1.
Zanja Madre
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The Zanja Madre is the original aqueduct that brought water to the Pueblo de Los Angeles from the Río Porciuncula. The original open, earthen ditch was completed by community laborers within a month of founding the pueblo and this water system was used for both domestic uses and irrigation to fields west of town. This availability of water was essential to the survival and growth of the community founded here, 3-to-3. 5-foot diameter brick conduits were built to improve the system after 1884. Eventually the system did not supply enough water to keep pace with population growth, the system was abandoned by 1904 though portions were still used for storm water purposes. The recent construction and grading along the Metro Gold Line and several projects in Chinatown have created a major archaeological interest in its latest rediscovery and possible preservation. The Pueblo de Los Angeles, formally named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de Los Angeles sobre el Rio Porciuncula, was a settlement of Spain. They had three types of settlements in Alta California, presidio, mission and pueblo, the pueblos would provide the commercial and agricultural needs of the military as an alternative to the missions. Governor Felipe de Neve took the assignment of creating this settlement very seriously and had plans drawn up outlining the details of its infrastructure. It was also directed that the pueblo be placed on elevated ground so that all the agricultural lands benefiting from the irrigation could be overlooked. This would mean that the head would have to be at yet higher ground. The Zanja Madre was placed close to present-day Broadway at the foot of the Elysian Hills by the river. A large water wheel, constructed in the 1850s, took water up to the Zanja Madre, the wheel was susceptible to damage from floods. The toma was washed away several times before a one was built in its place. The soft, sandy tunnel collapsed several times and attempts were made to repair it with brick lining and it had already been realized since 1878 that several improvements would have to be done to the zanja systems. Some of this conversion of the smaller ditches to pipelines while larger areas would be concrete. After this last failure the earthen toma and open ditch were put back into service while more elaborate plans were being made, in 1888 the city planned to put pipe in most of the existing zanjas, but budgetary shortfalls did not allow the work to be finished. The tunnel at the headwater of the Zanja Madre was reconstructed, by 1893 there ended up some 50 miles of zanjas in the city and another 40 miles of zanjas outside the city limit. Various portions have been documented as they have been uncovered during construction projects over the years, in 1978 archaeologist Julia Costello discovered a portion of the Zanja Madre during construction of the Plaza de Dolores
2.
Sylmar, Los Angeles
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Sylmar is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. Historically, known for its profusion of olive orchards, Sylmar can trace its past to the 18th century, in 1890, olive production was begun in a systematic manner. The Sylmar climate was considered healthy, and so a sanitarium was established. There are fourteen public and eight private schools within Sylmar. The population of the Sylmar area was roughly 3,500 in 1940,10,000 in 1950,31,000 in 1962,40,000 in 1972,41,922 in 1980 and 53,392 in 1986. By 2000, a wave of immigrants and working poor had enveloped Sylmar, Pacoima, Arleta and Sun Valley, resulting in a housing shortage for lower-income people. The 2000 U. S. census counted 69,499 residents in the 12. 46-square-mile Sylmar neighborhood—or 5,579 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 79,614. In 2009, the Sylmar Chamber of Commerce estimated that the population was approximately 90,000 residents, in 1980 Sylmar was predominantly white, the ethnic breakdown being 58% white and 36% Latino. Twenty years later, in 2000, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with a relatively high percentage of Latinos. The breakdown in 2000 was Latinos,69. 8%, whites,20. 7%, blacks,4. 1%, Asians,3. 4%, and others,2. 0%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 36. 7% of the residents who were born abroad—an average figure for Los Angeles, in 2000 the median age for residents was 28, considered young for city and county neighborhoods. In 2000, renters occupied 29. 2% of the housing stock, the average household size of 3.6 people was considered high for Los Angeles. The percentage of married women was among the countys highest, there were 3,607 veterans, or 7. 7% of the population, average for the city of Los Angeles and the county. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $65,783. San Fernando became a city in 1874, leading to the naming of the land surrounding San Fernando as Morningside. In 1893 the area was named Sylmar, around 2000, some local residents proposed a plan to rename the northwest portion of the district as Rancho Cascades. Sylmar has been nicknamed The Top of Los Angeles, one observer recalled that the land had been a mass of ill-looking chapparal and chemisal before it was planted with olives. Experts were brought from France to supervise the work, calling themselves the Los Angeles Olive Growers Association, they built a packing plant and sold olives under the Tyler Olives label, later changing to the Sylmar Packing label
3.
Owens River
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The Owens River is a river in southeastern California in the United States, approximately 183 miles long. It drains into and through the Owens Valley, a basin between the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and the western faces of the Inyo and White Mountains. The river terminates at the endorheic Owens Lake south of Lone Pine, in the early 1900s the Owens was the focus of the California Water Wars, fought between the city of Los Angeles and the inhabitants of Owens Valley over the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Since 1913, the Owens River has been diverted to Los Angeles, causing the ruin of the valleys economy, the river rises in the Sierra Nevada in southwestern Mono County, approximately 15 miles south of Mono Lake and 35 miles east of Yosemite Valley. In the area around Bishop, it is diverted through many ditches to irrigate the surrounding farming region and it flows south-southeast through the Owens Valley between the Sierra Nevada on the west and the White and Inyo Mountains on the east, past Big Pine. The remaining river flows through the valley, flanked by the Los Angeles Aqueduct, past Lone Pine. The river flows through two major valleys of the extreme southwestern Great Basin – the Long Valley and Owens Valley, the north to south drainage basin is in portions of Mono and Inyo Counties and terminates in the now-dry Owens Lake. To the northwest of the valley is the Long Valley Caldera which is only a fraction of the size of the Owens Valley. The Owens River enters Owens Valley from the northwest, while the Spring Valley Wash drains the northernmost part of the valley, the river flows mainly on the east side of the valley, because alluvial deposits from Sierra Nevada streams have forced the river channel in that direction. Vertical relief in the basin is immense – elevations range from 14,494 feet at Mount Whitney, the Owens River itself heads at an elevation of 7,291 feet. Few people inhabit the sparse, open grasslands and steep mountainsides of the watershed, the largest city on the river is Bishop, with a population of slightly less than 3,600. Other significant towns include Lone Pine, Big Pine, and Independence, the Owens River flows through part of the Basin and Range Province of North Americas Great Basin. The Owens Valley is a graben or rift valley, a section of land that has dropped down between two faults, while the land on either side has risen. This has resulted in the floor and steep, towering walls of the present-day valley. Further to the north, the Owens River basin encompasses predominantly igneous rocks, the upper 30 miles of the river run through the Long Valley Caldera, an enormous 20-mile -wide crater formed by a volcanic eruption some 760,000 years ago. The eruptions resulting ash cloud covered much of the southwestern United States, mammoth Mountain, to the southwest also formed from eruptions related to the Long Valley Caldera. To the north of the Caldera, extending to the Mono Lake area, lie the chain of Mono-Inyo Craters, the increased volume of the river caused Owens Lake to rise as well, eventually spilling out the south side of the valley into the Mojave Desert. This great inland sea was fed by the Mojave River from the south, the Amargosa River from the east
4.
Inyo County, California
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Inyo County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,546, Inyo County is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada and southeast of Yosemite National Park in Central California. It contains the Owens River Valley, it is flanked to the west by the Sierra Mountains and to the east by the White Mountains, Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the Contiguous United States, is on Inyo Countys western border. The Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park, the lowest place in North America, is in eastern Inyo County. The two points are not visible from other, but both can be observed from the Panamint Range on the west side of Death Valley, above the Panamint Valley. It has the biggest elevation difference of all of the counties, with an area of 10,192 square miles, Inyo County is the second-largest county by area in California, after San Bernardino County. Almost one-half of that area is within Death Valley National Park, however, with a population density of 1.8 people per square mile, it has the lowest population density of any county in California. Present day Inyo county has been the homeland for thousands of years of the Mono tribe, Coso people, Timbisha. They spoke the Timbisha language and the Mono language with Mono traditional narratives, the descendants of these ancestors continue to live in their traditional homelands in the Owens River Valley and in Death Valley National Park. Inyo County was formed in 1866 from the territory of the unorganized Coso County created on April 4,1864 from parts of Mono and it acquired more territory from Mono County in 1870 and Kern County and San Bernardino County in 1872. For many years it has been believed that the county derived its name from the Mono tribe of Native Americans name for the mountains in its former homeland. The local Paiutes responded that that was the land of Inyo and they meant by this that those lands belonged to the Shoshone tribe headed by a man whose name was Inyo. Indian George, a fixture of many of the stories of early Death Valley days, was Inyos son, in order to provide water needs for the growing City of Los Angeles, water was diverted from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. The Owens River Valley cultures and environments changed substantially, from the 1910s to 1930s the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power purchased much of the valley for water rights and control. In 1941 the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power extended the Los Angeles Aqueduct system further upriver into the Mono Basin, Inyo County is host to a number of natural superlatives. Among them are, Mount Whitney, with an elevation of 14,505 feet, is the highest point in the contiguous United States, the 12th highest peak in the U. S. and the 24th highest peak in North America. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 10,227 square miles. It is the second-largest county by area in California and the ninth-largest in the United States, Death Valley National Park Inyo National Forest Manzanar National Historic Site There are 22 official wilderness areas in Inyo County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System
5.
Granada Hills, Los Angeles
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Granada Hills is a lightly populated, highly diverse and high-income neighborhood. It is a residential community in the San Fernando Valley portion of the city of Los Angeles. There is a sports program and a range of city recreation centers. The neighborhood has fourteen public and seven private schools, the community began as dairy farm and orchard known as the Sunshine Ranch which grew apricots, oranges, walnuts and beans. Vestiges of former citrus groves can still be seen in orange, in 1916, the San Fernando Valleys first oil well was drilled in what is now Granada Hills. The oil well was located at the tip of Zelzah Avenue. Granada Hills was founded in 1926 as Granada, the Hills portion of the name was added 15 years later, the Ronald Reagan Freeway–Route 118 runs along its southern side. The 2000 U. S. census counted 50,535 residents in the 15. 11-square neighborhood—or 3,344 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 53,998. In 2000 the median age for residents was 37, The neighborhood is diverse and includes whites,55. 5%, Latinos,20. 6%, Asians,16. 3%, blacks,3.4. Korea and Mexico were the most common places of birth for 29. 2% of the residents who were born abroad The median yearly income in 2008 was $83,911. Renters occupied 26. 4% of the housing stock, the average household size of 2.9 people was considered average for Los Angeles. The percentages of married men and women were among the countys highest, there were 4,032 veterans, or 10. 5% of the population, a high proportion compared to the rest of the city. Granada Hills is composed mostly of Mid-Century modern architecture, of note is the Balboa Highlands tract built by iconic developer Joseph Eichler. Many of these homes, which are North of Rinaldi/West of Balboa, have featured in movies, commercials, magazine pictorials. White Oak Avenue, between San Fernando Mission and San Jose Street was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument on August 3,1966 for the 101 Deodar Cedar trees that line the street, the trees are native to the Himalayas and appreciated for their size, beauty and timber. White Oak Avenue trees was used as the back-drop in the flying scene in the 1982 film E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Granada Hills Charter High Schools stadium, the John Elway Stadium, is the home of the Los Angeles Rampage womens soccer team, in 1963, the Granada Hills Little League won the Little League World Championship in baseball. This 672-acre park includes hiking trails and fire roads, including a promontory from which a view of the northeastern portion of the San Fernando Valley may be seen
6.
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
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The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is the largest municipal utility in the United States, serving over four million residents. It was founded in 1902 to supply water to residents and businesses in Los Angeles, in 1917, it started to deliver electricity. It has been involved in a number of controversies and media portrayals over the years, including the 1928 St. Francis Dam failure, LADWP can currently deliver a maximum of 7,200 megawatts of power and, in each year,200 billion US gallons of water. By the middle of the 19th century, Los Angeless rapid population growth magnified problems with the water distribution system. At that time a system of ditches, often polluted, was reasonably effective at supplying water to agriculture but was not suited to providing water to homes. In 1853, the city council rejected as excessive a closed-pipe system that would serve homes directly, as a solution, the city allowed water carriers with jugs and horse-drawn wagons…to serve the city’s domestic needs. The initial system served only a few homes using a network of wooden pipes. In December 1861, heavy rains destroyed the system and Dryden gave up his franchise, the city attempted contracting out water distribution rights to others, but none of the systems that resulted from these contracts was successful. Griffen, Solomon Lazard, and Prudent Beaudry, three already successful businessmen and this change was at the expense of the city of Los Angeles, which could no longer benefit from their municipal water distribution business. As a result, as the end of the lease drew near in the mid-1890s, the leader in the fight to end private control of the water supply was Fred Eaton. Eaton proposed that tax revenues would enable the city of Los Angeles to provide water to its residents without charging them for the use of water directly, Eaton’s views were especially powerful because of his distinguished record of achievement in both the private and public sector. During Eaton’s nine-year term as the engineer of the Los Angeles City Water Company. Eaton left his position in 1886 when he was elected City Engineer, in his new public position, Eaton devoted his time to updating and expanding the sewer system. In early 1898, the city began talks with the Los Angeles City Water Company about taking over the current water system. Mulholland was not popular with city officials because he did not produce records that the city requested during negotiations, near the end of the talks between the city and the water company, it was discovered that neither the requested records nor a map of the water system existed. Mulholland secured a job with the city when he demonstrated his ability to recall the information. Once Mulholland was assured a job with the city, he intervened with the principal stockholder. The LADWP first offered municipal electricity in 1917 when Powerhouse No,1, a hydroelectric power plant located in San Francisquito Canyon and which is powered by the Los Angeles Aqueduct, began generating electricity
7.
William Mulholland
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William Mulholland was responsible for building the infrastructure to provide a water supply that allowed Los Angeles to grow into one of the largest cities in the world. The creation and operation of the led to the disputes known as the California Water Wars. In March 1928, Mulhollands career came to an end when the St. Francis Dam failed just over 12 hours after he, William Mulholland was born in Belfast, Ireland. His parents Hugh and Ellen Mulholland were Dubliners and they returned to the city a few years after Williams birth and his younger brother, Hugh Jr. was born in 1856. At the time of Mulhollands birth, his father was working as a guard for the Royal Mail, in 1862, when William was seven years old, his mother died. Three years later his father remarried, William was educated at OConnell School by the Christian Brothers in Dublin. After having been beaten by his father for receiving bad marks in school, at 15, he was a member of the British Merchant Navy. He spent the four years as a seaman primarily sailing Atlantic routes. In 1872 he left the sea and traveled to California and he arrived in Los Angeles in 1877. After arriving in Los Angeles, which at the time had a population of about 9,000, Mulholland quickly decided to return to life at sea, on his way to the port at San Pedro to find a ship, he accepted a job digging a well. In Alta California during the Spanish and Mexican administrations, water was delivered to Pueblo de Los Angeles in an open ditch. The man who tended the ditch was known as a zanjero, in 1880 Mulholland oversaw the laying of the first iron water pipeline in Los Angeles. Mulholland left the employment of the LACWC briefly in 1884 but returned in mid-December of that same year and he left again in 1885 and worked for the Sespe Land and Water Company. As part of his compensation he was granted twenty acres on Sespe Creek, in 1886 he returned to the LAWC and, in October of that year, became a naturalized American citizen. At the end of year he was made the superintendent of the LACWC. In 1898, the Los Angeles city government decided not to renew the contract with the LACWC, four years later the Los Angeles Water Department was established with Mulholland as its superintendent. In 1911, the Water Department was renamed the Bureau of Water Works, Mulholland had a vision of a Los Angeles that would become far bigger than the Los Angeles of the start of the 20th century. The limiting factor to the growth of Los Angeles was its water supply, if you dont get the water, you wont need it, Mulholland famously remarked
8.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
9.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
10.
Owens Valley
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The mountain peaks on either side reach above 14,000 feet in elevation, while the floor of the Owens Valley is at 4,000 feet, making the valley one of the deepest in the United States. The Sierra Nevada casts the valley in a shadow, which makes Owens Valley the Land of Little Rain. The bed of Owens Lake, now a predominantly dry endorheic alkali flat and these episodes inspired aspects of the film Chinatown. Towns in the Owens Valley include Bishop, Lone Pine, Independence, the major road in the valley is U. S. Route 395. Owens Valley is a graben—a downdropped block of land between two vertical faults, Owens Valley is the westernmost graben in the Basin and Range Province. It is also part of a trough which extends from Oregon to Death Valley called the Walker Lane, the western flank of much of the valley has large moraines coming off the Sierra Nevada. These unsorted piles of rock, boulders, and dust were pushed to where they are by glaciers during the last ice age, an excellent example of a moraine is on State Route 168 as it climbs into Buttermilk Country. This graben was formed by a series of earthquakes, such as the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake. The topmost part of this escarpment is exposed at Alabama Hills, the Owens Valley is also part of the Long Valley Caldera, a super-volcano that last erupted 260,000 years ago. It is filled with many mini-volcanoes, which look like hills, see also, Inyo and Mono Craters. Smaller versions of the Devils Postpile, can be found, for example, the valley contains plants adapted to alkali flat habitat. One of these, the Owens Valley checkerbloom, is endemic to Owens Valley, the valley was inhabited in late prehistoric times by the Timbisha in the extreme south end around Owens Lake and by the Mono tribe in the central and northern portions of the valley. The Timbisha speak the Timbisha language, classified in the Numic branch of Uto-Aztecan language family, the closest related languages are Shoshoni and Comanche. The Eastern Mono speak a dialect of the Mono language which is also Numic, the Timbisha presently live in Death Valley at Furnace Creek although most families also have summer homes in the Lone Pine colony. The Eastern Mono live in colonies from Lone Pine to Bishop. Trade between Native Americans of the Owens Valley between coastal tribes such as the Chumash has been indicated by the archaeological record, on May 1,1834, Joseph R. Walker entered Owens Valley at the mouth of Walker Pass. He and his group of 52 men traveled up the valley on their way back to the Humboldt Sink, fremont named the Owens valley, river and lake for Richard Owens, one of his guides. Camp Independence was established on Oak Creek nearby modern Independence, California, on July 4,1862, from 1942 to 1945 during World War II, the first Japanese American Internment camp operated in the valley at Manzanar near Independence, California
11.
Mono Lake
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Mono Lake is a large, shallow saline soda lake in Mono County, California, formed at least 760,000 years ago as a terminal lake in an endorheic basin. The lack of an outlet causes high levels of salts to accumulate in the lake and these salts also make the lake water alkaline. The human history of Mono Lake is associated with its productive ecosystem, the native Kutzadikaa people derived nutrition from the pupae of the alkali flies that live in the lake. When the city of Los Angeles diverted water from the lake, it lowered the lake level, the Mono Lake Committee formed in response and won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. Mono Lake occupies part of the Mono Basin, a basin that has no outlet to the ocean. Dissolved salts in the runoff thus remain in the lake and raise the waters pH levels, the tributaries of Mono Lake include Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek and Mill Creek which flows through Lundy Canyon. The basin was formed by forces over the last five million years, basin and range crustal stretching and associated volcanism. Five million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was a set of rolling hills and Mono Basin. From 4.5 to 2.6 million years ago, large volumes of basalt were extruded around what is now Cowtrack Mountain, eventually covering 300 square miles, later volcanism in the area occurred 3.8 million to 250,000 years ago. This activity was northwest of Mono Basin and included the formation of Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill, Mono Lake is believed to have formed at least 760,000 years ago, dating back to the Long Valley eruption. At its height during the most recent ice age, the lake would have been about 900 feet deep, prominent old shore lines, called strandlines by geologists, can be seen west of the Lake. Currently, Mono Lake is in an active area at the north end of the Mono–Inyo Craters volcanic chain and is close to Long Valley Caldera. Volcanic activity continues in the Mono Lake vicinity, the most recent eruption occurred 350 years ago, panum Crater is an excellent example of a combined rhyolite dome and cinder cone. The limnology of the shows it contains approximately 280 million tons of dissolved salts. Before 1941, average salinity was approximately 50 grams per liter, in January 1982, when the lake reached its lowest level of 6,372 feet, the salinity had nearly doubled to 99 g/l. In 2002, it was measured at 78 g/l and is expected to stabilize at an average 69 g/l as the lake replenishes over the next 20 years, an unintended consequence of ending the water diversions was the onset of a period of meromixis in Mono Lake. In meromictic lakes, the waters do not undergo this mixing, the deeper layers are more saline than the water near the surface. As a result, becoming meromictic greatly changes a lakes ecology, Mono Lake has experienced meromictic periods in the past, this most recent episode of meromixis, brought on by the end of the water diversions, commenced in 1994 and had ended by 2004
12.
Owens Lake
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Owens Lake is a mostly dry lake in the Owens Valley on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada in Inyo County, California. It is about 5 miles south of Lone Pine, California, today, some of the flow of the river has been restored, and the lake now contains some water. Nevertheless, as of 2013, it is the largest single source of dust pollution in the United States, Owens Lake was given that name by the explorer John C. Fremont, in honor of one of his guides, Richard Owens, before the diversion of the Owens River, Owens Lake was up to 12 miles long and 8 miles wide, covering an area of up to 108 square miles. In the last few hundred years the lake had a depth of 23 to 50 feet. In 1905, the water was thought to be “excessively saline. ”It is thought that in the late Pleistocene about 11-12,000 years ago Owens Lake was even larger, covering nearly 200 square miles. Starting in 1913, the river and streams that fed Owens Lake were diverted by Los Angeles Department of Water and Power into the Los Angeles Aqueduct, as the lake dried, soda processing at Keeler switched from relatively cheap chemical methods to more expensive physical ones. The Natural Soda Products Company sued the city of Los Angeles, a fire destroyed this plant shortly after it was built but the company rebuilt it on the dry lakebed in the 1920s. During the unusually wet winter of 1937, LADWP diverted water from the aqueduct into the lakebed, because of this the courts ordered the city to pay $154,000. After an unsuccessful attempt to the state supreme court in 1941, LADWP built the Long Valley Dam. The lake is currently a salt flat whose surface is made of a mixture of clay, sand, and a variety of minerals including halite, burkeite, mirabilite, thenardite. In wet years, these form a chemical soup in the form of a small brine pond within the dry lake. When conditions are right, bright pink halophilic archaea spread across the salty lakebed, also, on especially hot summer days when ground temperatures exceed 150° F, water is driven out of the hydrates on the lakebed creating a muddy brine. More commonly, periodic winds stir up noxious alkali dust storms that carry away as much as four million tons of dust from the each year. The dust includes carcinogens such as cadmium, nickel and arsenic, the LADWP and the California State Lands Commission own most of the Owens Lake bed, though a few small parcels along the historic western shoreline are privately owned. In 2004, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife acquired a 218-acre parcel at the foot of Owens Lake, designated the Cartago Wildlife Area in 2007, it is one of the few remaining spring and wetland areas on the shore of Owens Lake. CDFW is using mitigation funds from CalTrans to enhance habitat, as part of an air quality mitigation settlement, LADWP is currently shallow flooding 27 square miles of the salt pan to try to help minimize alkali dust storms and further adverse health effects. There is also about 3.5 square miles of managed vegetation being used as a dust control measure, the vegetation consists of saltgrass, which is a native perennial grass highly tolerant of the salt and boron levels in the lake sediments
13.
Harrison Gray Otis (publisher)
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Harrison Gray Otis was the president and general manager of the Times-Mirror Company, publisher of the Los Angeles Times. Otis was born near Marietta, Ohio, on February 10,1837 and his father was from Vermont and his mother, a native of Nova Scotia, Canada, came to Ohio from Boston, Massachusetts, with her family. The young Otis received schooling until he was fourteen, when he became an apprentice at the Noble County Courier in Ohio. He was a Kentucky delegate to the Republican National Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for president in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he left his job as a compositor in the office of the Louisville Journal to volunteer as a private for the Union army, Otis fought in the 23rd Ohio Infantry. He was promoted through the ranks and was made an officer and he was wounded twice in battle, was twice breveted for gallant and meritorious conduct and was promoted seven times. After the war, Otis was Official Reporter of the Ohio House of Representatives, then moved to Washington, D. C. where he was a government official, correspondent and he left that position in 1881 to return to Santa Barbara. Beginning August 1,1882, he was to have the conduct of the Daily Times and Weekly Mirror. Later the company was named Times-Mirror, and on April 6,1886, it was reorganized, with Albert McFarland and W. A. Spalding as owners and Otis as president and that was Otiss official title at the time of his death in 1917. The Times story about his demise noted that the Times-Mirror Company was publishers of the Los Angeles Daily Times, the article called Otis the principal owner of the newspaper but never referred to him as publisher. Eleven years earlier, however the Associated Press had called him publisher of the Los Angeles Times, when the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, Otis asked President William McKinley for an appointment as Assistant Secretary of War. But Secretary of War Russell A. Alger did not want the conservative Otis serving under him, Otis thereupon again volunteered for the Army and was appointed brigadier general of volunteers. He did not see any action against the Spanish, but commanded the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Otis was known for his conservative political views, which were reflected in the paper. His home was one of three buildings that were targeted in the 1910 Los Angeles Times bombing, during his time as publisher of the Times Otis is known for coining the phrase You are either with me, or against me. His support for his city was instrumental in the growth of the city. He was a member of a group of investors who bought land in the San Fernando Valley based on knowledge that the Los Angeles Aqueduct would soon irrigate it. He died on July 30,1917 at the home of his son-in-law, list of Los Angeles Times publishers PBS biography Otis biography in the Bancroft Library Harrison Gray Otis Album of California Scenes, around 1890–1910, in the Bancroft Library
14.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
15.
Henry E. Huntington
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Henry Edwards Huntington was an American railroad magnate and collector of art and rare books. Huntington settled in Los Angeles, where he owned the Pacific Electric Railway as well as real estate interests. In addition to being a businessman and art collector, Huntington was a booster for Los Angeles in the late 19th. Huntington held several positions working alongside his uncle with the Southern Pacific. He had four children with Mary Alice, Howard Edward, Clara Leonora, Elizabeth Vincent, and Marian Prentice, arabellas son Archer, from her prior marriage from which she was widowed, had earlier been adopted by Collis. In 1898, in competition with his uncles Southern Pacific, Huntington bought the narrow gauge. In 1901, Huntington formed the sprawling interurban, standard gauge Pacific Electric Railway, known as the Red Car system, centered at 6th, Huntington succeeded in this competition by providing passenger friendly streetcars on 24/7 schedules, which the railroads couldnt match. Connectivity to Downtown Los Angeles made such suburbs feasible, by 1910, the Huntington trolley systems stretched over approximately 1,300 miles of southern California. In 1905 Huntington, A. Kingsley Macomber, and William R. Staats developed the Oak Knoll subdivision, the road was completed in February 1907. The property was donated to the city of Riverside by the heirs of Frank Miller. Huntington was a Life Member of the Sons of the Revolution in the State of California, Huntington retired from active business in 1916. In 1927 Henry E. Huntington died in Philadelphia while undergoing surgery and he and Arabella are buried, with a large monument, in the Gardens of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. The Huntington Hotel was originally named Hotel Wentworth when it opened its doors on February 1,1907, financial problems and a disappointing first season forced the Hotel Wentworth to close its doors indefinitely. Henry Huntington purchased the Hotel Wentworth in 1911, renaming it the Huntington Hotel and it reopened in 1914, transformed into a beautiful winter resort. The 1920s were a time for the hotel, as Midwestern and Eastern entrepreneurs discovered Californias warm winter climate. The hotels reputation for fine service began with general manager and later owner Stephen W. Royce. By 1926, the hotels success prompted Royce to open the property year-round, the golden years ended with the stock market crash and the Great Depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s. However, by the end of the 1930s the hotel was back on solid ground, when World War II began, all reservations were cancelled and the hotel was rented to the Army for $3,000 a month
16.
United States Bureau of Reclamation
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On June 17th 1902, in accordance with the Reclamation Act, Secretary of the Interior Ethan Allen Hitchcock established the U. S. Reclamation Service within the U. S. Geological Survey. The new Reclamation Service studied potential water development projects in each state with federal lands—revenue from sale of federal lands was the initial source of the programs funding. Because Texas had no lands, it did not become a Reclamation state until 1906. From 1902 to 1907, Reclamation began about 30 projects in Western states, then, in 1907, the Secretary of the Interior separated the Reclamation Service from the USGS and created an independent bureau within the Department of the Interior. Frederick Haynes Newell was appointed the first director of the new bureau, in 1923 the agency was renamed the Bureau of Reclamation. In 1928 Congress authorized the Boulder Canyon Project, and large appropriations began, for the first time, the authorization came only after a hard-fought debate about the pros and cons of public power versus private power. The heyday of Reclamation construction of water facilities occurred during the Depression, from 1941 to 1947, Civilian Public Service labor was used to carry on projects otherwise interrupted by the war effort. Even the 1976 failure of Teton Dam as it filled for the first time did not diminish Reclamations strong international reputation in water development circles, however, this first and only failure of a major Reclamation Bureau dam led to subsequent strengthening of its dam-safety program to avoid similar problems. Reclamation operates about 180 projects in the 17 western states, the total Reclamation investment for completed project facilities in September 1992 was about $11 billion. Reclamation projects provide agricultural, household, and industrial water to about one‑third of the population of the American West. About 5% of the area of the West is irrigated. Reclamation is a major American generator of electricity, as of 2007, Reclamation had 58 power plants on‑line and generated 125,000 GJ of electricity. From 1988 to 1994, Reclamation underwent major reorganization as construction on projects authorized in the 1960s, Reclamation wrote that The arid West essentially has been reclaimed. The major rivers have been harnessed and facilities are in place or are being completed to meet the most pressing current water demands, emphasis in Reclamation programs shifted from construction to operation and maintenance of existing facilities. Reclamations redefined official mission is to manage, develop, and protect water, in redirecting its programs and responsibilities, Reclamation substantially reduced its staff levels and budgets but remains a significant federal agency in the West. Mead guided the bureau during the development, planning, and construction of the Hoover Dam, since his confirmation in December of 2014, Estevan Lopez of New Mexico has been serving as commissioner of the bureau. “‘The Wilderness and the Dry Land Will Be Glad, and the Desert Will Rejoice and Blossom like a Rose’, The Origins of the Bureau of Reclamation, ” Journal of the West 50, marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert, The American West and Its Disappearing Water
17.
California Water Wars
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The California Water Wars were a series of conflicts between the city of Los Angeles and farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California. As Los Angeles grew in the late 19th century, it started to outgrow its water supply, fred Eaton, mayor of Los Angeles, realized that water could flow from Owens Valley to Los Angeles via an aqueduct. The aqueduct construction was overseen by William Mulholland and was finished in 1913, the water rights were acquired through political fighting and, as described by one author, chicanery, subterfuge. and a strategy of lies. Since 1913, the Owens River had been diverted to Los Angeles, by the 1920s, so much water was diverted from the Owens Valley that agriculture became difficult. This led to the farmers trying to destroy the aqueduct in 1924, Los Angeles prevailed and kept the water flowing. By 1926, Owens Lake at the bottom of Owens Valley was completely dry due to water diversion, the water needs of Los Angeles kept growing. In 1941, Los Angeles diverted water that previously fed Mono Lake, north of Owens Valley, Mono Lakes ecosystem for migrating birds was threatened by dropping water levels. Between 1979 and 1994, David Gaines and the Mono Lake Committee engaged in litigation with Los Angeles, the litigation forced Los Angeles to stop diverting water from around Mono Lake, which has started to rise back to a level that can support its ecosystem. The Paiute natives were the inhabitants living in the valley. In 1833, Joseph Reddeford Walker led the first known expedition into the central California area that would later be called the Owens Valley. Walker saw that the soil conditions were inferior to those on the other side of the Sierra Nevada range. Von Schmidt reported that the soil was not good for agriculture except for the land near streams. In 1861, Samuel Bishop and other ranchers started to raise cattle on the luxuriant grasses that grew in the Owens Valley. They came into conflict with the Paiutes over land and water use, many settlers came to the area for the promise of riches from mining. The availability of water from the Owens River made farming and raising livestock attractive, the Homestead Act of 1862 gave pioneers five years to claim and take title of their land for a small filing fee and a charge of $1.25 per acre. The Homestead Act limited the land an individual could own to 160 acres in order to create small farms. The amount of land settled by the late 1870s and early 1880s was still relatively small. ”By 1866, rapid acquisition of land had begun. The large number of made by land speculators hindered the region’s development because speculators would not participate in developing canals
18.
Mulholland Drive
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Mulholland Drive is a street and road in the eastern Santa Monica Mountains of Southern California. It is named after pioneering Los Angeles civil engineer William Mulholland, the western rural portion in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties is named Mulholland Highway. The road is featured in movies, songs, and novels. David Lynch, who wrote and directed a film named after Mullholland Drive, has said that one can feel the history of Hollywood on it. The main portion of the road, from Cahuenga Pass in Hollywood westward past Sepulveda Pass, was originally called Mulholland Highway and was opened in 1924 and it was built by a consortium of developers investing in the Hollywood Hills. The road offers views of the Los Angeles Basin, the San Fernando Valley. Mulholland Drive is home to some of the most exclusive and most expensive homes in the world, many of these homes are set back from the road and offer outstanding views of downtown Los Angeles. The eastern terminus of Mulholland Drive is at its intersection with Cahuenga Boulevard at the Cahuenga Pass over the Santa Monica Mountains, the road winds along the top of the mountains until a few miles west of the San Diego/Interstate 405 Freeway. Just west of the intersection with Encino Hills Drive, it becomes a road not open to motor vehicles. This part is known by many as Dirt Mulholland and this portion connects with other unpaved roads and bike trails and allows access to a decommissioned Project Nike command post that is now a Cold War memorial park. The road opens again east of Topanga Canyon Boulevard at Santa Maria Road, shortly thereafter, the thoroughfare splits into Mulholland Drive and Mulholland Highway. Mulholland Drive terminates at U. S. Highway 101, where it becomes Valley Circle Boulevard, Mulholland Highway continues to the southwest until it terminates at State Route 1 in Leo Carrillo State Park at the Pacific Ocean coast and the border of Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Mulholland Highway Santa Monica Mountains Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area Mulholland Drive filmed with an on-board camera displayed on a map on Kinomap The wrecks of Mulholland Drive
19.
Mono Basin
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The Mono Basin is an endorheic drainage basin located east of Yosemite National Park in California and Nevada. It is bordered to the west by the Sierra Nevada, to the east by the Cowtrack Mountains, to the north by the Bodie Hills, and to the south by the north ridge of the Long Valley Caldera. Estimates of the size of the range from 634 to 801 square miles. Notable features in the basin include Mono Lake and the Mono-Inyo Craters, geologically the basin is a structural basin that is bordered to the west by the frontal fault of the Sierra Nevada. The basin is part of the Walker Lane, an area much of the deformation between the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate occurs. Five million years ago, the Sierra Nevada was a set of rolling hills and Mono Basin. From 4.5 to 2.6 million years ago, large volumes of basalt were erupted around what is now Cowtrack Mountain, eventually covering 300 square miles, later volcanism in the area occurred 3.8 million to 250,000 years ago. This activity was northwest of Mono Basin and included the formation of Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill, the area remains volcanically active today, with Paoha Island forming from volcanic activity 350 years ago. Mono Basin National Scenic Area Mono Lake Committee
20.
Rush Creek (Mono County, California)
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Rush Creek is a 27. 2-mile-long creek in California on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, running east and then northeast to Mono Lake. Rush Creek is the largest stream in the Mono Basin, carrying 41% of the total runoff and it was extensively diverted by the Los Angeles Aqueduct system in the twentieth century until California Trout, Inc. On A. W. Schmidts plat of 1857 it was called Lake Creek, between 1916 and 1925, three dams were constructed to enlarge natural lakes and flood meadows for hydropower, enlarging Waugh Lake, Gem Lake, and Agnew Lake. Grant Lake was previously enlarged by a dam, and by 1941 the current dam was enlarged. After Rush Creek passes through Grant Lake, Parker and Walker Creeks enter it just above the Narrows, the Narrows is a point where steep cliffs rise up from both sides of the stream, and the Rush Creek Bottomlands extend from the Narrows to Mono Lake. After diversions by the Los Angeles Aqueduct, lowering of the water led to a 50% loss of pre-diversion woody riparian vegetation. Near its mouth, Rush Creek incised 30 feet below its former floodplain to meet the lake level in Mono Lake. Most of the channels parallel to the main channel are dry. Instream fish habitat is considerably poorer, due to a lack of pools, spawning gravels, there are now 48 species of birds, mammals, and reptiles that use Rush Creek habitats. There are no fish native to the Mono Basin, but shortly after 1850 Lahontan Cutthroat Trout were introduced to the streams, and an abundant fishery flourished by 1900. Above Grant, Lake Golden Trout were planted in the 1920s and 1930s, an egg collecting station was constructed on Lower Rush Creek in 1925 and operated through 1953, during which time most eggs were probably shipped to the Mt. Whitney Hatchery. The Fern Creek Hatchery between Silver Lake and Grant Lake produced approximately 1 million fish per year from 1928 to 1942, brown, Rainbow, and Brook Trout were stocked from Fern Creek and Mt. Whitney State Fish Hatcheries in the Early 1900s. Brown Trout were introduced in 1919, were established by 1931, dominated the fishery by 1940. 3/4 lb. to 2 lb. brown trout were common, during the Great Depression trout from Rush Creek regularly supplemented the diets of local residents. In order to restore Rush Creeks previous rich habitats, various stream restoration techniques are being implemented and these include rewatering dry distributary channels, managing flows from Grant Lake to mimic natural flows, and planting vegetation in certain areas. These activities, if effective, should restore the stream to a dynamic, a 1991 grazing moratorium also allowed modest recovery of riparian vegetation to occur. Lee Vining Creek List of rivers in California Mill Creek Mono Lake Mono Lake Committee
21.
Lee Vining Creek
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Lee Vining Creek is a 16. 2-mile-long stream in Mono County, California, flowing into the endorheic basin of Mono Lake. It is the second largest stream flowing into the lake, after Rush Creek, the headwaters of the creek consist of many high-altitude lakes, Saddlebag Lake being the largest, as well as permanent snowfields and the Conness Glacier. It flows southeast to Ellery Lake, a natural lake enlarged by a dam, from there, it flows eastwards out of the mountains past the small town of Lee Vining. The creek terminates at a sandy delta on the western shore of Mono Lake. The Lee Vining Canyon provides the route for California State Route 120, due to the ruggedness of the area, the construction of the road along the sheer canyon walls during the 1930s was the most difficult part of the trans-Sierra crossing. Route 120 joins U. S. Route 395 in Lee Vining just north of the US395 bridge over Lee Vining Creek, the creek is used for hydropower generation at the Poole power plant operated by Southern California Edison, located within Lee Vining Canyon. Water impounded by dams at Ellery, Saddlebag and Rhinedollar Lakes are released to power over a total drop of 1,700 feet. The original hydroelectric system, developed by Nevada-California Power Company in the 1920s, was larger, today, only Lee Vining No.1 remains operational. A portion of the creek is diverted into the Second Los Angeles Aqueduct near Lee Vining to provide water to metropolitan Southern California. The diversion of Lee Vining Creek and other such as Rush Creek and Mill Creek has led to a severe reduction in streamflow. Media related to Lee Vining Creek at Wikimedia Commons Inyo National Forest List of rivers of California
22.
Crowley Lake
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Crowley Lake is a reservoir on the upper Owens River in southern Mono County, California, in the United States. Crowley Lake is 15 miles south of Mammoth Lakes, the lake was created in 1941 by the building of the Long Valley Dam by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, as storage for the Los Angeles Aqueduct and for flood control. The dam is 126 feet high and impounds 183,465 acre-feet, for more on the history of the lake, see Owens Lake. It is known for its fishing, Between 6,000 and 10,000 anglers hit the lake on opening day. The largest brown trout taken from the lake weighed 26 pounds, many people from all over California head here for late summer and fall fly fishing since the lake contains some of the largest trout around. The lake is named after Father John J. Crowley, “the desert Padre”, who was a key figure in Owens Valley history and a local hero. When it became obvious that the city of Los Angeles’s appropriation of the supply had made agriculture impossible in the Owens Valley. Father Crowley traveled up and down the Valley, convincing many of them that it could become a tourist destination, thus, it is fitting that while it exists to serve the Los Angeles aqueduct, Crowley Lake is also a prime destination for anglers. Father Crowley was killed in 1940 in an automobile accident, upon completion of the reservoir in 1941, strange columnar formations, some of which reached heights of as much as 20 feet, were spotted along the reservoirs eastern shore. List of lakes in California List of dams and reservoirs in California Crowley Map of DWP assets in Long Valley
23.
Acre-foot
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As the name suggests, an acre-foot is defined as the volume of one acre of surface area to a depth of one foot. Since an acre is defined as a chain by a furlong, there are two definitions of an acre-foot, depending on whether the foot used is an international foot or a U. S. survey foot. As a rule of thumb in U. S. water management, one acre-foot is taken to be the water usage of a suburban family household. In some areas of the desert Southwest, where water conservation is followed and often enforced, one acre-foot/year is approximately 893 gallons per day. One acre-foot is approximately equivalent to 1.233 megalitres, Cubic metres per second Cubic feet per second List of unusual units of measurement United States customary units Units of measurement
24.
Placerita Canyon State Park
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Placerita Canyon State Park is a California State Park in the San Gabriel Mountains, in an unincorporated rural area of Los Angeles County, north of Los Angeles near Santa Clarita, California. The area of Placerita Canyon was at one time occupied by the Tataviam Native American people and was included in the 1842 Mexican land grant issued for Rancho San Francisco. The park preserves the site of the first documented discovery of gold in California where in 1842, the park is near several movie ranches, all historic and active, including the Monogram Movie Ranch—Melody Ranch and the Disney—Golden Oak Ranch. The Oak of the Golden Dream is California Historical Landmark #168, Placerita Canyon State Park is in the east-west trending Placerita Canyon on the Placerita Fault and contains sandstone and metamorphic formations, and seasonal streams. Chaparral, Riparian, and Coast Live Oak woodland plant communities are represented, including willows, cottonwoods, the park is also notable for a seepage of white oil - unknown anywhere else in the world. This late 19th century discovery of oil surprised the prospectors because it is filtered so that it is not black. A small pool of it continues to be active by the leading up from the nature center to the Walker Ranch. Placerita Canyon State Park is located at 19152 Placerita Canyon Road, Santa Clarita, the Park contains a nature center and museum, the Walker Cabin, and hiking and nature trails. Placerita Canyon State Park is currently managed by the County of Los Angeles Department of Parks and Recreation
25.
Sierra Highway
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Sierra Highway or El Camino Sierra is a road in Southern California, United States. S. Route 395 and State Route 89, two portions of this road are currently signed as Sierra Highway. The first is an old alignment of SR 14/U. S, Route 6 from Los Angeles to Mojave. This road is signed with the unusual designation of State Route 14U through the city of Santa Clarita. The second part signed as Sierra Highway is a portion of US395 in Bishop, though most of Sierra Highway was bypassed in the early 1970s with freeways, the road is still well known. The portion through the San Gabriel Mountains is noted as the filming location for the film Duel. El Camino Sierra connects Los Angeles with Lake Tahoe along the edge of California, serving the counties of Los Angeles, Kern, Inyo, Mono, Alpine. The highway exists as a roadway now called Sierra Highway from Los Angeles to Mojave, north of Mojave, El Camino Sierra is better known by the numbered designations in current use. While traversing the state, the highway crosses several mountain passes, the highway crests the San Gabriel Mountains via Soledad Pass. While in the Sierra Nevada the highway crosses Sherwin Summit, Deadman Summit, Conway Summit, Devils Gate Pass, Monitor Pass, Sierra Highway begins at Tunnel Station near the north limit of the City of Los Angeles, where it intersects with San Fernando Road. This junction was historically the intersection of U. S. Route 99 and it is located adjacent to the intersection of the replacement freeways, the Newhall Pass interchange of Interstate 5 and State Route 14. The highway serves as one of the thoroughfares of Santa Clarita. Through the city, Route 14 was moved to an alignment in 1971, however. As a result, this portion is signed California State Route 14U, formal specifications for Route 14U are not published on Caltrans logs, but the routes existence is acknowledged in Caltrans bridge inventory logs. According to the City of Santa Clarita, Caltrans maintains Sierra Highway from 500 feet north of Newhall Avenue to Whispering Leaves Drive, the remaining part of Sierra Highway through the City of Santa Clarita is maintained by the City and not part of the 14U designation. Sierra Highway, modern Route 14, and a line of the Union Pacific Railroad all cross the San Gabriel Mountains. The three transportation arteries use different paths up the mountains, separating at Santa Clarita and converging near Acton, Sierra Highway uses Mint Canyon, the railroad uses Soledad Canyon and the modern Route 14 is a hybrid route using the ridges and side canyons between the two older routes. These canyons are formed by the Santa Clara River and its tributaries, upon exiting the mountains, Sierra Highway enters the Antelope Valley and serves as one of the main streets of Palmdale, Lancaster, and Rosamond
26.
Colorado River Aqueduct
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The Colorado River Aqueduct, or CRA, is a 242 mi water conveyance in Southern California in the United States, operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The aqueduct impounds water from the Colorado River at Lake Havasu on the California-Arizona border west across the Mojave and it is one of the primary sources of drinking water for Southern California. Originally conceived by William Mulholland and designed by Chief Engineer Frank E. Weymouth of the MWD, the project employed 30,000 people over an eight-year period and as many as 10,000 at one time. The system is composed of two reservoirs, five pumping stations,62 mi of canals,92 mi of tunnels, average annual throughput is 1,200,000 acre·ft. The Colorado River Aqueduct begins near Parker Dam on the Colorado River, there, the water is pumped up the Whipple Mountains where the water emerges and begins flowing through 60 mi of siphons and open canals on the southern Mojave Desert. At Iron Mountain, the water is lifted,144 ft. The aqueduct then turns southwest towards the Eagle Mountains, there the water is lifted two more times, first by 438 ft to an elevation of more than 1,400 ft, then by 441 ft to an elevation of 1,800 ft above sea level. The CRA then runs through the deserts of the Coachella Valley, near Cabazon, the aqueduct begins to run underground until it enters the San Jacinto Tunnel at the base of the San Jacinto Mountains. On the other side of the mountains the aqueduct continues to run underground until it reaches the terminus at Lake Mathews, from there,156 mi of distribution lines, along with eight more tunnels, delivers water to member cities. Some of the water is siphoned off in San Jacinto via the San Diego canal, as the Los Angeles metropolitan area grew in the early 1900s, Mulholland and others began looking for new sources of water. Eventually, Los Angeles laid claim to the waters of the Owens Valley, east of the Sierra Nevada, by the early 1920s, Los Angeles had grown so rapidly that the Owens River watershed could no longer supply the citys needs for domestic and agricultural water. By 1923, Mulholland and his engineers were looking east to a larger water supply. The plan was to dam the Colorado River and carry its waters across hundreds of miles of mountains, in 1924, the first steps were taken to create a metropolitan water district, made up of various cities throughout southern California. The Metropolitan Water District was incorporated on December 6,1928, the MWD considered eight routes for the aqueduct. In 1931, the MWD board of directors chose the Parker route which would require the building of the Parker Dam, the Parker route was chosen because it was seen as the safest and most economical. A $220 million bond was approved on September 29,1931, work began in January 1933 near Thousand Palms, and in 1934 the United States Bureau of Reclamation began work on the Parker Dam. Construction of the aqueduct was finished in 1935, Water first flowed in the aqueduct on January 7,1939. The CRA contributed to growth in the south coast region
27.
St. Francis Dam
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The St. Francis Dam was a curved concrete gravity dam, built to create a large regulating and storage reservoir for the city of Los Angeles, California. The reservoir was a part of the citys Los Angeles Aqueduct water supply infrastructure. It was located in San Francisquito Canyon of the Sierra Pelona Mountains, about 40 miles northwest of Downtown Los Angeles, the dam was designed and built between 1924 and 1926 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, then named the Bureau of Water Works and Supply. The department was under the direction of its General Manager and Chief Engineer, at 11,57 p. m. on March 12,1928, the dam catastrophically failed, and the resulting flood took the lives of an estimated 431 people. The disaster marked the end of Mulhollands career, in the early years of Los Angeles, the citys water supply was obtained from the Los Angeles River. This was accomplished by diverting water from the river through a series of ditches called zanjas, at that time a private water company, the Los Angeles City Water Company, leased the citys waterworks and provided water to the city. Mulholland quickly moved up the ranks of the Water Company and was promoted to Superintendent in 1886, in 1902, the City of Los Angeles ended its lease with the private water company and took control over the citys water supply. Mulholland continued as Superintendent and was named as its Chief Engineer, the project was completed in 1913, on time and under budget, despite several setbacks. Excluding the incidents of sabotage by Owens Valley residents in the early years and it was during the process of building the Los Angeles Aqueduct that Mulholland first considered sections of San Francisquito Canyon as a potential dam site. He felt that there should be a reservoir of sufficient size to provide water for Los Angeles for a period in the event of a drought or if the aqueduct were damaged by an earthquake. In particular he favored the area between where the power plants Powerhouses No.1 and No. A large camp had been set up to house the workers near this area, below the red conglomerate, down the remaining portion of the western hillside, crossing the canyon floor and up the eastern wall, a drastically different rock composition prevailed. These areas were made up of mica schist that was severely laminated, cross-faulted in many areas, although later many geologists disagreed on the exact location of the area of contact between the two formations, a majority opinion placed it at the inactive San Francisquito Fault line. Mulholland ordered exploratory tunnels and shafts excavated into the red conglomerate hillside to determine its characteristics and he also had water percolation tests performed. The results convinced him that the hill would make a satisfactory abutment for a dam should the need ever arise, the surprising part of this early geologic exploration came later when the need for a dam arose. The population of Los Angeles was increasing rapidly, in 1900 the population was slightly over 100,000. By 1910 it had more than three times that number at 320,000, and by 1920 the figure reached 576,673. This unexpectedly rapid growth brought a demand for a water supply
28.
Santa Clara River Valley
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The Santa Clara River Valley is a valley in Ventura County, California that has been given the moniker Heritage Valley by the namesake tourism bureau. The valley includes the communities of Santa Paula, Fillmore, Piru, named for the Santa Clara River, which winds through the valley before emptying into the Pacific Ocean between the cities of Ventura and Oxnard, the tourist bureau describes it as. Southern Californias last pristine agricultural valley nestled along the banks of the free-flowing Santa Clara River, the Santa Clara River Valley is bordered by the Topatopa Mountains, Los Padres National Forest, and Sespe Condor Sanctuary to the north and the Santa Susana Mountains to the south. The Santa Clarita Valley is part of the watershed of the river. A footpath through the valley was the route linking the San Fernando. Route 126 - the main E-W highway serving the valley, route 150 - a minor N-S highway connecting Ojai to the valley. Route 23 - a minor N-S highway connecting Fillmore to the Conejo Valley, USGS. gov, The Santa Clara River Valley County of Ventura. gov, Santa Clara River Watershed] Santa Clara River Watershed Committee website
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Ventura County, California
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Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 823,318, Ventura County comprises the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast, Ventura County was historically inhabited by the Chumash people, who also settled much of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties, with their presence dating back 10, 000-12,000 years. The Chumash were hunter-gatherers, fishermen, and also traders with the Mojave, Yokuts, the Chumash are also known for their rock paintings and for their great basketry. Chumash Indian Museum in Thousand Oaks has several reconstructed Chumash houses and there are several Chumash pictographs in the county, the plank canoe, called a tomol in Chumash, was important to their way of life. Canoe launching points on the mainland for trade with the Chumash of the Channel Islands were located at the mouth of the Ventura River, Mugu Lagoon and this has led to speculations among archeologists of whether the Chumash could have had a pre-historic contact with Polynesians. According to diachronic linguistics, certain words such as tomolo’o could be related to Polynesian languages, the dialect of the Chumash language that was spoken in Ventura County was Ventureño. Others include Point Mugu from the word Muwu, Saticoy from the word Sa’aqtiko’y, in October 1542, the expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo anchored in an inlet near Point Mugu, its members were the first Europeans to arrive in the area that would become Ventura County. Active occupation of California by Spain began in 1769, gaspar de Portolà led a military expedition by land from San Diego to Monterey, passing through Ventura County in August of that year. A priest with the expedition, Father Juan Crespí, kept a journal of the trip and noted that the area was ideal for a mission to be established, also on this expedition was Father Junípero Serra, who later founded a mission on this site. On March 31,1782, the Mission San Buenaventura was founded by Father Serra and it is named after Saint Bonaventure, one of the early intellectual founders of the Franciscan Order. The town that grew up around the mission, was originally and remains named San Buenaventura, in the 1790s, the Spanish Governor of California began granting land concessions to Spanish Californians who were often retiring soldiers. These concessions were known as ranchos and consisted of thousands of acres of land that were used primarily as ranch land for livestock, in Ventura County, Rancho Simi was granted in 1795 and Rancho El Conejo in 1802. Fernando Tico was granted Ojai and part of Ventura by Gov. Alvarado, California land that had been vested in the King of Spain was now owned by the nation of Mexico. By the 1830s, Mission San Buenaventura was in a decline with fewer neophytes joining the mission, the number of cattle owned by the mission dropped from first to fifteenth ranking in the California Missions. The missions were secularized by the Mexican government in 1834, the Mexican governors began granting land rights to Mexican Californians, often retiring soldiers. By 1846, there were 19 rancho grants in Ventura County, in 1836, Mission San Buenaventura was transferred from the Church to a secular administrator. The natives who had been working at the mission left to work on the ranchos
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Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
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The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is a regional wholesaler and the largest supplier of treated water in the US. The name is shortened to Met, or MWD. It is a cooperative of 14 cities and 11 municipal water districts and one county water authority that provides water to 19 million people in its 5 and it was created by an act of the California Legislature in 1928, primarily to build and operate the Colorado River Aqueduct. MWD became the first contractor to the State Water Project in 1960 and it also imports water supplies from northern California via the 444-mile California Aqueduct as a contractor to the State Water Project. Metropolitan operates sixteen hydroelectric facilities, nine reservoirs,830 miles of large-scale pipes, four of these treatment plants are among the ten largest plants in the nation. In fact, Metropolitan is the largest distributor of treated drinking water in the United States and it serves parts of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. The MWD headquarters is located at 700 North Alameda Street in downtown Los Angeles, the Metropolitan story dates back to the early 20th century, as Southern California cities were faced with a growing population and shrinking local groundwater supplies. Southland residents voted for a bond in the depths of the Great Depression to fund the construction effort through the desert to deliver essential water supplies. The post-World War II boom and 1950s dry spells prompted an expansion of the Metropolitan service area as new cities began seeking additional reliable water supplies. The MWD is governed by a board of 38 directors whose powers and this board was in charge of issuing bonds and financing their repayment by selling water to member agencies. In the early years, revenue from sales was too low. Ninety percent of the cost of the aqueduct has been paid for by the taxpayers, in 1929 the district was set up with an area of 600 square miles and served a population of around 1,600,000 in 13 cities. During the aqueducts first five years of service from 1941 to 1946 it delivered an average of about 27,000 acre feet of water, using less than 2% of its capacity. Only one pump at each lift, operating one to six months out of the year, was needed to meet all the demands made on the system. At this time due, to availability of water, less than 10% of the Colorado River Aqueducts capacity was used. The San Diego County Water Authority joined MWD as its first wholesale member agency in 1946, SDCWA was formed in 1944 to facilitate joining MWD, received its first deliveries in 1947 and was buying half of MWDs water by 1949. The SDCWA annexation broke two traditions at MWD, Member agencies had previously been cities in the south coast basin, the next break came in 1950, when Pomona MWD joined MWD. Since Pomona was a largely agricultural member agency at the time, in 1952, MWD began a 200 million dollar program to bring the Colorado River Aqueduct to its full capacity of 1,212,000 acre feet annually
31.
Antelope Valley
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Antelope Valley is located in northern Los Angeles County, California and the southeast portion of Kern County, California, and constitutes the western tip of the Mojave Desert. It is situated between the Tehachapi and the San Gabriel Mountains, the valley was named for the pronghorns that roamed there until being eliminated by bad weather in the 1880s and hunters. The principal cities in the Antelope Valley are Palmdale and Lancaster, the Antelope Valley comprises the western tip of the Mojave Desert, opening up to the Victor Valley and the Great Basin to the east. Lying north of the San Gabriel Mountains and southeast of the Tehachapis, precipitation in the surrounding mountain ranges contributes to groundwater recharge. The Antelope Valley is home to a range of plants. This includes hundreds of such as the California Juniper, Joshua tree, California Scrub Oak, Creosote. Winter brings much-needed rain which slowly penetrates the areas dry ground, bringing up native grasses, poppy season depends completely on the precipitation, but a good bloom can be killed off by the unusual weather in the late winter and early spring months. The Antelope Valley gets its name from its history of pronghorn grazing in large numbers, in 1882-85, the valley lost 30,000 head of antelope, almost half of the species for which it was named. Unusually heavy snows in both the mountains and the valley floor drove the antelope toward their normal feeding grounds in the part of the valley. Since they would not cross the tracks, many of them starved to death. The remainder of these pronghorn were hunted for their fur by settlers, once abundant, they either died off or migrated into the Central Valley. A drought in the early 1900s caused a scarcity in bunch grass, now the sighting of a pronghorn is rare, although there are still a small number in the western portion of the valley. Human water use in the Antelope Valley depends mainly on pumping of groundwater from the valleys aquifers, long-term groundwater pumping has lowered the water table, thereby increasing pumping lifts, reducing well efficiency, and causing land subsidence. All stakeholders agree the estuary is in trouble and requires long-term solutions to ensure reliable, quality water supplies, the Antelope Valleys population growth and development place considerable stress on the local and regional water systems. The first peoples of the Antelope Valley include the Kawaiisu, Kitanemuk, Serrano, europeans first entered in the 1770s during the colonization of North America. Father Francisco Garces, a Spanish Franciscan friar, is believed to have traveled the west end of the valley in 1776, the Spanish established El Camino Viejo through the western part of the valley between Los Angeles and the missions of the San Francisco Bay in the 1780s. By 1808, the Spanish had moved the people out of the valley. Jedediah Smith came through in 1827, and John C, fremont made a scientific observation of the valley in 1844
32.
Manzanar
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Located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada in Californias Owens Valley between the towns of Lone Pine to the south and Independence to the north, it is approximately 230 miles north of Los Angeles. Long before the first incarcerees arrived in March 1942, Manzanar was home to Native Americans, ranchers and miners formally established the town of Manzanar in 1910, but abandoned the town by 1929 after the City of Los Angeles purchased the water rights to virtually the entire area. As different as these groups were, their histories displayed a common thread of forced relocation, the primary focus is the Japanese American incarceration era, as specified in the legislation that created the Manzanar National Historic Site. The site also interprets the former town of Manzanar, the days, the settlement by the Owens Valley Paiute. Let us review the main points of the debate, over 120,000 residents of the U. S. A. two thirds of whom were American citizens, were incarcerated under armed guard. There were no crimes committed, no trials, and no convictions, to detain American citizens in a site under armed guard surely constitutes a concentration camp. But what were the used by the government officials who were involved in the process. Raymond Okamura provides us with a detailed list of terms, lets consider three such euphemisms, evacuation, relocation, and non-aliens. Earthquake and flood victims are evacuated and relocated, the words refer to moving people in order to rescue and protect them from danger. The official government policy makers consistently used evacuation to refer to the removal of the Japanese Americans. These are euphemisms as the terms do not imply forced removal nor incarceration in enclosures patrolled by armed guards. Hirabayashi went on to describe the harm done by the use of such euphemisms, the harm in continuing to use the governments euphemisms is that it disguises or softens the reality which subsequently has been legally recognized as a grave error. The actions abrogated some fundamental principles underlying the Constitution, the document under which we govern ourselves. This erosion of fundamental rights has consequences for all citizens of our society, some have argued that the Nazi Germany camps during the Holocaust were concentration camps and to refer to the Japanese American camps likewise would be an affront to the Jews. It is certainly true that the Japanese Americans did not suffer the fate of the Jews in the terrible concentration camps or death camps where Nazi Germany practiced a policy of genocide. Although the loss of life was minimal in Americas concentration camps, michi and Walter Weglyns research concerning Nazi Germanys euphemisms for their concentration camps revealed such phrases as protective custody camps, reception centers, and transit camps. Ironically, two Nazi euphemisms were identical to our governments usage, assembly centers and relocation centers and it might be well to point out, also, that the Nazis were not operating under the U. S. Constitution. Comparisons usually neglect to point out that Hitler was operating under the rules of the Third Reich
33.
Penstock
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A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers water to hydro turbines and sewerage systems. It is a term that has inherited from the earlier technology of mill ponds. Penstocks for hydroelectric installations are normally equipped with a gate system, flow is regulated by turbine operation and is nil when turbines are not in service. Penstocks, particularly used in polluted water systems, need to be maintained by hot water washing, manual cleaning, antifouling coatings. The term is used in irrigation dams to refer to the channels leading to. Penstocks are also used in mine tailings dam construction, the penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings. These control the level, letting the slimes settle out of the water. This water is piped under the tailings dam back to the plant via a penstock pipeline. Similar structures which are not enclosed are head races or leats, penstocks are commonly used in water management systems such as surface water drainage and foul water sewers. Penstocks provide a means of isolation of flows, penstocks are incorporated into the surface water management systems of many landfill sites. Attenuation lagoons are constructed in order to store water, limiting the discharge from the site to pre-development rate. Penstocks are installed at the outfall from the lagoon so that in the event that the surface water becomes contaminated the penstock may be closed. This will have the effect of isolating the site from the watercourse, penstock cross-sections for the Grand Coulee Dam U. S. Department of Energy Hydropower Basics
34.
Newhall Pass
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Newhall Pass is a mountain pass in Los Angeles County, California. Historically called Fremont Pass and San Fernando Pass, with Beales Cut, Newhall Pass links the San Fernando Valley to the Santa Clarita Valley and is a main entry to the Greater Los Angeles area. The pass is known for its interchange and the historic San Fernando Tunnel. Newhall Pass was initially named Fremont Pass for General John C, frémont, who was thought to have passed through it in 1847 on his way to sign the Treaty of Cahuenga, but he actually went slightly east of the pass on the El Camino Viejo. In 1853, a Los Angeles businessman, Henry Clay Wiley installed a windlass atop the Fremont Pass to speed and he also built a tavern, hotel and stable nearby. In 1854, Wiley sold out to Sanford and Cyrus Lyon, at the same time Phineas Banning obtained the business of supplying Fort Tejon. Thus, the San Fernando Mountain, the most daunting obstacle along the Fort Tejon Road, butterfield Overland Mail, a stagecoach that operated mail between St. Louis, Missouri and San Francisco began using it directly. In 1861, a landowner and surveyor named Edward Beale was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as the federal Surveyor General of California, Beale challenged General Picos loyalty to the new president and in 1863, Beale was awarded the right to collect the toll in the pass. Beale maintained rights to the cut for the twenty years. Beales Cut was eventually deepened to 90 feet and it lasted as a transportation passage in the neighborhood of present-day Newhall Pass until construction of the Newhall Tunnel was completed in 1910. Beales Cut appeared in many silent western movies, the location became a favorite of movie producers like John Ford and D. W. Griffith. In Fords 1923 film Three Jumps Ahead American film actor Tom Mix is filmed jumping over the pass, John Ford used the location in at least four films over a twenty-year period beginning as early as 1917. Still in existence today, it is no longer passable by automobiles, sometime in the late 20th century it suffered a partial collapse, and now is about 30 feet deep. It is visible from the Sierra Highway about one mile north from the intersection of The Old Road and Sierra Highway and it lies between Sierra Highway and the new freeway, about a quarter mile to the northeast of a stone marker. Beales Cut is difficult to find today because it is fenced off, Newhall Pass is named after businessman Henry Newhall, whose land holdings formed the basis of the city of Santa Clarita. Newhall came to California from Saugus, Massachusetts during the California Gold Rush in 1850, over time he purchased a number of properties in the state, the most significant being the 46, 460-acre Rancho San Francisco in northern Los Angeles County. The first station built on the line he named for his hometown, after his death in 1882 his family incorporated the Newhall Land and Farming Company. The Sierra Highway crossing was once the Newhall Tunnel, built by Los Angeles County in 1910 to replace Beales Cut, metrolinks Antelope Valley Line and the Union Pacific Railroad go through the pass via the San Fernando Tunnel
35.
Ridgecrest, California
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Ridgecrest is a city in Kern County, California, United States. It is located along U. S. Route 395 in the Indian Wells Valley in northeastern Kern County, the population was 27,616 at the 2010 census, up from 24,927 at the 2000 census. It was incorporated as a city in 1963, Ridgecrest is surrounded by four mountain ranges, the Sierra Nevada on the west, the Cosos on the north, the Argus Range on the east, and the El Paso Mountains on the south. It is approximately 82 miles from the Lancaster/Palmdale area and approximately 145 miles from both Bakersfield and San Bernardino, the three nearest major urban centers, private air travel in and out of the city is provided through the Inyokern Airport. There are currently no scheduled flights in or out of Ridgecrest. Ridgecrest is within two hours of the highest and the lowest points in the conterminous U. S, the settlement began as a farming community called Crumville in 1912, honoring James and Robert Crum, local dairymen. The first post office opened in 1941, by 1943, Ridgecrest had grown to 115 homes and 196 residents. NOTS was established in November 1943, providing a strong job base for the years to come, during this era the growth of Ridgecrest was governed by the continuing needs of the high tech industries coupled to the Naval Stations programs for testing arms and guidance systems. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 21.4 square miles. Ridgecrest is located in Indian Wells Valley, which is a extension of Owens Valley. The area, associated with the Eastern California Shear Zone, has experienced numerous earthquake swarms in the past often with no obvious mainshock, the weather in the Indian Wells Valley is predominantly influenced by its high desert location. The climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights with extremely arid conditions prevailing throughout the summer months, the mean annual maximum temperature for the Ridgecrest area is 75 °F while the mean annual minimum temperature is 48 °F. There are wide annual temperature fluctuations that occur from a high of 119 °F to a low of 1 °F, the area is known to have wind as high as 75 mph on a sunny day. Whenever winds exceed 30 mph dust devils and dust clouds form in the area, December is the coolest month with an average maximum temperature of 60 °F and an average minimum temperature of 30 °F. The all-time minimum temperature of 1 °F was recorded on December 23,1963, Ridgecrest is a desert, with an average of less than 5 inches equivalent rainfall per year, which includes less than 2 inches of snow. July is the hottest month with an maximum temperature of 103 °F. The all-time maximum temperature of 119 °F was recorded on July 31,1971, the 2010 United States Census reported that Ridgecrest had a population of 27,616. The population density was 1,289.5 people per square mile
36.
California Aqueduct
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The over 400-mile aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project. The Department of Water Resources operates and maintains the California Aqueduct, including one pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam, which forms San Luis Reservoir, the largest offstream reservoir in the United States. It is named after California Governor Edmund Gerald Pat Brown Sr, the Central Valley of California is surrounded by high mountains that are eroding into the valley itself. The valley is somewhat rebounding from recent ice age interglacial glaciations, the region is prone to significant earthquakes due to the many faults and fault lines that pass through. The flatness of the valley bottom contrasts with the hills or gentle mountains that are typical of most of Californias terrain. The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench further offshore, the San Joaquin Fault is a notable seismic feature of the Central Valley. The valley was later enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges, faulting moved the Coast Ranges, and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay. The aqueduct begins at the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta at the Banks Pumping Plant, Water is pumped by the Banks Pumping Plant to the Bethany Reservoir. The reservoir serves as a forebay for the South Bay Aqueduct via the South Bay Pumping Plant, from the Bethany Reservoir, the aqueduct flows by gravity approximately 60 mi to the ONeill Forebay at the San Luis Reservoir. From the ONeill Forebay, it flows approximately 16 mi to the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant, after Dos Amigos, the aqueduct flows about 95 mi to where the Coastal Branch splits from the main line. The split is approximately 16 mi south-southeast of Kettleman City, after the coastal branch, the line continues by gravity another 66 mi to the Buena Vista Pumping Plant. From the Buena Vista, it flows approximately 27 mi to the Teerink Pumping Plant, after Teerink it flows about 2.5 mi to the Chrisman Pumping Plant. Chrisman is the last pumping plant before Edmonston Pumping Plant, which is 13 mi from Chrisman, South of the plant the west branch splits off in a southwesterly direction to serve the Los Angeles Basin. At Edmonston Pumping Plant it is pumped 1,926 ft over the Tehachapi Mountains, Water flows through the aqueduct in a series of abrupt rises and gradual falls. The water flows down a long segment, built at a slight grade, the pumping station raises the water, where it again gradually flows downhill to the next station. However, where there are drops, the waters potential energy is recaptured by hydroelectric plants. The Edmonston Pumping station requires so much power that several power lines off of Path 15, a typical section has a concrete-lined channel 40 feet at the base and an average water depth of about 30 ft. The widest section of the aqueduct is 110 feet and the deepest is 32 feet, channel capacity is 13,100 cubic feet per second and the largest pumping plant capacity at Dos Amigos is 15,450 cubic feet per second
37.
State Water Project
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However, as it is the largest single consumer of power in the state itself, it has a net usage of 5100 GWh. The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and power plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped 2,882 feet over the Tehachapi Mountains, with 1,926 feet at the Edmonston Pumping Plant alone, the SWP shares many facilities with the federal Central Valley Project, which primarily serves agricultural users. Water can be interchanged between SWP and CVP canals as needed to meet requirements for project constituents. The SWP provides estimated annual benefits of $400 billion to Californias economy, as a result, the project has only delivered an average of 2.4 million acre feet annually, as compared to total entitlements of 4.23 million acre feet. Environmental concerns caused by the removal of water from the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. Work continues today to expand the SWPs water delivery capacity while finding solutions for the impacts of water diversion. The original purpose of the project was to provide water for arid Southern California, whose local water resources, the SWP was rooted in two proposals. The United Western Investigation of 1951, a study by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, assessed the feasibility of interbasin water transfers in the Western United States. In the same year, State Engineer A. D. Edmonston proposed the Feather River Project, which proposed the damming of the Feather River, the Feather River was much more accessible than the North Coast rivers, but did not have nearly as much water. Calls for a statewide water management system led to the creation of the California Department of Water Resources in 1956. The following year, the studies were compiled into the extensive California Water Plan. California governor Pat Brown would later say it was to correct an accident of people, the diversion of the North Coast rivers was abandoned in the plans early stages after strong opposition from locals and concerns about the potential impact on the salmon in North Coast rivers. The California Water Plan would have to go ahead with the development of the Feather River alone, the Burns-Porter Act of 1959 provided $1.75 billion of initial funding through a bond measure. Construction on Stage I of the project, which would deliver the first 2.23 million acre feet of water, Northern Californians opposed the measure as a boondoggle and an attempt to steal their water resources. Historians largely attribute the success of the Burns-Porter Act and the State Water Project to major agribusiness lobbying, the bond was passed on an extremely narrow margin of 174,000 out of 5.8 million ballots cast. In 1961, ground was broken on Oroville Dam, and in 1963, work began on the California Aqueduct, the first deliveries to the Bay Area were made in 1962, and water reached the San Joaquin Valley by 1968
38.
Owensmouth
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Owensmouth may refer to, Owensmouth, California was a town founded in 1912 in the Western part of the San Fernando Valley. Owensmouth joined the city of Los Angeles in 1917, and was renamed Canoga Park on March 1,1931, Owensmouth was named for the 1913 Owens River aqueducts terminus in current Canoga Park. The town was started by the Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company as part of a real estate development in Southern California. Sherman Way was a boulevard with lush landscaping and no speed limit where one might get up to 35 mph, there was a separate dirt road for farm wagons/equipment. The new town had its problems, not till 1913 did electricity get installed, in 1916 there were only 200 residents. The town and orchards did not get any aqueduct water till 1917, the street, Owensmouth Avenue that runs north-west through the Valley, is one of the few reminders of the 1910s. The communitys name was changed to Canoga Park in 1931, current West Hills, Los Angeles, was part of Owensmouth from 1912 to1931. In 1987 West Hills was formed from a homeowners break way from Canoga Park forming the new community. Owensmouth Ave, a street running north and south through the San Fernando Valley just east of Topanga Canyon Blvd, Owensmouth Street car line to Owensmouth ran from 1911 to 1952. San Fernando Street car line to Owensmouth, built by Moses Shermans Los Angeles Pacific Railroad sold to PE. Owensmouth Southern Pacific Railroad line and station opened in 1912, the 1912 station is at 21355 Sherman Way, Canoga Park, CA. The station was damaged by fire in 1995, parts of the old Rancho El Escorpión were in the Owensmouth. The Mexican land grant was on the land before Owensmouth, Los Angeles Suburban Homes Company was in Owensmouth, The company built homes, owned by Isaac Newton Van Nuys State Bank of Owensmouth, was in Owensmouth, its President was H. J. Whitley. Owensmouth High School in Canoga Park, California opened October 4,1914, it is now called Canoga High School, Owensmouth Continuation high school is in Canoga Park
39.
National Geographic
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National Geographic is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 and it primarily contains articles about science, geography, history, and world culture. The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a rectangular border. The magazine is published monthly, and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions and it is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition. On occasion, special editions of the magazine are issued and this includes a US circulation of 3.5 million. From the 1970s through about 2010 the magazine was printed in Corinth, Mississippi, the current Editor-in-Chief of the National Geographic Magazine is Susan Goldberg. Goldberg is also Editorial Director for National Geographic Partners, overseeing the print and she is responsible for News, Books, National Geographic Traveler magazine, National Geographic History magazine, Maps, and all digital content with the exception of National Geographic Kids. Goldberg reports to Declan Moore, CEO of National Geographic Partners, the first issue of National Geographic Magazine was published on September 22,1888, nine months after the Society was founded. The June 1985 cover portrait of the presumed to be 12-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula, shot by photographer Steve McCurry, in the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic, a digital compilation of all the past issues of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 it resumed publishing a compilation containing all issues through December 2008. The compilation was updated to make more recent issues available. National Geographic Kids, the version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World. The January 2017 issue of National Geographic has a nine-year-old transgender girl on the cover, the magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria, the Soviet Union, and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race, National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also articles in the 1930s, 40s and 50s about the individual states and their resources. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich, there were also articles about biology and science topics. In later years articles became outspoken on issues such as issues, deforestation, chemical pollution, global warming
40.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
41.
William Fulton (urban planner)
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William Bill Fulton is an American author, urban planner, and politician. He served as Mayor of the City of Ventura, California, from 2009 to 2011, in October 2014 he became the head of the Kinder Institute for Urban Research at Rice University in Houston, Texas. He is considered an advocate of the Smart Growth movement in urban planning. In 2009, he was named to Planetizens list of Top 100 Urban Thinkers and he is the founder and publisher of the California Planning & Development Report. Fulton was raised in Auburn, New York, located in the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York and he received journalism degrees from St. Bonaventure University and The American University in Washington, D. C. His ancestors moved to Auburn from Scotland after the Civil War to work in textile mills there, in 1981, after attending university in Washington, D. C. he moved to Los Angeles and worked as a journalist. He subsequently earned a degree in urban planning at UCLA. He is the author of books, including Guide To California Planning. The fourth edition of Guide to California Planning was published in 2012 and his book The Reluctant Metropolis, The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles was a Los Angeles Times best-seller upon its publication in 1997. He is a contributor on economic development issues to Governing Magazine. In 2010 Fulton published his book, a collection of columns from Governing titled Romancing The Smokestack. From 2000 to 2008, Fulton ran Solimar Research Group, a consulting firm, among other things, Who Sprawls Most concluded that the West is growing densely while other parts of the nation have serious sprawl problems. For many years, Who Sprawls Most. was among Brookings most downloaded publications, in 2008, Solimar was merged into the Berkeley-based planning consulting firm Design, Community & Environment, where Fulton became a Principal and Shareholder. DC&E subsequently merged with The Planning Center to become The Planning Center / DC&E, Fulton also served as a Senior Fellow at the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California from 2004 to 2014, where he taught land use policy and smart growth. He is also the publisher of the periodical California Planning & Development Report. Fulton has long been active in local politics, in the 1980s, he was a planning commissioner in the then-new City of West Hollywood, California. In 2003, following his involvement in a campaign to defeat a ballot initiative that would have permitted a large development project. In the election, he received more votes than any other candidate, in 2007, Fulton sought re-election as a thoughtful moderate
42.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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Heritage Documentation Programs
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
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Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument
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The Historic-Cultural Monument process has its origin in the Historic Buildings Committee formed in 1958 by the Los Angeles chapter of the American Institute of Architects. On April 30,1962, a historic preservation ordinance proposed by the AIA committee was passed. The original Cultural Heritage Board was formed in the summer of 1962, consisting of William Woollett, FAIA, Bonnie H. Riedel, Carl S. Dentzel, Senaida Sullivan and Edith Gibbs Vaughan. The board met for the first time in August 1962, at a time when the owner of the historic Leonis Adobe was attempting to demolish the structure, in its first day of official business, the board designated the Leonis Adobe and four other sites as Historic-Cultural Monuments. The designation of a property as a Historic-Cultural Monument does not prevent demolition or alteration, however, the designation requires permits for demolition or substantial alteration to be presented to the commission. The commission has the power to delay the demolition of a property for up to one year. In the commissions first decade of operation, it designated 101 properties as Historic-Cultural Monuments, by March 2010, there were 979 designated properties. A. Historic-Cultural Monuments website — with ever-updated LAHCM List via PDF link, official Los Angeles Office of Historic Resources website — Homepage Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission website Designated LAHCM Landmarks by Neighborhood — L. A. Bariscale. Bariscales Flickr Photostream — Big Orange Flickr Gallery of L. A. H. C. Monuments
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