1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Anschutz Entertainment Group
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The Anschutz Entertainment Group is an American worldwide sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of The Anschutz Corporation. It is the worlds largest owner of sports teams and sports events, under the AEG Live brand, it is the worlds second largest presenter of live music and entertainment events after Live Nation. AEG Live was started in 2002, AEG owns and operates a variety of venues, sport teams and entertainment concerns. For venues, AEG owns and operates the Staples Center and the StubHub Center, in England, it owns the Manchester Arena, and currently operates The O2 which includes a 20,000 capacity arena. In Turkey, AEG operates 13,800 capacity Ulker Sports Arena, as part of the development of the O2, Anschutz also purchased the London river service company Thames Clipper, and supported the development of the nearby David Beckham Academy. The company has its headquarters in Downtown Los Angeles, AEG also owned Hamburg Freezers before ceasing its existence in 2016. The company also purchased the Champions on Ice figure skating tour in 2006 and it is now the second-largest event promoter in the United States. AEG Live came to public attention in 2009 when it acted as the promoter for Michael Jacksons This Is It concerts. Jackson died just three weeks before the series of 50 concerts were due to begin, on September 18,2012, The Anschutz Corporation announced its intent to sell Anschutz Entertainment Group and its holdings. The company has retained financial advisors Blackstone Advisory Partners to assist in AEGs sale process, approval to begin construction of Farmers Field in 2013 for a 2016 completion was in the process of being finalized at the time that AEGs sale was announced. On March 14,2013, Anschutz announced AEG is no longer for sale, AEG operates the Sprint Center for the city of Kansas City, Missouri, and Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Anschutz knows Prescott personally, having had him as a guest for a stay at Anschutzs ranch in 2005 and footing the bill for hospitality. In January 2007, the Super Casino license was awarded to a group in Manchester, rather than to Blackpool or London, Anschutz spent £50m on the Manchester Arena and the winner of the casino licence is a close ally of Anschutz, Sol Kerzner. The informal partnership was dissolved the following year, in October 2011, it was announced an agreement with Palmeiras and WTorre for managing the Allianz Parque, one of the most modern multipurpose spaces in the world, located in São Paulo, Brazil. With construction starting in 2010, was completed in November 2014, in September 2013, it was announced that AEG Facilities, a stand-alone affiliate of AEG, had signed a 15-year contract to operate Wembley Arena in London, UK. In 2014, the partnership of AEG Live with MGM Resorts International began construction of Las Vegas Arena located west of the Las Vegas Strip between Frank Sinatra Drive and New York-New York, the venue has been open since April 6,2016. Anschutz was one of the co-founders and one of the investors of Major League Soccer. In 1996, he became the investor/operator of the Colorado Rapids, the Rapids were then a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation
5.
Pico station
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Pico is an at-grade light rail station in the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system. It is located in the South Park neighborhood of Downtown Los Angeles, the station is served by the Metro Blue Line and the Metro Expo Line. The Metro Silver Line buses heading northbound to El Monte Station stop one block west of the station at Figueroa Street, southbound Silver Line buses heading to Harbor Gateway Transit Center stop at Flower St. /Pico Blvd. The full station name is Pico/Chick Hearn and this name memorializes sportscaster Francis Dayle Chick Hearn, longtime play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Lakers. On April 13,2016, the station was temporarily renamed Kobe to commemorate professional basketballer Kobe Bryants last game, Blue & Expo Line service hours are approximately from 5,00 AM until 12,45 AM daily. The Metro Silver Line northbound street stop is located at Figueroa Street & Pico Boulevard, the Silver Line southbound street stop is Flower St/Pico Blvd, next to the station. Silver Line service hours are approximately from 5,00 AM until 1,00 AM daily, Pico station serves the South Park neighborhood on its east, and the Figueroa/convention district on its west. It is located on the east side of Flower Street, just north of Pico Boulevard, north of this station is the Flower Street Tunnel, which connects Pico station to 7th St/Metro Center Station via Flower Street. The tunnels portal is just south of 11th Street on Flower Street, the tunnel will be extended when the Regional Connector is completed in 2020. The station is walking distance to the following attractions, Staples Center Chick Hearn Court/L. A. The stations entrance is on the northeast corner of Flower/Pico, Metro added gates and flashing lights at this station during late December 2011, as part of a set of safety enhancements that were added to the Expo Line project. Pico station opened along with the Blue Line on July 14,1990 and was the site of opening day celebrations. Because the underground portion of the line was not yet complete, Station connections overview Metro Expo Line Construction Authority Project Website, Metro Rail Expo Corridor, Phase 1 to Culver City Pico Station relation on OpenStreetMap
6.
Electronic Entertainment Expo
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The Electronic Entertainment Expo, commonly referred to as E3, is an annual trade fair for the video game industry presented by the Entertainment Software Association. It is used by video game publishers and accessory manufacturers to introduce and advertise upcoming games. E3 used to be an event, individuals who wished to attend were required by the ESA to verify a professional connection to the video-game industry. E3 is usually held in late May or early June at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, the show in 2017 will be held from June 13–15,2017. Before E3, game publishers went to trade shows to display new or upcoming products, these include the Consumer Electronics Show. As the game industry grew rapidly during the early 1990s, industry professionals felt that it had outgrown the older trade shows, according to Tom Kalinske, CEO of Sega America, The CES organizers used to put the video games industry way, way in the back. In 1991 they put us in a tent, and you had to walk past all the vendors to find us. That particular year it was pouring rain, and the rain leaked right over our new Genesis system, I was just furious with the way CES treated the video games industry, and I felt we were a more important industry than they were giving us credit for. Sega did not return to the CES the following year, the first E3 was conceived by IDGs Infotainment World and co-founded by the Interactive Digital Software Association. It coincided with a new generation of consoles, the release of the Sega Saturn, although specifications for the Nintendo Ultra 64 were released, no hardware was displayed. Although the IDSA asked the CES for private meeting space for game developers, patrick Ferrell, CEO of IDGs Infotainment World, sent his vice president of marketing to the meeting, when Ferrell received the CES reply, Infotainment World management announced E3. Needing full industry support, Ferrell negotiated an agreement between IDG and the IDSA and they co-produced the show for several years, the first event was held from May 11–13,1995 in Los Angeles. Keynote speakers included Sega of America president and CEO Thomas Kalinske, Sony Electronic Publishing president Olaf Olafsson and it was one of the largest trade-show debuts in history, with 700,000 square feet of exhibit space and over 48,900 attendees. In its current form, the Expo primarily features presentations from major hardware and software publishers, traditionally including Microsoft, Sony, Activision, Ubisoft, Nintendo and this often includes reveals of new hardware and software products. Following these presentations, the exhibition halls open, allowing attendees to speak to various company representations to get more information on upcoming titles. Here, many developers and publishers will have booths for their products. E3 has traditionally been a closed event expect to members of the game industry. In 2015, ESA distributed 5,000 tickets to the exhibitors to give to their fans, E32016 featured a separate but free E3 Live event at the nearby L. A
7.
Convention center
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A convention center is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition centres. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, some large resort area hotels include a convention center
8.
LA Auto Show
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The Los Angeles Auto Show is an annual auto show held at the Los Angeles Convention Center in mid-to-late November. The LA Auto Show is an OICA sanctioned international exhibition and also endorsed by the Greater Los Angeles New Car Dealers Association and it is open to the public for ten days each year, filling 760,000 square feet of exhibit space. Starting in 2016, the show kicks off with AutoMobility LA, four days full of activity for journalists, designers, in 2014, the show had a record number of debuts with more than 65 World and North American debuts. The Los Angeles Auto Show began in 1907 with ninety-nine vehicles on display at Morley’s Skating Rink, in 1910, the event was held under a canvas big top at Fiesta Park. As the auto industry grew, the show changed venues four times throughout the 1920s to accommodate the growing needs of vendors. In 1926, it place at the corner of Hill. During the 1929 show, a circuit in one of the airplane exhibits caught fire causing the entire show to go up in flames ending in more than $1 Million in damage. With the help of the community, the show re-opened one day later at the Shrine Auditorium, the show continued to prove successful throughout the 1930s, but took a down turn during the Second World War and went on hiatus from 1940 through 1951. In 1952, the show re-opened at the Pan Pacific Auditorium with 152 vehicles on display, in 2006, the show moved its dates from early January to late November/early December, thus resulting in two shows during the year 2006, the second marking the 100 year anniversary show. For 2016, AutoMobility LA will also include the events, AutoMobility LA, four days of networking. Press days and vehicle debuts took place on November 16 and 17, the 2015 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 20 through November 29,2015. Press days and vehicle debuts took place on November 18 and 29, the 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 21 through November 30,2014. Press days and vehicle debuts took place on November 19 and 20, the 2013 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 22 through December 1,2013. Press days and vehicle debuts took place on November 20 and 21, the 2013 Connected Car Expo was held on November 19–21. 56 total vehicles debuted at the 2013 show, with 22 of them being world debuts, the following below are production models that debuted. The 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 30 through December 9,2012, Honda also announced the 2014 Accord Plug-In Hybrid will be available starting January 15,2013 in California and New York. The 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 18 through November 27,2011, the Sneak Preview Night was held on November 17,2011. The 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show was held from November 19 through November 28,2010, the Sneak Preview Night was held on November 18,2010
9.
Anime Expo
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Anime Expo, abbreviated AX, is an American anime convention held in Los Angeles, California and organized by the non-profit Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation. With rare exceptions, the convention is held on the first weekend in July, which typically coincides with the 4th of July. While currently hosted at the Los Angeles Convention Center, in the past Anime Expo has been held in locations such as Anaheim, San Jose, New York. Anime Expo is the largest North American anime convention as of 2016, Anime Expo features many events and activities during the convention for attendees to take part in such as guest panels, table top gaming, competitions, an arcade, and concerts. Top attractions include such as the Masquerade cosplay contest, the Anime Music Video competition, Battle of the Bands. In addition, Anime Expo hosts a multitude of industry Guests of Honor, Anime Expo also has a large variety of focus panels, workshops, and events, some of which are fan or industry sponsored. Finally, there are also a number of film and video rooms presenting anime screenings that run all day, much like other conventions, Anime Expo also features a large scale exhibit hall where attendees can purchase a variety of products from a wide range of exhibitors. This exhibit hall features an artist alley where attendees can purchase fan-created art work, as well as other varieties of crafts such as wigs, pins, doujin. Anime Expo began as an anime and manga convention in Northern California, many of its original staff came from Anime Con, an anime convention held in San Jose, California in 1991, and later absorbed by the SPJA in 1992. In 1994, Anime Expo made a relocation to Southern California and has resided there since. The convention continues to thrive due to the popularity of anime and Japanese popular culture. From 1,750 attendees in 1992, Anime Expos size has increased to over 90,500 in 2015, which makes Anime Expo the largest anime and manga convention in North America. As of March 2009, Chief Executive Officer Trulee Karahashi, who had been a part of Anime Expo, in September 2009, former Universal Studios executive Michael Lattanzio was hired as the SPJAs new CEO. In January 2010, eight members of Anime Expos upper management team publicly resigned over disagreements over the direction of the organization set forth by the SPJAs new CEO. Additionally, two other personnel had left for other reasons, leaving only the vice chair and two others as returning members of the previous years team. As of September 2010, Michael Lattanzio was released from his CEO position, then SPJA Chairman of the Board Marc Perez, became acting-CEO, In August 2011 he stepped down from the Board of Directors to take over as a full-time CEO. In early 2012, Anime News Network reported that Anime Expo suffered a $1.2 million loss in 2010, the 2011 convention saw a $100,000 profit and reduced the outstanding debt to $700,000. The article also stated one of the creditors, IDG World Expo, will be taking over several aspects of the organization, with guest selection
10.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
11.
Starship Troopers (film)
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Starship Troopers is a 1997 American satirical military science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Edward Neumeier. It originally came from a script called Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine. The story follows a soldier named Johnny Rico and his exploits in the Mobile Infantry. Ricos military career progresses from recruit to NCO and finally to officer against the backdrop of a war between mankind and an insectoid species known as Arachnids. The only theatrically released film in the Starship Troopers franchise, it received reviews from critics on release. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, Verhoeven says his satirical use of irony and hyperbole is playing with fascism or fascist imagery to point out certain aspects of American society. Of course, the movie is about Lets all go to war, in 2012, Slant Magazine ranked the film #20 on its list of the 100 Best Films of the 1990s. In the 23rd century, humanity has become a space-faring civilization, while colonizing new planets, humans have encountered an insectoid species known as Arachnids or Bugs, with their home being the distant world Klendathu. The bugs appear to be more than savage, unrelenting killing machines. In the Federation, citizenship is a privilege, earned by performing such activities as military service, John Johnny Rico, his girlfriend Carmen Ibanez and best friend Carl Jenkins attend high school in Buenos Aires. Fellow student Isabel Dizzy Flores is in love with Rico, and they all enlist in the Federal Service after graduation, despite Ricos parents disapproving of military service and wanting him to enroll at Harvard University instead. Carmen becomes a pilot assigned to the battleship Rodger Young. Rico enlists in the Mobile Infantry, expecting to be with Carmen, but is surprised to find Dizzy, at Mobile Infantry training, Career Sgt. Rico is later promoted to leader after showing initiative and quick thinking during training exercises. He later receives a Dear John letter from Carmen, as she desires a career with the fleet and now serves under Ricos high-school sports rival, Zander Barcalow. Following a live-fire training incident that kills one of Ricos squad and causes another to quit out of guilt, Rico rescinds his resignation and remains with the Infantry as an invasion force is deployed to Klendathu. The first strike on Klendathu is a disaster, with hundreds of thousands of casualties. Rico is severely wounded in the leg and mistakenly classified KIA, Rico, Ace and Dizzy are reassigned to the Roughnecks, an elite unit commanded by Lt. Jean Rasczak, Ricos former high-school teacher
12.
Rush Hour (1998 film)
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Rush Hour is a 1998 American buddy action comedy film directed by Brett Ratner and starring Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker as mismatched cops who must rescue the Chinese consuls kidnapped daughter. Released on September 18,1998, the film grossed over $200 million worldwide, the films success led to two sequels, Rush Hour 2 and Rush Hour 3. On the last day of British rule in Hong Kong late 1997, Detective Inspector Lee of the Hong Kong Police Force leads a raid at a shipping bar wharf and he finds only Sang, Juntaos right-hand man, who manages to escape. Shortly after Han arrives in the United States to take up his new diplomatic post in Los Angeles, his daughter, the FBI informs Consul Han about the incident. Han calls in Lee to assist in the case, the FBI is afraid that the injury or death of Lee would result in negative attention internationally, decide to pawn him off on the LAPD just to keep him out of their way. Lee finally escapes and makes his way to the Chinese Consulate, where an anxious Han, while being reprimanded by Agent-in-charge Warren Russ, Carter accidentally involves himself in a phone conversation with Sang, where he arranges a ransom drop of $50 million in a couple of hours. The FBI traces the call to a warehouse and sends in a team of only to have them killed by a bomb. Spotting Sang nearby, Lee and Carter give chase, but Sang escapes, Carters colleague, LAPD bomb expert Tania Johnson, helps them trace the detonator to Clive, a man previously arrested by Carter. Clive is guilt-tripped by Lee into revealing his business relationship with Juntao whom he met a restaurant in Chinatown, Carter goes to the restaurant alone where he sees a surveillance video of Juntao carrying Soo-Yung into a van. Lee arrives and rescues Carter, but the two are taken off the case after the FBI blames them for ruining the ransom drop with Lee being sent back to Hong Kong. Despite this setback, Carter appeals to Johnson for assistance and sneaks onboard Lees plane, persuading Lee to help finish the case, Griffin later involves himself in the case, revealing more about the HKPFs past with Juntaos syndicate. At the opening of a Chinese art exhibition at the Los Angeles Convention Center, which Han and Griffin are overseeing, Carter, Lee and Johnson enter disguised as guests, where Carter distracts the guests into leaving for safety. This angers the FBI, but also blows Griffins cover, as Lee catches him walking over to a bar and he and Johnson both conclude that Griffin is Juntao because Carter recognizes him from a surveillance tape in Chinatown. Griffin threatens to detonate a bomb vest attached to Soo Yung, however, Carter manages to sneak out, locate her in the van, drives it into the building and brings her within range of Griffin, knowing that setting it off would kill him as well. Johnson manages to get the vest off Soo Yung while Griffin heads toward the roof with the bag of money, Lee takes the vest and pursues Griffin while Carter shoots Sang dead in a gunfight. Lee and Griffin find themselves dangling from the rafters under the roof, Griffin, holding onto the vest, falls to his death when the vest breaks, but before Lee falls, Carter is able to place a large flag underneath and catch him safely. Han and Soo Yung are reunited, and Han sends Carter, before Carter leaves, Agents Russ and Whitney offer him a position in the FBI, which he rudely refuses. Carter gets on the airplane with Lee, who starts singing Edwin Starrs War,1 at the North American box office with a weekend gross of $33 million in September 1998
13.
Charles Luckman
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Charles Luckman was an American businessman and architect, famous as the Boy Wonder of American Business when he was named president of the Pepsodent toothpaste company in 1939 at the age of 30. Through acquisition, he became president of Lever Brothers. Born to a Jewish family, Luckman had always wanted to be an architect, as a nine-year-old paper boy outside the Muehlebach Hotel in Kansas City, he asked a customer about the pretty lights and was told they were called chandeliers. Who decides on things like that and he designs the hotel and says to put the chandeliers there. Luckman wrote in his memoir, Right then and there I decided to become an architect. After nearly 20 years of success in business, he helped plan Lever Brothers New York skyscraper, Lever House. The complex, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, was innovative in other ways, as well. Their partnership led to such as CBS Television City and the master plans for Edwards Air Force Base. Luckman and Pereira went separate ways in 1959, in 1946, President Harry Truman appointed Luckman to serve on the Presidents Committee on Civil Rights. Then in 1947, President Truman asked him to feed starving Europe. For this work, he was honored with Britains Order of St. John, Frances Legion of Honor and he was married to Harriet Luckman, they had three sons, Charles, Jr. James, and Stephen. Robertson Gymnasium, Santa Barbara,1959 Msgr, farrell High School, Staten Island, New York,1961 Theme Building, Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California,1961 Lyndon B. Hannon Library Charles Luckman at the archINFORM database
14.
Pico Boulevard
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Pico Boulevard is a major Los Angeles street that runs from the Pacific Ocean at Appian Way in Santa Monica to Central Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, California, USA. It is named after Pío Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, Pico runs parallel south of Olympic Boulevard and is one of the southernmost major streets leading into Downtown Los Angeles, running north of Venice Boulevard and south of Olympic Boulevard. Numerically, it takes the place of 13th Street, major landmarks include Santa Monica College, Santa Monica High School, the Westside Pavilion mall, Fox Studios, the Hillcrest Country Club, the Staples Center, and the Los Angeles Convention Center. Pico Boulevard starts in the city of Santa Monica and enters the city of Los Angeles near the intersection with Centinela Avenue, the neighborhoods of Los Angeles through which Pico Boulevard travels are among the most culturally diverse in the city. Santa Monica State Beach, California State Park operated by the City of Santa Monica and it is two miles long, has a picnic area, shops and pier. Visitor activities include volleyball, basketball and a bicycling and running path along the beach, Casa del Mar hotel, luxury hotel at base of Pico Boulevard, Club Casa del Mar originally opened in 1926 as a beach club. The building, built in a Renaissance Revival architectural style, became a hotel, after the war, the building underwent different incarnations, becoming, among other things, a drug rehabilitation center and a Pritikin Longevity Center. In 1998, The Edward Thomas Hospitality Corporation acquired the building, RAND Corporation Headquarters, opened in November 2004, the RAND Corporation new headquarters facility was awarded the U. S. Santa Monica Civic Auditorium,1855 Main Street,3,000 seat auditorium opened in 1958 and designed in the style by Welton Becket. McCabes Guitar Shop, Located at 3101 Pico Blvd, since 1969, McCabes has also been one of the most noted forums for folk concerts. National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, Formerly headquartered at 3402 Pico Blvd, the Academy is famous internationally for the Grammy Awards. Pico and Sepulveda, a song by Felix Figueroa & His Orchestra, the 1947 song was frequently featured on Dr. Dementos radio show. It is about streets in Los Angeles and was composed by Eddie Maxwell, the Apple Pan, Located at 10801 W. Pico Blvd. Los Angeles, The Apple Pan restaurant opened in 1947 and is famous for its hickory hamburgers. In the first season of Six Feet Under, Nate Fisher asks his sister Claire if she wants to go to the Apple Pan to eat together. Rancho Park Golf Course, Located along Pico Boulevard in West Los Angeles, in 2000 Rancho was the only golf course in the United States to have hosted the PGA, LPGA and the Senior PGA. The golf course first opened in 1921 and was built on land that was part of Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes in what was in 1921 the town of Sawtelle,12 miles west of Los Angeles. Fox Studios, 20th Century Fox or simply Fox, is one of the six major American film studios, in 1926 Fox acquired 300 acres in the open country west of Beverly Hills and built Movietone City, the best-equipped studio of its time
15.
Chick Hearn
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Francis Dayle Chick Hearn was an American sportscaster. Hearn was born and raised in Aurora, Illinois, in west suburban Chicago and he and his wife Marge were married August 13,1938. They had two children, a son, Gary and a daughter, Samantha, both of whom predeceased Hearn, Marge Hearn died January 30,2016 at the age of 98. Hearns broadcasting streak began on November 21,1965, Hearn missed the Lakers game the previous night after having been stranded in Fayetteville, Arkansas by inclement weather after having announced a game between Arkansas and Texas Tech. Even that was only Hearns second missed assignment for the Lakers since he had become the broadcaster in March 1961. He would not miss another until December 16,2001, over the course of the streak, Hearn was paired with several different color commentators, including Hot Rod Hundley, Pat Riley, Keith Erickson, Dick Schad, Lynn Shackelford and Stu Lantz. Hearns streak of 3,338 consecutive Lakers games came to an end midway through the 2001–02 season when he underwent cardiac bypass surgery. Hearn recovered from his illness but suffered a broken hip after falling while putting gas in his car which extended his time away from the Lakers broadcast booth. Chick recovered from both issues and resumed broadcasting that season, receiving an ovation from the Staples Center crowd upon his return. His final game was Game 4 of the 2002 NBA Finals where the Lakers defeated the New Jersey Nets to win their third consecutive NBA championship, Hearn was the long-time host of Bowling for Dollars on KTLA, KHJ-TV. He called the television broadcast of the first Ali-Frazier fight in 1971. He also did boxing commentary for Forum Boxing cards in Inglewood in the 1980s, Hearn also did the play-by-play for basketball during the 1992 Summer Olympics. Hearn was the commentator for NBC Sports coverage of the Rose Bowl from 1958–1961. At the time, Hearn handled the sports desk of the news program on Los Angeles NBC affiliate. Hearn announced USC football and basketball games from 1956–61, and also served as the broadcaster for USC football games on tape-delayed, syndicated telecasts during the 1973 season. Hearn also called UNLV Runnin Rebels basketball games on KHJ/KCAL with Ross Porter from 1986 to 1990, the Fish That Saved Pittsburgh, Played a basketball announcer in a basketball version of The Bad News Bears though the players in the story were adults. The movie provided an acting turn for Julius Erving, $4 million a year, thats true, but he earns every nickel of it. Look how he shakes off four, five players with ease, Garfield and Friends, Voiced an announcer in the episode Basketbrawl
16.
Figueroa Street
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One of the longer streets in the city, it runs in a north/south direction for more than 30 miles between the neighborhoods of Wilmington and Eagle Rock of Los Angeles. From its south end at Harry Bridges Boulevard to Downtown Los Angeles, the only portion of this segment of Figueroa Street that lies outside Los Angeles city limits is in the city of Carson. South of the Financial District, Figueroa Street services some popular locations including the University of Southern California, the Los Angeles Convention Center, and Staples Center/L. A. An early routing of Figueroa Street in this area was part of U. S. Route 66. The noted Figueroa Street Tunnels were once a part of that stretch of roadway. After resuming at San Fernando Road, Figueroa continues to run parallel to the Arroyo Seco Parkway until it reaches York Boulevard in Highland Park. Afterwards, it heads north to its terminus with the Ventura Freeway, some of the southern termini was once part of U. S. Early maps produced by the Automobile Club of Southern California measured distances to Los Angeles from the headquarters at the intersection of Figueroa Street with Adams Boulevard. On April 2,2011, a portion of the street at Jefferson Boulevard was blocked off for the Orange Carpet, Figueroa was originally called Calle de los Chapules. Later in the 1880s it became known as Pearl Street, the section of what is now Figueroa in Highland Park above Avenue 39 was known as Pasadena Avenue until Figueroa was extended through Elysian Park. The portion of what is now Figueroa between the Los Angeles River and Avenue 39 was originally known as Dayton Avenue until the Arroyo Parkway went through. Metro Local Line 81 operates on Figueroa Street between Colorado Boulevard and Interstate 105 and Torrance Transit Line 1 between Interstate 105 and the Harbor Gateway Transit Center, southbound Silver Line trips to Harbor Gateway Transit Center run south on Flower Street from 5th Street to the Harbor Transitway. There are 5 Silver line street stops served in the direction, Figueroa/23rd, Figueroa/Washington, Figueroa/Pico, Figueroa/Olympic. In addition, there are 5 Metro Silver Line Stations served on the Harbor Transitway close to Figueroa Street, 37th Street/USC, Slauson, Manchester, Harbor Freeway, the Harbor Transitway is located on the I-110 freeway, between Figueroa Street and Broadway. The Lincoln/Cypress Station for the Metro Gold Line on Avenue 26 at its intersection with Lacy Street is about a 5-minute walk from Figueroa Street, the Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is a city led effort to beautify and improve the boulevard by adding pedestrian friendly amenities. The project begins on 7th street in Downtown Los Angeles, by Staples Center, the $20 million Figueroa Corridor Streetscape project is funded by a Proposition 1C grant. After delays, work is expected to commence in the summer of 2016 and is expected to be completed by March 2017, when the prop 1C grant expires. Los Angeles 2024 bid organizers plan to use this corridor as a planned Live Site, a area dedicated as a central pedestrian corridor, linking all of the Downtown LA venues, and creating an unparalleled zone of fan excitement for locals and visitors from around the world
17.
Staples Center
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Staples Center is a multi-purpose sports arena in Downtown Los Angeles. Live development, it is located next to the Los Angeles Convention Center complex along Figueroa Street, opening on October 17,1999, it is one of the major sporting facilities in the Greater Los Angeles Area. It is owned and operated by the L. A. Arena Company, Staples Center is also host to over 250 events and nearly 4 million guests each year. The Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park will host both the Los Angeles Chargers and Los Angeles Rams beginning in 2019, Staples Center measures 950,000 square feet of total space, with a 94-foot by 200-foot arena floor. The arena seats up to 19,067 for basketball,18,340 for ice hockey, two-thirds of the arenas seating, including 2,500 club seats, are in the lower bowl. There are also 160 luxury suites, including 15 event suites, the arenas attendance record is held by the fight between World WBA Welterweight Champion, Antonio Margarito and Shane Mosley with a crowd of 20,820 set on January 25,2009. Star Plaza Outside the arena at the Star Plaza are statues of Wayne Gretzky and Magic Johnson, a third statue of boxer Oscar De La Hoya was unveiled outside Staples Center on December 1,2008. On April 20,2010 a fourth statue of the long time Lakers broadcaster Chick Hearn. A fifth statue of the Laker legend Jerry West dribbling was unveiled on February 17,2011, a sixth statue of Lakers player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was unveiled on November 16,2012. A seventh statue of former Kings Hall of Fame left wing Luc Robitaille was unveiled on March 7,2015, the Los Angeles Lakers announced that they will honor Shaquille ONeal with a statue that was unveiled on March 24,2017. Construction broke ground in 1998 and Staples Center opened a year later and it was financed privately at a cost of US$375 million and is named for the office-supply company Staples, Inc. which was one of the centers corporate sponsors that paid for naming rights. The arena opened on October 17,1999, with a Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band concert as its inaugural event. Staples Center was named Best New Major Concert Venue for 1999, on October 21,2009, Staples Center celebrated its 10th anniversary. To commemorate the occasion, the official web site nominated 25 of the arenas greatest moments from its first ten years with fans voting on the top ten. The venue opened in 1999 as the home of the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA joined in 2001, while the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA D-League joined in 2006. It became home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the Arena Football League in 2000 until the teams discontinuation in 2008. Since its opening day, the Staples Center has hosted seven NBA Finals series with the Lakers, of the teams five NBA championships since moving to the venue, the Lakers have celebrated their 2000 and 2010 victories at Staples Center with series-winning victories at home. Prior to the 2006–07 NBA season, the lighting inside Staples Center was modified for Lakers games, the lights were focused only on the court itself, reminiscent of the Lakers early years at The Forum
18.
James Ingo Freed
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James Ingo Freed was an American architect born in Essen, Germany during the Weimar Republic. In the late 1970s, he was a member of the Chicago Seven and he worked for most of his career based in New York, and went beyond the Internationalist and modernist styles. In partnership with I. M. Pei, in their known as Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, he worked on major United States public buildings. James Ingo Freed was born in 1930 in Essen, Germany to a German-Jewish family, the family left Germany in 1939, when Freed was nine years old, to escape the regime of Nazi Germany. They immigrated to the United States and settled in Chicago, in 1953, Freed received a bachelors degree in architecture from the Illinois Institute of Technology. Freed first worked in Chicago and New York, including with Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in 1956, he began working with I. M. Pei in New York at the firm eventually known as Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. From 1975 to 1978, Freed was dean of the School of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology and he also taught at Cooper Union, Cornell University, the Rhode Island School of Design, Columbia University, and Yale University. Freeds major works include the Jacob K and he designed several major buildings in Washington, D. C. the Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He worked with I. M. Pei on the design of the Kips Bay Plaza project in New York City, in 1988, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994. In 1995, Freed was awarded the National Medal of Arts and he died on December 15,2005, of Parkinsons Disease, at age 75 in his home in Manhattan, in New York City
19.
Gilbert W. Lindsay
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He helped fashion downtown Los Angeles into a major metropolitan center but was accused of turning his back on the people in his district who elected him to 27 years on the citys governing body. Lindsay was born on November 29,1900, in Mississippi and he left Mississippi as a teenager and enrolled in a school in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He then moved to Arizona, where he joined the Army and served in the 10th Cavalry, as part of an Army program, he studied business administration at the University of Arizona. He moved to Los Angeles in 1923 or 1924 and became a City Hall janitor with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. He took a civil service exam for a clerkship, and he was given a basement office because, he said, his superiors did not want him to sit with whites. He took classes in governmental administration and political science at the University of Southern California, about his years as a janitor, the Los Angeles Times quoted him as saying, I used to scrub toilets for the city of Los Angeles with a mop—that was my job. I had the lowest job you can give a human being, but the Los Angeles Sentinel, a black-oriented newspaper, cited C. A. Barker, a Los Angeles businessman, as saying, He was a helluva janitor and that was an important job for Negroes at that time. He gave the job the same respect he gave the council position. Whatever Gil was doing was very important to him and he was known as being a short man, standing five feet, three inches tall. Lindsays wife, Theresa, was from Greenville, Texas and it was said that Lindsay began to decline mentally and physically after Theresa died in 1984, they had been married 49 years. He had a son, Melvin, a daughter, Sylvia Thornton, a stepson, Herbert Howard, on the Council floor, he has had moments of confusion, and been both humored and manipulated by the other councilmembers. Those who deal with him say that he has moments of tremendous clarity, Lindsay had lost some control of his hands and has had trouble writing. City Council President John Ferraro said that Lindsay had deteriorated to the point where he was incapable of doing his job and he was then transferred to another facility within Los Angeles to make him less vulnerable to efforts to unseat him. A funeral service was held at Victory Baptist Church, and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Lindsay was a member of Peoples Baptist Church. Lindsay became involved in Democratic and labor politics and became so influential that his bosses in Water and Power called on him to out the black vote on various bond issues. He was on the board of directors of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1953 to 1958 and was also an NAACP vice president and he was tapped by City Council candidate Kenneth Hahn as his aide to turn out the black vote. Hahn won and when he became a county supervisor he appointed Lindsay as a field deputy
20.
MusiCares Person of the Year
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The awards name reflects the non-profit health care organization known as MusiCares, established by the academy to provide health and medical assistance to needy musicians. Chosen by the MusiCares Foundation, award recipients are honored during Grammy week with a tribute concert that helps to raise money for the foundation. From 1991 to 1993, the first three MusiCares Person of the Year awards were presented to American musicians David Crosby, Bonnie Raitt, cuban American singer Gloria Estefan received the award in 1994, followed by Americans Tony Bennett and Quincy Jones. A string of Americans were presented the award between 2005 and 2009—Brian Wilson, James Taylor, Don Henley, Aretha Franklin, and Neil Diamond. Canadian Neil Young received the 2010 award while Barbra Streisand, Sir Paul McCartney, carole King was honored in 2014 and was followed by Bob Dylan. Lionel Richie was named the 2016 honoree, ^ Each year is linked to an article about the Grammy Awards ceremony of that year. Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year List of Grammy Award categories Grammy Awards official website MusiCares feature in L. A
21.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
22.
Microsoft Theater
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The Microsoft Theater is a music and theatre venue in downtown Los Angeles, California at L. A. Live. The theatre auditorium seats 7,100 and holds one of the largest indoor stages in the United States, the theatre was designed by ELS Architecture and Urban Design of Berkeley, California on a commission by the Anschutz Entertainment Group in 2002. It opened on October 18,2007 with six concerts featuring The Eagles, in June 2015, the venue was re-branded as Microsoft Theater as part of a new naming rights deal with AEG Live. Microsoft had acquired Nokias mobile device business in 2014, as part of the new naming rights deal, the L. A. Live plaza was also renamed Microsoft Square, and Microsoft provided upgrades to the venues technology, since its opening, the Microsoft Theater has been a popular venue for award shows. The theatre has hosted the ESPY Awards since 2008 as well as the American Music Awards since 2007, the venue has been the home to the Primetime Emmy Awards since 2008 and will continue to do so until at least 2018. It hosted the MTV Video Music Awards in 2010,2011 and 2015, in 2008 and 2011, the venue hosted The Grammy Nominations Live, a concert announcing the nominees for the Grammy Awards were announced. The Microsoft Theater has hosted the Peoples Choice Awards since 2010 and it has also been used by Nintendo multiple times for press conferences during E3. It was also the venue for the finale of American Idol from seasons 7–13 as well as the 2015, vocaloid character Hatsune Miku made her US debut at Microsoft Theater on July 2,2011, as part of Anime Expo. She returned to the venue on October 11–12,2014 as part of Miku Expo LA2014, Hatsune Miku returned for another performance on May 6,2016 as part of her first North American tour. The 28th Annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions were held at the Microsoft Theater on April 18,2013, the BET Awards moved to the Microsoft Theater in 2013. Since 2013, the Microsoft Theater has hosted the Radio Disney Music Awards, the Microsoft Theater most recently hosted the 58th Annual Grammy Awards Premiere Ceremony on February 15
23.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U. S. LEED also has grown from six volunteers on one committee to 119,924 staff, volunteers, LEED standards have been applied to approximately 83,452 registered and certified LEED projects worldwide, covering around 13.8 billion square feet. Many U. S. federal agencies and states and local governments require or reward LEED certification, however, four states have effectively banned the use of LEED in new public buildings, preferring other industry standards that the USGBC considers too lax. Proposals to modify the LEED standards are offered and publicly reviewed by USGBCs member organizations, GBCI also certifies projects pursuing LEED. LEED has evolved since 1998 to more accurately represent and incorporate emerging green building technologies, the pilot version, LEED New Construction v1.0, led to LEED NCv2.0, LEED NCv2.2 in 2005, and LEED2009 in 2009. LEED v4 was introduced in November,2013, until October 31,2016, new projects may choose between LEED2009 and LEED v4. New projects registering after October 31,2016 must use LEED v4, LEED2009 encompasses ten rating systems for the design, construction and operation of buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Five overarching categories correspond to the available under the LEED professional program. Up to 10 additional points may be earned, four points may be received for Regional Priority Credits. Its owner must share data on the energy and water use for five years after occupancy or date of certification. Each of the categories also have mandatory measures in each category. The weighting process has three steps, A collection of buildings are used to estimate the environmental impacts of any building seeking LEED certification in a designated rating scheme. NIST weightings are used to judge the importance of these impacts in each category. Data regarding actual impacts on environmental and human health are used to assign points to individual categories and measures and this system results in a weighted average for each rating scheme based upon actual impacts and the relative importance of those impacts to human health and environmental quality. The LEED council also appears to have assigned credit and measure weighting based upon the market implications of point allocation, in 2003, the Canada Green Building Council received permission to create LEED Canada-NC v1.0, which was based upon LEED-NC2.0. Many buildings in Canada are LEED certified in part due to their Rainwater harvesting practices, LEED certification is granted by the Green Building Certification Institute, which handles the third-party verification of a projects compliance with the LEED requirements. The certification process for design teams is made up of two applications, one including design credits, and one including construction credits. All of the LEED credits in each rating system are assigned to either the design application or the construction application, the design credits include those that are the purview of the architect and the engineer, and are documented in the official construction drawings
24.
U.S. Green Building Council
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The U. S. USGBC was one of eight national councils that helped found the World Green Building Council. Mr Mahesh Ramanujam has become the new CEO of USGBC by taking charge in November 2016, through its partnership with the Green Business Certification Inc. USGBC offers a suite of LEED professional credentials that denote expertise in the field of green building, USGBC incentivizes LEED certification by awarding extra certification points to building projects completed with a LEED-certified professional on staff. The LEED Green Building Rating System is a program that provides third-party verification of green buildings, projects may earn one of four levels of LEED certification by achieving a given number of point-based credits within the rating system. Development of LEED began in 1993, spearheaded by Natural Resources Defense Council senior scientist Robert K. Watson, early LEED committee members also included USGBC co-founder Mike Italiano, architects Bill Reed and Sandy Mendler, builder Gerard Heiber and Myron Kibbe and engineer Richard Bourne. As interest in LEED grew, in 1996, engineers Tom Paladino, since its inception, LEED has grown from six volunteers on one committee to more than 200 volunteers on nearly 20 committees and nearly 200 professional staff. USGBC was awarded the American Architectural Foundation’s Keystone Award in 2012, the museum also awarded USGBC with its Henry C. Turner Prize in 2005 for its leadership and innovation in the construction industry, specifically for LEED. To date, it is the organization to have received two awards from the Building Museum. LEED standards have been criticized for not actually creating energy efficient buildings, in 2013, The Washington Examiner analyzed energy efficiency data of New York City buildings and found that LEED-certified buildings actually performed worse than buildings in general. An analysis by USA Today found that building makers target LEED’s easiest points—those that don’t necessarily increase the efficiency of a building. On May 23,2013, Rep. David McKinley introduced the Better Buildings Act of 2014 into the United States House of Representatives, the bill would amend federal law aimed at improving the energy efficiency of commercial office buildings. The bill would create a program called Tenant Star similar to the existing Energy Star program. The U. S. Green Building Council was involved in organizing and supporting this bill, the U. S. Green Building Council said that the bill aims to make important improvements to existing federal policies. USGBC Partners with several organizations on its mission to transform the built environment, the Emerald Cities Collaborative is a partner organization with the U. S. Green Building Council. Education Partners USGBC Education Partners are the leaders, trusted voices and reputable providers of green building, some of the top Education Partners from 2016 include,1. America Training Solutions 10. The Green Engineer 11, in celebration of the USGBCs 20th anniversary, this report looks at the top milestones in USGBC history
25.
2028 Summer Olympics
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The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, are a forthcoming international multi-sport event. Bidding for the host city is scheduled to begin in 2019, on 17 March 2017, the International Olympic Committee moved closer toward picking both Los Angeles and Paris to host a Summer Games in an unprecedented double vote this year. Toronto, Ontario, Canada Torontos economic development committee voted against bidding for the 2024 games on 20 January 2014, Torontos mayor at the time, Rob Ford, suggested that a bid for the 2028 games may be more realistic. Toronto bid for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, but lost to Atlanta and Beijing, in 2009, Toronto won the bid for the 2015 Pan American Games. International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach was among those who, in light of the Pan American Games, on 11 August 2015, Tory met with the head of the Canadian Olympic Committee to discuss the bid process and the citys previous bids. The COC encouraged the mayor to consider bidding, on 11 September 2015, the COC held a conference about a potential bid and voted unanimously in support for a Toronto bid for the 2024 games. This vote allowed the COC to prepare a letter of intent to send to the IOC by the September 15 deadline, on 15 September 2015, Mayor Tory announced that the city will not make a bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However, a 2028 bid might be possible, depending on whether or not fellow Canadian city Calgary, however, a bid for the 2028 Olympics might be a possibility. Of note,2028 would mark the 60th anniversary of the 1968 Summer Olympics, a report announced that Budapest was planning to bid on the 2028 Summer Olympics and the 2024 Summer Olympics. He additionally stated that Budapest was going to host the 2017 European Youth Olympic Festival, however, he also said that Budapest would need to solve serious concerns surrounding transportation and Olympics sports facilities. Szalay-Berzeviczy also stated that the facilities in Hungary, such as transportation and sports venues, in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents if they want to organize the Summer Olympics in 2024 or not. A total of 138,527 signatures is required to be collected from Budapestians until 17 February 2017 to start a referendum, the referendum would be held in Budapest and only the residents of the capital city would be able to cast a valid vote. If Budapest withdraws from the 2024 Olympic race, there could still be a chance for a 2028 bid, on February 22,2017 Budapest withdrew its bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics, leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race. Germany Berlin The former mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, had stated that Berlin was exploring a bid for the 2024 or 2028 Olympic Games. Berlin hosted the 1936 Summer Olympics and last bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics, as polls in Berlin showed, 55% of Berlins population supported the application to host the 2024 Games. On 16 March 2015 the National Olympic Committee proposed Hamburg to be the city from Germany for the 2024 Summer Olympics. However on 29 November 2015 a referendum was held in which 51. 6% of the citizens voted against a bid for the Olympics. Although this means that Germany was no longer in the running for hosting the 2024 Summer Olympics, Hamburg Hamburg planned to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and if they failed, to re-bid again at 2028
26.
Basketball
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Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
27.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
28.
Fencing
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Fencing, also called Olympic fencing, is a sport in which two competitors fight using rapier-style swords, winning points by making contact with their opponent. Fencing was one of the first sports to be played in the Olympics, there are three forms of modern fencing, each using a different style of weapon and different rules, and as such the sport is divided into three competitive scenes, foil, épée, and sabre. Most competitive fencers choose to specialise in one weapon. Competitive fencing is one of five activities which have featured in every one of the modern Olympic Games, the other four being athletics, cycling, swimming. Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale dEscrime, today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland. The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognised by its countrys Olympic Committee as the representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country. The FIE maintains the current rules used for FIE sanctioned international events, including cups, world championships. The FIE handles proposals to change the rules the first year after an Olympic year in the annual congress, the US Fencing Association has slightly different rules, but usually adhere to FIE standards. Fencing traces its roots to the development of swordsmanship for duels, the ancestor of modern fencing originated in Spain, where several books on fencing were written. In conquest, the Spanish forces carried fencing around the world, particularly southern Italy, Fencing was mentioned in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor written sometime prior to 1602. The mechanics of modern fencing originated in the 18th century in an Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, the Spanish school of fencing stagnated and was replaced by the Italian and French schools. There, he taught the aristocracy the fashionable art of swordsmanship and his school was run by three generations of his family and dominated the art of European fencing for almost a century. He established the rules of posture and footwork that still govern modern sport fencing. The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, the Tournament featured a series of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each bout was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges, the Amateur Gymnastic & Fencing Association drew up an official set of fencing regulations in 1896. Fencing was part of the Olympics Games in the summer of 1896, starting with épée in 1933, side judges were replaced by the Laurent-Pagan electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed. Foil was automated in 1956, sabre in 1988, the scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before. There are three weapons in modern fencing, foil, épée, and sabre, each weapon has its own rules and strategies
29.
Taekwondo
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Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. Gyeorugi, a type of sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. The body known for taekwondo in the Olympics is the World Taekwondo Federation, beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of the occupation of Korea by Imperial Japan, new martial arts schools called kwans were opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists who had studied primarily in Japan during the Japanese rule, during this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools. After witnessing a martial arts demonstration by the military in 1952, beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified style of Korean martial arts. The name Tae Soo Do was used to describe this notional unified style and this name consists of the hanja 跆 tae to stomp, trample, 手 su hand and 道 do way, discipline. Choi Hong Hi advocated the use of the name Tae Kwon Do, i. e. replacing su hand by 拳 kwon fist, the new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. In 1959 the Korea Taekwondo Association was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts, in 1966, Choi established the International Taekwon-Do Federation as a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing a common style of taekwondo. Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s complicated the adoption of ITF-style taekwondo as a unified style, the South Korean government wished to avoid North Korean influence on the martial art. Conversely, ITF president Choi Hong Hi sought support for the art from all quarters. In response, in 1973 South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF, after Chois retirement the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate federations each of which continues to operate today under the same name. In 1973 the South Korean governments Ministry of Culture, Sports, Kukkiwon now served many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation to promote taekwondo specifically as an international sport, since 2000, taekwondo has been one of only two Asian martial arts that are included in the Olympic Games. It became an event at the 1988 games in Seoul. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport, Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, World Taekwondo Federation sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, to facilitate fast, turning kicks, taekwondo generally adopts stances that are narrower and hence less-stable than the broader, wide stances used by martial arts such as karate. The tradeoff of decreased stability is believed to be worth the increase in agility. The emphasis on speed and agility is a characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong Hi
30.
Table tennis
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Table tennis, also known as ping pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using a small bat. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net, a point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions, spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponents options, giving the hitter a great advantage. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation, ITTF currently includes 220 member associations. The table tennis rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988, with several event categories, from 1988 until 2004, these were mens singles, womens singles, mens doubles and womens doubles. Since 2008, an event has been played instead of the doubles. The sport originated in Victorian England, where it was played among the upper-class as a parlour game. It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were developed by British military officers in India in around 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them. A row of books stood up along the center of the table as a net and it had several different names, including whiff-whaff. The name ping-pong was in use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name ping-pong then came to describe the game played using the rather expensive Jaquess equipment, a similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the ping-pong name to Parker Brothers. Parker Brothers then enforced its trademark for the term in the 1920s making the various associations change their names to table tennis instead of the more common, but trademarked, term. The next major innovation was by James W. Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E. C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that tournaments were being organized, books being written on the subject, in 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926, in 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed. In the 1930s, Edgar Snow commented in Red Star Over China that the Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War had a passion for the English game of table tennis which he found bizarre
31.
Terrazzo
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Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other material, poured with a cementitious binder, polymeric. Metal strips divide sections, or changes in color or material in a pattern, additional chips may be sprinkled atop the mix before it sets. After it is cured it is ground and polished smooth or otherwise finished to produce a textured surface. Terrazzo was created by Venetian construction workers as a low cost flooring material to surface the patios around their living quarters. Archaeologists have adopted the term terrazzo to describe the floors of early buildings in Western Asia constructed of burnt lime and clay, colored red with ochre. The embedded crushed limestone gives it a slightly mottled appearance, the use of fire to produce burnt lime, which was also used for the hafting of implements, predates production of fired pottery by almost a thousand years. In the early Neolithic settlement of Cayönü in eastern Turkey ca.90 m² of terrazzo floors have been uncovered, the floors of the PPN B settlement of Nevali Cori measure about 80 m². They are 15 cm thick, and contain about 10–15% lime and these floors are almost impenetrable to moisture and very durable, but their construction involved a high input of energy. Gourdin and Kingery estimate that the production of any amount of lime requires about five times that amount of wood. Recent experiments by Affonso and Pernicka have shown only twice the amount is needed. Other sites with terrazzo floors include Nevali Cori, Göbekli Tepe, Jericho, terrazzo artisans create walls, floors, patios, and panels by exposing marble chips and other fine aggregates on the surface of finished concrete or epoxy-resin. Much of the work of terrazzo workers is similar to that of cement masons. Marble-chip, cementitious terrazzo requires three layers of materials, first, cement masons or terrazzo workers build a solid, level concrete foundation that is three to four inches deep. After the forms are removed from the foundation, workers add a layer of sandy concrete. Before this layer sets, terrazzo workers partially embed metal divider strips in the concrete wherever there is to be a joint or change of color in the terrazzo. For the final layer, terrazzo workers blend and place each of the panels a fine marble chip mixture that may be color-pigmented. While the mixture is wet, workers toss additional marble chips of various colors into each panel
32.
Map
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A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word map comes from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein mappa meant napkin or cloth, thus, map became the shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world. Cartography or map-making is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface, in addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc. The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the compass directions in reality. The word orient is derived from Latin oriens, meaning East, in the Middle Ages many maps, including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top. Today, the most common – but far from universal – cartographic convention is that North is at the top of a map, several kinds of maps are often traditionally not oriented with North at the top, Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the top, labels on the map are oriented in such a way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial palace above your head. Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top, indeed, prior to the reintroduction of Ptolemys Geography to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe, Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top. Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe, polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred on the pole, the direction North would be towards or away from the centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian towards the bottom of the page, reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps, reverse the North is up convention and have south at the top. Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the Earths sphere onto an icosahedron, the resulting triangular pieces may be arranged in any order or orientation. Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the top of the map, compass decimal degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from 450, if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360. The scale statement may be taken as exact when the region mapped is small enough for the curvature of the Earth to be neglected, over larger regions where the curvature cannot be ignored we must use map projections from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. Thus for map projections we must introduce the concept of point scale, which is a function of position, although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for all but the most precise of measurements. Large scale maps, say 1,10,000, cover relatively small regions in detail and small scale maps, say 1,10,000,000, cover large regions such as nations, continents. The large/small terminology arose from the practice of writing scales as numerical fractions, there is no exact dividing line between large and small but 1/100,000 might well be considered as a medium scale
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Pacific Rim
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The Pacific Rim are the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Basin includes the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire. This is a list of countries that are considered to be a part of the Pacific Rim. The Pacific is a hotbed of overseas shipping, the top 10 busiest container ports, with the exception of Dubais Port of Jebel Ali, are in the Rim nations. In addition, the RIMPAC naval exercises are coordinated by United States Pacific Command, the Pacific Asian Countries, A Force For Growth in the Global Economy. Los Angeles, World Affairs Council,1984, the Future of the Pacific Basin, A Keynote Address. New Zealand, Conference on New Zealands Prospects in the Pacific Region,1983, the Pacific Basin Alliances, Trade and Bases. New York, Foreign Policy Association,1987, rogers, Theodore S. and Robert L. Snakenber. Language Studies in the Schools, A Pacific Prospect, wedemeyer, Dan J. and Anthony J. Pennings, Eds. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Telecommunications Council, Honolulu, the Pacific Rim and the Bottom Line. Phillips, Douglas A. and Steven C, the Pacific Rim Region, Emerging Giant
34.
Star chart
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A star chart is another name for a chore chart. A star chart or star map is a map of the night sky, astronomers divide these into grids to use them more easily. They are used to identify and locate objects such as stars, constellations. They have been used for navigation since time immemorial. Note that a star chart differs from a catalog, which is a listing or tabulation of astronomical objects for a particular purpose. Tools utilizing a star chart include the astrolabe and the planisphere, the oldest known star chart may be a carved ivory Mammoth tusk that was discovered in Germany in 1979. This artifact is 32,500 years old and has a carving that resembles the constellation Orion, a drawing on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France has a graphical representation of the Pleiades open cluster of stars. This is dated from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago, another star chart panel, created more than 21,000 years ago, was found in the La Tête du Lion grotto. The bovine in this panel may represent the constellation Taurus, with a representing the Pleiades just above it. The oldest accurately dated star chart appeared in ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC, the earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period. The oldest Chinese astronomy records date to before the Warring States period, the oldest Chinese graphical representation of the sky is a lacquer box dated to 430 BC, although this depiction does not show individual stars. The Farnese Atlas is a 2nd-century copy of a Hellenistic era statue depicting the Titan Atlas holding the sphere on his shoulder. It is the oldest surviving depiction of the ancient Greek constellations, because of precession, the positions of the constellations slowly change over time. By comparing the positions of the 41 constellations against the grid circles, based upon this information, the constellations were catalogued at 125 ±55 BC. This evidence indicates that the catalogue of the Greek astronomer Hipparchus was used. A Roman era example of a representation of the night sky is the Egyptian Dendera zodiac. This is a bas relief sculpting on a ceiling at the Dendera Temple complex and it is a planisphere depicting the zodiac in graphical representations. However, individual stars are not plotted, the oldest surviving manuscript star chart was discovered in the Mogao Caves along the Silk Road – the Dunhuang Star Chart
35.
Constellation
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A constellation is formally defined as a region of the celestial sphere, with boundaries laid down by the International Astronomical Union. The constellation areas mostly had their origins in Western-traditional patterns of stars from which the constellations take their names, in 1922, the International Astronomical Union officially recognized the 88 modern constellations, which cover the entire sky. They began as the 48 classical Greek constellations laid down by Ptolemy in the Almagest, Constellations in the far southern sky are late 16th- and mid 18th-century constructions. 12 of the 88 constellations compose the zodiac signs, though the positions of the constellations only loosely match the dates assigned to them in astrology. The term constellation can refer to the stars within the boundaries of that constellation. Notable groupings of stars that do not form a constellation are called asterisms, when astronomers say something is “in” a given constellation they mean it is within those official boundaries. Any given point in a coordinate system can unambiguously be assigned to a single constellation. Many astronomical naming systems give the constellation in which an object is found along with a designation in order to convey a rough idea in which part of the sky it is located. For example, the Flamsteed designation for bright stars consists of a number, the word constellation seems to come from the Late Latin term cōnstellātiō, which can be translated as set of stars, and came into use in English during the 14th century. It also denotes 88 named groups of stars in the shape of stellar-patterns, the Ancient Greek word for constellation was ἄστρον. Colloquial usage does not draw a distinction between constellation in the sense of an asterism and constellation in the sense of an area surrounding an asterism. The modern system of constellations used in astronomy employs the latter concept, the term circumpolar constellation is used for any constellation that, from a particular latitude on Earth, never sets below the horizon. From the North Pole or South Pole, all constellations south or north of the equator are circumpolar constellations. In the equatorial or temperate latitudes, the term equatorial constellation has sometimes been used for constellations that lie to the opposite the circumpolar constellations. They generally include all constellations that intersect the celestial equator or part of the zodiac, usually the only thing the stars in a constellation have in common is that they appear near each other in the sky when viewed from the Earth. In galactic space, the stars of a constellation usually lie at a variety of distances, since stars also travel on their own orbits through the Milky Way, the star patterns of the constellations change slowly over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years, their familiar outlines will become unrecognisable, the terms chosen for the constellation themselves, together with the appearance of a constellation, may reveal where and when its constellation makers lived. The earliest direct evidence for the constellations comes from inscribed stones and it seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian constellations were created within a relatively short interval from around 1300 to 1000 BC
36.
Celestial pole
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The north and south celestial poles are the two imaginary points in the sky where the Earths axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the celestial sphere. The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to an observer at the Earths North Pole and South Pole respectively. As the Earth spins on its axis, the two celestial poles remain fixed in the sky, and all other points appear to rotate around them, completing one circuit per day. The celestial poles are also the poles of the equatorial coordinate system, meaning they have declinations of +90 degrees. The celestial poles do not remain permanently fixed against the background of the stars, because of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes, the poles trace out circles on the celestial sphere, with a period of about 25,700 years. The Earths axis is subject to other complex motions which cause the celestial poles to shift slightly over cycles of varying lengths, see nutation, polar motion. Finally, over long periods the positions of the stars themselves change. An analogous concept applies to other planets, a planets celestial poles are the points in the sky where the projection of the axis of rotation intersects the celestial sphere. These points vary because different planets axes are oriented differently, Celestial bodies other than Earth also have similarly defined celestial poles. The north celestial pole currently is within a degree of the bright star Polaris, Polaris can, of course, only be seen from locations in the northern hemisphere. Polaris is near the pole for only a small fraction of the 25. It will remain a good approximation for about 1,000 years, to find Polaris, face north and locate the Big Dipper and Little Dipper asterisms. Looking at the cup part of the Big Dipper, imagine that the two stars at the edge of the cup form a line pointing upward out of the cup. This line points directly at the star at the tip of the Little Dippers handle and that star is Polaris, the North Star. The south celestial pole is only from the southern hemisphere. It lies in the dim constellation Octans, the Octant, sigma Octantis is identified as the south pole star, over a degree away from the pole, but with a magnitude of 5.5 it is barely visible on a clear night. The south celestial pole can be located from the Southern Cross, draw an imaginary line from γ Crucis to α Crucis—the two stars at the extreme ends of the long axis of the cross—and follow this line through the sky. This point is 5 or 6 degrees from the celestial pole
37.
Tom Bradley (American politician)
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Thomas J. Tom Bradley was the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles, serving from 1973 to 1993. He was the only African-American mayor of city, and his 20 years in office mark the longest tenure by any mayor in the citys history. His 1973 election made him the second African-American mayor of a major U. S. city, Bradley retired in 1993, after his approval ratings began dropping subsequent to the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. Bradley unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California in 1982 and 1986 and was defeated each time by the Republican George Deukmejian, the racial dynamics that appeared to underlie his narrow and unexpected loss in 1982 gave rise to the political term the Bradley effect. In 1985, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, Bradley, the grandson of a slave, was born on December 29,1917, to Lee Thomas and Crenner Bradley, poor sharecroppers who lived in a small log cabin outside Calvert, Texas. He had four siblings — Lawrence, Willa Mae, Ellis, the family moved to Arizona to pick cotton and then in 1924 to the Temple-Alvarado area of Los Angeles, where Lee was a Santa Fe Railroad porter and Crenner was a maid. He was captain of the team and all-city tackle for the high school football team. He went to UCLA in 1937 on a scholarship and joined Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. Among the jobs he had while at college was as a photographer for comedian Jimmy Durante, Bradley left his studies to join the Los Angeles Police Department in 1940. He became one of the just 400 blacks among the departments 4,000 officers and he recalled the downtown department store that refused him credit, although he was a police officer, and the restaurants that would not serve blacks. He told a Times reporter, When I came on the department and you either worked Newton Street Division, which has a predominantly black community, or you worked traffic downtown. You could not work with an officer, and that continued until 1964. Bradley and Ethel Arnold met at the New Hope Baptist Church and were married May 4,1941 and they had three daughters, Lorraine, Phyllis and a baby who died on the day she was born. He and his wife needed an intermediary to buy their first house in Leimert Park. Bradley was attending Southwestern University Law School while a police officer, upon his leaving the office of mayor in 1993, he joined the law offices of Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, specializing in international trade issues. His entry into politics came when he decided to become the president of the United Club, the club was part of the California Democratic Council, a liberal, reformist group organized in the 1950s by young Democrats energized by Adlai E. Stevensons presidential campaigns. It was predominantly white and had many Jewish members, thus marking the beginnings of the coalition, which along with Latinos, Unruh, then an up-and-coming state assemblyman. The early stage of Bradleys political career was marked by clashes with African American leaders like onetime California Lieutenant Governor, representative Mervyn Dymally, an Unruh ally
38.
Sam Yorty
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Samuel William Sam Yorty was a politician from Los Angeles, California. The family moved to Southern California when Yorty completed high school. He retained his Midwestern inflection and was known for pronouncing the name as “Los Ang-gah-leez. ”Yorty enrolled at Southwestern University and later the University of California at Los Angeles. He was admitted to the bar in 1939, Yorty advocated state ownership of public utilities and strong labor unions, showing a liberal approach to politics. That support haunted Yorty in 1938, when he was branded a Communist by Folsom Prison inmate Arthur Kent during testimony before the California Un-American Activities Committee. Kent, who claimed to have been a local membership chairman of the Communist Party, proved to be untrustworthy and that episode, plus the refusal of the local Communist Party to endorse him for mayor of Los Angeles that year, began a shift of Yorty’s political beliefs. Losing a 1940 bid for U. S and he resumed his Assembly seat after his discharge. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1950 and was reelected in 1952, but again lost his race for the U. S. Senate in 1954. In that special election for the two remaining of the term of Richard M. Nixon, Yorty received 1,788,071 votes to Senator Thomas H. Kuchels 2,090,831. Kuchel, a liberal Republican, had appointed to the seat in 1953 by then Governor Earl Warren when Nixon became vice president. In 1960, Yorty endorsed fellow Californian Richard Nixon over fellow Democrat Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy for president and this angered many in the Democratic Party. The bitter campaign was marked by Poulson’s claim that Yorty was backed by members of organized crime, Yorty prevailed, however, running as a populist. He was an advocate of expanding the freeway network. Perhaps his most popular promise, however, was to end residents’ sorting of wet and dry garbage, dry garbage was burned in backyard incinerators. After that, there were three collections, wet garbage, bottles and cans, and dry trash and garbage, all independent of each other and he made good on his waste management and highway promises, and oversaw the emergence of Los Angeles as a major city. He was a backer of the Los Angeles Music Center, business districts such as Little Tokyo and he also made frequent appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, which boosted his popularity. At the same time, he was a passionate anti-Communist, a critic of the Civil Rights Movement, in 1965, Yorty was reelected over Democratic Congressman James Roosevelt, son of the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Yorty spent less than half that amount, Roosevelt called Yorty a stooge of Democrat Jesse Unruh, the controversial California Assembly Speaker
39.
Proposed Los Angeles NFL stadiums
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The project was spearheaded in 2010 by outgoing Anschutz Entertainment Group president Tim Leiweke and former Los Angeles Avengers owner Casey Wasserman. The project marked AEGs second attempt at building a stadium there following a proposal in 2002. The Los Angeles City Council approved the project in a 12-0 vote in 2012, with the hope of the region fielding an NFL team for the first time since the Rams, Farmers Insurance owned the potential naming rights to the stadium. The Inglewood proposal and the Rams move was approved 30-2, ICON Venue Group, a firm in the sports and entertainment industry, was hired by AEG to represent them in the entitlement process with the city of Los Angeles in February 2011. ICON had originally partnered with AEG in 2002 for AEGs first stadium proposal attempt and that project was to be located on the same site of AEGs current proposal. The new proposal was that the West Hall of the Los Angeles Convention Center would be torn down, following the completion of the rebuilt West Hall, construction of a 72, 000-seat retractable roof stadium would have begun over the 15 acre site. AEG expected to begin construction of the stadium by March 2013, the proposed stadium was suggested as a possible venue for future Super Bowls and NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championships. In December 2010, Magic Johnson announced his partnership with AEGs proposal after selling his minority stake in the Los Angeles Lakers NBA team, the project announced in mid-2010 was initially projected at a cost of $750 million.3 and US$1.6 billion, respectively. Shortly thereafter, Leiweke set a timeline for the proposed project. The projects estimated total cost was US$1.2 billion as of 2011, on February 1,2011, Farmers Insurance Group announced it had signed a 30-year, $700 million naming rights deal for the stadium, with the stadium to be called Farmers Field. The deal was potentially worth $1 billion if two NFL teams relocated to Farmers Field, in a February 2011, Farmers emphasized that its naming rights agreement would be spread out over 30 years and that it could walk away from the deal if the Los Angeles stadium wasnt completed. “While we have confidence that this project will get done, if it does not materialize, Farmers Insurance will pay no money for the project, ” said Mark Toohey. He named Los Angeles first in listing cities that needed new NFL stadiums and he wrote, “The status quo means failing to recognize the many costs of financing, building, maintaining and operating stadiums. We need new stadiums in Los Angeles, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Oakland and San Diego. ”On March 25,2011, five teams, the Minnesota Vikings, San Diego Chargers, St. Louis Rams, Jacksonville Jaguars and Oakland Raiders were speculated as candidates for relocation. The Los Angeles City Council approved the project in a 12-0 vote on September 28,2012, the building of the stadium was contingent on reaching a deal with the NFL and a team agreeing to move to Los Angeles. Teams were allowed to begin applying to make that move beginning January 1,2013, with the departure of Leiweke from AEG, it became less likely that AEG will participate in the construction of Farmers Field. On March 9,2015, AEG announced that it would not seek an extension for its April 17 deadline to reach an agreement with an NFL team, the St. AEG had invested over $50 million in the project over five years. In 2009, AEG pushed for a law that limited potential legal challenges against the stadium to a 175-day period
40.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
41.
William M. Hughes
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Not to be confused with Isaac F. Hughes, council member 1925 to 1927. William M. Hughes was a member of the Los Angeles, California and he moved to that city in 1905 and became a large property owner, living at 1827 South Harvard Boulevard, just north of Washington Boulevard in todays Harvard Heights. Hughes was elected to represent the 4th District in 1927, at that time the district lay between Western Avenue on the west, Hoover Avenue on the east, Melrose Avenue on the north and Washington Street on the south. His bid for reelection failed in 1929, as a councilman, he urged the council to encourage conventions to come to Los Angeles, saying in August 1927, Decorate the streets, entertain the convention visitors. If the delegates themselves and are made to feel welcome. While they are here, they patronize our stores and hotels, along with Council Members E. Snapper Ingram and Ernest L. Webster, he opposed an ordinance to prohibit bonfires on city-owned beaches. They said the law would be just another dont and that the bonfires and weenie roasts do no harm to anyone, in turn, Councilman Martin called Councilman Hughes a liar. Dont you call me a liar or Ill knock your head off, the second occasion prompted a Los Angeles Times reporter to label Hughes Battling Bill when Hughes threatened to knock the snoot off a spectator at a council meeting. List of Los Angeles municipal election returns,1925,1927 and 1929 Access to the Los Angeles Times links requires the use of a library card
42.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
43.
The Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
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Tribune Media
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The Tribune Media Company, also known as Tribune Media and formerly known as the Tribune Company, is an American conglomerate that is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. A significant amount of the stock of publicly traded Tribune is held by three firms that were the senior debt holders, Oaktree Capital Management, Angelo, Gordon & Co. Investment interests include the Food Network, the Tribune Company was founded on June 10,1847, the Chicago Daily Tribune published its first edition in a one-room plant located at LaSalle and Lake Streets in downtown Chicago. The original press run consisted of 400 copies printed on a hand press, the Tribune constructed its first building, a four-story structure at Dearborn and Madison Streets, in 1869. The building was destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of October 1871, the Tribune resumed printing two days later with an editorial declaring Chicago Shall Rise Again. Joseph Medill, a native Ohioan who first acquired an interest in the Tribune in 1855, gained control of the newspaper in 1874. Medills two grandsons, cousins Robert R. McCormick and Joseph Medill Patterson, assumed leadership of the company in 1911 and that same year, the Chicago Tribunes first newsprint mill opened in Thorold, Ontario, Canada. The mill marked the beginnings of the Canadian newsprint producer later known as QUNO, Patterson established the companys second newspaper, the New York News in 1919. Tribunes ownership of the New York City tabloid was considered interlocking due to an agreement between McCormick and Patterson, the paper launched a European edition during World War I. To compete with the Saturday Evening Post and Colliers in 1924, the company entered broadcasting in 1924 by leasing WDAP, one of Chicagos first radio stations. Tribune later changed the call letters to WGN, reflecting the Tribunes nickname. WGN was purchased by the company in 1926 and went on to be first in the radio industry, in 1925, the company completed its new headquarters and one of Chicagos first skyscrapers, the Tribune Tower. That same year, the decided to fund the future Joseph Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. Liberty magazine eventually exceeded Colliers circulation, but lacked enough advertising and was sold in 1931, the Tribunes European edition was also cut. However, Tribune launched the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate content syndication service in 1933, expecting a printers strike in November 1948, the Tribune printed their paper early, incorrectly proclaiming Dewey Defeats Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Tribune entered into the industry, then in its infancy, in 1948, with the establishments of WGN-TV in Chicago in April. In 1956, the Tribune Company purchased the Chicago American from William Randolph Hearst, also in 1963, the company purchased some part of the folded New York Mirror. The company increased its broadcast station holdings with the acquisition of radio station WQCD-FM in New York City in 1964, in 1967, the company began printing a tabloid serving suburban areas of Chicago, The Suburban Trib
45.
Downtown Los Angeles
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
46.
Arts District, Los Angeles
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The Arts District lies on the eastern edge of Downtown Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States. The gritty area has given new life to old industrial buildings whose history dates to the early 20th century. Art galleries have opened and given recognition to the area amidst the entire downtown where Art museums and additional galleries can be found. The city community planning boundaries are Alameda Street on the west which blends into Little Tokyo, First Street on the north, the Los Angeles River to the east, and Violet Street on the south. Vignes Street winds through the edge of the Arts District, parallel to. It is named for Jean-Louis Vignes, an adventurer and vintner who arrived in Los Angeles in 1831 by way of the Sandwich Islands. He planted grapes on 104 acres moistened by the river, ocean mists. By the late 19th century, oranges and grapefruit had replaced grapes as the agricultural products of the area. The groves provided a location for filmmaker DW Griffith who filmed parts of Hollywood’s first feature film there in 1909, a single grapefruit tree remains, towering over the Japanese American Plaza off San Pedro Street and Azusa. By World War II, the citrus groves had been replaced by factories, the area had taken on an industrial character that was growing seedy around the edges. In 1969, Allen Ruppersberg presented Als Cafe at 1913 West Sixth Street, Stephen Seemayers film The Young Turks documents the 1979–1981 years. In 1979, Marc Kreisel opened Als Bar in the American Hotel on Hewitt just off Traction. This legendary punk rock venue was the ground for Sonic Youth, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Beck, the Fall. The popular sound band Party Boys played the bars and art events. Also known as the artists central meeting place. Als Bar, the west coasts oldest punk club, finally closed in 2001, LA Artcore, founded in 1976 by Lydia Takeshita with the purpose of exhibiting local artists, exists today in locations at the Brewery Art Colony and in Little Tokyo. The Atomic Cafe on 1st Street at Alameda was an artists and musicians haunt in the late 1970s, Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions created exhibitions at its gallery space, located in the late 70s on Broadway St before moving to Industrial Street in the 1980s. Cirrus Editions, the first gallery to open downtown, remains open, around 1980, Jon Peterson and Stephen Seemayer opened “DTLA, a club that had exactly one show before it closed, adjacent the Atomic Cafe. High Performance Magazine used DTLA as its performance space until its lease was up
Pico station
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