in Palestine, in 1909, Baratz, nine other men, and two women established themselves at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee near the Arab village of Umm Juni/Juniya. These teenagers had hitherto worked as day laborers converting wetlands for human development, as masons and their dream was now to work for themselves, building up the land. They called their community Kvutzat Degania, now Degania Alef, the founders of Degania endured backbreaking labor, The body is crushed, the legs fail, the head hurts, the sun burns and weakens, wrote one of the pioneers
10.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
11.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
12.
Forest Hill Collegiate Institute
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Forest Hill Collegiate Institute is a semestered public high school of about 950 students and 55 teachers located in the Toronto, Ontario neighbourhood of Forest Hill, Canada. It is part of the Toronto District School Board, prior to 1998, it was within the Toronto Board of Education. The Student Council executive is selected in spring by an election for the year following election campaigns. Executives positions include President, Vice-President, Treasurer/Secretary, Social Representative, Sports Representative, the Student Council carries out and plans activities such as Hillstock. Selections for school Prefect position are held in the spring for the following year, teachers and current Prefects vote on who will be selected as a Prefect. Twenty-five elite student Prefects are selected, the Prefects are elite students who strive to help all students feel welcomed in the school. They host events such as grade 8 orientation days, concerts, curriculum information nights, commencement and they also come early to school and stay late for events such as the annual Pancake Breakfast and the Parent/Teacher Interviews. The name of the Prefects are engraved on wood plaques and can be found in the music hallway, a body of students are committed to the management of music related activities. Positions include President, Vice-President, Treasurer, Secretary, Band Representative, Strings Representative, Vocal Representative, Stage Crew Manager, Student Council liaison, FHCI offers a cooperative program that allows students in grades 11 and 12 to gain work experience. Each student that participates in this program receives 2.0 credits out of 4.0 for one semester, students are able to choose the field in which they want to work and in turn get matched by the supervising faculty member. Students put both working hours and class hours into the program, School events include, Hillstock, a celebration for students and staff to celebrate the end of a school year. Students usually receive yearbooks on this day, the winter concert called Celebration of Music is held in December and the spring concert called Sounds of Spring is held in May. Pink Day, in support of anti-bullying, Toronto Police Chief Bill Blair attended the schools Pink Day assembly as his last appearance before stepping down. Roland Paris, Senior Advisor to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Bernard Sherman, billionaire chairman and CEO of Apotex Inc
13.
University College, Toronto
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University College is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary, baldwin envisioned that denominational colleges would soon decide to affiliate themselves under the secular University of Toronto with some vague status, perhaps as divinity halls. His hopes were dashed when the Presbyterian Queens College in Kingston opted to stay independent, baldwin resigned as premier in 1851, leaving his successor, Francis Hincks, to find another way to persuade the denominational colleges. Hincks decided that the university should adopt the collegiate university governance model, used for centuries at Oxbridge, on April 22,1853, University College was created as the Provincial College, and it retains that designation in the current University of Toronto Act. It was the first constituent college of the University of Toronto, inheriting the functions and resources of the former Kings College. Frederick William Cumberland was appointed in 1856 as the university architect to design and oversee the construction of the new building. The following year, Knox College and Victoria College also joined the University of Toronto, University College was severely damaged by a fire that gutted the entire eastern wing and the college library on February 14,1890. The fire spread rapidly when servants accidentally dropped two kerosene lamps on a staircase at around 7 p. m. while preparing the illumination for an annual college exhibition. And is now, so far as its material fabric goes, only about 100 books were rescued before the fire consumed more than 33,000 volumes at the college library. Despite the initial fears, University College recovered from the fire with remarkable ease, wycliffe College and Knox College both offered space for classes to accommodate displaced students. The board of trustees commissioned a restoration of the structure with insurance compensations. Within two years, the library was replenished with donations from throughout the British Empire. During the boycott of classes, professor of history George MacKinnon Wrong wrote to Chancellor Blake in England that only one student turned up at one of his lectures. The strike continued until February 20, when students voted to return to classes after the government agreed to call a commission of inquiry, the main building of University College was built between 1856 and 1859, designed by architects Frederick William Cumberland and William George Storm. The design committee would eventually include Norman, Romanesque Revival, and “faint traces of Byzantium, in particular, the Byzantine, Norman and early English styles were deemed “fitting for educational institutions”. Cumberland chose Norman Romanesque as the main influence because he thought it was the most appreciate for the topography in Canada, to achieve a picturesque approach, Cumberland ignored the classical symmetry and deliberately gave an asymmetrical architectural expression. The building was a combination of varied parts incorporating British design for educational structures in England and Ireland
14.
Frank Shuster
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Frank Shuster, OC was a Canadian comedian best known as a member of the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster, alongside Johnny Wayne. Shuster was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Toronto, Ontario and his family returned to Toronto in time for Shuster to attend high school at Torontos Harbord Collegiate Institute, where he met Johnny Wayne in 1930. The two would soon be performing sketches and routines at school talent shows, continuing to do the same when they attended the University of Toronto. After the war, the duo appeared on CBC radio and television and they appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show over 66 times. The duo would remain a team for 60 years, until Waynes death in 1990. In 1996, Shuster was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, Shuster was married to Ruth Shuster and had two children, Rosie and Steve. Rosie Shuster was a writer for Saturday Night Live and other television programs. Steve Shuster is also in the entertainment industry and he was also the cousin of Joe Shuster, co-creator of Superman. Frank Shuster died on January 13,2002 in Toronto, Ontario Canada, Frank Shuster at the Internet Movie Database Frank Shuster at Find a Grave
15.
Wayne and Shuster
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Wayne and Shuster were a Canadian comedy duo formed by Johnny Wayne and Frank Shuster. They were active professionally from the early 1940s until the late 1980s, Wayne and Shuster were well known in Canada, and were Ed Sullivans most frequently recurring guests, appearing a record 67 times on his show. Wayne and Shuster met as school students at Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto, Ontario. This exposure resulted in the pair being given their own show on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation s Trans-Canada Network as Shuster & Wayne. They enlisted in the Canadian Army in 1942, and performed for the troops in Europe during World War II as part of the Army Show and they returned to Canada to create The Wayne and Shuster Show for CBC Radio in 1946. They first performed on The Ed Sullivan Show in the United States in 1958, Wayne and Shuster turned down many offers to go to the U. S. permanently, preferring to remain in Toronto. In 1965 The Wayne & Shuster Hour won the Silver Rose at the Rose dOr Television Festival, in 1965, the duo made a series of six short documentaries about comedians such as W. C. Fields and the Marx Brothers, titled Wayne and Shuster Take an Affectionate Look At. which were telecast on CBS in the summer of 1966, the programs were scored by John Williams. This series, incidentally, was the last US network prime time series to premiere in black and they were an influence for later Canadian comedians, such as Lorne Michaels, the Royal Canadian Air Farce and The Kids in the Hall. Mann, Paul Soles, Marilyn Stuart, Roy Wordsworth, John Davies, Carol Robinson, Lou Pitoscia, Peggy Mahon, Don Ewer, musical director was Canadian jazz artist Norman Amadio. They performed literate comedy, combined with slapstick and this sketch spawned the popular catchphrase, Julie, dont go. After the opening of the Stratford Festival of Canada in 1958, they created a skit involving characters from Hamlet. The duo treated these sketches the way singers treat their most popular songs by performing new renditions many times over the years. Some of Waynes characters were scientific in nature, and used Professor Waynegartner, a derivation of his birth name, the duo often based their sketches on contemporary events, trends and television programs. They spoofed All in the Family as All in the Royal Family, with the king calling Hamlet, Meathead, as Paramount was about to release Star Trek, The Motion Picture, the duo spoofed it with Star Schtick. When The Equalizer went on the air, they responded with The Tranquilizer, similarly, The Six Million Dollar Man became The Six Hundred Dollar Man, assembled with body parts such as rump, $6 at Loblaws. When Dallas was popular, it was spoofed with a character determined to corner the fertilizer market, Fantasy Island was spoofed with Fantasy Motel. Not even their home network CBC was safe, around the same time that Anne of Green Gables aired, they spoofed it with Sam of Green Gables, in which Green Gables farm is mistakenly sent a curmudgeonly old man from a retirement home
16.
CBC Radio
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CBC Radio is the English-language radio operations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The CBC operates a number of radio networks serving different audiences and programming niches, CBC Radio operates three English language networks. CBC Radio One - Primarily news and information, CBC Radio One broadcasts to most communities across Canada, until 1997, it was known as CBC Radio. CBC Radio 2 - Broadcasts music, arts and culture programming, including opera, classical music, jazz and it was previously known as CBC Radio Two, and before that CBC Stereo. Each year the service records hundreds of concerts for broadcast across the country. CBC Radio 3 - Broadcasts a youth-oriented indie rock format on Internet radio, some content from Radio 3 was also broadcast as weekend programming on Radio Two until March 2007. From 1944 to 1962 CBCs English service operated two networks, the main Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network. In 1962 the Dominion Network was disbanded and the Trans-Canada Network became known as CBC Radio and, in 1997, in some cases CBC announcers will still say CBC Radio in reference to programs that air only on Radio One. The CBC English service launched the CBC Radio app for iPhone on August 13,2009, the free app provides 19 live streams for Radio One,2 and 3, and 60 on-demand services, including TV Audio and streams from CBC Music. The app runs on iPhone and iPod Touch devices 2.2.1 and higher, and includes features such as a schedule, sleep timer. The app was updated in November 2010 to be usable on an iPad, the CBC also operates two French language radio networks, each of which has a similar programming focus to one of the corporations English-language radio networks. A third service was discontinued in 2013, Ici Radio-Canada Première - News and information. Ici Musique - Music, arts and culture, bande à part - Youth-oriented programming on Internet and Sirius, although some content continues to air as weekend programming on Espace musique, the prececessor of Ici Musique. The CBC operates Radio Canada International, an online service, RCI ended its shortwave radio broadcast in June 2012. The CBC formerly operated Galaxie, a digital radio service which provides 45 channels of music programming to digital cable subscribers in both English and French. This service is now operated by Stingray Digital, who relaunched the service as Stingray Music. Beginning in 2012, CBC Radio is losing some of its funding as a result of cuts in Canadian government spending. Advertisements discontinued by September 1,2016, List of CBC radio AM transmitters in Canada List of defunct CBC radio transmitters in Canada Nolan, Michael
17.
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
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Rowan & Martins Laugh-In is an American sketch comedy television program that ran for 140 episodes from January 22,1968, to March 12,1973, on the NBC television network. Laugh-In originally aired as a special on September 9,1967. In 2002, Rowan & Martins Laugh-In was ranked number 42 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, the show was characterized by a rapid-fire series of gags and sketches, many of which conveyed sexual innuendo or were politically charged. The co-hosts continued the exasperated straight man and dumb guy act which they had established as nightclub comics, each episode followed a somewhat similar format, often including recurring sketches. The show started with a dialogue between Rowan and Martin. Shortly afterward, Rowan would intone, Cmon Dick, lets go to the party, the show then proceeded through rapid-fire comedy bits, taped segments, and recurring sketches. The Rompus Room cocktail party was similar in format to the Word Dance segments of A Thurber Carnival, at the end of every show, Rowan turned to his co-host and said, Say good night, Dick, to which Martin replied, Good night, Dick. The show then featured cast members opening panels in a psychedelically painted joke wall, although most episodes include most of the above segments, the arrangement of the segments was often interchanged. The show often featured guest stars, Ruth Buzzi, Judy Carne, Henry Gibson, Larry Hovis, Arte Johnson, and Jo Anne Worley appeared in the pilot special from 1967. Only the two hosts, announcer Gary Owens, and Buzzi, Carne, Gibson, and Johnson, were in all 14 episodes of season one, eileen Brennan, Hovis, and Roddy Maude-Roxby left after the first season. The second season had a handful of new people, including Alan Sues, Dave Madden, All of the new cast members from season two left at the end of that season, except Alan Sues, who stayed on until 1972. At the end of the 1968–69 season, Carne chose not to renew her contract, the third season had several new people who only stayed on for that season, Teresa Graves, Jeremy Lloyd, Pamela Rodgers, and Byron Gilliam. Lily Tomlin joined in the middle of the season, Jo Anne Worley, Goldie Hawn, and Judy Carne left after the season. Arte Johnson, who created many characters, insisted on star billing. The producer mollified him, but had announcer Gary Owens read Johnsons credit as a sentence, Starring Dan Rowan. This maneuver gave Johnson star billing, but made it sound like he was part of the ensemble cast. Johnson left the show after the 1970–71 season, Henry Gibson also departed after the 1970–71 season. Johnson and he were replaced by former Hogans Heroes stars Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis, however, the loss of Johnsons many popular characters caused ratings to drop further
18.
Phyllis Diller
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Diller was a groundbreaking stand-up comic—one of the first female comics to become a household name in the U. S. She paved the way for Joan Rivers, Roseanne Barr, and Ellen Degeneres, among others, Diller had a large gay following and is considered a gay icon. She was also one of the first celebrities to openly champion plastic surgery, Diller worked in more than 40 films, beginning with 1961s Splendor in the Grass. She appeared in television series, often in cameos, but also including her own short-lived sitcom. Some of her credits are The Night Gallery, The Muppet Show, The Love Boat, Cybill, and Boston Legal, plus eleven seasons of The Bold and the Beautiful. Her voice-acting roles included the wife in Mad Monster Party, the Queen in A Bugs Life, Granny Neutron in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius. Diller was born Phyllis Ada Driver in Lima, Ohio on July 17,1917, the child of Perry Marcus Driver, an insurance agent. She had German and Irish ancestry and she was raised Methodist but later became an atheist. Her parents were older than most when she was born and Diller attended several funerals while growing up, the exposure to death at a young age led her to an early appreciation for life and she later realized that her comedy was a form of therapy. She attended Limas Central High School and discovered she had the gift of early on. Although she wasnt a class clown, calling herself a quiet and dedicated student and she met Sherwood Diller at Bluffton and they married in 1939. Diller didnt finish school and was primarily a housewife, taking care of their five children, after moving to Alameda, California, Diller began working in broadcasting in 1952 at KROW radio in Oakland, California. Diller also worked as a copywriter at KSFO radio in San Francisco, with the encouragement of her husband, Diller made her debut as a stand-up comedian at age 37 in the basement of the San Francisco North Beach club, The Purple Onion, on March 7,1955. Up until then, she had tried out her jokes for fellow PTA moms at nearby Edison Elementary School. Her first professional show was a success and the two-week booking stretched out to 89 consecutive weeks, Diller had found her calling and eventual financial success while her husbands business career failed. She explained, I became a stand-up comedienne because I had a sit-down husband, in a 1986 NPR interview, Diller said she had no idea what she was doing when she started playing clubs and in the beginning she never saw another woman on the comedy circuit. She wrote her own material and kept a file cabinet full of her gags, sid Caesar, Milton Berle, and Jonathan Winters were early influences, but Diller developed a singular comedic persona — a surreal version of femininity. At the time, Diller said, They had no idea what I was and it was like—Get a stick and kill it before it multiplies
19.
The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour
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The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour is a Canadian television variety show that aired on CBC Television in 1970 and 1971. It was part of Sunday At Nine, a CBC anthology that included documentaries, dramas, the show starred Hart Pomerantz and Lorne Michaels. The show mixed comedy sketches with musical guests, in a similar to Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. Lorne Michaels Hart Pomerantz The cast also included, Among the shows guests were James Taylor. Setting up the opening monologue from CBC
20.
Dick Ebersol
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Duncan Dick Ebersol is an American television executive and a senior adviser for NBC Universal Sports & Olympics. He had previously been the chairman of NBC Sports, producing large scale events such as the Olympic Games. Ebersol was born in Torrington, Connecticut, the son of Mary and Charles Roberts Ebersol and he and Josiah Bunting III are half-brothers. In 1974, he joined NBC as Director of Weekend Late Night Programming, in 1975 Ebersol and Lorne Michaels conceived and developed Saturday Night Live. Named as Vice President of Late Night Programming at age 28, after a brief departure, he returned to SNL in 1981 as executive producer and remained until 1985, spanning the Eddie Murphy and Billy Crystal eras. In 1983, Ebersol formed No Sleep Productions, an independent production company that created Emmy Award-winning NBC shows Friday Night Videos, together with Vince McMahon, Ebersol produced Saturday Nights Main Event. When Ebersol left SNL in 1985, he devoted his time to his company until rejoining NBC in 1989. Ebersol also served as vice president of NBC News. Ebersol became president of NBC Sports in 1989, and was promoted to Chairman and he served as executive producer for the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, his first Olympics since Munich in 1972 for ABC. During the 1995–96 television season, for the time in history. It was following this run in 1996 that The Sporting News named Ebersol the Most Powerful Person in Sports, by January 1998, NBC had become the home of four Super Bowls in six years. In 1993, he secured the rights to the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympics, in August 1995, he acquired the rights for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. It marked the first time that rights for consecutive Olympics were awarded at the same time, Later that same year, he spearheaded NBC Sports acquisition of the exclusive media rights for the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics, and the 2006 Winter Olympics. The agreements marked the first time that the network had been awarded the rights to five consecutive Olympics. In 2003, Ebersol led NBC to acquire the exclusive U. S. media rights to the 2010 Winter Games, in December 2003, Ebersol agreed to a nine-year contract to continue running NBC Sports & Olympics through 2012. He assumed the title as Chairman of NBC Universal Sports & Olympics in May 2004 when NBC and it is currently the second-most viewed program of all time. The New York Times stated that he intended to stay at NBC through the end of June 2011 and it was later reported that Ebersol would return to NBC Sports in time for the beginning of the 2011 NFL season to serve in a senior adviser role. Ebersol has often been in the top 10 honorees on The Sporting News annual list of the 100 most powerful sports figures, in 1992, Ebersol was awarded the Olympic Order, an honor periodically bestowed by the International Olympic Committee to recognize remarkable contributions to the Olympic Movement
21.
Deadpan
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Deadpan or dry humor/wit describes the act of deliberately displaying a lack of or no emotion, commonly as a form of comedic delivery to contrast with the ridiculousness of the subject matter. The delivery is meant to be blunt, sarcastic, laconic, the term deadpan first emerged as an adjective or adverb in the 1920s, as a compound word combining dead and pan. The oldest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary comes from The New York Times, the usage of deadpan as a verb is recorded at least as far back as 1942. Early in his days, Buster Keaton developed his deadpan expression. Keaton realized that audiences responded better to his stony expression than when he smiled, many popular American sitcoms use deadpan expressions to deliver dry humor, including Curb Your Enthusiasm, Arrested Development, and My Name Is Earl. More recent examples are Andre Braugher as Captain Raymond Holt from the TV show Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett in iCarly, another example is the often-philosophical comedy of Steven Wright. Dry humor is often confused with highbrow or egghead humor, because the humor in dry humor does not exist in the words or delivery, instead, the listener must look for humor in the contradiction between words, delivery and context. Failure to include the context or to identify the contradiction results in the finding the dry humor unfunny. However, the term deadpan itself actually refers only to the method of delivery, other deadpan comedians, Deadpan can vary in subtlety. Obvious deadpan uses a high amount of contrast either with characters or situations and it may also take the role of mirror to characters who are unaware of their folly. More subtle deadpan can test the limits of the audience. Blank expression Dark humor Minimisation Throwaway line
22.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
23.
Johnny Knoxville
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Johnny Knoxville is an American actor, film producer, screenwriter, comedian and stunt performer. He is best known as a co-creator and star of the MTV reality stunt show Jackass, a year later, Knoxville and his co-stars returned for the first installment in the Jackass film series, with a second and third installment being released in 2006 and 2010, respectively. Jackass Presents, Bad Grandpa, the first film in the series with a storyline, Knoxville has had acting roles in films such as Men in Black II, The Dukes of Hazzard, The Ringer, The Last Stand and Skiptrace. He also voiced Leonardo in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Knoxville was born Philip John Clapp, Jr. in Knoxville, Tennessee. His father, Philip Clapp, Sr. was a tire/car salesman, Knoxville credits a copy of Jack Kerouacs On the Road, given to him by his cousin, singer-songwriter Roger Alan Wade, with giving him the acting bug. After graduating from South-Young High School in 1989 in Knoxville, he moved to California to become an actor, in the beginning, Knoxville appeared mostly in commercials and made several minor appearances as an extra. When the big break he sought eluded him, he decided to create his own opportunities by writing and pitching ideas to various magazines. An idea to test self-defense equipment on himself captured the interest of Jeff Tremaines skateboarding magazine Big Brother, and the stunts were filmed and included in Big Brothers Number Two video. In October 2013 on the night talk show Conan, Knoxville revealed that he comes from significant inbreeding. Knoxville stated that he was not alarmed by this discovery, Knoxville is responsible for many of the ideas in Jackass, and is often seen as the de facto leader of the crew. The show also stars Jeff Tremaine, Sean Cliver, Joe Sperry, with help from Tremaines friend, film director Spike Jonze, they pitched a series to various networks. A deal was made with MTV and Jackass was born, Knoxville also participated in the Gumball 3000 for Jackass along with co-stars Steve-O, Chris Pontius, Jackass director Jeff Tremaine, and producer Dimitry Elyashkevich. Knoxville has been in feature films, most notably starring opposite Seann William Scott in Jay Chandrasekhars adaptation of The Dukes of Hazzard. He starred in Jackass, The Movie, Jackass Number Two and he played a two-headed alien in the 2002 film Men in Black II. Knoxville also worked with John Waters in A Dirty Shame in 2004 and he starred in the movie Lords of Dogtown as Topper Burks, made a minor appearance in the 2000 movie Coyote Ugly, and was featured as a guest voice on two episodes of King of the Hill. Knoxville appeared in the John Madden-directed adaptation of Elmore Leonards novel, Killshot and he guest-starred in a Season 3 episode Prank Wars on Viva La Bam, in which he and Ryan Dunn trashed Bam Margeras Hummer and performed other pranks. He also voiced himself in an episode of Family Guy, Knoxville also co-produces The Dudesons in America and the now-canceled Nitro Circus on MTV. In 2010, Knoxville hosted an online video for Palladium Boots titled Detroit Lives
24.
Zac Efron
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Zachary David Alexander Zac Efron is an American actor and singer. He began acting professionally in the early 2000s, and rose to prominence in the late 2000s for his role in the High School Musical franchise. During this time, he starred in the musical film Hairspray. He has since appeared in films like New Years Eve, The Lucky One, Neighbors, Dirty Grandpa, Efron was born in San Luis Obispo, California, and later moved to Arroyo Grande, California. His father, David Efron, is an engineer at a power station. Efron has a brother, Dylan, and had, as he has described and he was raised in an agnostic household and did not practice any religion as a child. His surname, Efron, is an Ashkenazi Jewish surname, taken from a Biblical place name, Efron has said that he would flip out if he got a B and not an A in school, as well as that he was a class clown. His father encouraged him to acting when Zac was eleven years old. Efron subsequently appeared in productions at his high school, worked in the theater The Great American Melodrama and Vaudeville. He performed in such as Gypsy, Peter Pan, or, The Boy Who Wouldnt Grow Up, Little Shop of Horrors. He was recommended to an agent in Los Angeles by his drama teacher, Efron was later signed to the Creative Artists Agency. Efron graduated from Arroyo Grande High School in 2006 and was accepted into the University of Southern California. Efron began acting in the early 2000s with guest roles on television series including Firefly, ER. In 2004, he began appearing as a character in the first season of the WB series Summerland. For the show’s second season, which aired in 2005, he was promoted to the main cast. He also appeared in films, including the Lifetime television film Miracle Run. Efron’s career reached a point with the teen musical television film High School Musical. The film, which also starred Ashley Tisdale, Lucas Grabeel, Corbin Bleu, the film’s soundtrack was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA, making it one of the best-selling albums of the year in the United States
25.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
26.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
27.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
28.
George Harrison
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George Harrison, MBE was an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Although most of the Beatles songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and his songs for the group included Taxman, Within You Without You, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Here Comes the Sun and Something, the last of which became the Beatles second-most covered song. Harrisons earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt, Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences. By 1965 he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan, having initiated the bands embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967, he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement. He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar, in his role as a music and film producer, Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co-founding HandMade Films in 1978. Harrison released several best-selling singles and albums as a solo performer, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He is a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – as a member of the Beatles in 1988, Harrisons first marriage, to model Pattie Boyd in 1966, ended in divorce in 1977. The following year he married Olivia Harrison, with whom he had one son, Harrison died in 2001, aged 58, from lung cancer. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India and he left an estate of almost £100 million. Born in Liverpool, United Kingdom, on 25 February 1943, Harrison was the youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves Harrison and he had one sister, Louise, and two brothers, Harry and Peter. His mother was an assistant from a Catholic family with Irish roots. His future wife, the model Pattie Boyd, described Harrisons parents as quite short, an enthusiastic music fan, she was known among friends for her loud singing voice, which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons windows. While pregnant with George, she listened to the weekly broadcast Radio India. Harrisons biographer Joshua Greene wrote, Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas, hoping that the music would bring peace. Harrison was born and lived the first six years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, the home had an outdoor toilet and its only heat came from a single coal fire. In 1949 the family were offered a house and moved to 25 Upton Green. In 1948, at the age of five, Harrison enrolled at Dovedale Primary School and he passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Liverpool Institute High School for Boys from 1954 to 1959. Though the institute did offer a course, Harrison was disappointed with the absence of guitars
29.
Ringo Starr
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Richard Starkey, MBE, known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including With a Little Help from My Friends, Yellow Submarine and their cover of Act Naturally. He also wrote the Beatles songs Dont Pass Me By and Octopuss Garden, Starr was twice afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood, and as a result of prolonged hospitalisations fell behind in school. In 1955, he entered the workforce and briefly held a position with British Rail before securing an apprenticeship at a Liverpool equipment manufacturer, soon afterwards, he became interested in the UK skiffle craze, developing a fervent admiration for the genre. In 1957, he cofounded his first band, the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, when the Beatles formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool group, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. After achieving moderate success with that band in the UK and Hamburg, he quit the Hurricanes and joined the Beatles in August 1962, Starr played key roles in the Beatles films and appeared in numerous others. After the bands break-up in 1970, he released several singles including the US number four hit It Dont Come Easy. In 1972, he released his most successful UK single, Back Off Boogaloo and he achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album Ringo, which was a top ten release in both the UK and the US. He has been featured in a number of documentaries and hosted television shows, since 1989, he has toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Ringos popularity brought forth a new paradigm and we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect. His parts are so signature to the songs that you can listen to a Ringo drum part without the rest of the music and he was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2011, Rolling Stone readers named Starr the fifth-greatest drummer of all time. Starr, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Beatle in 1988, was inducted for his solo career in 2015. Richard Starkey was born on 7 July 1940, at 9 Madryn Street, in Dingle and he is the only child of confectioners Elsie and Richard Starkey. Elsie enjoyed singing and dancing, a hobby that she shared with her husband, an avid fan of swing. Prior to the birth of their son, whom they nicknamed Ritchie, the couple had spent much of their time on the local ballroom circuit. Elsie adopted an approach to raising her son that bordered on fixation. Subsequently, Big Ritchie, as Starkeys father became known, lost interest in his family, choosing instead to spend hours drinking and dancing in pubs
30.
Broadway Video
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Lorne Michaels, who launched Saturday Night Live in 1975, produced several television specials under the banner of Above Average Productions before incorporating Broadway Video in 1979. Michaels took the name from its location at 1619 Broadway in the historic Brill Building in New York. Initially, the principal activity was videotape post-production. One of its main clients was NBC, which hired Michaels to produce and edit Best of Saturday Night specials that aired in prime time. The specials and other comedy and musical projects helped Broadway Video grow “from a one-room operation into a production company, the foundation of a small empire. ”Broadway Video later “prospered” by moving into home entertainment, acquisition. With offices in New York and Los Angeles, the company has continued to develop films and its sitcom,30 Rock, ran for seven seasons between 2006 and 2013. Besides SNL, its current TV productions include The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Late Night with Seth Meyers, Mulaney, Portlandia, The Awesomes, Man Seeking Woman, and The Maya Rudolph Show. The company’s Above Average Productions distributes its own original digital shorts, Broadway Video Enterprises distributes the company’s library and develops branded entertainment. Broadway Video Ventures invests in emerging technology, media, and entertainment companies, Broadway Video Television develops and produces primetime and late night programming. Its flagship show, Saturday Night Live, where Michaels remains Executive Producer, in 2014, Michaels took on the role of Executive Producer of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Since 2011, Broadway Video has produced Portlandia, the Peabody-winning IFC series created by Fred Armisen, Carrie Brownstein, the show, which has been renewed for a fifth season, is distributed in 91 nations. The company’s animated series, The Awesomes, created by Seth Meyers and Mike Shoemaker, premiered on Hulu in 2013 and is now in its second season. Mulaney, set to air on Fox in the fall of 2014, stars comedian John Mulaney, Slated to air on the FXX channel is Man Seeking Woman, ordered by IFC for 2015 is Documentary Now, created by Fred Armisen, Bill Hader, and Seth Meyers. The Maya Rudolph Show, a variety show starring the former SNL cast-member,30 Rock is currently in syndication. Michaels has developed and produced films as Mean Girls, Enigma, Tommy Boy, Lassie. His SNL Studios productions have included The Ladies Man, Superstar, michaels’ co-productions with John Goldwyn include The Guilt Trip, MacGruber, and Baby Mama. Broadway Video revived the Above Average name in June 2012, when it created a division for producing digital content, the company distributes original comedy shorts via its website, AboveAverage. com, and the Above Average network on YouTube. As of 2014, the network featured over 50 channel partners, including such comedy troupes as the Upright Citizens Brigade, The Lonely Island, Good Neighbor, POYKPAC, and BriTANicK
31.
The New Show
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The New Show is an NBC sketch comedy show produced by Lorne Michaels, which ran for one season from January 6 to March 23,1984. Apart from being 60 minutes in length and entirely pre-recorded, the show is similar in format to Michaels own Saturday Night Live and it was the lowest rated of 94 programs that aired during the 1983–84 television season, averaging a 7.81 household rating. It was scheduled opposite Matt Houston and Falcon Crest, the New Show at the Internet Movie Database The New Show at TV. com The New Show on the SCTV website
32.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
33.
Mockumentary
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A mockumentary or docucomedy is a type of movie or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary. These productions are used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting. While not always comedic, comedic mockumentaries are common, a dramatic mockumentary should not be confused with docudrama, a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events. Mockumentaries are often presented as documentaries, with B roll and talking heads discussing past events. Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became relatively easy to locate, a very early example was a short piece on the Swiss Spaghetti Harvest that appeared as an April fools joke on the British television program Panorama in 1957. The term mockumentary, which originated in the 1960s, was popularized in the mid-1980s when This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film. Mockumentaries are often partly or wholly improvised, as a style of acting helps to maintain the pretense of reality. Comedic mockumentaries rarely have laugh tracks, also to sustain the atmosphere, albert Brooks was also an early popularizer of the mockumentary style with his film Real Life,1979, a spoof of a PBS documentary. Woody Allens Take the Money and Run is presented in documentary-style with Allen playing a criminal, Virgil Starkwell. Jackson Beck, who used to narrate documentaries in the 1940s, fictional interviews are interspliced throughout, especially those of Starkwells parents who wear Groucho Marx noses and mustaches. The style of film was widely appropriated by others and revisited by Allen himself in films such as Zelig and Sweet. Since the beginning of the 1980s, the format has enjoyed considerable attention. In 1984, Christopher Guest co-wrote and starred in the mockumentary This is Spinal Tap, directed by Rob Reiner, films such as Waiting for Guffman, Best in Show, and A Mighty Wind, all written with costar Eugene Levy, were critical successes. Man Bites Dog is a 1992 Belgian black comedy crime mockumentary written, produced, and directed by Rémy Belvaux, André Bonzel, in 1995, directed by Peter Jackson and Costa Botes, Forgotten Silver claimed New Zealand director Colin McKenzie to be a pioneer in filmmaking. When the film was revealed to be a mockumentary, Jackson received criticism for tricking viewers. In 1999, Drop Dead Gorgeous by Michael Patrick Jann used the style to narrate a fictional small-town beauty pageant as a way to satirize Middle America. Dark Side of the Moon is a 2002 French mockumentary by director William Karel, the premise for the film is the theory that the television footage from the Apollo 11 Moon landing was faked and actually recorded in a studio by the CIA with help from director Stanley Kubrick. FUBAR is a 2002 Canadian mockumentary film, directed by Michael Dowse, the Confederate States of America is a 2004 mockumentary presenting an alternative history in which the Confederacy won the American Civil War
34.
Lorne Greene
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Lorne Hyman Greene, OC was a Canadian actor, radio personality, and singer. His television roles include Ben Cartwright on the western Bonanza, and he also worked on the Canadian television nature documentary series Lorne Greenes New Wilderness, and in television commercials. Greene was born Lyon Himan Green in Ottawa, Ontario, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Dora and Daniel Green and he was called Chaim by his mother, and his name is shown as Hyman on his school report cards. In his biography, the author, his daughter Linda Greene Bennett, stated that it was not known when he began using Lorne, Greene was the drama instructor at Camp Arowhon, a summer camp in Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada, where he developed his talents. Greene began acting while attending Queens University in Kingston, where he acquired a knack for broadcasting with the Radio Workshop of the universitys Drama Guild on the radio station CFRC. He gave up on a career in engineering and, upon graduation. During World War II Green served as a Flying officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force and he was assigned as the principal newsreader on the CBC National News. During his radio days, Greene invented a stopwatch that ran backwards and he narrated documentary films, such as the National Film Board of Canadas Fighting Norway. In 1957 Greene played the prosecutor in Peyton Place, katharine Cornell cast him twice in her Broadway productions. In 1953, he was cast in The Prescott Proposals, in that same year, she cast him in a verse drama by Christopher Fry, The Dark is Light Enough. Greene began appearing in isolated episodes on television in the 1950s. In 1953, he was seen in the role of a one-hour adaptation of Shakespeares Othello. In 1955 he was Ludwig van Beethoven in an episode of the TV version of You Are There, in 1954 he made his Hollywood debut as Saint Peter in The Silver Chalice and made several more films and appearances on American television. The first of his continuing TV roles was as the patriarch Ben Pa Cartwright in Bonanza and he garnered the role after his performance as OBrien in the CBS production of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In the 1960s, Greene capitalized on his image as Benjamin Pa Cartwright by recording several albums of country-western/folk songs, when it failed to gain sufficient ratings and was cancelled after 13 episodes, Greene thereafter hosted the syndicated nature documentary series Last of the Wild from 1974-75. In the 1977 miniseries Roots, he played the first master of Kunta Kinte, through the 1970s, Greene was the spokesman for Alpo Beef Chunks dog food commercials, one of the possible origins of the phrase Eating your own dog food. In 2007, TV Guide listed Ben Cartwright as the second most popular TV Father. Greene was also known for his role as Commander Adama, another patriarchal figure, Greenes typecasting as a wise father character continued with the 1981 series, Code Red as a Fire Department Fire Chief whose command includes his children as subordinates
35.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
36.
30 Rock
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30 Rock is an American satirical television sitcom created by Tina Fey that ran on NBC from October 11,2006, to January 31,2013. The series, loosely based on Feys experiences as head writer for Saturday Night Live and this series is produced by Broadway Video and Little Stranger, Inc. in association with NBCUniversal. 30 Rock episodes were produced in a setup, and were filmed in New York. The pilot episode premiered on October 11,2006, and seven seasons followed, tonally,30 Rock uses surreal humor to parody the complex corporate structure of NBC and its then parent company General Electric. Television critic Todd VanDerWerff of The A. V, club once remarked that it usually adopts the manic pacing of a live-action cartoon. The show was influential in its use of smash cuts, sudden. 30 Rock also became known for its dedication to making these extremely elaborate,30 Rock received critical acclaim throughout its run, winning several major awards, and achieving the top ranking on myriad critics year-end best of 2006-2013 lists. On July 14,2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, over the course of the series, it was nominated for 103 Primetime Emmy Awards and won 16, in addition to numerous other nominations and wins from other awards shows. Despite the high praise, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run, today,30 Rock is regarded as a landmark series. Its series finale in particular has been named as one of the greatest in history by several publications. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America named 30 Rock the 21st best-written television series of all time, in 2002, Fey was the head writer and a performer on the television show Saturday Night Live. She pitched the show that became 30 Rock to NBC, originally as a sitcom about cable news, NBC Entertainment president Kevin Reilly felt that Fey was using the news setting as a fig leaf for her own experience and encouraged her to write what she knew. The show was reworked to revolve around an SNL-style sketch show. After being presented to Reilly once more, the show was set to air during the 2005–2006 television season, eventually, Lewis gave in just a month before his retirement, and Melcher backed down. Filming was postponed due to Tina Feys first pregnancy, during the 2004–2005 pilot season, a pilot was announced named Untitled Tina Fey Project. The 30 Rock pilot focused on the boss of a variety show who must manage her relationships with the shows volatile star and its charismatic executive producer. The storyline evolved into one that dealt with a writer of a variety show who dealt with both of the stars, as well as the shows new network executive. 30 Rock was officially given the light to air May 15,2006
37.
Up All Night (TV series)
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Up All Night is an American television comedy series created by Emily Spivey that ran on NBC from September 14,2011 to December 13,2012. The show stars Christina Applegate, Will Arnett, Jennifer Hall, Luka Jones, the series follows Reagan, a producer on her best friend Avas talk show, and Chris, Reagans supportive, stay-at-home husband, as they try to adjust to life with their newborn baby Amy. The second season focuses on the cancellation of Avas talk show, Reagan also struggles to adjust to her new role as a stay-at-home mother. The series was based on creator Emily Spiveys life when she went back to working on Saturday Night Live after giving birth to a baby boy, due to the nature of her job, she was required to take care of the baby and work late nights. She decided she wanted to make a show based on those extremes, NBC executives were supportive and excited for the new series. On February 1,2011, Up All Night received an order, written by creator Spivey and directed by James Griffiths. The series was picked up for 13 episodes at the NBC upfronts on May 15,2011 under its final title. Spivey said the change allowed Ava to be more fun. Some media critics compared the change to Rudolphs impersonation of Oprah Winfrey on Saturday Night Live. The series was given a full-season pickup on October 4,2011. On November 21,2011, NBC added two additional episodes to season one, bringing the total to 24 episodes, the series is produced by Broadway Video and Universal Media Studios. The series was created by Emily Spivey who serves as producer alongside Lorne Michaels, Jon Pollack. David had worked with Spivey and Michaels on Saturday Night Live while Pollack had worked with Michaels on 30 Rock, series co-star Christina Applegate also works as a producer on the series alongside Eric Kranzler and Andrew Singer. During the hiatus, series creator Emily Spivey and star Christina Applegate left the show and Will Arnett was cast in a CBS pilot, after months of rumors of cancellations, Up All Night was officially canceled on May 9,2013. Christina Applegate as Reagan Brinkley, a producer for the Ava show, Applegate was interested in the series early on, especially because she had recently had a child. Applegate was also offered other roles for the pilot season. Applegate was the first cast member signed on to the series and she is credited as a producer for the series. Will Arnett as Chris Brinkley, a lawyer and now stay-at-home dad
38.
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
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The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jimmy Fallon on NBC. The show premiered on February 17,2014, and is produced by Broadway Video and it is the seventh incarnation of NBCs long-running Tonight Show franchise, with Fallon serving as the sixth host. The show also stars sidekick and announcer Steve Higgins and house band The Roots, the Tonight Show is produced by Katie Hockmeyer and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels. The show records from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, New York City, the program airs weeknights at 11,34 p. m. ET/AT. The show opens with Fallons topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview, the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon has attracted high ratings since its 2014 premiere, consistently beating competition. In addition, many moments from the series have originated viral videos, the show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two. On August 13,2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021, the Tonight Show premiered on NBC in 1954 as Tonight, hosted by Steve Allen. Jack Paar hosted the show from 1957 to 1962, but the shows longest-running and most famous host was Johnny Carson, who hosted the show for three decades. Following Carsons 1992 retirement, vast quantities of brainpower, money, NBC chose interim guest host Jay Leno, who took over the show that year. A pair of conflicts ensued over Lenos 22-year tenure, both revolving around hosts of Late Night, a directly following Tonight since its premiere in 1982. OBriens Tonight also suffered falling ratings, OBrien too left the network the following year, and Leno was reinstated as host. Jimmy Fallon, a former cast member on Saturday Night Live, was appointed the third host of Late Night by executive producer Lorne Michaels in 2009, Fallon incorporated the Internet much more than other talk shows. Coincidentally, it was during the Tonight Show debacle that Fallons show found its footing, the show, according to Fallons former SNL castmate Tina Fey, established itself as an uncommonly warm, welcoming show. In our heads, weve been doing The Tonight Show Were just on at a later hour, Fallon grew up with no designs on the Tonight job, most likely because he was just 17 years old when Carson retired. Discussions for Fallon to take over The Tonight Show began in early 2013, many industry observers noted that the change appeared to come as a result of another late-night competitor, Jimmy Kimmel of Jimmy Kimmel Live. Fallon had reportedly impressed top executives at Comcast, and his succession was expected throughout the company. The transition reportedly lacked the tension of previous Tonight transitions, on April 3,2013, NBC announced that Leno would retire in 2014, with Fallon taking over The Tonight Show beginning on February 24,2014. At Lenos suggestion, the date was moved forward from the end of his contract in September 2014, the date was later moved up a week to February 17, midway through the Olympics
39.
Canada's Walk of Fame
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Canadas Walk of Fame, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a walk of fame that acknowledges the achievements and accomplishments of successful Canadians. The first group of members was inducted in 1998, and to date 163 Canadians have been inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame. They rejected his idea, but he went on to establish a Walk of Fame for Canadians in partnership with Bill Ballard, Dusty Cohl and Gary Slaight. In spite of a lack of funds, research and no plan, they managed to succeed. Canadas Walk of Fame has since become a popular tourist attraction in Toronto and has named the number one Canadian recognition event. Canadas Walk of Fame accepts nominations for potential inductees from the year round. In 2000, prior to the introduction of the voting system, over 30,000 nominations were received via letters, fax. Now submissions are accepted on the official Canadas Walk of Fame website and thousands of nominations are received every year, following the Selection Committees evaluation, the nominees that meet all of the requirements are forwarded to the board of directors, who then select the inductees. The process differs greatly from that of the Hollywood Walk of Fame, while most celebrities on the Hollywood Walk of Fame are American or have achieved their fame in the United States, Canadas Walk of Fame is exclusive to Canadians. For someone to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, from there, the names are submitted to a nominating committee of five people, who pick 10–15 names to award stars to annually. Canadian stars are inducted in a group ceremony, while the Hollywood Walk of Fame rarely inducts more than two major stars at a time. Celebrities can have more than one star on the Hollywood Walk, new inductees are inducted annually at an unveiling ceremony where their star, a stylized maple leaf, is revealed. The first was held in 1998 and only four of the living inductees attended, Karen Kain, Norman Jewison, Barbara Ann Scott. The 2007 ceremony was held at Torontos Hummingbird Centre, was attended by all seven inductees and was hosted by Eugene Levy, past hosts include Trish Stratus, Tom Green, Jann Arden, Kurt Browning and Catriona Le May Doan. The ceremony was broadcast by CTV until 2008, beginning in 2009 the ceremony was broadcast by Global. The first ceremony on the network was hosted by Anne Murray while Howie Mandel hosted for the two years. Paul Shaffer hosted the event in 2012, established in 2008, the Cineplex Legends Award is posthumously awarded to Canadian pioneers in film, music, sport, arts, and innovation. Sponsored by Cineplex Entertainment, the first recipients of the award were siblings Norma, the award recipients are also given stars on the Walk of Fame
40.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
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Mark Twain Prize for American Humor
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The Mark Twain Prize for American Humor is an American award for humor awarded by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts annually since 1998. It is named after the 19th century novelist, essayist and humorist Mark Twain and is presented to an individual who has made a significant contribution to American humor. The prize is presented and show is taped in the Kennedy Center Concert Hall in Washington DC, the event is a significant fundraiser to benefit the Kennedy Center, which sells tickets as well as access to dinners and after-parties featuring the celebrities. Recipients of the Twain Prize receive a copy of an 1884 bronze portrait bust of Mark Twain sculpted by Karl Gerhardt. The award is the creation of the Kennedy Center along with Bob Kaminsky, Peter Kaminsky, Mark Krantz, and Cappy McGarr, the first Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was presented to comedian Richard Pryor on October 20,1998. The first two years of The Mark Twain Prize were taped and broadcast on Comedy Central, since then, the award presentations have been taped for broadcast on PBS. In 2007, the Mark Twain Prize celebrated its 10th anniversary, the show was held in the Opera House of The Kennedy Center on October 11,2007 and was broadcast on November 12,2007 on PBS. After consulting with both Carlins family and PBS, the took place as scheduled, with no major changes in the presentation format. Bill Cosby, the 2009 recipient, accepted his award at the Kennedy Center on October 26,2009 and he had twice refused the honor, stating that he was disappointed with the profanity used in the inaugural ceremony honoring Richard Pryor. In 2010, 40-year-old Tina Fey became the youngest person to receive the award
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John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
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The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River, adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington, D. C. The Center, which opened September 8,1971, is a multi-dimensional facility, both an enduring memorial to John F. Now in its 45th season, the Center presents the greatest examples of music, dance and theater, supports artists in the creation of new work and it is both the nations public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the national center for the performing arts. Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives, almost entirely funded through sales and gifts from individuals, corporations. The building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain and it receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation. The Library of Congress added an auditorium, but it had restrictions on its use. A congressional resolution in 1938 called for construction of a building which shall be known as the National Cultural Center near Judiciary Square. In 1950, the idea for a national theater resurfaced when U. S, representative Arthur George Klein of New York introduced a bill to authorize funds to plan and build a cultural center. The bill included provisions that the center would prohibit any discrimination of cast or audience, in 1955, the Stanford Research Institute was commissioned to select a site and provide design suggestions for the center. From 1955 to 1958, Congress debated the idea amid much controversy and this was the first time in history that the federal government helped finance a structure dedicated to the performing arts. The legislation required a portion of the costs, estimated at $10–25 million, Edward Durell Stone was selected as architect for the project in June 1959. He presented preliminary designs to the Presidents Music Committee in October 1959, along with estimated costs of $50 million, by November 1959, estimated costs had escalated to $61 million. The National Cultural Center was renamed the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1964, the National Cultural Center Board of Trustees, a group Eisenhower established January 29,1959, led fundraising. Fundraising efforts were not successful, with only $13,425 raised in the first three years, President John F. Kennedy was interested in bringing culture to the nations capital, and provided leadership and support for the project. In 1961, President Kennedy asked Roger L. Stevens to help develop the National Cultural Center, Stevens recruited First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy as Honorary Chairman of the Center, and former First Lady Mamie Eisenhower as co-chairman. The total cost of construction was $70 million, Congress allocated $43 million for construction costs, including $23 million as an outright grant and the other $20 million in bonds. Donations also comprised a significant portion of funding, including $5 million from the Ford Foundation, other major donors included J. Willard Marriott, Marjorie Merriweather Post, John D. Rockefeller III, and Robert W. Woodruff, as well as many corporate donors. Foreign countries provided gifts to the Kennedy Center, including a gift of 3,700 tons of Carrara marble from Italy from the Italian government, President Lyndon B. Johnson dug the ceremonial first-shovel of earth at the groundbreaking for the Kennedy Center December 2,1964
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Dan Aykroyd
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Daniel Edward Dan Aykroyd is a Canadian-American actor, comedian, producer, screenwriter, musician and businessman. He was an member of the Not Ready for Prime Time Players on Saturday Night Live. A musical sketch he performed with John Belushi on SNL, The Blues Brothers, turned into a performing band and then a highly successful 1980 film. He conceived and starred in Ghostbusters, which spawned a sequel, in 1990, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy. He starred in his own sitcom, Soul Man, from 1997–98, Aykroyd is also a successful businessman, having co-founded the House of Blues chain of music venues and the Crystal Head Vodka brand. Aykroyd was born on Canada Day,1952 at Ottawa General Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario and he grew up in Ottawa, Canadas capital, where his father, Samuel Cuthbert Peter Hugh Aykroyd, a civil engineer, worked as a policy adviser to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. His mother, Lorraine Hélène, was a secretary and his mother was of French Canadian descent and his father of English, Irish, Scottish, Dutch and French ancestry. His brother, Peter, is also an actor, Aykroyd was born with syndactyly, or webbed toes, which was revealed in the film Mr. Mikes Mondo Video and in a short film on Saturday Night Live titled Dont Look Back In Anger. Aykroyd was raised in the Catholic Church, and until age 17 he intended to become a priest and he attended St. Pius X and St. Patricks high schools, and studied criminology and sociology at Carleton University, but dropped out before completing his degree. He worked as a comedian in various Canadian nightclubs and ran a speakeasy, Club 505. Aykroyd developed his career in Ottawa, particularly through his regular attendances at Le Hibou. He describes these influences as follows. there was a disco club there called Le Hibou. I was going to Le Hibou and hearing James Cotton, Otis Spann, Pinetop Perkins, I actually jammed behind Muddy Waters. S. P. Leary left the drum kit one night, and I walked on stage and we started, I dont know, Little Red Rooster, something. He said keep that going, you make Muddy feel good. Many, many times I saw Howlin Wolf, and of course Buddy Guy, Buddy Guy and Junior Wells, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee. So I was exposed to all of these players, playing there as part of scene to service the academic community in Ottawa. He was a member of the Second City comedy troupe in 1973 in both Toronto and Chicago, Aykroyd gained fame on the American late-night comedy show Saturday Night Live
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